University of Benghazi

Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

Fluid Mechanics Lab (CE327)

Test 7 – Impact of Jet

Date of test | 25/9/2012

Teacher | Hassan Gebrel

‫ ميالد عادل حويو‬: ‫| االس ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــم‬

3 : ‫| املج ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــموع ــة‬
17935 : ‫| الرقم الدراسي‬
Flow through Sharp Edged Orifice

1) Aim :
Demonstrate and investigate the validity of theoretical
expressions for the calculation of the force exerted by a jet on
objects of various shapes.

2) Introduction :
A jet of fluid striking a stationary object exerts a force on that
object. This force can be measured when the object is connected
to a spring balance or scale.
The force can then be related to the velocity of the jet of fluid
and in turn to the rate of flow.
The force developed by a jet stream of water is the subject of this
experiment.
(Figure 1) is a schematic of the device used in this experiment,
the device consists of a catch basin within a sump tank, a pump
moves water from the sump tank to the impact apparatus, after
which the water drains to the catch basin.

The plug is used to allow water to

accumulate in the catch basin, on the
side of the sump tank is a sight glass
showing the water depth in the catch
basin.
When flow rate is to be measured,
water is allowed to accumulate in the
catch basin, and a stopwatch is used
to measure the time required for the
water volume to reach a pre-
determined volume, using the sight Figure 1 | A schematic of the jet impact apparatus

glass as an indicator.
In other words, we use the stopwatch to measure the time
required for a certain volume of water to accumulate in the catch
basin.
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 The sump tank acts as a support for the table top which supports
the impact apparatus. As shown in Figure 2, the impact apparatus
contains a nozzle that produces a high velocity jet of water.
The jet is aimed at an object (such as a flat plate or hemisphere).
The force exerted on the plate causes the balance arm to which
the plate is attached to deflect; a weight is moved on the arm until
the arm balances.
A summation of moments about the pivot point of the arm
allows for calculating the force exerted by the jet.
Water is fed through the nozzle by means of a pump. The nozzle
emits the water in a jet stream whose diameter is constant. After
the water strikes the object, the water is channeled to the catch
basin to obtain the volume flow rate.

The variables involved in this experiment are listed and their

measurements are described below:
1) Volume rate of flow–measured with the catch basin (to obtain
volume) and a stopwatch (to obtain time), the volume flow
rate is obtained by dividing volume by time: ¿ V /t .
2) Velocity of jet–obtained by dividing volume flow rate by jet
area: V =Q/ A . The jet is cylindrical in shape.
3) Resultant force found experimentally by summation of
moments about the pivot point of the balance arm. The
theoretical resultant force is found by use of an equation
derived by applying the momentum equation to a control
volume about the plate.

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 3) Theoretical basis :
From momentum principle,
Q
F y =ρQ ( v−vcosθ ) where v=
A
 For flat plate (90O):
Q2
F y =ρ
A
 For (120 O) plate:
Q2
F y =3 ρ
2A
 For hemispherical target 180O:
Q2
F y =2 ρ
A

Figure 2 | Different types of Jet

Apparatus :
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 1) Hydraulics Bench (Figure 3).
2) Impact of jet Apparatus (Figure 5).
3) Stopwatch.
4) Pump.
5) Weights.

Figure 3 | Hydraulics Bench

Figure 4 | 120O Jet Figure 5 | Impact of Jet Apparatus

Figure 6 | Detailed Picture

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 4) Procedure :
1) Remove the stop plate and transparent casing to measure
the nozzle diameter and place the flat plate (90O) on the rod
attached to the weight pan. Then, reassemble the
apparatus.
2) Connect the inlet pipe of the apparatus to the outlet of the
Hydraulic Bench.
3) Level the base of the apparatus using the bubble balance.
4) Screw down the top plate to datum on the spirit level.
5) Adjust the level gauge to suit datum on the weight pan.
6) Add masses to the weight pan.
7) Allow water to flow in the experiment and adjust the flow
by the control valve of the Hydraulic Bench so that the pan
will be re-adjacent to the level gauge.
8) Before taking readings the weight pan should be oscillated
upwards and downwards and rotated to minimize the effect
of friction.
9) Take the readings of the initial and final volumes and the
time of accumulation.
10) Record the masses on the weight pan.
11) Repeat the experiment for different masses on the weight
pan.
12) Repeat the previous steps with different shapes of plates
(120º and the hemispherical target).

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 5) Readings & Calculations:
The value of (k) is being calculated using the equation:
ρk 2
m= Q
gA

Table 1 | (90O) Jet

Ru
weight (g) Q (m3/s) Q2 (m6/s2) k
n
1 100 0.000317 1.00×10-07 0.49
2 150 0.000297 8.83×10-08 0.84
3 200 0.000467 2.17×10 -07
0.45
4 250 0.000260 6.76×10 -08
1.82

Table 2 | (120O) Jet

Ru
weight (g) Q (m3/s) Q2 (m6/s2) k
n
1 100 0.000113 1.26×10-08 3.89
2 150 0.000213 4.51×10-08 1.64
3 200 0.000255 6.52×10-08 1.51
4 250 0.000258 6.67×10-08 1.85

Table 3 | (180O) Jet

Ru
weight (g) Q (m3/s) Q2 (m6/s2) k
n
1 100 0.000153 2.35×10-08 2.10
2 150 0.000190 3.6×10 -08
2.05
3 200 0.000221 4.9×10 -08
2.01
4 250 0.000200 4.0 ×10 -08
3.08
5 300 0.000297 8.84×10-08 1.67

Graphical relation between (Q2 and F) :

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 1) 90O Jet
3

2.5
f(x) = 11759544.7495592 x

1.5
F (N)

0.5

0
0 0.00000005 0.0000001 0.00000015 0.0000002 0.00000025
Q² (m6/s²)

Graph 1 | Q 2 vesus F

2) 120O Jet
3

2.5

f(x) = 33956820.0629338 x
2

1.5
F (N)

0.5

0
0 0.00000002 0.00000004 0.00000006 0.00000008
Q² (m6/s²)

Graph 2 | Q 2 versus F

3) 180O Jet

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 3.5
f(x) = 38827440.095848 x
3

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.00000002 0.00000004 0.00000006 0.00000008 0.0000001

Graph 3 | Q 2 vs F

From the graphs above we can find the value of K for each Jet
using the slope value so that:

Table 4 | Values or K from Graphs

Jet K
90O 0.5
O
120 1.507
O
180 2.01

Error percentage using values from graphs:

Table 5 | Error Percentage from tables

Jet K lab K theortical Error Percentage %
90O 0.5 1 50%
120O 1.507 1.5 0.46%
180O 2.01 2 0.5%

6) Discussion :

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 1) It’s so obvious that the value of K using the (Least Square
method – Graphical method) gives a much true values than
using average value or looking at a single reading; because of
the advantage that the (Intercept = 0) we’ve got a close lab
value to the theoretical one .
2) The readings for (90O) seem to be mistaken and probably it’s
because of Flow rate readings.
3) To have a good results in this test; it’s important to have a very
accurate readings for (flow rate) by taking readings of volume
after enough time (minimum 30s) but the readings was being
taken without much accuracy.
4) The error % of 50% for 90O jet is too much compared to the
error percentage of (120O, 180O) jets.

A) Conclusion:
In this test we’ve determinate the coefficients (k ) for a different
shapes of Jets and founded it to be :

Jet K
90O 0.5
120O 1.507
180O 2.01

B) References :
- Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual - (ANNA UNIVERSITY OF
TECHNOLOGY - COIMBATORE).
- Fluid Mechanics 4th edition - F. White

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