Tutorial

INTRODUCTION TO WIND DESIGN


Summary
• (Method 1) Without significant
resonant dynamic response
1. Calculate design wind
pressure (Table 1)
2. Determine topography factor
Sa (Appendix C)
3. Calculate force coefficients Cf
(Appendix D)
4. Calculate total wind force
F  C f  qz Az
2
• (Method 2) With significant
resonant dynamic response
1. Calculate design hourly mean
wind pressure (Table 2)
2. Compute gust response factor
G (Appendix F)
3. Determine topography factor
Sa (Appendix C)
4. Calculate force coefficients Cf
(Appendix D)
5. Calculate total wind force
F  GC f  qz Az
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Example 1
Determine the base shear and overturning moment.

H = 60 m 30 m

h=3m

x = 50 m 40 m

Wind direction

HU = 100 m

LU = 500 m LD = 1000 m
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Solution
Checking for resonant effect
 H  60 m  100 m Without significant resonant
 dynamic response (Clause 3.3)
 H / d  60 / 30  2  5

Topography effect
100 100
upwind slope 𝛼𝑈 = = 0.2 downwind slope 𝛼𝐷 = = 0.1
500 1000

significant zone Case (a) hill & ridge

0.5 × slope length = 0.5 × 500 = 250 m

Significant
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Topography factor (Figure C2)

For case Hill & ridge and 0.05 < 𝛼𝑈 = 0.2 < 0.3

Effective slope 𝛼𝑒 = 𝛼𝑈 = 0.2

Effective slope length 𝐿𝑒 = 𝐿𝑈 = 500 m

Topography factor

𝑆𝑎 = (1 + 1.2𝛼𝑒 𝑠)2 𝑥 50
= = 0.05
𝐿𝐷 1000

Modified Design wind pressure A function of z/Le and x/LD

obtained in Figure C3
𝑝𝑧 ′ = 𝑝𝑧 × 𝑆𝑎
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Compute design wind pressure

Height z Pressure Moment z/Le s Sa Modified

(m) (kPa) arm pressure
(m) (kPa)
5 1.82 2.5 0.01 1.0 1.54 2.80
10 2.01 7.5 0.02 1.0 1.54 3.09
20 2.23 15 0.03 1.0 1.54 3.43
30 2.37 25 0.05 0.9 1.48 3.50
50 2.57 40 0.08 0.85 1.45 3.73
60 2.73 55 0.11 0.8 1.42 3.88
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Determine force coefficient factor

1. Height/breadth aspect factor
H / b  60 / 40  1.5
Ch  1.0
2. Shape factor
b / d  40 / 30  1.33
C s  1 .1

3. Force coefficient factor

C f  Ch  Cs  1.1
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Force distribution 𝐹𝑧 = 𝐶𝑓 (𝑞𝑧 × 𝑆𝑎 × 𝐴𝑧 )

Height Modified Force Moment

(m) pressure (kN) (kNm)
(kPa)
5 2.80 616 1539
10 3.09 680 5099
20 3.43 1509 22630
30 3.50 1542 38549
50 3.73 3278 131138
60 3.88 1707 93871

Breadth = 40 m
Projected area = 40 x 60 = 2400 m2
Reduction factor = 0.94
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Determine base shear and moment

Base shear force

F  C f  q z S a Az F  RAC f  q z S a Az
 9331 kN  8772 kN
Overturning moment
M  C f  q z S a Az z z M  RAC f  q z S a Az z z
 292826 kNm  275257 kNm
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Further Question
If the building height is now modified to 110 m with damping
ratio of 2%, dynamic resonant effect should be considered.

• Dynamic magnification factor (Table F1 or F2)

For RC building, H = 110 m, b = 40 m G  1.812

• Force coefficient factor

1. Height/breadth aspect factor
H / b  110 / 40  2.75  Ch  1.02
2. Shape factor C f  Ch  Cs  1.12
b / d  40 / 30  1.33  Cs  1.1
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Design hourly mean wind pressure (Table 2)

𝑞𝑧 ′ = 𝑞𝑧 × 𝑆𝑎 𝐹𝑧 ′ = 𝐺 × 𝐶𝑓 × 𝑞𝑧 ′ × 𝐴𝑧

Height Pressure Sa Modified Force Moment

(m) (kPa) pressure (kN) (kNm)
(kPa)
5 0.77 1.54 1.19 482 1205
10 0.90 1.54 1.39 564 4227
20 1.05 1.54 1.62 1315 19725
30 1.15 1.48 1.70 1384 34603
50 1.28 1.45 1.86 3019 120748
75 1.40 1.42 1.99 4042 252608
100 1.49 1.36 2.03 4120 360483
110 1.63 1.36 2.22 1803 189290

Base shear force F  GC f  q z S a Az  16728 kN Cannot apply

reduction factor !!
Overturning moment M  GC f  q z S a Az z z  982888 kNm
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𝑔 2 𝑆𝐸
G-factor calculation 𝐺 = 1 + 2𝐼ℎ 𝑔𝑣 2 𝐵 +
𝑓
𝜁

𝐼ℎ = 0.1055(ℎ/90)−0.11 = 0.1055(110/90)−0.11 = 0.1032

𝑔𝑣 = 3.7

46 46
𝑛𝑎 = = = 0.4182 Hz
ℎ 110

𝑔𝑓 = 2log 𝑒 (3600𝑛𝑠 ) = 2log 𝑒 (3600 × 0.4182) = 3.8254

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1 1
𝐵= = = 0.7129
36ℎ2 + 64𝑏 2 36(110)2 +64(40)2
1+ 1+
𝐿ℎ 1821.16

where

ℎ 110 0.25
𝐿ℎ = 1000( )0.25 = 1000( ) = 1821.16 m
10 10

0.47𝑁 0.47 × 15.1527

𝐸= == = 0.0762
(2 + 𝑁 2 )5/6 (2 + 15.15272 )5/6

where
𝑉ℎ = 50.3 m/s
𝑛𝑎 𝐿ℎ 0.4182 × 1821.16
𝑁= = = 15.1527
𝑉ℎ 50.3
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1 1
𝑆= = = 0.1022
3.5𝑛𝑎 ℎ 4𝑛𝑎 𝑏 3.5(0.4182)(110) 4(0.4182)(40)
1+ 1+ 1+ 1+
𝑉ℎ 𝑉ℎ 50.3 50.3

G-factor is then given by

2𝐵
𝑔𝑓 2 𝑆𝐸
𝐺 = 1 + 2𝐼ℎ 𝑔𝑣 +
𝜁

3.8254 2 0.1022 0.0762

= 1 + 2(0.1032) 3.7 2 0.7129 + = 1.81
2
100