Yarmouk University

Civil Engineering Department

Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Laboratory
CE 354

Name :mohammed migdadi

ID #:2015988092

Section #:

Experiment : Measurement of Density, Specific gravity and viscosity

of liquids

Date of submission:

Notes :
Introduction :

Certain liquid properties can be described by their physical

state. These properties are called physical properties. Density,
viscosity and fluid specific gravity these properties are
important to us as a civil engineer in the design of ground
reservoirs or water networks in general.
Mass density is defined as the ratio of mass to volume at a
point.
Specific Gravity is a dimensionless unit defined as the ratio of
the density of a substance to the density of water - at a specified
temperature.
Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to deformation
under shear stress.
So , after defined these properties we must know how measure
it ,in order to deal in any fluid in the laboratory.

Objective :

To determine the density,specific garvity and viscosity of some

liquids at atmospheric pressure and temperature.

Materials and apparatus:

Apparatus: Universal hydrometer , hydrometer jars, spherical

 steel balls , stop watch.

Materials: Water, Engine oil, Glycerol, Corn oil.

Procedure:

1. Insert Hydrometer in the centre of the cylinder for example

in water liquid .
2. Record the reading on the Hydrometer scale to calculate
Specific gravity.
3. Put the steel balls with known diameter in the liquid and
turn on timer and record the time to calculate velocity to find
viscosity.
 Data & Results :
Barometric Pressure: …760… mmHg

Temperature: …29°C

Measures Diameter of balls: 3.95 mm, 3.12 mm

Density & Specific Gravity:

ρw = 1000Kg/m3
ρl= Sl X ρw
Density of steel ρs = 7.8 g/cm3

Liquid Scale reading = Liquid density , ρl

specific gravity, Sl
Water 0.99 990
Engine Oil 0.89 890
Glycerol 1.24 1240
corn Oil 0.9 900

Viscosity :

Water
 Time , T Travel Falling
Ball Distance , velocity ʋ=µ/ ρl
Diameter Min sec L (m) U= L/T µ(pa.sec) 2
(m/sec) (m /sec)

3.12 0.78 0.305 .391 .328 3.31*10-4

3.95 0.63 0.305 .484 .094 9.94*10-5
.211 2.13*10-4
Average
Viscosity

Engine Oil
Time , T Travel Falling
velocity ρl
Ball
Diameter Min
Distance ,
L (m) U= L/T µ(pa.sec) ʋ=µ/
2
sec (m/sec) (m /sec)

3.12 1.85 0.305 .164 1.25 1.4*10^-3

3.95 3.46 0.305 .088 .467 5.24*10^-4
.8585 9.64*10^-4
Average
Viscosity

Glycerol
Time , T Travel Falling
velocity ρl
Ball Distance ,
L (m) U= L/T µ(pa.sec) ʋ=µ/
Diameter Min sec (m/sec) 2
(m /sec)

3.12 6.39 0.305 .0477 .1067 8.6*10^-4

3.95 4.18 0.305 .0729 .145 1.16*10^-4

Average .1258 1.014*10^-4

Viscosity

Corn Oil
Time , T Falling
 Travel velocity
Ball Distance , U= L/T ʋ=µ/ ρl
Diameter min sec L (m) (m/sec) µ(pa.sec) 2
(m /sec)

3.12 1.2 0.305 .254 ,158 1.75*10^-4

3.95 0.93 0.305 .327 .138 1.53*10^-4

Average .148 1.64*10^-4

Viscosity

Discussion :
1.a. Compare the calculated density and viscosity for each fluid with standard values.

fluid calculated standard calculated standard calculate standard

properties density values. Viscosity values. d values.
Viscosity
Kg/m3 Kg/m3 µ(pa.sec) ʋ=µ/ρl
µ(pa.sec)
ʋ=µ/ρl
Fluids
Water 990 998 0.001 2.13*10-4 1*10-6
.24
EngineOil 880 878.7 .287 9.64*10^ 3.27*10-4
0..858 -4
Glycerol 1240 1260 .125 1.41 1.014*10 1.12*10-3
^-4
CornOil 900 922 0.148 0.0565 1.64*10^ 1.02*10-3
-4

b. Calculate percent error and discuss sources of error.

Error in density = .80%

Error in dynamic Viscosity= 99.3%
Error in kinematic Viscosity= 34.2%
*Engine oil
Error in density = 0.147%
Error in dynamic Viscosity=46.8%
Error in kinematic Viscosity=46.1%
*Glycerol
Error in density = 3.27%
 Error in dynamic Viscosity= %
Error in kinematic Viscosity=62.5%

*CornOil
Error in density =2.44%
Error in dynamic Viscosity=63.07%
Error in kinematic Viscosity=40.3%

2. Arrange the density and viscosity values in ascending order.

ρGlycerol>ρWater>ρCornOil>ρEngineOil .
µGlycerol>µEngineOil>µCornOil>µWater

3. Discuss the effect of temperature and pressure in calculated values.

The effect of temperature on density, The temperature increase the density of

fluid decrease and viscosity decreases as the temperature increases.as well as if
the pressure increase density increase and viscosity increase .

Conclusion :

1. I observed that no relation between density and viscosity .

1. In high viscosity liquid the steel ball need more time to reach the bottom.

3. If the diameter of steel ball be larger the time to reach bottom will be less.

Sample of calculations :