DESIGN OF CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL

Design a cantilever retaining wall to retain earth embankment 4m height above the ground level. The
density of earth is 18 KN/m3 and its angle of repose is 30o. The embankment is horizontal at its top. Safe
bearing capacity of soil is taken as 200KN/m2 and the coefficient of friction between soil and concrete is
0.5 Adopt M20 grade concrete and Fe415 HYSD bars.

STEP-1 : GIVEN

Height of the embankment above G.L = 4m

Density of soil = 18KN/m3

Angle of Repose = 30o

SBC of Soil = 200KN/m3

Material : M20 (fck = 20N/mm2, fy = 415 N/mm2)

STEP-2 : Dimensions of Retaining Wall

Minimum depth of foundation = (P/W)(1-sinΦ/1+sinΦ)

= (200/18)(1-sin30o/1+sin30o)

= (11.11)(0.33)2

=1.23m

Provide Depth of Foundation = 1.2m

Overall depth of wall (H) = (4+1.2)

=5.2m (or) 5200mm

Thickness of base slab = H/12 = 5.2x103 = 433mm

Adopt thickness of base slab ≈ 450mm

Height of the stem (h) = 5.2 – 0.45 = 4.75m

Width of base slab (b) = 0.5H to 0.6H

= 0.5 x 5.2 = 2.6m

= 0.6 x 5.2 = 3.12m

Adopt b = 3m (or) 3000mm

STEP-3 : DESIGN OF STEM

Height of stem (h) = 4.75m

Maximum working moment in the stem , M = Cp(Wh3/6)

Where, Cp = (1-sinΦ/1+sinΦ) = 0.33

M = 0.33( 18x4.753) = 106.1 KNm

Factored Bending moment, Mu = 1.5x106.1 = 159.15 KN.m

Limiting thickness of the stem base, d = √(Mu/0.138f ckb)

d = √(159.15x106)/(0.138x20x1000) = 240.13mm

Assumed thickness is more than the limiting thickness value.

Hence the section is under reinforced.

Therefore, Adopt Effective Depth of the stem, d = 400mm @ bottom gradually decreases into
200mm at top.

Compute the parameter:

Mu/bd2 = [161x106/(1000x4002)] = 1.006

Refer table 2 of SP:16 design tables corresponding to fck= 20N/mm2 and read out the percentage
as.

Ast= Ptbd/100 = (0.3x1000x400)/100 = 1200mm2

Provide 16mm Φ bars @ 150mm c/c in the vertical direction at the bottom of the stem.

Distribution bars = 0.0012x1000x450 = 540mm2

Provide 10mm Φ bars @ 250mm center on both sides.

STEP-4: STABILITY CALCULATION [PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION @ BASE]

Heel projection = 2-0.45 = 1.55m

The overall dimension is shown in fig. The stability computations for one meter run of wall is
shown in table 1.

Distance of point of application of resultant from end ‘a’ is shown.

Table :1 Stability calculation for one meter run of wall.

LOADS MAGNITUDE OF LOAD DISTANCE FROM ‘a’ MOMENT

(KN) (m) (KNm)
W1 = (0.2x4.75x25) 23.80 1.65 39.27

(0.5x0.25x4.75x25) 14.84 1.83 27.15

W2= (3x0.45x25) 33.75 1.50 50.62

W3= (1.55x4.75x18) 132.51 0.78 103.35
Moment due to earth 107.06
pressure= cp(Wh3/6)
= 0.33 (18x4.753)/6
∑W =204.90 M=327.45

Distance of point of application of resultant from end ‘a’.

z=327.45/204.90 = 1.6m

Eccentricity ,e = [z-(b/2)] = [1.6-(3/2)]= 0.1m

b/6 = 3/6 = 0.5m, e<(b/6)

Maximum and minimum pressure @ base are computed as,

P(max,min)=204.90/3 [1±(6x0.1)/3]

Hence, Pmax= 82KN/m2 and Pmin=55KN/m2

STEP-5: DESIGN OF HEEL SLAB

LOADS MAGNITUDE OF LOAD DISTANCE FROM ‘a’ MOMENT

(KN) (m) (KNm)
W3 = (1.55X4.75X18) 132.5 0.775 102.68

Self-weight of heel slab 17.4 0.775 13.51

(1.55x0.45x25)
Total 116.19

Deduct upward pressure 83.45 0.775 64.67

‘a,b,i,h’ (55x1.55)

