Chapter 8.

Internal Flow (Bounded, Forced)

HW#6 (Chapter 8) (Due: Oct. 21st, Fri.)

- Problems 8.17, 8.39, 8.60, 8.71, 8.89

Convection (Chapters 6-11)

Conduction
(Fouriers
Law, k)

Heat Transfer
Energy
conservation
q and T (Ch.1)

Radiation
(S-Bs law,
, )

Flat plate/
Cylinder/Sphere
Rex, ReD
Lam. or Turb.
Pr (Air, Liq.
Metal, Oil)
Entry or
Fully-Developed

Semi-bounded
External flow
(Ch.7)

Forced
(Ch. 7 and 8)
Bounded
Internal Flow
(Ch.8)
Convection
(Newtons
cooling law, h)
How to find h?
Nu, Boundary layer,
Conservation laws
(Ch.6)

ReD, Lam. or Turb.

Circular/
Non-circular

Thermobuoyancy
(Ch.9)

Free (Natural)
(Ch. 9 and 10)

Phase Change
Buoyancy
(Ch.10)
Pool Boiling/ Boiling Curve
Critical Heat flux
Application
- Heat Exchanger
(Ch.11)

-NTU
LMTD

RaL, RaD, GrL, GrD

Hot/Cold
Top/Bottom
Vertical/Horizontal
Flat plate/Circular

Local or
Avg. Nu

Local or
Avg. h

Ts or Tm,o,
q or q

Hydrodynamic Consideration

Entrance and fully developed regions?

Laminar or Turbulent?

Subsequent to boundary layer merger at the centerline, the velocity profile becomes parabolic and invariant with x.
The flow is then said to be hydrodynamically fully developed.
Difference from External Flow?
- No free stream velocity (u) and temperature (T)
- Finally, merging boundary layer No inviscid region
- D (or r) rather than x

ReD

um D

Hydrodynamic Consideration
No free stream velocity (u) and temperature (T)
Mean Velocity (um) and Temperature (Tm)
Mass conservation

[kg/m3 x m/s x m2]

Constant mass flow rate

um

Ac u r , x d Ac

u u r, x

Ac u r , x d Ac

um Ac Ac u r , x d Ac

Volume flow rate

For incompressible flow (constant ) in a circular tube of radius ro,

um

Ac u r , x d Ac

Ac

A r2

Ac u r , x (2 rdr )

( ro2 )

dA 2 rdr

0 u r , x r dr
2

2
ro

Ac

Hydrodynamic Consideration
Mean Velocity (um)
Ac u r , x d Ac Incompressible/ u 2
m
um
Circular
ro2
Ac

Reynolds number

ReD

um Dh

ReD

um Dh um 4 Ac

(
)

For a circular tube,

0o u r , x r dr

Hydraulic diameter

Dh

4 Ac
P

Onset of turbulence: ReD,c 2300

4( D )
Dh 4
D
D

Fully turbulent : ReD 10,000

Entry lengths depend on whether the flow is laminar or turbulent, which, in turn, depends on ReD
Laminar Flow:

Hydrodynamic Entry Length

fd ,h

/ D 0.05 ReD

Turbulent Flow: 10 x fd ,h / D 60

x fd ,h 0.05 ReD D
10D < x fd ,h 60 D

 Friction factor

dp / dx D

um2 / 2

Laminar flow in a circular tube:

f

64
ReD

(8.19)

Turbulent flow in a smooth circular tube:

f 0.790 1n ReD 1.64

Pressure drop for fully developed flow from x1 to x2: p p1 p2 f

and power requirement

um2
2D

x2 x1

[N/m2 * m3/s = W]

(8.21)

Thermal Consideration
Assume laminar flow with uniform temperature, T r ,0 Ti ,
at inlet of circular tube with uniform Ts Ti , or qs .
Thermal boundary layer develops on surface of
tube and thickens with increasing x.
Isothermal core shrinks as boundary layer grows.
Subsequent to boundary layer merger, dimensionless forms of the temperature
profile for Ts and qs become independent of x.
Conditions are then said to be thermally fully developed.

