Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific

Research
Mustansiriyah University
College of Engineering
Water Resources Engineering Department
Fluid laboratory

Experiment 6
Impact of jet

By
Asst.Lectuer: Mohammed Abid Jameel
Fluid laboratory Impact of jet

1. Introduction:
The jets apparatus enables experiments to be carried out to determine of the
reaction force produced through the vane when a jet of water impacts on
the vane. The study of these reaction forces is an essential step in the subject
of fluids mechanics which can be applied for hydraulic machinery such as
the impulse turbine, where the pressure is using to increase the water speed
which collides on the fan installed on the pump wheel (turbine), on the form
of jets, thus the fan is rotating by the force collected by the momentum of
water jet.

2. Objectives:
To measure the reaction force produced by the impact of water jet on vanes
with shapes various.

3. Theoretical Aspects:

3.1. Theoretical background:

When the water pressure exerted on the solid surface (vane or plate) in form
of the jet force, and the water flowing with a steady velocity. It is strikes a
solid surface, then the water direction is deflected to flow along the surface
with a different angles according to the surface shape (Figure 1). If friction
is neglected by assuming an inviscid fluid with assumed that there are no
losses due to shocks, then the water velocity value is unchanged, thus the
velocity along the surface is equal to the incident velocity v1. The impulse
force exerted on the target will be equal and opposite to the force which acts
on the water according to Newton's third Law.

Figure 1. Impact of Jet

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Asst.Lectuer: Mohammed Abid Jameel
Fluid laboratory Impact of jet

3.2. The Equations:

From Figure (1) and applying Newton's second Law in the direction of the
incident jet:
The force (F) = mass x Acceleration
Fy= mass flow rate x change in velocity
Fy = Qm x (v2 CosƟ -v1) (Qm = mass flow rate)
But Qm= ρ Q (Q = volume flow rate)
Fy = ρ Q (v2 CosƟ -v1)
By applying Newton's third Law, the fluid will exert force an equal and
opposite reaction (FJ) on the van:
FJ = - Fy
FJ = ρ Qt (v1 - v2 CosƟ)
v1 - v2 (if we neglect the effect of change of elevation on jet speed, and the
loss of speed due to friction over the van surface).
FJ = ρ Q (v1 - v2 CosƟ) FJ = ρ Q vJ (1 - CosƟ) … … … (1)
Where:
FJ =the force exerted by the fluid on van (Ftherory) (N).
Q = the volume flow rate (Q = vol / time) (m3/sec).
vJ = the velocity of fluid which jets on van (the jet velocity) (m/sec).
Where: vJ =vn-√2𝑔ℎ … . … … (2)
Where:
vn = the nozzle velocity ( the nozzle is below the van, thus the jet impact
velocity will be less than the nozzle velocity due to interchanges between
potential energy and kinetic energy)
vn= Q/ An … … … (3) (An= (𝜋/4)dn2 )
h= it is the height of target (van) above the nozzle exit.
Ɵ = the vertical deflection angle of fluid flow after its strikes at center vans
(Figure 2).

Figure 2. Interchangeable target vanes

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Asst.Lectuer: Mohammed Abid Jameel
 Fluid laboratory Impact of jet

Table (1) is shown the required equations for calculating the water jet force
(FJ ) according to the vertical deflection angle (Ɵ)

Table 1. The Required Equations for Calculating the Water Jet Force (FJ ) According to the
Vertical Deflection Angle (Ɵ)
The Plat Shape The flat plate The Conical plate The Hemispherical plate
o
Cos 90 = 0 Cos 180o = -1
Vertical Cos 45o= 1/√2
Deflection
Angle (Ɵ)
The Equations FJ = ρ Q vJ (1 - Cos90o) FJ = ρ Q vJ (1 - Cos45o) FJ = ρ Q vJ (1 - Cos180o)
FJ = ρ Q vJ FJ = ρ Q vJ (1 - 1/√2) FJ = ρ Q vJ (1 – (-1))
FJ = 2 ρ Q vJ
Note:
Fy = the force exerted by weights on fluid (Fexperiment ) (N).
Fexperiment = mass x g … … … (4)

4. Experimental Work:

4.1. Equipment and apparatus:

These experiment consists of the following devices and tools:
1. Impact of jet apparatus (Figure 3).
2. Hydraulic bench.
3- Stop watch.

