UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 2

BMCG 2011

FORMAL REPORT

NO.: NAME MATRIX NO.:

1 Mohd Haikal bin Mohd Shukor BS04181027

SEMESTER/SESSION: SEM 1 / SESSION 2022-2023

FLUID MECHANIC 1: IMPACT OF A JET

LECTURER: DR. MOHD HANIF BIN HARUN

LECTURER REMARKS EVALUATION

Experimental Data & Result

Analysis / Discussion

Conclusions

TOTAL MARKS
 INFORMAL REPORT
IMPACT OF A JET EXPERIMENT

OBJECTIVE

To measure the force generated by impact of the jet on 2 types of vanes;

i. Flat Plate
ii. Hemispherical Cup
To compare the result from the experiment with theory calculation.
To understand how the force, affect the rate of momentum flow in the jet.

INTRODUCTION

Water turbines are widely used throughout the world to generate power. By allowing fluid under
pressure to strike the vanes of a turbine wheel, mechanical work can be produced. Rotational
motion is then produced by the force generated as the jet strikes the vanes. One of the
common types of water turbines is Pelton wheel. In this type of water turbine, one or more
water jets are directed tangentially on to a vanes or buckets that are fastened on the rim of the
turbine disc. The impact of the water on the vanes generates a torque on the wheel causing it to
rotate and to develop power. To predict the output of a Pelton wheel and to determine its
optimum rotational speed, understanding on how the deflection of the jet generates a force on
the buckets and how the force is related to the rate of momentum flow in the jet are needed.
This experiment aims at assessing the different forces exerted by the same water jet on a
variety of geometrical different plates. Under this experiment, the force generated by a jet of
water striking a deflector is measure

THEORY

One way of producing mechanical work from fluid under pressure is to accelerate the fluid to a
high velocity in a jet. The jet is directed to the vanes of a turbine wheel, which is rotated by the
force generated on the vanes due to the momentum change or impulse that takes place as the
jet strikes the vanes. Consider a vane symmetrical about the x-axis as shown in Figure 1. A jet
of fluid flowing at the rate of m& (kg/s) along the x- axis with the velocity u0 (m/s) strikes the
vane and is deflected by it through angle β, so that the fluid leaves the vane with the velocity 1 u
(m/s) inclined at an angle β to the x-axis. Changes in elevation and in piezometric pressure in
the jet from striking the vane to leaving it are neglected.
 Figure 1. Vane Symmetry about the X-Axis

Figure 2. Force Developed (Theoretical) on Vane of Various Shapes

Apparatus

Hydraulic bench (gravimetric)

I. A Hydraulic Bench is a self-contained water supply device that allows recirculating water
from a Sump Tank into different hydraulic devices. A centrifugal Pump moves water from
the Sump Tank through a hose into a Water Inlet at the top of the bench.

Stopwatch (Analog / Digital)

I. Device to record time interval related for the test.

Loading weight
I. Standard loads consist of 2.0 kg and 1.0kg weight of metal function as a counterweight.

Deflector plate
I. Test item consist of flat plate and hemispherical plate.

Schematic Diagram.
 Figure 3. The impact of a jet apparatus

Procedure.

1. Set the weigh beam lever (of Figure 3) to the balance position with the jockey weight at
Zero position by adjusting the nut (Impact of a Jet Apparatus). The beam lever is balance
once it is in a horizontal position when the tally indicator is in line with the top plate.

2. Slide the weigh beam stop (of Figure 4) out of line of the beam and lift the beam for 10 –
15 seconds to ensure the weigh tank is empty (Hydraulic bench).

3. Slide the weigh beam stop above the weigh beam (of Figure 4).
 Figure 4. Apparatus set up

4. Switch on the pump and open the bench supply valve to maximum.

5. Start timing when the weigh beam touching the weigh beam stop and place selected mass
immediately on the weight hanger (8 kg).

6. When the mass of water collected balances the mass of the weight hanger, the beam will
rise again to the horizontal position and touching the weigh beam stop, immediately stop
the timer and record the time interval.

7. Adjust the jockey weight (Figure 1) position to set the weigh beam lever at balance
position (refer to tally indicator) in line with the top plate.

8. Record the time and jockey weight distance into Table 1 for flat plate or Table 2 for
hemispherical cup.

9. Switch off the pump.

10. To drain the weigh tank, depress weigh beam above weight hanger and slide weigh beam
stop away. Gently let weigh beam rise until it stops against the sump tank. Remove the
weights and the tank will continue draining. (Lift it for 10 - 15 seconds to drain completely).

11. Repeat the procedures (b) to (g) with decreasing the water flow rate by closing the supply
valve three-quarter turn each time.

12.
Note:
i. The mass of water collected is three times the mass used on the weight hanger.
ii. Repeat the above experiment with at least six readings of flow rate.
iii. Change the vane to different type and repeat again the above procedures

Information and equations for calculation

I. Density of water ρ = 103 kg/m3

II. Diameter of nozzle = 10 mm
III. Cross-section area of nozzle, A = 78.5 mm2
IV. Mass of jockey weight = 0.6 kg
V. Distance from center of vane to pivot of lever = 0.15 m

Figure 5. Jockey weight on weigh beam

 Figure 6. Equation to calculate F, u and u0.

EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND RESULT

Table 1 and 2 shown the data of experimental results of force and momentum for flat plate and
hemispherical cup type of vanes respectively. The data analysis performed is explained below.

1. Experimental Data
Water mass (kg) are sets to 24 kg and g = 9.81 m/s2 are constant throughout the experiment.

Table 1: Data collection obtained from the experiment for Flat Plate vane.