Thermal Entry Length

Laminar Flow:

fd ,t

/ D 0.05 ReD Pr

Turbulent Flow: 10 x fd ,t / D 60

Thermal Consideration
No free stream velocity (u) and temperature (T)
Mean Velocity (um) and Temperature (Tm)
Mean Temperature (Tm)
Linkage of mean temperature to thermal energy transport associated with flow through a cross section:
Ac uc pT dAc

[kg/s x J/kg-K x K]

For incompressible, constant-property flow in a circular tube,

Tm

Ac uc pT dAc
( um Ac )c p

A r2

Ac uc pT (2 rdr )
( um r )c p
2
o

2
um ro

ro

u x, r T x, r r dr
0

dA 2 rdr

Newtons law of cooling for the Local Heat Flux:

qs h Ts Tm

c.f. External Flow qs h Ts T

Hydrodynamic

ReD

um D

Thermal

Boundary Layer
Development

Entry Length

Laminar Flow:

fd ,h

/ D 0.05 ReD

Turbulent Flow: 10 x fd ,h / D 60

Mean Velocity/
Mean Temperature
Incompressible,
constant-property
in a circular tube

um

um

/ D 0.05 ReD Pr

Ac uc pT dAc

Ac u r , x d Ac
um Ac Ac u r , x d Ac

fd ,t

Turbulent Flow: 10 x fd ,t / D 60

[kg/m3 x m/s x m2]

Mass/Heat flow
(Advection)

Laminar Flow:

[kg/s x J/kg-K x K]
ro

Ac u r , x d Ac

Ac

Ac u r , x d ( r 2 )

( r )
2
o

2
2
o

0 u r , x r dr
ro

Tm

Ac uc pT dAc
( um Ac )c p

2
2
um ro

ro

u x, r T x, r r dr
0

Fully Developed Region

qs h Ts Tm

Fully developed region T(r, x) and Tm(x) vary with x

Ts x T r , x

0
x Ts x Tm x fd ,t

Dimensionless form of T
profile does not vary

T / r r r
Ts T
o
=
f ( x)

r Ts Tm r r
Ts Tm
o

Variation of h

dTs
Ts x T r , x

x Ts x Tm x fd ,t dx

fd ,t

2. Ts constant

0
fd ,t

fd ,t

d (Ts Tm )
dx

1. qs [= h(Ts - Tm)] constant

dTs
dx

T
x

T
x

qs k

fd ,t

fd ,t

r ro

h f x

(Ts T ) dTs
(Ts Tm ) dx

T
r

fd ,t

dTs
dx

(Ts T ) dTm
(Ts Tm ) dx

qs / k
h
f ( x)
Ts Tm k

(Ts T ) dTm
(Ts Tm ) dx

fd ,t

fd ,t

dTm
dx

0
fd ,t

fd ,t

T
x

fd ,t

How to Find Tm(x) and q using Energy Balance

Change in Advection

dqconv qs P dx h Ts Tm P dx.

Transferred Heat

mc p dTm qs P dx Ph Ts Tm dx.

1. qs [= h(Ts - Tm)] constant

dTs
dx

fd ,t

dTm
dx

fd ,t

T
x

fd ,t

Mean Temperature:
Total Heat Rate:

qconv qs PL

EXAMPLE 8.2 A system for heating water from an inlet Tm,i = 20oC to an outlet temperature of Tm,o = 60oC involves passing the
water through a thick-walled tube having inner and outer diameters of 20 and 40 mm. The outer surface of the tube is well
insulated, and electrical heating within the wall provides for a uniform generation rate of
1. For a water mass ow rate of

, how long must the tube be to achieve the desired outlet temperature?

