A

EME3421 - LAB INVESTIGATION 3

REPORT

IMPACT OF JET

Name (as in SEGi ID): Elbashir Mohamed Elamin Elshikh Mohamed

SEGi ID: SUKD1702916

UCLan ID: _________________________________________

Group ID: A

Course Code: EME3421_________________________________

Course Name: Lab Investigation 3_________________________

Submission Date: 4/28/2021

1. Abstract

The study of impact of a jet of water is essential to understand the

principle of an impulse turbine such as Pelton Wheel Turbine. When
high pressure water from a source such as a dam flows through a
nozzle in the form of a jet, the entire pressure energy of the water is
converted into kinetic energy at the nozzle. When this jet of water hits
a vane positioned in front of it, the vane deflects the jet and due to the
change in the momentum of the water jet, a force is imparted to the
vane by the water.
To perform experiments, students level the apparatus and zero the
weigh beam assembly. They set the flow from the hydraulic bench to
maximum, and measure the jet force. They reduce the flow from the
hydraulic bench in several increments. At each increment they record
the force of the jet on the plate and the flow rate. They then repeat the
experiments for different test plates. Then students compare their
experimental results to those calculated from theory.

The experiment shows students the force produced by a jet of water as

it strikes a flat plate or hemispherical cup. They can then compare this
to the momentum flow rate in the jet. To extend the range of
investigations, the 120-Degree Conical Plate and 30- Degree Angled
Plate (H8a) are available separately. For use with TecQuipment’s
Digital Hydraulic Bench (H1F, available separately), the equipment
comprises a transparent cylinder containing a vertically tapered nozzle
and a test plate. The cylinder is on legs and mounts on the top of the
hydraulic bench. The nozzle, supplied by the hydraulic bench,
produces a high-velocity jet of water which hits the test plate. The test
plate connects to a weigh beam assembly with jockey weight which
measures the jet force. A drain tube in the base of the cylinder directs
water back into the hydraulic bench, allowing accurate flow rate
measurement. 
All test plates are all easily interchangeable, taking only a few
seconds and needing no tools. 

2. Objective(s)
To verify the momentum equation experimentally through impact of
jet experiment.

3. Introduction/ Theoretical Background

Water supplied from the Hydraulic Bench is fed to a vertical pipe

terminating in a tapered nozzle. This produces a jet of water which
impinges on a vane, in the form of a flat plate or a hemispherical cup.

The nozzle and vane are contained within a transparent cylinder, and
at the base of the cylinder there is an outlet from which the flow is
directed to the measuring tank of the bench. The vane is supported by
a lever which carries a jockey weight, and which is restrained by a
light spring. The lever may be set to a balanced position (as indicated
by a tally supported from it) by placing the jockey weight at its zero
position, and then adjusting the knurled nut above the spring. Any
force generated by impact of the jet on the vane may now be
measured by moving the jockey weight along the lever until the tally
shows that it has been restored to its original balanced position.

Theoretical formulas for different type of plates:

 Flat plat
f th =Vρ W 1
 Hemisphere
f th =2Vρ W 1
 Slope
2
f th =Vρ W 1 cos α
  Cone
f th =Vρ W 1 ¿

4. Apparatus

i. HM150 impact of jet as shown in Figure 1

a. Loading weights
b. Lever mechanism
c. Deflector
d. Nozzle
e. Perspex vessel
f. Drain connection
g. Base plate
h. Inlet connection
ii. Various deflectors
 Plate
 Hemisphere
 Slope
 Cone
iii. A set of weights
iv. Stop watch
Figure 1: Impact of jet Apparatus

5. Experimental Method

 A quick inspection is performed to ensure that the unit is in

proper operating condition.
 A hose connection is made and the unit is connected to the
nearest power supply.
 The discharge pipe is opened.
 One of the deflectors (plate, hemisphere, slope or cone) is
assembled. The 3 screws on the cover are loosened. The cover
together with the lever mechanism are removed.
 Appropriate deflector is fitted. Lock nut is tightened on the rod.
The cover is screwed back onto vessel.
  Adjusting screw is used to set pointer to zero. No loading
weights are place on measurement system.
 Desired loading weights are applied: 0.2N, 0.3N, 1N, 2N, and
5N.
 Main clock is closed.
 The pump is switched on and main cock is carefully opened
until pointer is on zero again.
 Drain cock is closed and volumetric flow rate is determined.
Stopwatch is used to establish time required for raising the level
in the volumetric tank from 20 to 30 liters.
 Pump is switched on and drain is opened.

6. Results and Analysis

7. Tables:

First Plate deflector:

Nozzle diameter is 10 mm
Time s Volume Velocity Measured Theoretical
flow rate m/s force jet Force N
l/s N
25 0.4 5.09 1 2.03
23 0.43 5.47 2 2.35
21 0.47 5.98 3 2.81
18 0.55 7.00 4 3.85

Second Cone deflector:

Nozzle diameter is 10 mm
Time s Volume Velocity Measured Theoretical
flow rate m/s force jet Force N
 l/s N
44 0.22 2.80 1 0.92
35 0.28 3.56 2 1.49
24 0.41 5.22 3 3.21
21 0.47 5.98 4 4.21

* the volume is 10 ltr for both cases.

Graphs:
Flat plate:
Here we compare the Measured and theoretical force graphically to
illustrate the difference.
Chart Title
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
Force N

2
1.5
1
0.5
0
25 23 21 18
Time s

Measured force Calculated force

Cone Plate:
Here we compare the Measured and theoretical force graphically to
illustrate the difference.
 Chart Title
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
Force N

2
1.5
1
0.5
0
44 35 24 21
Time s

Measured force Calculated force

Calculating Error percentage for each case:

Flat plate error % = (2.76 – 2.5) / 2.76 = 9.4%

Cone plate error % = (2.45 – 2.5) / 2.76 = 2%

8. Discussion
Some measured value of the jet force showed larger values than the
predicted one. This is caused by Errors in taking reading or losses in
the experiment apparatus or both. The losses used to calculate the
experiment error percentages which showed values of 9.4% for flat
plate and 2% for cone.
From the plots we can see that as the force increase it takes less time
to fill the tank, and the volume flow rate along with velocity increased
as well.
9. Conclusion
In conclusion the experiment was carried successfully, even though
the measured results wasn’t 100% correct, but it was close to the
calculated values.
The difference between the theoretical value and the actual value may
mainly due to human and servicing factors such as parallax error. This
error occur during observer captured the value of the water level.
The recommendation to overcome the error is ensure that the position
of the observer’s eye must be 90o perpendicular to the reading or the
position. Then, ensure that the apparatus functioning perfectly in
order to get an accurate result.

10. References
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-00870-
4_16
https://www.tecquipment.com/impact-of-a-jet