Practical 4

Impact of Jet
Objective
 To determine impact of water jet at different angles on different surfaces.

Apparatus
 Hydraulic bench
 Impact of jet apparatus
 Impact surfaces
 Set of massesTheory

Driving force: The force made by a jet which hits a surface is obtained by applying the conservation
equation of the movement quantity. This force, for a stationary regime and taking into account that its
horizontal component is cancelled, comes given by the expression;

Fy=ρ.Q.(V-V.Cos α)

Where;

ρ = Density of the fluid (kg/m3).

Q = Flow which is being used (m3/s).
α = the angle, in degrees, formed by the fluid that has come out, with the normal vector at the impact
surface
V = velocity of a jet which hits over the problem surface (m/s)

Equation according to the impact surface:

o Flat surface (α = 90o): ρ . Q2 / A

3
o Curved surface (α = 120o): . ρ . Q2 / A
2
o Semi spherical surface (α = 180o): 2 . ρ . Q2 / A

Equilibrium of forces: To verify the equilibrium state and check that, both the spring and the friction
forces do not influence the experiment, the force exerted by the jet (F y) must be approximately the same
than the force exerted by the masses (Fm) for the flat surface;

Fy = Fm
Q2
ρ. =m.g
A
Where:
Fm = Vertical force exerted by the masses located on the support (N)
Fy = Upward vertical force exerted by the jet of water on the shock surface (N)
m = Total mass of the weights (kg)
g = Gravity acceleration (m/s2)

Impact of Jet Apparatus: The impact of a jet of fluid on surfaces is studied in fluid mechanics, allowing
the calculation of the mechanical work generated in different units. The impact of jet unit (Figure 1) has
been designed to collect experimental measurements of the force exerted by a jet against different
surfaces and compare the values with the theoretical calculations.

Figure 1: Impact of Jet Apparatus

The apparatus consists of a cylindrical tank with transparent lateral surfaces, where a nozzle, connected to
the hydraulic bench, provides a jet of water that impact on the shock surface. The upwards vertical force
of the water against the surfaces is measured using the masses, which compensate that force downwards,
using the gauge as reference to locate the masses always in the same point.

Procedure:

1. Position the weight carrier on the weight platform and add weights until the top of the target are clear
of the stop and the weight platform is floating in mid position. Move the pointer so that it is aligned
with the weight platform. Record the value of weights on the weight carrier.
2. Start the pump and establish the water flow by steadily opening the bench regulating valve until it is
fully open.
3. The vane will now be deflected by the impact of the jet. Place additional weights onto the weight
carrier until the weight platform is again floating in mid position. Measure the flow rate and record
the result on the test sheet, together with the corresponding value of weight on the tray. Observe the
form of the deflected jet and note its shape.
4. Reduce the weight on the weight carrier in steps and maintain balance of the weight platform by
regulating the flow rate in about three steps, each time recording the value of the flow rate and
weights on the weight carrier.
5. Close the control valve and switch off the pump. Allow the apparatus to drain.
6. Replace the 5mm nozzle with the 8mm diameter nozzle and repeat the tests.
7. Replace the normal vane with the 45° conical vane and repeat the test with both the 5mm and 8mm
nozzles.
8. Replace the 45° conical vane with the hemispherical vane and repeat the tests with both the 5mm and
8mm nozzles.

Observations and Calculations:

The following data is observed during the experiment:

Observations:
Diameter (water jet) = 08 mm
Diameter (shock surfaces) = 40 mm
Temperature = 25° c
Density of water = ρ = 1000 Kg/m3
Weight of given surfaces plus plunger
Flat surface: 94g
Hemispherical: 96g
Curved surface: 96.5g

The data observed during the experiment is tabulated in table 01.