2. If the inner surface temperature Ts = 70oC at the outlet, what is the local convection heat transfer coefcient at the outlet?
Assumptions:
1. Steady-state
2. Uniform heat ux.
3. Incompressible liquid/negligible viscous dissipation.
4. Constant properties.
5. Adiabatic outer tube surface.

Properties: Table A.6, water T m 313K cp = 4179 J/kg-K.

Mean Temperature:

Total Heat Rate:

1) Length for Tm,o =

60oC

qconv qs PL Eg qV
60C 20C

qs P
L
mc p

(60 20)(

mc p
)L
qs P

L (60 20)K

2) Local ho when Ts = 70oC

qA q ( Do Di )
qs

P
4 Di
2

qs P

qV
qA
L

( Do Di )

4 0.01kg/s 4179 J/kg-K

17.7 m
6
3
2
2
2
10 W/m (0.04 0.02 )m

T
x

2. Ts constant

T Ts Tm

fd ,t

(Ts T ) dTm
(Ts Tm ) dx

fd ,t

d T
d Tm

dx
dx
d T
Ph
T x
dx
mc p
ln

To
PL

Ti
mc p

ln T io

P L
hx dx
mc p o

hAs
PL
1 L

h
dx

o x
mc p
mc p
L

Mean Temperature Distribution:

Total Heat Rate:
qconv hAs T

To Ti
Tlm Log Mean Temperature
ln(To Ti )

3. Uniform External Fluid Temperature T

To Ts Tm ,o
hA

exp( s )
Ti Ts Tm ,i
mcp

To T Tm ,o
U As
1

exp(
) exp(
)
Ti T Tm ,i
mc p
mc p Rtot

Note: Replacement of T by Ts,o if outer surface temperature is uniform.

q UAs T m

Tlm

T m
Rtot

To Ti
ln(To Ti )

T m Ts is replaced by T .
T Ts Tm

Rtot Rt ,conv ,i Rt ,cond ,w Rt ,conv ,o

1
hi As ,i

ln(r2 / r1 )
2 Lk w

1
ho As ,o

EXAMPLE 8.3 Steam condensing on the outer surface of a thin-walled circular tube of diameter D = 50 mm and length L = 6 m
maintains a uniform outer surface temperature of 100oC. Water ows through the tube at a rate of = 0.25 kg/s, and its inlet
and outlet temperatures are Tm,i = 15oC and Tm,o = 57oC. What is average convection coefcient associated with the water ow?
Assumptions:
1. Negligible tube wall conduction resistance.
2. Incompressible liquid/negligible viscous dissipation.
3. Constant properties.
Properties: Table A.6, water T m 310 K cp = 4178 J/kg-K.

hAs Tlm

Tlm

To Ti
ln(To Ti )

T Ts Tm

How to Determine h or h
Analytically solved for Fully Developed, Laminar Flow in a Circular Tube:
Energy Balance

u?

Fully Developed Velocity Prole in Circular Tube

Fully-developed

v 0 and

u
0
x

u (r , x) u (r )

Momentum Conservation
d
r (2 rdx) ( r r dr )[2 ( r dr ) dx]}
dr
dp
p (2 rdr ) ( p dx)(2 rdr ) 0
dx
d r
dp
dr[2 ( r dr ) dx])} p(2 rdr ) p(2 rdr ) dx(2 rdr ) 0
dr
dx
d
d
dp
du
( r drdx) r rdrdx r drdrdx r dxdr 0 ( r r d r ) d (r r ) r dp
r
dr
dr
dx
dr
dr
dx
dr

r (2 rdx) ( r [2 ( r dr ) dx]

du 1 dp r 2
r
( ) C1
dr dx 2

1 dp r 2
u (r ) ( ) C1 ln r C2
dx 4

ro2 dp
um u r , x rdr
8 dx
ro2

ro
0

u
BCs: u (ro ) 0 and
r

8 um
dp

dx
r2
o

0
r 0

ro2 8um
r
u (r )
( 2 ) 1 ( ) 2
4 ro
ro

d
r dr

(r

du
dp
)
dr
dx

ro2 dp
r
u (r )
( ) 1 ( ) 2
4 dx
ro

u (r )
r
2 1 ( ) 2
um
ro

How to Determine h or h
Analytically solved for Fully Developed, Laminar Flow in a Circular Tube:
Energy Balance

