Yarmouk University

Hajjawi Faculty for Engineering

Technology
Civil Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Laboratory
CE 354

Name : mohammed migdadi

ID #:2015988092

Section #: 3

Experiment : Discharge over weirs

Date of submission: December 22/ 2020

Introduction :
The flow rate in pipes and ducts is controlled by various kinds of valves. Liquid flow in open channels,
however, is not confined, and thus the flow rate is controlled by partially blocking the channel. This is
done by either allowing the liquid to flow over the obstruction or under it. An obstruction that allows
the liquid to flow over it is called a weir, and an obstruction with an adjustable opening at the bottom
that allows the liquid to flow underneath it is called an underflow gate. Such devices can be used to
control the flow rate through the channel as well as to measure it. A weir is a flow control device in
which the water flows over the obstruction. In this experiment, the rectangular weirs and triangular
weirs have been used. Rectangular weirs and triangular or v-notch weirs are often used in water supply,
wastewater and sewage systems. They consist of a sharp edged plate with a rectangular, triangular or v-
notch profile for the water flow. Broad-crested weirs can be observed in dam spillways where the broad
edge is beneath the water surface across the entire stream. Flow measurement installations with broad-
crested weirs will meet accuracy requirements only if they are calibrated.

Objective :
The main objective of this experiment was to obtain empirical equations for the flow of water over
sharp-edged rectangular and v-shaped weirs and to compare the measured discharge coefficients with
accepted values

Or
To investigate the discharge-head characteristics of a rectangular and triangular weirs

Procedure :
1. Start the pump and slowly open the bench regulating valve until the water level reaches the crest of
the weir and measure the water level to determine the datum level.

2. Adjust the bench regulating valve to give the first required head level of approximately 4 - 8 mm.
Measure the flow rate using the volumetric tank or the rotameter.
3. Increase the flow by opening the bench regulating valve to set up heads above the datum level in
steps of approximately 8 mm until the regulating valve is fully open. At each condition measure the flow
rate.

4. Close the regulating valve, stop the pump and then replace the weir with the next weir to be tested.
Repeat the test procedure.

Apparatus:
1. Rectangular and triangular notches .

2. Hydraulic bench.

3. Basket of glass spheres.

 Single pump

Data Calculated
Flow Motor Pump Inlet Pump 1 Pump 1 Pump 1 Pump 1 ] Pump 1 Pump 1
rate torqu 1 pressur pressur Inlet Outlet Total Hydraulic Efficiency
(Q) e (t) mech. e (P0) e (P1) Velocit Velocit Head Power [W] E1 [%]
l/sec Nm Power KPa KPa y [m/s] y [m/s] [m]
W
1.540 0.68 127.3 0.3 34.8 3.55 6.40 5.0372 76.09833 59.7787%
1.414 0.68 128.8 0.9 30.9 3.26 5.88 4.3536 60.3907381 46.8872%
4.4984 61.6045083 48.0537%
1.396 0.68 128.2 0.8 32.5 3.22 5.81 8
1.340 0.64 121.5 1.7 38.3 3.09 5.57 4.9005 64.419361 53.0200%
1.264 0.64 120.6 1.5 38.6 2.91 5.25 4.8301 59.8920488 49.6617%
1.094 0.61 115.1 1.9 45.4 2.52 4.55 5.2408 56.2445092 48.8657%
0.811 0.54 102.3 1.9 54.1 1.87 3.37 5.7967 46.1180235 45.0812%
0.641 0.49 91.8 2.3 58.5 1.48 2.66 6.0528 38.0615224 41.4613%
0.510 0.47 88.3 2.1 61.2 1.18 2.12 6.2576 31.3072425 35.4555%
0.000 0.37 69.6 2.2 65.9 0.00 0.00 6.5684 0 0%

h = 75mm
Density of water 1000kg/m3
Draw characteristic curve , Q- efficiency curve, and Q – Hydraulic power curve

7 80

6 70

60
5
50
4
Head

40
characteristic curve
3 power(w)
30
effecency (%)
2
20

1 10

0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Q
System curve

Pump Flow Pump 1

Speed Rate Total
n Q Head
[rpm] [l/s] [m]
1800 1.540 4.867
1620 1.414 4.010
1440 1.396 3.249
1260 1.340 2.780
1080 1.264 2.100
900 1.094 1.507
720 0.811 0.930
540 0.641 0.550
360 0.510 0.290
180 0.000 0.013
0 0.000 0.016

Draw system curve – characteristic curve for single pump and specify operating point.