Water Mass Initial

Time Distance Velocity Momentum Force
mass flowrate velocity
t (s) y (m) u (m/s) ṁ.u0 (N) F (N)
m (kg) ṁ (kg/s) u0 (m/s)
24 53 0.066 0.453 5.776 5.716 2.617 2.590

24 54 0.064 0.444 5.661 5.600 2.486 2.511

24 55 0.062 0.436 5.559 5.497 2.397 2.433

24 57 0.056 0.421 5.368 5.304 2.233 2.197

24 65 0.040 0.369 4.705 4.631 1.709 1.570

24 156 0.006 0.154 1.964 1.781 0.274 0.235

Sample of calculation;

𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠, 𝑚 (𝑘𝑔) 24 𝑘𝑔

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒, ṁ = = = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝟑 𝒌𝒈/𝒔
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑡 (𝑠) 53 𝑠

𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑢 = 12.75ṁ = (12.75) × 0.453 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 = 𝟓. 𝟕𝟕𝟔 𝒎/𝒔

𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑢0 = √𝑢2 − 0.687 = √5.7762 − 0.687 = 𝟓. 𝟕𝟏𝟔 𝒎/𝒔

𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 = ṁ ∙ 𝑢0 = 0.453 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 × 5.716 𝑚/𝑠 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟏𝟕 𝑵

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝐹 = 4𝑔𝑦 = 4 (9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2 )(0.066 𝑚) = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟗𝟎 𝑵

Table 2: Data collection obtained from the experiment for Hemispherical Cup vane.
Water Mass Initial
Time Distance Velocity Momentum Force
mass flowrate velocity
t (s) y (m) u (m/s) ṁ.u0 (N) F (N)
m (kg) ṁ (kg/s) u0 (m/s)
24 68 0.12 0.353 4.500 4.423 1.561 4.709
24 69 0.118 0.348 4.435 4.357 1.515 4.630
24 68 0.117 0.353 4.500 4.423 1.561 4.591

24 70 0.112 0.343 4.371 4.292 1.472 4.395

24 74 0.101 0.324 4.135 4.051 1.314 3.963

24 97 0.07 0.247 3.155 3.044 0.753 2.747

Sample of calculation;

𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠, 𝑚 (𝑘𝑔) 24 𝑘𝑔

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒, ṁ = = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝟑 𝒌𝒈/𝒔
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑡 (𝑠) 68 𝑠

𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑢 = 12.75ṁ = (12.75) × 0.353 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒎/𝒔

𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑢0 = √𝑢2 − 0.687 = √4.52 − 0.687 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟐𝟑 𝒎/𝒔

𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 = ṁ ∙ 𝑢0 = 0.453 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 × 4.423 𝑚/𝑠 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟔𝟏 𝑵

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝐹 = 4𝑔𝑦 = 4 (9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2 )(0.120 𝑚) = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟎𝟗 𝑵

2. Theoretical Data
• The slope of the graph is determined via differentiate the liner equation for respective
graphs;
1. The liner equation for the Flat Plate graph; 𝑦 = 2.3836x + 0.9244
𝑑
→ The slope = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑦) = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟖𝟑𝟔

2. The liner equation for the Hemispherical Cup graph; 𝑦 = 1.1264x + 0.2458
𝑑
→ The slope = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑦) = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟒

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

From Table 1 and 2 experimental results, the graphs of Force versus Momentum are
plotted as below in figure 7, 8, 9 and 10.

Graph Force against momentum for flat plate

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

Figure 8: Graph of Force versus Momentum for Experimental Results

 Graph Force against momentum for
hemispherical cup vane
2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

Figure 9: Graph of Force versus Momentum for Experimental Results

Graph Force against momentum for flat plate

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

Figure 10. Graph of Force versus Momentum for Theoretical Results

 Graph Force against momentum for
hemispherical cup vane
2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

Figure 11. Graph of Force versus Momentum for Theoretical Results

Sample of calculation;

For flat plate

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2.237 − 1.413
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒, ṁ = = = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟖𝟑
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2.233 − 1.472

For hemispherical cup

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 3.963 − 2.747
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒, ṁ = = = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟔𝟖
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 1.314 − 0.753

• Based on the graph obtained, it is described that the force, F is directly proportional
with the Momentum (ṁu0) for both flat plate and hemispherical cup vane types.

• The percentage (%) of error of the experimental result are shown in Table 3 below for
both type of vanes.
Table 3: Percentage of error and factor of the experiment.

Vane Type Percentage (%) of Error Factor

• Error made during
setting the pointer,
the pointer may not
precisely set to zero
due to parallax error.
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 =
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡−𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡
× 100% • Insufficient water
𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡
causing desired test
Flat Plate
1.1264 −1.083 pressure unable to
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100% = 4% obtained.
1.083
• Error during time
recording.
• Error made when
adjusting the main
cock.
• Error made during
setting the pointer,
the pointer may not
precisely set to zero
due to parallax error.
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 =
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡−𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡
× 100% • Insufficient water
Hemispherical 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡
causing desired test
Cup 2.3836 −2.168 pressure unable to
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 2.168
× 100% = 9.94% obtained.
• Error during time
recording.
• Error made when
adjusting the main
cock.

CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, the calculated force is correlated with the measured force. Both forces will have
directly proportional relation. Theoretically, the calculated force should be the same as the
measured force. However, this cannot be achieved experimentally due to the errors made during
the experiment. From this experiment, the flow rate for the hemisphere is found to be the lowest
and thus require a longer time for the volumetric tank to rise.
REFERENCES

https://byjus.com/mass-flow-rate-formula/

https://www.coursehero.com/file/44846176/Impact-of-Jetspdf/

https://www.academia.edu/33464593/BAB_I_IMPACT_OF_JET

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jitc/2020/6230153/