1. qs [= h(Ts - Tm)] constant

dTs
dx

fd ,t

dTm
dx

fd ,t

T
x

fd ,t

1 T
u T
(r )
r r r
x

: constant

2
Tm
2
um ro

ro

u x, r T x, r r dr
0

Tm ( x) Ts ( x)

qs
h

48 k
11 D

How to Determine h or h when Fully Developed

I. Laminar Flow
in a Circular Tube

h 48 k local Nu number Nu D hD 4.36 (8.53)

k
11 D

1. qs constant
2. Ts constant

Nu D hD 3.66
k

(8.55)

II. Turbulent Flow in a Circular Tube:

For a smooth surface and fully turbulent conditions (ReD> 10000, L/D >10, 0.7 < Pr < 16700)
Dittus Boelter

NuD 0.023ReD4/5 Pr n

n 0.3 Ts Tm
n 0.4 Ts Tm

(8.60)

The effects of wall roughness and transitional flow conditions (3000< ReD < 5x106, 0.5 < Pr < 2000)
f / 8 ReD 1000 Pr
Nu

(8.62)
Gnielinski
D
1/2
2/3
1 12.7 f / 8 Pr 1

Fig. 8.3 Moody Diagram

How to Determine h or h when Fully Developed

I. Laminar Flow in a Circular Tube

2. Ts constant Nu D 3.66

hD 4.36 (8.53)
1. qs constant Nu D
k

(8.55)

II. Turbulent Flow in a Circular Tube:

For a smooth surface and fully turbulent conditions
(ReD> 10000, L/D >10, 0.7 < Pr < 16700)
The effects of wall roughness and transitional flow conditions
(3000 < ReD < 5x106, 0.5 < Pr < 2000)
- Pr << 1 Liquid Metal (Pe = PrReD)

Dittus Boelter NuD 0.023Re Pr

4/5
D

Gnielinski

NuD

n 0.3 Ts Tm
(8.60)
n 0.4 Ts Tm

/ 8 ReD 1000 Pr

1 12.7 f / 8

1/2

Pr 2/3 1

Skupinski (constant qs ) Nu D 4.82 0.0185 PeD0.827 (8.64)

Seban &Shimazaki(constant Ts) Nu D 5.0 0.025 PeD0.8 (8.65)

Properties are mostly evaluated at Tm for local NuD

For average NuD, Use average T m (Tm ,i Tm ,o ) / 2
With large property differences between Tm and Ts (normally Liquid)
Corrected Nusselt numbers (denoted by subscript c, for laminar)
For Turbulent flow,

(8.62)

Nu D 0.027 ReD4/5 Pr1/3 (

Nu D , c
Nu D

Nu D , c

Nu D s

0.14

0.14 (Re > 10000, L/D >10, 0.7 < Pr < 16700)
)
D
s

Effect of the Entry Region (x < xfd)

1) Combined Entry Length (xfd,h and xfd,t)
Thermal and velocity boundary layers develop
concurrently from uniform profiles at the inlet.

2) Thermal Entry Length (xfd,t)

- With fully developed velocity profile at the inlet
(unheated length) or Pr >> 1
- Boundary layer development restricted to thermal effects.