4
Total head

3 system curve
characteristic curve
2

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Q
 Two identical Pumps on series

Data Calculated
Pump 1 Pump 1 Pump 2 Pump 2 Pump1 Pump Combined
Inlet Pump 1 Pump 2
Flow total 2 Total
Pressure Pressure Pressure
Rate Inlet Outlet Inlet Outlet head Total head (m)
Q Velocity Velocity Velocity Velocity (m) head
P0 P1 P2
[l/s] (m)
[kPa] [kPa] [kPa]
[m/s] [m/s] [m/s] [m/s]
0.8 31.6 44.6 1.434 3.31 5.96 5.96 5.96
1.1 33.1 47.2 1.434 3.31 5.96 5.96 5.96
1.0 34.6 44.9 1.396 3.22 5.81 5.81 5.81
1.2 36.2 50.9 1.340 3.09 5.57 5.57 5.57
1.1 40.9 61.0 1.227 2.83 5.10 5.10 5.10
1.6 48.4 81.8 1.018 2.35 4.23 4.23 4.23
2.0 58.8 106.6 0.641 1.48 2.66 2.66 2.66
2.2 62.3 116.7 0.320 0.74 1.33 1.33 1.33
2.1 63.0 119.1 0.189 0.44 0.79 0.79 0.79
2.4 64.0 122.2 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Draw characteristic curve , Q- efficiency curve, and Q – Hydraulic power curve

20

18

16

14

12

10
H

pump 1
8 pump2
combined
6

0
0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6
Q
 Two identical pumps parallel

Data Calculated
Pump 1 Pump 1 Pump 2 Pump 2 Pump Pump2 Combined
Inlet Pump 1 Pump 2
Flow 1 total total total head
Pressure Pressure Pressure
Rate Inlet Outlet Inlet Outlet head head (m)
Q Velocit Velocity Velocity Velocity
P0 P1 P2
[l/s] y
[kPa] [kPa] [kPa]
[m/s] [m/s] [m/s] [m/s]
-0.4 44.5 41.8 2.074 2.39 4.31 2.39 4.31
-0.3 45.0 44.6 2.000 2.31 4.16 2.31 4.16
-0.1 46.4 45.6 1.887 2.17 3.92 2.17 3.922
0.3 49.8 48.7 1.717 1.98 3.57 1.98 3.569
0.7 53.7 51.9 1.490 1.72 3.10 1.72 3.098
1.0 56.3 54.1 1.207 1.39 2.51 1.39 2.509
1.6 58.7 57.4 0.961 1.11 2.00 1.11 1.998
2.0 61.0 59.1 0.641 0.74 1.33 0.74 1.332
2.3 63.3 61.7 0.340 0.39 0.71 0.39 0.706
2.3 63.7 63.9 0.113 0.13 0.24 0.13 0.235
2.3 64.2 64.2 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000

Draw characteristic curve , Q- efficiency curve, and Q – Hydraulic power curve.

4
h

pump1
3 pump2
Column2
2

0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Q
Conclusion :
The smooth flow to and over the weir is essential to the determination of accurate rates of flow since
the distribution of velocities on the approach flow has a definite influence on the discharge over the
weir. The empirical equation and discharge coefficients were found for the rectangular and V-shaped
weir and compared with the literature and vendor values. The limitations of the theory is that it has to
be level so the only force on the water is gravity, there has to be a constant flow, and constant
pressure.The theory behind this experiment makes an assumption that there is a minimum height of
water above the notch and any heights below this start to deviate from theory at an increasing rate.The
relationship between the head of the weir and the discharge of the water over the weir is directly
proportional. The lower flow rates produce lower heights above the notch creating larger changes from
the theoretical equations

Sample Calculation: