A Model Answer for

Problem Set #6

Real Fluids: Laminar and

Turbulent Flows

Problem.1
„ Determine the type of flow in a 305 mm diameter
pipe when
„ a) Water flows at average velocity of 1.0 m/sec and
ν = 1.13 x 10-6 m2/sec.
„ b) Glycerin flows at a rate of 1.8 lit/min having ρ =
1260 kg/m3 and µ = 0.9 N.s/m2.

1
 Problem.1 - sol
v×D 1.0 × 0.305
1.Rn = = = 2.7 × 10 5 f 4000 ∴ Turbulent
υ 1.13 × 10 −6

b) v =Q/A =0.411*10-3 m/sec

ρ × v × D 1260 × 0.411 × 10 −3 × 0.305

Rn = = = 0.18 p 2000 ∴ la min ar
µ 0.90

Problem.2
„ In the injection molding of a certain plastic the
heated compound is forced under pressure
difference of 0.7 kg/cm2 through a pipe 25 cm long
and 0.5 cm diameter. If the mean velocity of flow
is 40 cm/s,
„ calculate the viscosity of the compound assuming
laminar flow. If the specific gravity of the
compound is 1.5, verify the assumption of the flow
type.

2
Problem.2 - sol
Assume laminar flow

R 2 (− ∆ p )
U =
8µ ∆l
mean

0 . 25 2 700 * 981
40 = = 5.36 poise
8 µµ 25

ρ × v × D 1.5 * 40 * 0.5
Rn = = = 5.6 p 2000∴la min ar
µ 5.36

Problem.3
„ Glycerin of density 1245 kg/m3 and viscosity 0.72
kg/m.s. flows through a pipe of 80 mm diameter. If
the shear stress at the pipe wall is 300 Pa,
calculate:
„ The pressure gradient along the pipe.
„ The average velocity.
„ The Reynolds number.
„ The discharge

3
Problem.3 - sol
a) R (− ∆ p )
τ =
2 ∆l
0 .040 ( − ∆ p )
300 =
2 ∆l
( − ∆ p )
pressure gradient=
∆ l

= 15000 N/m--2/m
1.Assume laminar flow

R 2 ( − ∆ p ) 0 . 040 2
U mean = = * 15000 = 4 .17 m / sec
8µ ∆l 8 * 0 .72

c) Rn = ρ × v × D 1245× 4.17 × 0.08

= = 576.4 p 2000∴la min ar
µ 0.72
d) Q = A Umean = 0.021 m3/sec

Problem.4
„ Determine the shear stress at the inner wall of a
305 mm diameter pipe when an oil ( S.G= 0.8) of
kinematic viscosity of 105 x 10-6 m2/s causes a
measured head loss of 15 m in 10 km pipe length.
What is the value of the shear stress 51 mm from
the pipe centerline? Also,
„ calculate the shear velocity, average velocity and
the maximum velocity.

4
 Problem4 - sol
r γhl r 0.80 * 9810 * 15
τ= = *
2 l 2 10 4
τ 0 (r = R = 0.305m) = 0.898 N / m 2
τ (r = 0.051m) = 0.3N / m 2
Shear velocity
τ0
U* = = 0.0335m / sec
ρ
Assume laminar flow Rn =

R 2 γhl (0.305 / 2) 2 800 * 9.81 * 15

U mean = = * = 0.41m / sec
8µ l −6
8 * (1.05 * 10 * 800) 10 4

v×D 1245 × 4.17 × 0.08

= = 1183.4 p 2000 ∴ la min ar
ν 0.72

Problem5
„ Oil of dynamic viscosity 1.5 poise and specific
gravity 0.9 flows through a vertical pipe of
diameter 5 cm. A pressure gauge reads 6 kg/cm2
while another gauge 20 m higher reads 2 kg/cm2.
„ Find the direction of flow and the discharge

5
Problem5 - sol
p + γz ) 1 = 60t / m 2
p + γz ) 2 = 20 + 0.9 * 20 = 38t / m 2
p + γz ) 1 f p + γz ) 2
The flow is from section 1 to section 2 (upward)
γhl = p + γz )1 − p + γz ) 2 = 22t / m 2
Assume laminar flow

R 2 γhl 0.025 2 22 * 9810

U mean = = * = 5.62m / sec
8µ l 8 * 0.15 20
Rn = ρ × v × D 900 × 5.62 × 0.05
= = 1686 p 2000 ∴ la min ar
µ 0.15
Q = A Umean = 0.011 m3/sec

Problem.6
„ Water flows at a velocity of 1.5 m/sec through a 5
cm diameter pipe sloping upwards at 45°. At a
section some distance downstream the inlet, the
pressure is 700kPa, and at a section 30 m farther
the pressure is 462kPa.
„ Determine the shear stress at the wall of the pipe
and the radius of 10mm.
„ Determine the power consumed to drive the water
for a distance 500 m.

6
 Problem.6 - sol
The flow is from section 1 to section 2
p + γ z ) 1 = 7 * 10 5 N / m 2
30
p + γ z ) 2 = 4 . 62 * 10 5 + 9810 * = 5 .278 * 10 5 N / m 2
2
p + γz ) 1 f p + γz ) 2
γ hl = p + γ z ) 1 − p + γ z ) 2 = 1 . 722 * 10 5 N / m 2
r γ hl r 1 . 722 * 10 5
τ = = * = 2870 r
2 l 2 30
τ 0 (r = R = 0.025m) = 71.75 N / m 2
τ (r = 0.010m) = 28.7 N / m 2
Q = A Umean = 2.945*10-3 m3/sec
500 500
γhl 500 m = γhl 30 m * = 1.722 * 10 5 * = 2.87 * 10 6 N / m
30 30
power losses = γhl500 m *Q =8452 watt