Laminar flow in a circular tube (a) Local (b) Average

Nusselt number decays from inlet to fully developed conditions for laminar flow

GzD ( D / x) ReD Pr
the Graetz number

Entry Region (x < xfd)

1. Laminar in Circular tube with constant Ts
Thermal entry length or Combined entry length w/ Pr > 5
Hausen Nu D 3.66

0.0668Gz D
1 0.04Gz D2/3

(8.57)

Gz D ( D / x) ReD Pr

Combined Entry Length

Baehr and Stephan Nu D

1
3.66

0.0499
Gz
tanh(
Gz
D
D )
1/3
2/3
tanh 2.264 GzD 1.7Gz D

tanh 2.432 Pr Gz
1/6

1/6
D

(8.58)

2. Turbulent in Circular tube

Effects of entry and surface thermal conditions are less pronounced for turbulent flow and can often be neglected.
For long tubes L / D 60 :

Nu D Nu D ,fd

C
For short tubes L / D 60 : Nu D 1
m
NuD ,fd
L / D

C 1
m 2/3

Noncircular Tubes
TABLE 8.1 Nusselt numbers for fully developed
laminar ow in tubes of differing cross section

4A
Use of hydraulic diameter as characteristic length: Dh c
P
NuD k
h=
Dh
2
4
A
4(

D
/ 4)
c
(For circular tube: Dh

D )
P
D
Laminar Flow:

Nu Dh depends strongly on aspect ratio, as well as

entry region and surface thermal conditions.
Turbulent Flow:
As a first approximation, correlations for a
circular tube may be used with D replaced by Dh
Dittus Boelter

NuD 0.023ReD4/5 Pr n

n 0.3 Ts Tm
n 0.4 Ts Tm

The Concentric Tube Annulus (Flow through Region formed by Tubes)

Convection heat transfer may be from or to inner surface of outer tube and outer surface of inner tube.
Uniform temperature Ts ,i , Ts ,o or uniform heat flux qi, qo .
Convection coefficients are associated with each surface, where
qi hi Ts ,i Tm qo ho Ts ,o Tm
hD
Nui i h
k

hD
Nuo o h
k

4( / 4)( Do2 Di2 )

Dh
Do Di
Do Di

Fully Developed Laminar Flow

Nusselt numbers depend on Di/Do and surface thermal conditions (Tables 8.2, 8.3)
Table 8.2 One surface insulated and
the other at constant temperature

Table 8.3 Constant heat flux

Nui

Nuii
1 (qo / qi)i*

Nuo

Nuoo
1 (qi / qo) o*

Fully Developed Turbulent Flow - Correlations for a circular tube may be used with D replaced by Dh.

Problem Solving Procedures (in most cases, Tm,i, , tube geometry, Ts or q s are given)
What you need to know for problem solving
i) Tube geometry (circular, noncircular, or concentric tube annulus), D or Dh (= 4Ac/P for noncircular tube)
. If volume flow rate is given,
ii) Mean velocity from mass flow rate

iii) Fluid properties, , , , kf, Pr, etc. at Tm, T m or a specified temperature

u D u D
iv) Using um and D or Dh with properties, ReD m m
(for circular tube,

v) Determine a flow regime (laminar or turbulent), and find a proper Nu correlation [considering ReD, Pr, entry effect, geometry]
vi) Calculate Nu, and h or Rconv

Problem Type I: With a constant heat flux ( q s)

i) Total heat transfer: qconv qs( PL) qsAs
ii) Mean temperature at outlet (Tm,o, at x = L):

Problem Type II: With a constant temperature (Ts or Tfix)

i) Mean temperature at outlet (Tm,o):
a. Using average Nu D calculate h for internal flow.
b. Find thermal resistance (Rtot) between internal flow and the fixed Tfix.
c. Use Eq. (8.45)

iii) Surface temperature at outlet (Ts,o):

Using the local NuD at x = L, find local h.
Ts ,o Tm,o qs / h

ii) Total heat transfer:

a. Calculate Tlm with Tm,i and Tm,o
b. Use Eq. (8.46) q = Tlm/Rtot

Tlm

To Ti
ln(To Ti )

iii) Convection coefficient (if Tm,i and Tm,o are given):