Upward pressure 10.77 0.516 5.55

‘g,h,I’ (0.5x1.55x39)
Total deduction 70.22
 Maximum working bending moment in heel slab = 46KNm

Maximum design ultimate moment, M u= 1.5x46 = 69KNm

Mu/bd2 = 69x106/(1000x4002) = 0.43

Refer table 2 of SP:16 and read out the percentage of reinforcement as Pt=0.121

Ast=Ptbd/100 = (0.121x1000x400)/100 =484mm2

Provide 12mm φ bars @ 200mm centers( (Ast=565mm2)

Distribution reinforcement = 0.0012x1000x450 = 540mm 2

Provide 12mm φ bars @ 200mm centers( (Ast(pro)=565mm2)

STEP-6: DESIGN OF TOE SLAB

The maximum bending moment in the toe slab is determined by taking moments of the forces
about the point ‘c’. The moment computations are shown.

LOADS MAGNITUDE OF LOAD DISTANCE FROM ‘a’ MOMENT ABOUT ‘c’

(KN) (m) (KNm)
Upward pressure 71.78 0.5 35.89
“c,d,I,f” (71.78x1)
Upward pressure “j,f,e” 4.49 0.67 3
(0.5x1x8.98)
Total 38.89
Deduct self weight of 11.2 0.5 5.6
toe slab (1x10.45x25)
Dead weight of soil over 13.5 0.5 6.75
toe slab (0.75x1x18)
Total deduction 12.35

Maximum service load in toe slab = 26.54

Maximum design ultimate moment, M u=(1.5x26.54) = 39.81x106Nmm

Compute the parameter (Mu/bd2) = 39.81x106/(1000x4002) = 0.244

Refer Table 2 of SP:16 and read out the % of steel as Pt is less than 0.12%

Hence provide min. reinforcement of 0.12%.

Ast= 0.0012x1000x450 =540mm2

Provide 12mm φ bars @ 200mm centers( (Ast(pro)=565mm2)

STEP-7: CHECK FOR SAFETY AGAINGT SLIDING

Total horizontal earth pressure is P= Ka [Wh2/2] =0.33 [(18x5.22)/2] = 81.12KN

Assuming Co-efficient of friction,µ = 0.5

Maximum possible frictional force , W = 0.5x204.84 =102.4KN

Factor of safety against sliding =102.4/81.12 =1.26 < 1.5

Hence a shear key has to be designed.

STEP-8: DESIGN OF SHEAR KEY

If Pp= Intensity of passive pressure developed just in front of the shear key, The value of P p is
computed as,

Pp=KpP

Where, Kp= (1+sinφ/1-sinφ) =1/Ka = 1/(1/3) = 3 and P= 73KN/m2 , Pp=3x73 = 219KN/m2

If ‘a’ is depth of shear key= 450mm

Total passive force, Pp = 218.6x0.45 = 98.3 KN

Factor of safety against sliding is , FOS=[(W+P p)/P] = [(102.4+ 98.3)/81.12] = 2.45>1.5

Hence the retaining wall is against failure due to sliding. The reinforcement in stem is extended
up the shear key.

STEP-9: CHECK FOR SHEAR STRESS @ JUNCTION OF STEM AND BASE SLAB

Networking of shear force, V =(1.5P-mW) = (1.5x81.12)-102.4 =19.28KN

Factored shear force, Vu= 1.5x 19.28 = 28.92KN

Nominal shear stress, τv=[(28.92x1000)/(1000x400)] = 0.072N/mm2

(100Ast/bd) = (100x1341)/(1000x400) = 1.25

From Table 19 of IS 456- 2000 read out the permissible shear stress as τc=0.4N/mm2> τv

Hence Shear stress are within safe permissible limit. The reinforcement details were shown.
DESIGN OF COUNTERFORT RETAINING WALL
Design a counterfort retaining wall to suit the following data :

(i)Height of wall above ground level = 6m

(ii) Safe Bearing Capacity of the soil @ site = 160 KN/m2

(iii) Angle of internal friction = 30o

(iv) Density of soil = 16 KN/m3

(v) Spacing of counterfort = 3m

Materials Used : M20 grade concrete, Fe 415 HYSD Bars and sketch the reinforcement details.

