Yarmouk University

Civil Engineering Department

Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Laboratory
CE 354

Name :mohammed migdadi

ID #:2015988092

Section #:3

Experiment : Impact of a jet

Date of submission:12/11/2020

Notes :
Introduction:
In this experiment, the impact of jet apparatus enables experiment to be carried
out on the reaction force produced on vanes when a jet of water impact on the
van.

water turbines are widely used throughout the world to generate power. By
allowing fluid under pressure to strike the vanes of a turbine wheel, mechanical
work can be produced Rotational motion is then produced by the force generated
as the jet strikes the vanes. One of the common types of water turbines is Pelton
wheel, In this type of Water turbine, one or more water jets are directed
tangentially on to a vanes or buckets that are fastened on the rim of the turbine
disc

Objective:
To verify experimentally the Linear Momentum principle as applied to jets
impingingon stationary Flat Plate, 120o Plate andHemispherical Cup (180o).
We will apply the experiment on three different surfaces , Flat
surface , Conical surface and Hemispherical surface

Materials and apparatus:

Procedure:

Before the experiment was a quick inspection was performed to ensure that the
Unit is in proper operating condition. First, a hose connection was made and is
Connected to the nearest power supply, Then, the discharge Was opened.
When assembling the deflector, the 3 screws on the cover were first loosened and
the Cover was removed together, Plate deflector was then fitted.
After that, the lock nut on rod was tightened and the cover was screwed back onto
vessel.
The pointer was set to zero using adjusting screw before placing any loading
Weights on measurement system, Desired load weight:
( 100, 200, 300, 400) s were then applied, The main cock was closed and the ump
was Switched on.
The main cock was carefully opened until the pointer is on zero again. After that,
drain cock was closed and the flow rate was determined.
Time required for the level in the volumetric tank to rise from 1 to 6 liters was
recorded.
Then, the pump was Switched off and the drain was opened.
These steps were repeated for hemisphere and conical deflectors.
All the results were recorded and tabulated Carried out.

Data & Results:

Nozzle diameter, D =8mm Density of water, ρw = 1000 kg / m3

Nozzle Area, A = 5.028 * 10^(-3) Volume : 6 liters

 Flat Impact Surface (β = 90 ˚ )
Vol. = 0,005 m3
Gravitational Momentum
Mass(m)( g) Time (t) Flow (Q) Force (Fa) Force (Fm)
(sec) (m3/sec) (N) (N)
100 21 0,000238095 0,981 1.12734
200 16 0,0003125 1,962 1.9420
300 12,5 0,0004 2,943 3,1818
400 10 0,0005 3.924 4,9715

Conical Impact Surface (β = 120 ˚ )

Vol. = 0.005 m3
Gravitational Momentum
Mass(m)( g) Time (t) Flow (Q) Force (Fa) Force (Fm)
(sec) (m3/sec) (N) (N)
100 30 0,00016667 0,981 0,55240
200 18 0,00027778 1,962 1.53444
300 14 0.00035714 2.943 2.53653
400 12 0.00041667 3.924 3.45294

Hemispherical Impact Surface (β = 180 ˚ )

Vol. = 0.005 m3
Gravitational Momentum
Mass(m)( g) Time (t) Flow (Q) Force (Fa) Force (Fm)
(sec) (m3/sec) (N) (N)
100 31.5 0.0001587 0.981 0.50104
200 21 0.0002380 1.962 1.12734
300 18 0.0003125 2.943 1.04203
400 13.5 0.0003703 3.924 2.72750

draw the curves which show the relation between

the gravitational force (Fa) vs. the momentum force
(Fm) for each plate .(All curves on the same graph)
• Calculate the actual jet velocity when it hits the hemispherical cup taking into account the
effect of gravity (height between the nozzle and the cup is 1.5cm )

Vo =1.6*10^-4 / (5.03)*10^-5 = 3.18 m /sec

V1 = (Vo - 2g * (Z2 - Z1)) ^ 0. 5 = 1.7 m/s

 2. If the experiment is carried out carefully by changing the flow rate very slowly down to
zero , will gravitational force versus moment force curve pass through the origin , give
reasons justifying your answer.

The graph will not pass origin because the spring under the weight can
resist gravitational force when the moment force is small

3. What is the slope of the experimental gravitational force (mg) versus momentum force
curve? What is the corresponding theoretical slope for each plate? get expected reasons for
the difference between theoretical and actual values .

- for flat = and theoretical value =

for conical = and theoretical value=
for hemispherical = and theoretical value=

* our result are closer with little difference related to errors like
- error in determine the point of equilibrium.
- due to rounding the result.
- error in leveling machine.
- neglecting the weight of plate

4. What would be the effect on the calculated force if the diameter of water jet is +/-1 mm
different from nozzle diameter?
Note : Make error Propagation analysis or plug +/-1 mm in to the calcul
* If the diameter increases, the force will decrease)
D= 9mm A = 3. 14/4*( 009)^2 = 6. 361*10^-5
F =(1000(2.38*10^-4)^2)/ (6.361 * 10^-5) = 0.890

Error = ((1.127- 0.890)) / 1.127 ) * 100% = 21.02%

 * If the diameter decreases, the force will increases

D = 7 mm A = 3.85 * 10^-5

F = (1000(2.38*10^-4)^2)/ (3.85 * 10^-5) = 1.471

Error = ((1.127 – 1.471) / 1.127) * 100% = 30.52%

Conclusion:
As a conclusion, the calculated force is correlated with the measured force Both
of the for will have directly proportional relation. Theoretically, the Calculated
force should be the same as the measured force. However, this cannot be
achieved experimentally due to the errors made during the experiment, Form this
experiment, the flow rate for the hemisphere is found to be the lowest and thus
require a longer time for the volumetric tank to rise from 1 to 6 liters

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Errors in the results in thi
s experiment may be due to one of the
followings:
1.
Human Error: While taking the readings of Time and
Discharged Volume.
2.
Machine Error: The Weight Level was not accurate while
looking at the mark to go back to the origin.
3.
Spring Error: the spring was old a
nd not flexible as needed.
4.
Variation of Room Temperature and Pressure.
Sample of calculations:
A= 3.14*r^(2) =5.0265*10^(-5)
Q=volume/t =0.005/21 =0.00023809
u=Q/A = 0.00023809/ (5.0265 *10^(-5)) = 3.16 m/s
force mometum = p * Q *u =1.12734 N
FORCE Gravity = m * g = 0,1 * 9.81 = 0.981 N