Calculations and Results:

Viscosity:
1.
 For Fluid1:
o The density of the fluid is the ratio of its mass by its volume.

m mass full−mass empty 136.78−52.64

ρ= = = = 1.051 g/ml = 1051.75 kg/m 3.
v v olume 80

o The viscosity of the fluid was calculated as follows (by Stoke’s Law):

In order to calculate the kinematic viscosity,

g D2
ν = σ
18 μ ( −1)
ρ
o Formula used to calculate the volume of the sphere:

(eq.2)

4
π (2.45 x 10−3 )
Sample calculation: V= 3 3
= 6.16 x 10-8 m3.

o Formula used to calculate the density of the sphere:

(eq.3)

0.5 x 10−3
Sample calculation: σ = 6.16 x 10−8 = 8116.883 kg/m3.
¿
¿
o To get the velocity of the sphere in the fluid, the following formula was used:
 Distance H
Velocity = =
t t
0.4 63 m
Sample calculation: Velocity 1= =1.13
0. 41 s
After finding all the parameters, we can now calculate the kinematic viscosity using the formula showed
above:
2
9.81 x ( 4.9 x 10−3 )
Sample calculation: ν  =
¿ ¿ = 3.103 x 10-5 m2/s .
8116.883
18 x 1.13( −1)
1051.75
Fluid 1:
Sphere 1 Sphere 2
Diameter1/time1 4.9 mm/ 0.41s 10.3 mm/ 0.35 s
Diameter 2/time2 5 mm/0.48s 10.4 mm/0.35s
Volume for trial1 (m3) 6.16 x 10-8 5.721 x 10-7
Volume for trial 2 6.545 x 10-8 5.89 x 10-7
Velocity for trial1 (m/s) 1.13 1.334
Velocity for trial2 0.964 1.334
Density for trial 1 8116.883 7865.76
Density for trial 2 7792.21 7589.134
Viscosity for trial 1 3.103 x 10-5 6.69 x 10-6
Viscosity for trial 2 2.205 x 10-6 7.11 x 10-6
Average viscosity 1.662 x 10-5 6.9x 10-6
μ (Pa.s) 0.0175 7.25x10-3
Table 1 showing the results of the densities and viscosities for fluid1

Fluid 2:
Density of fluid 2= 1349 kg/m3.
Sphere 1 Sphere 2
Diameter1/time1 5mm/ 5.36s 11mm/ 2.29s
Diameter 2/time2 5.1mm/ 5.31s 10.3mm/ 2.28s
Volume for trial1 6.55 x 10-8 6.97 x 10-7
Volume for trial 2 6.94 x 10-8 5.72 x 10-7
Velocity for trial1 (m/s) 0.087 0.211
Velocity for trial2 0.0875 0.207
Density for trial 1 7786.26 8020.1
Density for trial 2 7348.7 7867.132
Viscosity for trial 1 3.282 x 10-5 5.54 x 10-5
Viscosity for trial 2 3.64x 10-6 5.894x 10-6
Average viscosity 1.823x 10-5 3.0647x10-5
μ( Pa . s) 0.0246 0.0413

Table 2 showing the results of the densities and viscosities for fluid2
 o The dynamic viscosity is calculated using the formula:

μ=v × ρ fluid

μ=1.6 62×10−5 × 1051.75=0. 0175 (Pa. s)

o To find the % error, the following formula is used:

|theoretical−experimental|
% error= ×100
theoretical

The percent error between the theoretical value and experimental value for the density of water:
1051.75−1002
%error= ×100=4.965 %
1002

Theoretical values:
Density of water at 20ᵒC = 1002 kg/m3.
Density of glycerol at 20ᵒC = 1126 kg/m3.
Viscosity of water at 20ᵒC = 8.90 × 10−4 Pa·s
Viscosity of glycerol at 20ᵒC = 1.069 Pa.s

Fluid1 Fluid2
% error for density 4.965 19.8
% error for the viscosity for sphere 1 1866 714.6
% error for the viscosity for sphere 2 97.7 96.1
Table 3 showing the % error for the density and for the viscosities.

2.
Using Brenner’s Equation:

(
u= 1+2.105 ( Dcd )+ 1.95( Hd )) V
 Fluid1
Sphere1 Sphere2
H (m) 0.463 0.467
t sec 0.445 0.35
Vm(m/sec) 1.040449 1.334286
D(m) 0.00495 0.01035
Dc 0.034 0.034
μ( Pa . s) 1.381 2.246943
v 1.313 x 10 -3
2.13 x 10-3
Fluid 2
Sphere1 Sphere2
H 0.465 0.478
T 5.355 2.285
Vm 0.086835 0.20919
D(M) 0.00505 0.01065
Dc 0.034 0.034
μ( Pa . s) 0.115823 0.356211
v 8.58 x 10-5 2.64 x 10-4

Table 4 showing the results for the viscosities for both fluids using Brenner equation

Capillarity:
 In order to find θ , the formula of the capillary rise should be applied:

2 σcosθ
h=
γr

h × γr
cosθ=
2σ

For tube 1:

h= 24 mm=0.024m
 d 0.4 ×10−3 −4
r= = =2 ×10 m
2 2

N
σ =7 . 28 ×10−2
m

N
γ =9789
m3

θ=¿71.17 ᵒ

Diameter (mm) θ (ᵒ )
Tube 1 0.4 71.17
Tube 2 0.8 60.16
Tube 3 1.6 72.79
Table 5: Results for the contact angle for the 3 tubes