STEP-1 : GIVEN DATA

Height (h) = 6m

SBC (P) = 160 KN/m3

Angle, ᶲ = 30o

Density (w) = 16 KN/m3

Spacing = 3m

STEP-2 : DIMENSION OF RETAINING WALL

Minimum depth of foundation = (p/w)(1-sinᶲ/1+sinᶲ)2

= (160/16) (0.5/1.5)2 = 1.11 ≈ 1.2m

Provide depth of foundation = 1.2m

Overall depth of wall = 6+1.2 = 7.2m

Thickness of base slab = 2LH = 2x3x72 = 432mm ≈ 450mm

Provide e450mm Thickness of Slab

Height of the stem, h = 7.2 – 0.45 = 6.75m

Base Width = 0.6H to 0.7H

 0.6x7.2 = 4.32m

0.7x7.2 = 5.04m

Adopt base width = 4.5m

Toe Projection = 1/4 x 4.5 = 1.1m

STEP-3 : DESIGN OF STEM

Pressure intensity at base = wh(1-sinᶲ/1+sinᶲ)

= 16x6.75 ( 0.5/1.5) = 36 KN/m2

Maximum Working moment = wl2/12 = 36 x 32 / 12 = 27 KN.m

Factored bending moment, Mu = 1.5 x 27 = 40.5 KN.m

Effective Depth for Balanced Section, d = √(Mu/0.138fckb)

= √(40.5x106)/(0.138x20x1000) = 121.14mm

Assuming an under reinforced section and to provide a suitable thickness to resist

design shear at the base of Stem.

Adopt an overall thickness of 220mm constant up to the top.

Therefore, Effective depth (d) = 175mm

The reinforcement in the stem is calculated as Mu = 0.87.fy.Ast.d [1- (415Ast / fck.b.d)]

40.5 x 106 = 0.87x415xAstx175 [1-(415xAst)/(20x1000x175)]

40.5 x 106 = 63183.75 Ast – 7.4917875 Ast2

Ast = 698 mm2

Provide 12mm ᶲ bars

ast = ∏/4 x 122 = 113.09 mm2

Spacing = 113.09/698 x 1000 = 162.02mm ≈ 150mm

No. of Bars = 698/113.09 = 6.17 ≈ 7 bars

Ast(pro) = 7x113.09 = 791.63mm2

Distribution Reinforcement = 0,0012 x 1000 x 220 = 264mm 2

STEP-4 : STABILITY CALCULATION

LOAD MAGNITUDE OF LOAD DISTANCE FROM ‘a’ MOMENT

(KN) (m) (KN.m)

W1 = 0.22x6.75x25 37.125 3.39 125.85

W2 = 0.45x4.5x25 50.625 2.25 113.91
W3 = 3.28x6.75x16 354.24 1.64 580.95
Moment due to earth ∑w = 441.97 273.375
pressure = Cp(wh3/6) ≈ 442
= 0.33(16x6.753/6)
∑M = 1094

Z =∑M/∑W = 1094/442 = 2.47m

Eccentricity, e = Z-6/2 = 2.47-4.5/2 = 0.22

But (b/6) = 4.5/6 = 0.75

e < (b/6)

Pmax = w/b (1+6e/3) = 442/4.5 (1+0.44) = 141.44 KN/m2

Pmin = w/b (1-6e/3) = 442/4.5 (1-0.44) = 55 KN/m2

86.44/4.5 = X/3.28, X = 63.005

86.44/4.5 = X1/3.5, X1 = 122.23

STEP-5 : DESIGN OF TOE SLAB

LOAD MAGNITUDE OF LOAD DISTANCE FROM ‘a’ MOMENT

(KN) (m) (KN.m)
Upward pressure = 122.2 0.5 61.1
(C,D,i,F) = 122.2x1
“e,f,I” = 0.5x1x19.11 9.55 0.67 6.39

67.49
Deduct self-weight of 11.22 0.5 5.625
toe slab = 1x0.45x25
Deduct soil over for slab 12 0.5 6
= 0.75x1x16
11.625

67.49-11.625 = 55.865
 Factored moment = 1.5x55.865 = 83.79 KNm

Mu/bd2 = 83.79x106/(1000x1752) = 2.74

Effective depth of Toe slab = 450-50 = 400mm

Reinforcement in the slab ,

Mu = 0.87fy.Ast.d[1-415Ast/fck.b.d]

83.79x106 = 0.87x415xAstx400 [1-(415.Ast)/(1000x400x20)]

