EXPERIMENT 4B

WATER JET FORCE

OBJECTIVE

The objectives of the experiment are:

a. Arrange work procedure accordingly.

b. To execute safety and health procedure.
c. To accomplish the task within a time frame given.
d. To document the task and procedure the report.
e. Identify the data needed.
f. Handle the given task correctly.

INTRODUCTION

The impact forces are produced by a water jet. The impact forces are
measured using a lever mechanism and loading weights. The impact forces of
water jet are set via the flowrate. Water is supplied either from HM 150 basic
flow module or by way of the laboratory mains. The measurement values for
different geometry. This is the reason, why the energy of the water jet used
different by each body.

The theoretical jet force is calculated from the principle of linear momentum.

The density of the water is p=1kg/liter

I. For plate deflector
II. For hemisphere deflector
III. For slope deflector
PROCEDURE

1. Place the test set-up on the HM 150 so that the drain routes the water
into the channel.
2. Fit connecting hose between HM 150 and unit. Open HM 150 drain
3. Assemble deflector [1],(plate, hemisphere and slope). Loosen the 3
screws [3] on the cover [4] and remove cover together with lever
mechanism. Fit appropriate deflector. Do not forget to tighten lock nut
[2] on rod. Screw cover bank onto vessel.
4. Use adjusting screw [5] to set pointer to zero (zero notch [7]). When
doing so, do not place any loading weight on measurement system [8].
5. Apply desired loading weight [8] 0.5N; 1.0N; 1.5N; 2N; 2.5N; or
combination thereof.
6. Close main HM 150 cock. Switch on HM 150.
7. Carefully open main cock until pointer is on zero again. Close HM 150
drain cock.
8. Determine volumetric tank of the HM 150 from 20 to 30 litres.
9. Add loading weights and note down time t for 10 litres. Switch off
pump, open drain.
10. Follow step 1-12 for others deflectors 45 and 180.
RESULT AND CALCULATION (measure volume : 10 litre = 0.01 m³)

Measure values for

i. Plate (90° deflection)

Fth=p QV

Measured Measuring Flow rate, Q Velocity, Calculated

force, F time, t (m3/s) (m/s) force, Fth (N)
(N) (s)
0.5 54.75 1.826x10-4 2.325 0.425
1.0 46.63 2.145x10-4 2.731 0.586
1.5 42.44 2.356x10-4 3.0 0.707
2.0 40.66 2.459x10-4 3.131 0.770
2.5 40.81 2.45x10-4 3.119 0.764

ii. Hemisphere (180° deflection)

F th =2 pQv

Measured Measuring Flow rate, Q Velocity, Calculated

force, F time, t (m3/s) (m/s) force, Fth (N)
(N) (s)
0.5 1.06.20 1.51x10-4 1.923 0.29
1.0 47.60 2.1x10-4 2.67 0.5607
1.5 42.18 2.37x10-4 3.02 0.7157
2.0 38.95 2.56x10-4 3.259 0.834
2.5 36.35 2.74x10-4 3.49 0.956

iii. Slope (45° deflection)

F th =pQv cos 2 a

Measured Measuring Flow rate, Q Velocity, Calculated

 force, F time, t (m3/s) (m/s) force, Fth (N)
(N) (s)
0.5 50.70 1.972x10-4 2.511 0.25
1.0 38.70 2.58x10-4 3.29 0.42
1.5 27.10 3.69x10-4 4.698 0.87
2.0 26.08 3.834x10-4 4.882 0.93
2.5 23.31 4.29x10-4 5.46 1.17

CALCULATION
 The velocity v₁ of the jet from the nozzle is calculated from the volumetric flow
and the cross- sectional area Aᴅ of the nozzle.
Nozzle diameter, d = 10mm
 The value for 3 bodies are as follow

PRE – LAB QUESTIONS

1. Make a comparison for your result between force of theory and the actual force,
take load as
Table : A comparison result between force of theory and the actual force
Load 1 N Velocity, Calculated force, Measured force , F
m/s Fth N
N
Plate (90°) 2.731 0.568 1

Hemisphere (180°) 2.67 1.12 1

Slope (45°) 3.29 0.42 1

2. Make a comparison of flow rate between different deflector.

Table : a comparison of flow rate between different deflector.
load 1 N Flow rate
m³/s
Plate (90°) 2.145x10-4
Hemisphere (180°) 2.10x10-4
Slope (45°) 2.584x10-4

EXPERIMENT 4A
HYDROSTATIC FORCE : CENTER OF PRESSURE

OBJECTIVE
The objectives of the experiment are:

g. Arrange work procedure accordingly.

h. To execute safety and health procedure.
i. To accomplish the task within a time frame given.
j. To document the task and procedure the report.
k. Identify the data needed.
l. Handle the given task correctly.

INTRODUCTION
The hydrostatic pressure of liquid is the “gravitational pressure” P hyd. It rises due to
the intrinsic weight as the depth y increases.

From Figure 4.1 :

1) W L = F a
2) hp = a – e
WL
3) hp = −e
F
4) A = B y
1
5) hs = y
2

b y3
6) I =
12
1
7) F = ρgb y 2
2

THEORETICAL FORMULA:
F = ρ ghs A
I
hp = hs +
Ahs
PROCEDURES
1) Set the water vessel to an angle of α = 0° using the detent.
2) Mount the rider, set the lever arm on the scale. (190mm)
 3) Counterbalance the unit with a rotating slider. The stop pin must be precisely
in the middle of the hole for this purpose.
4) Put the 0.5 N weight at the hanger.
5) Top up the water vessel with water until the unit is balanced. (stop pin at
center of hole)
6) Read off water level e and y and enter it in the prepared table.
7) Repeat step 4 – 6 by increasing the weight. (increments of 0.5 N)

EQUIPMENT
1. Hydrostatic Pressure
2. Scale

RESULT
Water vessel kuadrant, b = 75mm
Lever arm, L = 190mm
Table 1.1
L (m)0.2
b
(m)0.07
5
Weight, Water Water Area Centr Moment Forc Center of
W level level A oid of e Pressure
(N) Y from (m2) Hs Area F hp
(m) bar (m) I (N) (m)
e (m4) Exp. Theory
(m)
0.5 0.040 0.16 3x10-3 0.02 4x10-7 0.589 0.0098 0.02

1.0 0.056 0.144 4.2x10-3 0.028 1.09x10-6 1.15 0.029 0.037

1.5 0.068 0.132 5.1x10-3 0.034 1.97x10-6 1.17 0.044 0.045

2.0 0.080 0.120 6x10-3 0.040 3.2x10-6 2.3 0.49 0.053

2.5 0.088 0.112 6.6x10-3 0.044 4.26x10-6 2.85 0.635 0.0586