Hardness:

Appendix:
3. Would the loss of CO2 by stirring during the titration have a beneficial or
negativeeffect on the titration?

3. The reaction which occurs between carbon and water produces Hydrogen ions. And as
a result, the pH of the water will decrease; thus leading to its change to acidic according
to the equation below:

𝐻2O + CO2 = 𝐻2𝐶𝑂3 = 𝐻+ + 𝐻𝐶𝑂3

This shows that the it is beneficial to loose CO2 during titration, because the loss of it
will increase the pH of water thus leading it to become more basic. This aids in using
smaller amounts of the EDTA because the hardness of water is decreased due to the
presence of lower amounts of calcium ions; and would allow us to reach the endpoint
faster.

4. Would a significant amount of dissolved iron affect the hardness of a water?

The amount of dissolved iron affects the hardness of water and reduces it. Which, require
to add titrant to reach the endpoint.

5. Why it is desirable to conduct these titrations more rapidly at the beginning and

more slowly near the end point?

The titration is more rapid at the beginning in order to avoid the CaCO3 precipitation at
high PH. While near to end point we add the titrant slowly in order to be more precise in
the results.

6. What is the purpose of adding distilled water to the sample? Does it influence the

calculation of hardness?

The purpose of adding water to titration is to speed up the titration and reach the endpoint
faster. Also the titration doesn’t affect the result of hardness.

References:

www.enginerrigtoolbox.com

www.envsolution.info
7. What is the total and calcium hardness as CaCO3 and determined by the above

procedures of a sample that contains 80 mg of Ca, 13 mg of Mg, and 5 mg of Sr

per liter?

80mg of Ca/ 13mg of Mg / 5mg of Sr

Assume a sample of 1L

Calcium Hardness as Ca =80 mg/L

Calcium Hardness as CaCO3=Calcium Hardness as Ca / 0.4

= 80 / 0.4 = 200 mg/L

Magnesium Hardness as CaCO3 = (13mg/L) x 4.114

= 53.87 mg/L

CaCO3 mass of one mole is = 40 + 12 + 16*3 = 100 g

equivalent = molecular weight/(valence)=100/2=50 gr/eq

Mg mass in one mole=24.3051 gr

equivalent = molecular weight/(valence)=24.3051/2=12.5255 gr/eq

one mg L of Mg is equivalent to (1mg/L x50gr/eq)/(12.15255gr/eq)=4.114 mg/CaCO 3

Magnesium Hardness as CaCO3 = 53.87 mg/L

Strontium Hardness as CaCO3

= (5mg/L) x 1.142 [hardness as CaCO3 by each mg/L] (from Table p. 131)

= 5.71 mg/L

 Strontium Hardness as CaCO3 = 5.71 mg/L

 Total Hardness as CaCO3

= Calcium Hardness + Magnesium Hardness + Strontium Hardness

= 200 mg/L + 53.87 mg/L + 5.71 mg/L

= 259.58 mg/L

Dissolved

Appendix:

2. Give reasons why acid addition is not a good preservation technique for samples

on which solids determinations will be performed.

1. Water contains salts, minerals, and solids dissolved in it as charged ions (cations and
anions) this is why, when an acid is added to a sample its H+ ions scatter in a sample.
Thus affecting the results of the solid determination.

2. Organic material may degrade because of acids that are added to the water sample, and
this would lead for those dissolved organic material into changing their characteristics
inhibiting the determination of the true solid content of the sample.

3. Acids added to water should be stored at a low temperature.

4. Adding acid to ph. less than 2 is to preserve metal in water

3. Suggest a procedure to determine colloidal suspended solids.

Colloidal suspended solids are undissolved solids that pass through the small openings of
the filter. This dissolved object is hard to see them and identify them. The procedure of
coagulation and flocculation, using appropriate machines and chemicals that will cause
the colloidal solids react with the chemicals and form a large particles and therefore
settling down.

4. Why is a drying temperature greater than 100° C used?

The evaporating temperature 100oC is used to evaporate water and change it from water
to liquid state. But higher temperature is used to remove the entrapped water from the
sample and it will say 24 hour to make sure that all the water evaporate and only the
solids in the dish.

References:
Handout

www.water-research.net/totaldissolvedsolids.htm