7.491Ast2 – 144420Ast + 83.79x106 = 0

Ast = 598.78 mm2

Provide 12mm ᶲ bars

ast = 113.09mm2

Spacing ast/Ast x 1000 = 188.87 ≈ 150mm c/c

No. of bars = 598.78/113.09 = 5.3 ≈ 6 bars

Ast(Pro) = 6x113.09 = 678.54mm2

Distribution Reinforcement = 0.0012 x 1000x450 = 540mm 2

STEP-6 : DESIGN OF HEEL SLAB

Considering 1m wide strip of heel slab near heel end “A”

Downward soil pressure = 55 KN/m2

Weight of soil on strip = 16x6.75 = 108 KN/m2 108+10.8 = 118.8

Self-weight of strip = 1x0.45x24 = 10.8 Kn/m2 118.8 – 55 = 63.8

Deduct for downward pressure, Pr = -55 KN/m2 = 63.8KN/m2

Spacing of counter fort = 3m

Bending Moment, M= 63.8 x 32/12 = 47.85 KN.m

Mu = 1.5 x 47.85 = 71.78 KN.m

REINFORCEMENT IN HEEL SLAB

Mu = 0.87fy.Ast.d[1-415Ast/fck.b.d]
 71.7x106 = 0.87x415xAstx400 [1-(415xAst)/(20x1000x400)]

71.7 x 106 = 144420 Ast-7.4917875 Ast2

Ast = 510mm2

Provide 12mm ᶲ Bars

ast = 113.09 mm2

Spacing = ast/Ast x1000 = 222 ≈ 200mm c/c

No. of bars = 510/113.09 = 4.5 ≈ 5 bars

Ast(Pro) = 5x113.09 = 565.45mm2

Distribution Reinforcement = 0.0012 x 1000 x 450 = 540mm 2

DESIGN OF COUNTERFORT

Thickness provided at top = 220 + 220 = 440mm

Maximum working moment in a counterfort, M = Ka(wh3/6)xL

=0.33x[(16x6.753)/6]x3 = 820.125KNm

Mu = 1.5 x 820.125 = 1230.19 KNm

Reinforcement at bottom of counterfort

Mu = 0.87fy.Ast.d[1-415Ast/fck.b.d]

1230x106= 0.87x415xAstx4400[1-(415Ast)/(20x440x4400)]

Ast = 781mm2

But minimum reinforcement

Asc = 0.85bd/fy = 0.85x440x4400/415 = 3965mm2

Provide 32mm ᶲ bars

ast = 804.25mm2

Spacing = ast/Astx1000 = 202.84mm ≈ 200mm c/c

No. of bars = Ast/ast = 4.9 ≈ 5 bars

 Ast(Pro) = 5 x 804.25 = 4020 mm2

STEP-7 : CURTAILMENT OF BARS

Let h1 = depth @ which first bar can be curtailed

(5-1)/5 = (h12/6.752)

h12 = 36.45, h1 = 6m from top

(5-2)/5 = h22/6.752

5h22 = 136.6875, h2 = 5.2m

(5-3)/5 = h32/6.752

h32 = 18.225, h3 = 4.2m from top

STEP-8 : CONNECTION BETWEEN COUNTERFORT AND UPRIGHT SLAB

Consider bottom 1m height of upright slab pressure on this strip = 36KN/m2

Total lateral pressure transferred to the counterfort from 1m height,

= 36 x(3-0.44) = 92.16 KN/m

Factored force = 1.5 x 92.16 = 138 KNm

Steel required per meter height = 138x10 3/(0.87fy)

Ast = 382mm2

Provide reinforcement of 10mm ᶲ bars

ast = 78.5mm2

Spacing = (ast/Ast)1000 = 206 ≈ 200mm c/c

No. of bars =Ast/ast = 4.9 ≈5 bars

Ast(Pro)= 5x78.5 = 392.5mm2

Tension transferred in 1m width of counterfort near the heel end

= 63.8 (3-0.44) = 163.33 KN

Factored force = 1.5x163.3 =245 KN

Steel req = 245x 103/(0.87x415) = 678.55mm2

Provide 10mm ф bars, ast = 78.5mm2

Spacing = (ast/Ast)1000 = (78.5/678.55)1000 = 115.69 ≈ 100mm c/c

No. of bars =Ast/ast =(678.55/78.5) = 8.64 ≈ 9 bars

Ast(Pro) = 9x78.5 = 706.5 mm2

DESIGN OF RC SLAB CULVERT
Design of RC Slab culvert for a national highway to suit the following data.

I. A two lane carriage way (7.5m wide)

II. Foot Paths on either side (1m wide)
III. Clear Span = 6m
IV. Wearing coat = 80mm
V. Width of bearing = 0.4
VI. Materials : M25 grade concrete, Fe415 grade HYSD bars.
VII. Loading : IRC class AA attracted vehicles.

Design the RC deck slab and Sketch the details of reinforcements in the longitudinal and cross
section of the slab.

STEP-1 : GIVEN DATA

Clear span = 6m

Width of bearing = 0.4m

Type of loading – Class AA

Materials: M25 grade Concrete , Fe415 grade HYSD Bars

STEP-2 : PERMISSIBLE STRESSES

From IRC 21: 1987 clause 303.1

σcb= 8.3 N/mm2 m = 10 , j = 0.9 , Q = 1.1

σst = 200N/mm2

STEP-3 : DEPTH OF SLAB AND EFFECTIVE SPAN

Assume thickness of slab at 80mm per meter of span for highway bridge decks.

Overall slab thickness = 80x6 = 480mm

Adopt overall slab thickness as 500mm.

Using 25mm diameter bars with clear cover of 25mm.

Effective depth = 500- (25+12.5) = 462.5 mm

 Width of bearing= 400mm

Effective span is least of following two,

I. Clear span + effective depth = 6+ 0.4625 = 6.4625m

II. Centre to centre of bearing = 6 + 0.4 = 6.4

Effective span (L) = 6.4m

STEP-4: DEAD LOAD BENDING MOMENT

Dead weight of slab = 0.5 x 24 = 12 KN/m2

Dead weight of wearing coat = 0.08 x 22 =1.76 KN/m2

Total Load = 13.76 ≈ 14 KN/m2

Bending moment @ dead load = (14x 6.4)/6 = 72 KNm

STEP-5: LIVE LOAD BENDING MOMENT

Generally the BM due to live load will be maximum for IRC Class A vehicles. Impact
factor for Class AA factor vehicle is 25% for 5 decreasing linearly to 10% for 9m Span.

Impact Factor = [3.6+2(0.5+0.08)] = 4.76m

Effective width of slab, Ʇlr to span is expressed as,

be= kx[1-(x/l)] + bw

From IRC 21-1987 Clause 305.13

Reffer Figure:

x=3.2m , L=6.4m , B=9.5m , (B/L) = 1.48

bw= [0.85 + (2x0.08)] = 1.01m

From table 10.1 for B/L =1.48 , K=2.84 for Simply supported Slab.

be= [2.84x3.2[1-(3.2/6.4)]]+ 1.01 = 5.56m

The traced vehicle is placed close to the kerb with the required minimum clearance.

Net effective width of dispersion = 7.455m

Total load for two tracks with impact = (700x1.197) = 838KN

 Average intensity of load = [838/(4.76x74.55)] = 23.61 KN/m2

Maximum bending moment due to live load is given by,

Mmax=[(23.61x40.76x3.2)/2] – [(23.63x4.76)/2](4.76/4)

= 113KNm

Total design BM = 113+72 = 185 KN/m

STEP-6: SHEAR DUE TO CLASS AA TRACKED VEHICLE

For maximum shear at support, the IRC Class AA tracked vehicle is arranged

Effective width of dispersion is given by

be= kx[1-(x/L)]+bw

Where, x= 2.38m B/L =1.48

B= 9.5m ; L= 6.4m ; k= 2.84m

bw= 1.01m

be= 2.84x 2.38 [1-(2.38/6.40)]+ 1.01 = 5.256m

width of dispersion = [2625+2050+(5256/2)] = 7303mm

w= 838/(4.76x7.303) = 24.1 KN/m2

Shear force VA= (24.1x4.76x4.02)/6.4 = 72KN

Dead load shear = (14x6.4)/2 = 45 KN

Total design shear = 72+45 = 117KN

STEP-7: DESIGN OF DECK SLAB

Effective depth required is computed as

d=√(M/Qb) = √*185x106/(1.1x1000)] = 410mm

Effective depth provided = 462.5mm

Ast = *M/σstJd] = [185x106/(200x0.9x462.5)] = 2222mm2

Spacing of 25mm dia bars = (1000x491)/2222 =220mm

 Adopt 25mm dia bars @ 220mm c/c as main reinforcement.