FOR FLAT SURFACE

Mass Time Fy %
V (L) Q (m3/s) Q2 Fm (N) Error
(Kg) (s) (N)
0.10 19.4 60 3.23x10-4 1.04x10-7 2.08 1.91 8.17

0.20 23.5 60 3.92x10-4 1.53x10-7 3.05 2.85 6.54

0.30 27.7 60 4.62x10-4 2.13x10-7 4.23 3.86 8.74

FOR CURVED SURFACE

Mass Time Fy %
V (L) Q (m3/s) Q2 Fm (N) Error
(Kg) (s) (N)
0.10 15.6 60 2.6x 10-4 6.76x10-8 2.12 1.93 8.9

0.20 19.7 60 3.28x10-4 1.07x10-7 3.21 2.91 9.4

 0.30 22.7 60 3.7x 10-4 1.36x10-7 4.26 3.89 8.8

FOR HEMI-SPHERICAL SURFACE

Mass Time Fy %
V (L) Q (m3/s) Q2 Fm (N) Error
(Kg) (s) (N)
0.10 13.40 60 2.23x10-4 4.98x10-8 1.983 1.923 3.0

0.20 17.0 60 2.83x10-4 8.02x10-8 3.18 2.904 9.0

0.30 19.0 60 3.16x10-4 1.00x10-7 3.98 3.885 2.5

For Flat surface:

F(y) = ρ (Q2)/A = (1000)( 1.04x10-7)/( 5.03x 10-5) = 1.91 N

F(y) = ρ (Q2)/A = (1000)( 1.53x10-7)/( 5.03x 10-5) = 2.85 N

F(y) = ρ (Q2)/A = (1000)( 2.13x10-7)/( 5.03x 10-5) = 3.86 N

For Curved surface:

F(y) = (3/2)ρ(Q2)/A = (3/2)(1000)( 6.76x 10-8)/( 5.03x 10-5) = 2.12 N

F(y) = (3/2)ρ(Q2)/A = (3/2)(1000)( 1.07x 10-7)/( 5.03x 10-5) = 3.21 N

F(y) = (3/2)ρ(Q2)/A = (3/2)(1000)( 1.43x 10-7)/( 5.03x 10-5) = 4.26 N

For Hemisphere Surface:

F(y) = (2)ρ (Q2)/A = (2)(1000)( 4.98x 10-8)/( 5.03x 10-5) = 1.98 N

F(y) = (2)ρ (Q2)/A = (2)(1000)( 8.02x 10-8)/( 5.03x 10-5) = 3.18 N

F(y) = (2)ρ (Q2)/A = (2)(1000)( 1.00x 10-7)/( 5.03x 10-5) = 3.98

Analysis:

In this experiment, we have used the impact of jet apparatus to practically examine
the effect of the water jet on different types of shapes through this experiment we
have gained knowledge of the impact of water jets and how this concept is linked
to the manufacture of turbine blades and various other application we. We measure
the flow rates and record the times. Based on the time recorded and the information
above, we are able to calculate the force acting on each face and the percentage of
error.
then we balanced the amount of upward force acting on the specimen by adding
the dead weight on the hanger that is placed on the top of the apparatus we
changed the amount of flow rate then the upward thrust on the specimen increased
then we have to increase the load on the top by adding more and more dead weight

The overall procedure is simple we just compared the amount of force that we
determined from the weight of the dead weights that act upward with the
experimental force that we determined from the flow rate and the time we
recorded. And then we achieved the desired results.

Then after comparing we finally calculate the percentage of error in our

calculations although the error is small still it ranges between 5 to 10 there are
many possible reasons for that error one of them is human error as we recorded the
volume flow rate and the time manually so there is a good chance that there is
some sort of human error during the experiment then there might be a machine
error that includes the friction in the apparatus that affect the amount of load we
applied ion the top and also the number of forces that the specimen bears from the
downward side due to the impact of jet decreasing friction may decrease the
experimental error.

Conclusion:

In a conclusion, the calculated force is compared with the measured force. After
comparing we calculate the percentage of error in our calculations ranged between
5 to 10 there are many possible reasons, for example, human error or machine
error. We have achieved our desired results

Post Lab Activity

a) Which is the minimum flow rate that lifts the platform where the masses
are located?
The minimum low rate that lifted the platform was 2.23*10-4 and the platform
was of 96grams and need a force of 1.98N the flow that hits the platform which
lifts it up and from the fluid the momentum transfers into the platform
b) Describe the change in original momentum of the stream which can be
transferred to the object by varying a fluid stream’s deflection angle.
 As we know that the change in the momentum is equal to force*velocity cosθ
so it depends upon the angle if the angle is zero the maximum momentum is
transferred from the jet to the surface
c) Draw the diagram of experimental force vs theoretical force for all surfaces, available
in lab (Attach graph with report).