Fluid Flow-I

Subject Code: ChE-102

Dr. Asif Jamil

Department of Chemical, Polymer and Composite

Materials Engineering
Problem 3.1

a) Water at 10 ℃ flowing at an average velocity of 2 m/s in a

100-mm pipe.

Water
T = 10 ℃

Known-Parameters Unknown-Parameters
𝝆𝒗𝑫 ρ=?
T = 10 ℃ = 50 ℉ 𝑹𝒆 =
𝝁 μ=?
D = 100 mm = 0.1 m
V = 2 m/s
Problem 3.1 (a)
Density and viscosity of water at 10℃ can be find out by using Appendix 14.
Problem 3.1 (a)

μ= 1.310 cp μ= 1.31 x 10-3 Pa-S

ρ= 62.42 lb/ft3 ρ= 62.42 x 16.018 = 999.8 Kg/m3

𝝆𝒗𝑫
𝑹𝒆 =
𝝁

Re = (0.1 x 2 x 999.8)/(1.31 x 10-3)

Re = 1.53 x 105
Hence, the flow is turbulent.
Problem 3.1 (b)
b) Air at 2 atm pressure and 180 ℉ flowing at 50 ft/s in a 12-inch duct.

Solution:
T = 180 ℉ + 460 R = 640 R
P = 2 atm
D = 12 inch = 1 ft
V = 50 ft/s
unknown parameters = ρ and μ

From ideal gas law

PM = ρRT ρ = PM/RT

ρ = (29 x 2)/(0.730 x 640)

ρ = 0.124 lb/ft3
Problem 3.1 (b)
μ can be find out from Appendix 8 (pg. # 1092)
T = 180 F
Problem 3.1 (b)

μ= 0.02 cp

Now, we have all the required parameters

𝝆𝒗𝑫
𝑹𝒆 =
𝝁

Re = (0.124 x 50 x 1)/(0.02 x 6.72 x 10-4)

Re = 4.61 x 104
Hence, the flow is turbulent.
Problem 3.1 (C)
c) Oil with a specific gravity of 0.78 and a viscosity of 20 cP flowing
at 5 ft/s in a 2 inch pipe.
Solution:
Specific gravity (ρo/ρw) = 0.78 x 62.37 = 48.6 lb/ft3
μ = 20 cP
D = 2 inch = 2/12 ft = 0.1667 ft
V = 5 ft/s
𝝆𝒗𝑫
𝑹𝒆 =
𝝁

Re = (48.6 x 5 x 0.1667)/(20 x 6.72 x 10-4)

Re = 3014
Hence, the flow is transitional.
Problem 3.1 (d)
d) Polymer melt with a density of 900 kg/m3 and a viscosity of 1 Pa-s
flowing at 0.2 m/s in a 15 mm tube.

Solution:
ρ = 900 kg/m3
μ = 1 Pa-s
V = 0.2 m/s
D = 15 mm = 15/1000 m = 0.015 m
𝝆𝒗𝑫
𝑹𝒆 =
𝝁

Re = (0.015 x 0.2 x 900)/(1)

Re = 2.7
Hence, the flow is Laminar.
Problem 3.2

Solution:
Reynold’s no. based on Zx is given by
1/2
𝑍𝑥 𝑢∞ 𝜌 𝜇𝑥 𝑢∞ 𝜌
𝑅𝑒 , 𝑧 = 𝑅𝑒 , 𝑧 = 5.5
𝜇 𝑢∞ 𝜌 𝜇
1/2
𝑥𝑢∞ 𝜌 1/2
𝑅𝑒 , 𝑧 = 5.5 = 5.5 𝑁𝑅𝑒,𝑥
𝜇

NRe,x ranges from: 105 to 3 x 106

NRe,z ranges from : 5.5 (105)1/2 to 5.5(3 x 106)1/2
= 1.74 x 103 to 9.5 x 103
Problem 3.3