BM for distribution reinforcement

IRC 21- 1987 Clause 305.15

Using 12mm ф bars

Effective depth = [462.5-(12.5+6)] = 444mm

Ast = [49x106/(200x0.9x444)] = 613mm2

Spacing of 12mmdia bars

= (1000x113)/613 =184mm

Provide 12mmn dia bars at 170mm c/c as distribution reinforcement.

STEP-7: DESIGN FOR SHEAR REINFORECEMENT

As per IRC 21- 1987 Shear Stress in the slab are checked reinforcement as follows:

From IRC 21- 1987 Clause 3047:3:1

Design shear stress , Ԏv = V/bd

Where, V= Design shear force

b= width of section

d= effective depth

Permissible shear stress in slab without shear reinforcement computed as

Ԏc= k1 k2 Tco

Where, Tc= The permissible stress

k1= 1.14-0.7d ≥ 0.5 where dis expressed in meters

k2 = 0.5+0.2p ≥ 1

Tco= basic value given in table 10.2 different grade of concrete

D = Percentage of longitudinal reinforcement

= 100Ast/bd
 Ast = Area of longitudinal reinforcement which contains at least “d” beyond the
section considered or fully anchored when support section is considered.

b = Width of the section

STEP-8: BASIC VALUES OF PERMISSIBLE STRESS, Tco

GRADE OF M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40

CONCRETE
TCO 0.28 0.34 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.52

Ԏv= V/bd = [117x103/(1000x462.5)] = 0.254N/mm2

k1= (1.14-0.7x0.4625) = 0.82 ≥ 0.5

k2= (0.5+0.25p), Where, p= 100Ast/bd = (100x2455)/(1000x462.51) =0.53

= (0.5+0.25x0.53) = 0.63 ≥ 1

For M25 grade concrete, Tco= 0.40N/mm2

Tc= k1k2Tα = 0.82x 1x 0.40 = 0.328N/mm2

Since, Ԏv< Ԏc, The shear stress are within safe permissible limits. The reinforcement
details in the slab are shown in fig.
DESIGN OF RC T-BEAM BRIDGE DECK
Design an RC T-Beam girder bridge to suit the following data:

I. Clear width of roadway = 7.5m

II. Span c/c of bearing = 16m
III. Live load – IRC Class AA tracked vehicle
IV. Average thickness of wearing coat = 80mm
V. Material: M25 grade concrete, Fe415 HYSD bars

STEP-1: GIVEN DATA

Effective Span of T-Beam = 16m

Width of carriage way = 7.5m

Thickness of wearing coat =80mm

STEP-2: PERMISSIBLE STRESSES

σcb= 8.3N/mm2

σst= 200N/mm2

m=10 , Q=1.1 , g=0.90

STEP-3: CROSS SECTION OF DECK

Main girder are provided @ 2.5m c/c.

Thickness of deck slab= 200mm

Wearing coat = 80mm

Width of main girder = 300mm

Slab 600mm wide X 300mm deep are provided

Cross girder are provided @ every 4m interval.

Breadth of cross girder = 300mm

Depth of cross girder = 1600mm @ the rate of 100mm per meter of Span
 Depth of cross girder is taken as equal to the depth of main girder to simplify
computation. The cross section of the deck and the plan showing the cross girder is shown in
fig.

STEP-4: DESIGN OF INTERIOR SLAB PANEL

BENDING MOMENT:

Dead load of slab = 1x1x0.2x24 = 4.8KN/m2

Dead weight of wearing coat = 0.08x 22 = 1.76 KN/m2

Total dead load = 6.56 KN/m2

Live load is Class AA tracked vehicle on wheel is placed at the centre of panel as shown
in fig.

u= 0.85 +(0.08x2) = 1.01m

v= 3.6 +(2x0.08) = 3.76m

u/B = 1.01/2.5 =0.404

v/C = 3.76/4.0 =0.94

k= B/L =2.5/4 =0.625

Referring to pigeards curve

m1=0.085 , m2=0.024

mB= w(m1+0.15m2)

= 350[0.085+(0.15x0.024)] = 31.01KNm

The slab is continuous

Design Bending moment = 0.8 MB

Design bending moment including impact and continuity factor is given by,

MB(shorter span) = 1.25x0.8x31.01 = 31.01KNm

ML(longer span) = 350x[0.024+(0.15x0.085)] = 12.845KNm

SHEAR FORCES:
 Dispersion in the direction of span = 0.85+2(0.08+0.2) = 1.41m

For maximum shear the load is kept such that the whole dispersion is in this span. The
load is kept @ (1.41/2) =0.705m from the edge of the beam as shown in fig.

