Lab Manual Fluid Mechanics Date: ________

Experiment No. 05
To verify the “Impulse Momentum Principle” for a jet of water
striking on 45°,90° and 120° deflectors and to investigate the
Effect of velocity of flow on impulse force of the jet for various
Deflectors.

Objective:
To verify Impulse Momentum Principle at different angles deflectors.

APPARATUS:
• Impact of Jet apparatus with deflectors (45°, 60°,120°)
• Hydraulic Bench
• Stop Watch
• Thermometer

RELATED THEORY

Impulse Momentum Principle:

According to impulse momentum principle, the algebraic sum of all the external
Forces acting on the control volume of the fluid is equal to the rate of change of
momentum.

According to the Newton’s second law of motion:

∑ = ma
Where
 ∑ is the net force
 m is the mass of object
 a is the acceleration or rate of change of velocity
So we can write:

F=m (dv/ dt )
And by re-arranging:

F = (m/dt) dv
F = M dv
Where
 M is the mass of flow rate
 dv is the change in velocity

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Now by Impulse Momentum Principle in y direction:

∑ 𝑭 = Ρ Q (V2y-V1y)
Where
 ϼ is the density of the fluid
 Q is the discharge
 (V2y-V1y) is the change in velocity in y direction.

In the case of deflector of 900 the equation becomes:

F=Ρ Q (0-V)
FTH=ΡqV2

Where
 A is the area of flow
 II. V is the velocity of the fluid.

IMPACT OF JET APPARATUS:

Impact of jet apparatus is a very simple apparatus. The photograph of the apparatus
with hydraulic bench is shown in figure.

PARTS OF JET APPARATUS:

 Nozzle
 Valve
 Glass Chamber
 Vertical Rod having collar on upper part
 Flat and Curve Plates (Deflectors)
 Weights
 Pointer
 Hydraulic Bench

Impact of jet apparatus directly measures the impulse force of the jet by an equivalent
Weight placed in the pan. The direction of axis of the jet is vertical. When a jet of steady
Flowing water strikes a solid surface, the water is deflected to flow along the surface. Unlike
The impact of solid bodies there is no rebound and unless the flow is highly turbulent there
Will be no splashing. In this experiment, the fluid is assumed as in viscid fluid hence friction
Is neglected. Secondly it is assumed that there is no loss because of shocks.

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PROCEDURE:

1) Level the apparatus

2) At zero loads and zero flow rates, adjust the position of the pointer.
3) Switch on the pump
4) Place the load of 100gram and gradually open the valve till collar reaches its original
Position. Note down the time t to collect the known volume of water.
5) Repeat step 4 for 100gram load increments till the valve is completely opened.
6) Switch off the motor of the pump.

EQUATIONS:

Consider an equation of straight line where m is a slope and C is the intercept.

Y= m x + c
From graph of log (Fexp) verses Log V slope of the line is m:
Log (Fexp) = m Log (V) + C

Let
C = Log (K)
Then the equation becomes:

Log (Fexp) = m Log (V) + Log (K)

Fexp=KVm
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS:

Values of k
For 45°= 0.29
For 90°=1
For 120°=1.5
Vol. =V=0

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Observations and Calculations:

DEFLE
CT.
N ANGLE VELOCIT F(theoratical Log(Fact
O. (g) WEIGHT TIME Q Y ) F(act) LogF(the) ) Log(vel)
1 200 12.85 0.000389 19.846 2.238 1.962 0.3498 0.2926 1.297
2 300 10.13 0.000493 25.15 3.595 2.943 0.9556 0.4687 1.4
3 45 350 8.95 0.000561 28.6 4.6557 3.4335 0.6679 0.5356 1.456
4 200 15.94 0.000313 16.005 5.021 1.962 0.7007 0.2926 1.2042
5 300 16.62 0.000308 15.347 4.616 2.943 0.6642 0.4687 1.186
6 90 350 15.82 0.000316 16.127 5.096 3.4335 0.7072 0.5356 1.207
7 200 18.86 0.000265 13.9473 5.544 1.962 0.7438 0.2926 1.1444
8 300 14.75 0.000338 17.7894 9.0191 2.643 0.9551 0.4687 1.2501
9 120 350 16.04 0.000304 16 7.296 3.4335 0.863 0.5352 1.204

GRAPHS:

FOR 45
0.6

0.5
LOG F THEORATICAL)

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
LOG F ACTUAL

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FOR 45
1.48
1.46
1.44
1.42
LOG VELOCIT)

1.4
1.38
1.36
1.34
1.32
1.3
1.28
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
LOG F THEORATICAL

FOR 45
1.48
1.46
1.44
1.42
LOG VELOCITY

1.4
1.38
1.36
1.34
1.32
1.3
1.28
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
LOG F ACTUAL

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FOR 90
LOG F ACTUAL

0.66 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.7 0.71

LOG F THEORATICAL

FOR 90
1.21

1.205
LOG VELOCITY

1.2

1.195

1.19

1.185

1.18
0.66 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.7 0.71
LOG F THEORATICAL

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FOR 90
1.21

1.205
LOG VELOCITY

1.2

1.195

1.19

1.185

1.18
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
LOG F ACTUAL

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FOR 120
0.6

0.5
LOG F ACTUAL
0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
LOG F THEORATICAL

FOR 120
1.26

1.24

1.22
LOG VELOCITY

1.2

1.18

1.16

1.14

1.12
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
LOG F THEORATICAL

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FOR 120
1.26

1.24
LOG VELOCITY 1.22

1.2

1.18

1.16

1.14

1.12
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
LOG F ACTUAL

PRECAUTIONS:
 Use the apparatus carefully.
 Collect the readings carefully.
 Make all the safety measures sure.

REFERENCES:
 www.wikipedia.com
 Google
 Notes.

COMMENTS:
 We collect all the readings carefully.
 The actual readings are correct and make a linear graph but the theoretical doesn’t
concedes with the actual readings
 We perform the experiment several times, but the values remain same for 90, 120
deflectors.
 There may be error in the calculations’.

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