After calculating Tlm, use E-balance,
hAs Tlm

EXAMPLE 8.6 Hot air ows with a mass rate, 0.050 kg/s through an
uninsulated sheet metal duct of diameter D = 0.15 m, which is in the
crawlspace of a house. The hot air enters at 103oC and, after a distance of
L = 5 m, cools to 85oC. The heat transfer coefcient between the duct outer
surface and the ambient air 0oC is known to be ho = 6 W/m2-K.
1. Calculate the heat loss (W) from the duct over the length L.
2. Determine the heat ux and the duct surface temperature at x = L.
Assumptions:
1. Steady-state conditions.
2. Constant properties.
3. Ideal gas behavior.
4. Negligible viscous dissipation and negligible pressure variations.
5. Negligible duct wall thermal resistance.
6. Uniform convection coefcient at outer surface of duct. 7. Negligible radiation.

Properties: Table A.4, air (T m 367 K): cp = 1011 J/kg-K.

6
2
Table A.4, air (Tm ,L 358 K): k = 0.0306 W/m-K, Pr = 0.698. 211.7 10 N-s/m ,

1. Heat loss from the duct over the length L, q(W).

2. Heat ux and surface temperature at x = L.

6
2
Properties: Table A.4, air (T m ,L 358 K): k = 0.0306 W/m-K, Pr = 0.698. 211.7 10 N-s/m ,

2. Heat ux and surface temperature at x = L.

Fully developed, Turbulent

Dittus Boelter
(8.60)

EXAMPLE 8.5 (Solar Cell with Concentration) Absorber tubes at the focal points of parabolic reectors carry a liquid. After the
concentrating eld, the uid enters a heat exchanger, where it transfers thermal energy to the working uid of a Rankine cycle.
The cooled uid is returned to the concentrator eld after the heat exchanger. A power plant consists of many concentrators.
The net effect of a single concentrator-tube arrangement may be approximated as one of creating a constant heating condition
at the surface. Consider conditions for which a heat ux of qs = 20,000 W/m2 (uniform over tube surface), heats a uid of =
700 kg/m3, k = 0.078 W/m-K, cp = 2590 J/kg-K, and = 0.15x10-3 N-s/m2, respectively. Tube D = 70 mm, and = 2.5 kg/s.
1. If Tm,i = 400oC and Tm,o = 450oC, what is the required concentrator length, L?
How much q is transferred to the uid in a single concentrator-tube?
2. What is the surface temperature of the tube at the exit, Ts(L)?
3. In this system, Tmax = Tm,o and Tmin = T. If T = Tm,o - TR,max
= 20oC occurs across the heat exchanger and a second T =
TR,min -T = 20oC exists across the condenser, where T =
20oC, determine the minimum number of concentrators N,
each of length L, needed to generate P = 20 MW.

qs = 20,000 W/m2 , = 700 kg/m3, k = 0.078 W/m-K, cp = 2590 J/kg-K, and = 0.15x10-3 N-s/m2, D = 70 mm, mdot =2.5 kg/s.
1.Required concentrator length, L for Tm,i = 400oC and Tm,o = 450oC? Corresponding q?

qconv qs As

2. What is the surface temperature of the tube at the exit of a concentrator, Ts(L)?

Dittus Boelter
NuD 0.023ReD4/5 Pr n

n 0.3 Ts Tm
n 0.4 Ts Tm

qs = 20,000 W/m2 , = 700 kg/m3, k = 0.078 W/m-K, cp = 2590 J/kg-K, and = 0.15x10-3 N-s/m2, D = 70 mm, mdot =2.5 kg/s.
1. L = 73.6 m/ q = 0.324 W
2. Ts(L) = 466oC

Tm,i = 400oC and Tm,o = 450oC

3. T = Tm,o - TR,max = 20oC, T = TR,min -T = 20oC, T = 20oC, minimum number of concentrators N (L, P = 20 MW)
TR,max = Tm,o - 20oC = 430oC = 703 K
TR,min = T + 20oC = 40oC = 313 K