Figure 3. Illustrative figure of impact of jet apparatus

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Asst.Lectuer: Mohammed Abid Jameel
Fluid laboratory Impact of jet

The Impact of jet device consists of a vertical supply pipe connected to a

hose. The hose jets water that collides on fan in its center. The fan be on
the shape of a flat or hemispherical plate. The hose and the plate are
surrounded by a plastic cylinder with a hole in its base, through this hole
the water enters the hydraulics bench. The plate is installed on a vertical
axis, on top side of this axis has been connected armrest for certain weights.
This armrest is offset by a lever connected by a pointer. The force exerted
by the water jet on the fan can be equated through placing of the weight
until the armrest is returns to normal place against the pointer. Set up the
apparatus on top of the hydraulics bench with the left hand support feet of
the impact of jet apparatus located on the two left hand locating pegs of the
hydraulics bench so that the apparatus straddles the weir channel. Connect
the feed tube from the hydraulics bench to the hose on the rear of the base
of the impact of jet apparatus.

4.2. Procedure:
1. Position the weight carrier on the weight platform and add weights until
the top of the target is clear of the stop and the weight platform is floating
in mid position. Move the pointer so that it is aligned with the weight
platform. Record the value of weights on the weight carrier.
2. Start the pump and establish the water flow by steadily opening the
bench regulating valve until it is fully open.
3. The vane will now be deflected by the impact of the jet. Place additional
weights onto the weight carrier until the weight platform is again floating
in mid position. Measure the flow rate and record the result on the test
sheet, together with the corresponding value of weight on the tray. Observe
the form of the deflected jet on the plate.
4. Reduce the weight on the weight carrier in steps and maintain balance
of the weight platform by regulating the flow rate in about three steps, each
time recording the value of the flow rate and weights on the weight carrier.
5. In all the readings, it has been recorded the height of target (van) above
the nozzle exit (h).
6. Close the control valve and switch off the pump. Allow the apparatus to
drain.

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Asst.Lectuer: Mohammed Abid Jameel
 Fluid laboratory Impact of jet

7. Replace the normal vane (flat plate) with the 45° conical vane and repeat
the test.
8. Replace the 45° conical vane with the hemispherical vane and repeat the
tests.
4.3. Data Sheet:
The table (2) below is the data sheet for this experiment:

Table (2). The Date Sheet

Ran Vol (L) Time (sec) Mass (g) h (mm)
1
2

5. Calculations and Results:

1. Calculate Qact by using equation (Qact=Vol/time).
2. Calculate the cross sectional area of flow through nozzle (An) by using
equation (An= (𝜋/4)dn2 )
3. Calculate the nozzle velocity (vn) by using equation (3).
4. Calculate the jet velocity (vj) by using equation (2).
5. Calculate the jet force exerted by the fluid on van (FJ) by using equation
(1).
6. Calculate the force exerted by weights on fluid (Fexperiment) by using
equation (4).
7. Plot the relationship between (Fexperiment) versus (ρ Q vJ) and finding the
slope and compare it with the theoretical value of (1 – CosƟ). The table (3)
is represent the results for this experiment:

Table (3). The Experiment Results

For flat plate (for example)
Ran Qact vn vj FJ Fexp ρ Q vJ Slope (from 1 - CosƟ
(m3/sec) (m/sec) (m/sec) (N) (N) Figure)
1
2

Fexp

ρ Q vJ
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Asst.Lectuer: Mohammed Abid Jameel
Fluid laboratory Impact of jet

6. Discussion:
1. Is there a difference between the values of the nozzle velocity (vn) and
the jet velocity (vj)? Why?
2. Is there a difference between the values of the water jet force on plate
(FJ) when change the plate shape (flat, Conical, and Hemispherical plate)?
Why?
3. Is there a difference between the values of the water jet force on plate
(FJ) and the force exerted by weights on fluid (Fexp)? Why?
4. What is the relationship type in the plot between (Fexp) versus (ρ Q vJ)?
Why?
5. Is there a difference between the slope from plot and the slope of the
value (1 – CosƟ)? Why?

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Asst.Lectuer: Mohammed Abid Jameel