Effective width of slab = kx(1-x/L)+bw

Breadth of cross girder = 300mm

Cross clear length of panel, L = 3.7m

(B/L) = 3.7/2.2 = 1.68

From IRC : 21- 1987, Clause 305.13

K for continuous slab is K= 2.52

Effective width of slab = [2.52x0.705(1-0.705/2.2)+3.6+(2x0.08)] = 5m

Load per meter width = 350/5 =70KN

Shear force = 70 (2.2-0.705/2.2) = 47.60KN

Shear force with impact = 1.25x47.6 = 59.5KN

STEP-5: DEAD LOAD BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE

Dead load = 6.56KN/m2

Total load on panel = 4x2.5x6.56 = 65.6KN

U/B = 1 and U/L =1

As panel is loaded with UDL, K= B/L =2.5/4 =2.625 and 1/K =1.6

From pigeard’s curves

m1= 0.049 and m2=0.015

MB= 65.6[0.049+(0.15x0.015)] = 3.36KNm

Take continuity into effect

MB=0.8x3.36 = 2.688KNm

Mc=65.6[0.015+(0.15x0.049)] = 1.468KNm
 Take continuity into effect

ML=0.8x1.468 = 1.174KNm

Dead load shear force = 6.56x2.2/2 = 7.216KNm

STEP-6 : DESIGN BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE

Total MB=31.01+2.688 = 33.698KNm

Total ML=12.845+1.174 = 14.019KNm

Total Shear force = 59+7.216 = 66.716KN

DESIGN OF SECTION

Effective depth = √(33.698x106)/(1.1x1000) = 175mm

Overall depth = 200mm

Effective depth = 180mm

Ast(shorter span) = 33.698x106/(200x0.9x180) = 1040mm2

Use 12mm ф bars @ 100mm c/c

Ast = 1131mm2

Effective depth for long span using 10mm ф bars = 180-6-5 = 169mm

Ast(longer span) = 14.619x106/(200x0.9x169) = 461mm2

Use 10mm ф bars @ 150mm c/c

Ast = 524mm2

STEP-7 : CHECK FOR SHEAR STRESS

Shear stress, Ԏv = V/bd = 66.716x103/(1000x180) = 0.37N/mm2

From IRC : 21-1987, clause 305.73.1

Ԏc = k1k2Ԏ10

k1 = 1.14-(0.7x0.18) = 0.8714 ≥ 0.5

 k2 = 0.5+0.25p

p=100Ast/bd = (100x113.1)/(1000x180) = 0.63 ≥ 1

For M25 grade of concrete

Ԏw = 0.4N/mm2

Ԏc = k1k2Ԏ10 = 0.874x1x0.4 = 0.35N/mm2

Since Ԏv ≤ Ԏc, Shear stress are within safe permissible limit

STEP-8 : DESIGN OF LONGITUDINAL GIRDER

REACTION FACTOR:

Using coulomb’s Theory, the IRC class AA loads measured for maximum eccentricity as
shown in figure.

Reaction factor for outer girder is

RA = 2w1/3[1+(3Ix2.5x1.1)/(2Ix2.52)] = 1.767w1

Reaction factor for inner girder is

RB =2w1/3[1+0] = 2w1/3

If w=Axial load ; 700KN and 0.5w

RA = 1.107x0.5w = 0.5536w

RB = 0.667x0.5w = 0.333w

STEP-9 : DEAD LOAD OF 10m SLAB PER GIRDER

The dead load of Deck slab is calculated with reference to below figure.

Weight of (i) Parapet railing = 0.7KN/m

(ii) Wearing coat (0.08x1.1x22) = 1.936KN/m

Deck slab (0.2x1.1x24) = 7.2KN/m

Total = 15.116 KN/m

 Total Dead load of deck = (2x15.116)+(6.56x5.3) = 65KN/m

It is assured that the dead load is sheared equally by all the girder.