Temperature Viscosity (cP) Value of n

℃ K CO He CO He
0 273 0.0169 0.0176
300 573 0.0285 .0300 0.70 0.72
600 873 0.0380 .0400 0.68 0.68
Sample Calculations

𝑛
𝜇573 0.02 573
= =
𝜇273 0.016 273

n = ln (0.0285/0.0169)/ln (573/273)
n = 0.70
μ can be find out from Appendix 8 (pg. # 1092)
T=0C
Problem 3.4

Solution: (a)
ρ = 1240 kg/m3
V = 0.3 m/s
D = 15 mm = 15/1000 m = 0.015 m
T = 60 ℃
𝝆𝒗𝑫
𝑹𝒆 = μ = 98 cP (Appendix 9)
𝝁

Re = (0.015 x 0.3 x 1240)/(0.098)

Re = 56.9
Problem 3.4

xt = (0.05 x 56.9 x 0.015)

xt = 0.043 m or 43 mm
Problem 3.4

Solution: (b)
ρ = 50 lb/ft3
V = 7 ft/s
D = 3/12 = 0.25 ft

𝝆𝒗𝑫
𝑹𝒆 = μ = 1.9 cP (Appendix 9)
𝝁

Re = (0.25 x 7 x 50)/(1.9 x 6.72 x 10-4)

Re = 6.8 x 104
Problem 3.4

xt = (0.05 x 6.8 x 104 x 0.25)

xt = 45 ft
Problem 3.5

Solution: (a)
According to specifications of 2-L engine
Approx. Diameter = 2 in or 0.05 m
Composition of Exhaust gas = 15% CO2, 10% H2O, 75% N2
Approx. Temperature = 300 ℃
Approx. Pressure = 1.1 atm
RPM = 3000

Cross sectional Area = A = ᴫ (0.05)2/4 = 0.02 m2

Molecular weight = M= (0.15 x 44) + (0.10 x 18) + ( 0.75 x 28) = 29.4
Problem 3.5 (a) From ideal gas law
PM = ρRT ρ = PM/RT

Estimated ρ = (1.1 x 29.4)/(0.082056 x 573)

ρ = 0.688 kg/m3
In a 4-cycle engine, every second stroke is a compression stroke
during which no gas is discharged.
Volume flow : (2 x 3000)/ (2 x 60) = 50 L/s or 0.05 m3/s
Gas velocity = V = 0.05/0.002 = 25 m/s
Viscosity of Gas at 300 ℃ = μ = 0.029 cp (Appendix 8)
𝝆𝒗𝑫
𝑹𝒆 =
𝝁

Re = (0.05 x 25 x 0.688)/(0.29 x 10-3)

Re = 29,700
Problem 3.5 (b)

Solution: (b)
If the cross-sectional area of the channel is 4 times that of the
exhaust pipe. The linear velocity in each channel is 25/4 = 6.25 m/s.
To ensure laminar flow, set the Reynold’s number at 1500.
In the above scenario, the channel diameter, Dc, would be,

𝝆𝒗𝑫 𝝁𝑹𝒆
𝑹𝒆 = 𝑫𝒄 =
𝝁 𝝆𝒗

Dc = (1500 x 0.029 x 10-3)/(6.25 x 0.688)

Dc = 0.01m or 10 mm
Problem 3.6

Temperature 1/T Viscosity (Cp)

℃ K Water Hexane Glycerol

0 273 0.00366 1.794 0.40

10 283 0.00353 1.310 0.36

Water: Appendix 14
Hexane: Appendix 9 20 293 0.00341 1.000 0.33
Glycerol: Appendix 9 30 303 0.00330 0.800 0.30

40 313 0.00319 0.651 0.275

50 323 0.00310 0.554 0.25

60 333 0.00300 0.470 0.23 100

70 343 0.00292 0.404 60

80 353 0.00283 0.357 35

90 363 0.00275 0.317 22

100 373 0.00268 0.288 13

Problem 3.6

The semi-log graphs for water, hexane and glycerol follow the Arrhenius’ relationship.