TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
THAPATHALI CAMPUS

Lab report on Flow through Orifice

Submitted by: Submitted to:

Name: Roshan Katuwal Department of Civil Engineering
Roll no.: THA077BCE107 IoE, Thapathali Campus
Date : 2079/03/30
TITLE: "FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE"

OBJECTIVES:

 To determine the coefficient of discharge of orifice(Cd)

 To determine the coefficient of contraction (Cc) and coefficient of velocity
of orifice (Cv).

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

i. Hydraulic Bench

ii. Orifice tank

iii. Stop watch.

THEORY:

Orifice is one of the devices used for the measurement of discharge. An orifice is an
opening (usually circular) in the wall or bottom of a tank, for the purpose of
discharging the liquid of the tank.

We have,

Theoretical discharge through orifice (Qth) = A√ 2 gH

Where, A= area of orifice

H= height above orifice

v
And, Actual discharge through orifice (Qact) =
t

Where, v = volume

t = time

Coefficient of Discharge (Cd):

It is the ratio of actual discharge passing through the orifice to theoretical discharge.

Qact
Cd =
Qth
Coefficient of Velocity (Cv):

In real fluid flows, the loss of head always takes place due to the effect of viscosity
and hence, the actual flow velocity will always be less than the theoretical velocity.
The coefficient of velocity is defined as the ratio of actual velocity of jet of flowing
liquid at vena-contracta to the theoretical velocity.

V act
Cv =
V th

√
2
From above figure, Vact = gx and Vth = √ 2 gH
2y

So, Cv =
x
2 √ 1
yH

Where, x = horizontal distance travelled by jet

y = vertical distance travelled by jet

h = height above orifice

Coefficient of Contraction (Cc):

The ratio of area of the jet at vena-contracta to the area of opening of orifice is
called coefficient of contraction (Cc).

area of jet at vena−contracta

Cc =
area of orifice

actual area∗actual velocity

We know, Cd =
theoretical area∗theoretical velocity

or, Cd = Cc*Cv

Cd
Cc =
Cv

PROCEDURE:

1. After ensuring the pipe were properly connected, water was allowed to flow
through the pump into tank.
 2. When the water level reached the height of overflow pipe, the inflow of
water was regulated so that small discharge was obtained from the flow.
3. There will be steady discharge as the rate of inflow will be equal to
discharge and no gradual increase in water level is seen.
4. Then, frame was adjusted so that row of needles is parallel with jet, but it is
located 1 or 2 mm behind it, which will avoid disturbing the jet but will
minimize errors due to parallax and just follow the profile of jet.
5. The securing screw for each needle was released until its point was just
below the jet.
6. The location of top of each needle was located on paper. The horizontal
distance from the plane of orifice to the coordinate point was noted marking
position of the first needle.
7. The vertical distance of each needle making the trajectory of jet was also
gradually measured.
8. The volumetric flow rate i.e. actual discharge through the orifice can be
determined by intercepting jet, using the vessel of known size and a
stopwatch.
9. Then hydraulic constants Cd, Cv and Cc were respectively calculated.

OBSERVATION:

Diameter of orifice (d) = 8 * 10-3 m

π d2
Area of orifice (A) = A= = 5.0265*10-5 m2
4

Area of collecting tank (At) = 0.2*0.2 m2 = 0.04 m2

Head above orifice (H) = 99.3-5 cm = 94.3 cm = 0.943 m

m (constant) = 3.5 cm = 0.035 m

radius of orifice(r) = 0.004 m

Table 1:

S.N. xm Yi m y=yi-m+r Cv = Mean Cv

m x
2 √ 1
yH
 1. 0.075 0.039 0.008 0.432
2. 0.125 0.042 0.011 0.614
3. 0.175 0.045 0.014 0.762
0.738
4. 0.225 0.05 0.019 0.840
5. 0.275 0.061 0.030 0.817
6. 0.325 0.076 0.045 0.789
7. 0.375 0.091 0.060 0.788
8. 0.425 0.111 0.080 0.774
9. 0.475 0.135 0.104 0.758
10. 0.525 0.160 0.129 0.753
11. 0.575 0.181 0.150 0.764
12. 0.625 0.210 0.179 0.761
13. 0.675 0.251 0.220 0.741
Table 2:

S.N. H Qth= A√ 2 gH v Q act Cv Cd

Qact= Cd = Cc =
t Q th Cv

1. 0.94 2.162*10-4 1.386*10-4 0.641 0.738 0.869

3

RESULT:

The values of Cd, Cv and Cc were respectively calculated to be 0.641, 0.738 and
0.869.

CONCLUSION:

From this experiment, we observed the flow of liquid through the orifice and
experimentally determined the values of Cd, Cv and Cc.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The securing screw of each needle must be tight.

2. Reading must be taken carefully.