Orifice & free jet flow
:Introduction
An Orifice is an opening in the side or base of tank or reservoir through which fluid is
discharge in the form of a jet. The discharge will depend up on the head of the fluid
(H) above the level of the orifice. The term small orifice means that the diameter of
the orifice is small compared with the head producing flow.
The analysis of the quantity of water which can be discharged through an orifice is
arrived at in a simple, straightforward manner by the application of Bernoulli's
equation.
Theory:
Consider a small orifice in the side of a vessel with the head of water above the orifice
kept constant.
Figure(1):
Discharge throught
an orifice.
Applying
Bernoulli's theorem
between the surface
of the water and the
orifice(O) yields
P1 V 12 P0 V 02
Z1 + + =Z 0 + +
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g
However
P1=P0 = 1atm
V1= 0
Z1-Z0 =H0
hence substituting these into Bernoulli's equation gives :
V 02
H 0=
2g
In other words, the theoretical velocity of the water passing through the orifice is
given by:
V O =√ 2 g H 0
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Orifice & free jet flow
However in practice the discharge is always less than this theoretical amount due to
the viscosity of the fluid, to surface tension and due to resistance of the air. The
disparity between the theoretical discharge velocity and the actual discharge velocity
is allowed for by introducing a factor Cv known as the coefficien of velocity so that :
V actual =C v √ 2 g H 0
x=v∗t
1
y= g V 2
2
2y
x=Cv √ 2 gh∗
√ g
x=2 Cv √ yh
The Goal of Experiment :
To determine the cofficient of velocity of orifice jet.
Process Description :
-Appratus :
1- Hydraulic bench.
2- Constant head inlet tank.
Figure(2): Orifice and jet appratus.
Equipment set up:
1- position the reservoir across the channel on the top of the hydraulic bench and
level the reservoir by the adjustable feet using asiprit level on the base.
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Orifice & free jet flow
2- Remove the orifice plate by releasing the two knurled nuts and cheak the
orifice diameter;take care not to lose the O-ring seal.
3- Replase the orifice and connect the reservoir inflow tube to the bench flow
connecter.
4- Position the overflow connecting tube so that it will discharge into the
volumetric tank;make sure that this tube will not interface whit the trajectory
of the jet flowing from the orifice.
5- Turn the pump and open the bench valve gradually.
6- Once the level in the head tank reaches the overflow pipe, adjust the main
control flow valve until the level in the head tank stays constant.
7- Record the head height using the scale on the side of the head tank..
8- Ensure that the water jet being emitted from the orifice coincides with the row
of measuring needles. If not, level the apparatus using the adjustable feet and
the level at the base of the head tank.
9- Take note of asheet paper and record the results in the table.
Results,Calculation and Discution :
The following table shows the results and calculationn of the experiment :
d ,(m) 0.006 #
h ,(m) 0.36 #
y,(m) x,(m) (yh)0.5,(m)
0 0 0
0.007 0.05 0.050
0.014 0.10 0.071
X
0.031 0.15 0.106
0.047 0.20 0.130
0.068 0.25 0.156
0.092 0.30 0.182
0.124 0.35 0.211
Where :
d : Orifice diameter ,6mm (0.006m).
h : head of fluid ,0.36m .
x : horizontal distance.
y : vertical distance.
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The graph below shows the relation between x and √ yh to determine the slope and
Cv.
0.25
0.2 f(x) = 0.58 x + 0.01
0.15
0.5^(yh)
0.1
0.05
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
x,m
From graph above :
slope = 0.5759
slope
Cv =
2
0.5758
Cv = =0.288
2
Conclusion :
The diameter of the orifice have effect on the trajectory of the water following out
(horizental distance),and the head of the water also have effect onthe cofficient of
velocity (Cv).
Refrences :
http://www.scribed.net
www.iguza.edu.ps
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