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Laboratory Report
Experiment Title
Received by:-
Date of Experiment : __________________
Date of Submission : __________________
________________________
Lecturer
Date :
Contents
1.0 Objectives and Introduction.........................................................................3
2.0 Theory.......................................................................................................... 5
3.0 Apparatus..................................................................................................... 8
4.0 Procedure................................................................................................... 10
5.0 Results........................................................................................................ 12
6.0 Discussion.................................................................................................. 16
7.0 Conclusion.................................................................................................. 17
8.0 Reference................................................................................................... 18
2 | Page
1.0 Objectives and
Introduction
1. Objectives
3 | Page
To determine the centre of pressure in both submerged and partially
submerged plane
To compare the centre of pressure between experimental and
theoretical
2. Introduction
We conducted this experiment to meet the objectives and
mentioned above. In this experiment, we are using SOLTEQ® Hydrostatic
Pressure (model FM35) which was specially designed to introduce
students to the concept of centre of pressure of an object immersed in
fluid. It can be used to measure the static thrust exerted by a fluid on a
submerged surface, either fully or partially, and at the same time allowing
the comparison between the magnitude and direction of the force with
theory. The apparatus consists of a specially constructed quadrant
mounted on a balance arm. It pivots on knife edges, which also
correspond to the centre of the arc of quadrant. This means that only the
hydrostatic force acting on the rectangular end face will provide a
moment about the knife edges.
The force exerted by the hydraulic thrust is measured by direct
weighing. With no water in the tank, and no weights on the scale, the arm
is horizontal. As weights are added one by one to the scales, water can be
added to the tank so that the hydrostatic force balances the weights and
bring the arm back to horizontal. The apparatus was shown below.
4 | Page
determination of the magnitude, the direction, and the line of action of the
force.
2.0
Theor
y
5 | Page
Theory
When a surface is submerged in a fluid, forces developed on the
surface due to the fluid. For fluid at rest, the force must act perpendicular
to the submerged surface. Pressure will also increase as the depth
increased. For water (liquid), the pressure will increase linearly with
increasing depth. The resultant force on the submerged surface will act
through the centre of pressure and not through the centroid. Further
explanations can be obtained from the Fluid mechanic text book.
For partially submerged surface:
6 | Page
For a fully submerged vertical plane surface:
D
Hydrostatic thrust , F= ρgBD∗(d − )
2 (Newton)
} = {{(d- {D} over {2} )} ^ {2} +( {{D} ^ {2}} over {12} )} over {(d- {D} over {2} )} +H-d
¿
Theoretical position of centre of pressure ,h
(Meters)
7 | Page
3.0
Appar
atus
8 | Page
Assembly diagram of Hydrostatic Pressure (Model: FM35)
Quadrant
Material: PVC
Total Depth of Quadrant, H: 200 mm
Height of fulcrum above Quadrant: 100 mm
Height of End Surface, D: 100 mm
width, B :75 mm
Length of Balance, L :300 mm
Reservoir Tank
material: Clear Acrylic
volume: 5.5 L
Balance Arm
Distance between suspended mass and fulcrum, L: 290 mm
Set of weights: 50g/each
Overall Dimension
Length: 340 mm
Width: 130 mm
Height: 300 mm
9 | Page
4.0
Proce
dure
10 | P a g e
Procedure
1- The hydrostatic pressure apparatus was placed on top of a hydraulic
bench.
2- The apparatus was ensured to be installed properly as in figure 1.
3- The apparatus was levelled using the adjustable feet facilitated by the
spirit level attached.
4- The counter weight was adjusted to level the balance arm in a horizontal
position.
5- The drain valve was ensured to be closed and water was added slowly into
the tank until the surface just touched the quadrant base, thus the datum
level was established.
6- The reading of the datum level was recorded.
7- A 50g weight was placed on the balance pan and water was added slowly
into the tank until the balance arm is again horizontal.
8- The mass of weight, m and the depth of immersion, d was recorded in the
experimental data sheet.
9- Steps 6 and 7 was repeated with increasing weight until the tank was full
of water.
10- The water was drained after the experiment was completed.
11-
11 | P a g e
5.0
Result
s
12 | P a g e
7.result
Height of quadrant,D=0.01m
Width of quadrant,B=0.075m
Length of balance,L=0.3m
Quadrant to pivot,H=0.2m
3
Density=1000kg/ m
2
Gravity=9.81m/ s
Datum=0.0375m
13 | P a g e
(For Mohd Noalbawie bin mohd Density = 1000 kg/m2
romzi)
Gravity = 9.81 m/s2
Mass, m (kg) d (m) Immersion Thrust, F (N) Experimental h" Theoretical h" (m) Error, %
(m)
0.00 0.041
0.05 0.044 P 0.7122 0.2066 0.1853 10.3
0.10 0.063 F 0.9565 0.3077 0.2141 30.4
0.15 0.080 F 2.2073 0.2000 0.1778 11.1
0.20 0.093 F 3.1637 0.1860 0.1694 8.9
0.25 0.106 F 4.1202 0.1786 0.1649 7.6
0.30 0.112 F 4.5617 0.1935 0.1634 15.5
0.35 0.130 F 5.8860 0.1750 0.1604 8.3
0.40 0.142 F 6.7689 0.1739 0.1591 8.5
0.45 0.153 F 7.5782 0.1748 0.1581 9.5
Height of Quadrant, D = 0.1 m Datum = 0.041 m
Width of Quadrant, B = 0.075 m
Length of Balance, L = 0.3 m
Quadrant of Pivot, H = 0.2 m
14 | P a g e
The graph of centre of pressure vs the depth of immersion
d vs h"
Discu
ssion
7.0
Concl
usion
Reference
Books
1. Y.A. Cengel & J. M. Cimbala, 2006. Fluid mechanics: fundamental
and applications. 1st Ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
2. Uitm Fluid Mechanics lecture notes
Websites
1. http://www.jfccivilengineer.com/centre_of_pressure.html
2. http://atapaje.blogspot.com/2008/02/hydrostatic-force-on-plane-
surface.html
3. http://www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/FluidsLevel1/Unit02/T3.html
8.0
Refer
ence