Dead load / girder = 65/3 = 21.66KN/m

STEP-10 : LIVE LOAD BENDING MOMENT IN GIRDER

Span of girder = 16m

Impact factor = 10%

Live load is placed centrally on the span

BM = (4+3.1/2)x700 = 2485KNm

Bending moment including impact and reaction factor for inner girder

= 2485x1.1x0.333 = 912KNm

Bending moment including impact and reaction factor for outer girder

= 2485x1.1x0.5536 = 1513KNm

LIVE LOAD GIRDER SHEAR:

Reaction of w2 on Girder B = 350x0.45/2.5 =63KN

Reaction of w2 on girder A = 350 x2.05/2.5 = 287KN

Total load on girder B = 350 + 63 = 413KN

Maximum bending reaction in girder B = 413x14.2/16 = 366KN

Maximum reaction in girder A = 287x14.2/16 = 255 KN

Maximum BM @ center of span

Mmax = (31.74x102/8)+(25.2x1.6/4)+(25.2x1.6/4) = 1218KNm

Dead load shear @ support

= (31.74x16/2)+25.2+(25.2/2) = 292KN
STEP-11 : DESIGN BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE

The design moment and shear force are completed in table of permissible shear stress

DESIGN OF SECTION FOR MAXIMUM BM AND SF

Mmax = 2731KNm

Vmax = 694.6KN

The beam is designed as a T-Section

Assuming on, Effective depth, d = 1450mm

Level Arm = 1450-(200/2) = 1350mm

Ast = 2731x106/(200x13509) = 10114mm2

Provide 12 bars of 36mm ф in 3rows

Ast = 1216mm2

Nominal shear stress, Ԏv = V/bd = 694.6x103/(300x1450) = 1.596N/mm2

If 4 bars of 36mmф are bend up near support to resist shear

100Ast/bd = (100x8x1018)/(300x1450) = 1.8

Ԏc = 0.47N/mm2

ԎC.b.d = 0.47x300x1450/1000 = 204.45KN

Assume 2 bars of 36mm ф to bend up at any support section

Vs = σsv Asv sinα = (150x2x1018x1)/(1000x√2) = 215.9KN

Shear to be resisted by vertical stirrups Spacing

Sv = σsv Asv d/v = (150x4x79x1450)/274.25x103 = 250.6mm

Provide 10mm ф 4legged stirrups @ 250mm c/c near support and 450mm c/c towards
center.

STEP-12 : DESIGN OF CROSS GRIDER

Self-weight of cross girder =10.08KN/m

Dead load from slab = 2x(1/2)x2.5x1.25x6.56 = 20.05KN

UDL =20.5/2.5 =8.2KNm

Total load on cross girder = 10.08+8.2= 18.28KN/m

Assume the cross girder to be rigid.

Reaction on each cross girder = 18.28x5/3 = 30.47KN

Load on cross girder = 350-(4-0.9)/4 = 271.25KN

Assume the cross girder to be rigid.

Reaction of longitudinal girder= 2x271.3/3 =180.83KN

Maximum bending moment in cross girder under the load = 180.83x1.475 =266.7KNm

Live load bending moment including impact = 1.1x266.7 = 293.37KNm

Dead load BM @ 1.475m from support = (30.47x1.475)-18.28(1.475/2) = 25.10KNm

Total design BM = 293.37 + 25.1 = 318.47KNm.

Live load shear including impact = 2x(271.25/2)x1.1 =198.917KN

Dead load shear = 30.47KN

Total design shear = 198.917 + 30.47 = 229.39KN

Assuming an effective depth for cross girder as 1540mm

Ast = 318.47x103/(200x0.9x1540) = 1148mm2

Provide 4 bars of 20mm ф (Ast = 1256mm2)

Shear stress, Ԏv = (229.39x103)/(300x1540) = 0.496N/mm2

100Ast/bd = (100x1256)/(300x1540) = 0.296N/mm2

Ԏc = 0.22N/mm2
 Ԏc bd = 0.22x300x1540/1000 = 101.6KN

Balance shear = 229.39 – 101.06 = 127.79KN

Using 10mm ф 2 legged stirrups

Spacing = (150x2x79x1540)/(1000x127x79) = 285mm

Provide 10mm ф 2 legged stirrups @ 250mm c/c

DESIGN OF CIRCULAR TANK
Design a circular tank with a flexible base for a capacity of 5Lack liters and depth of water is to
be 4m and the free board is 200mm. Use M20 grade and Fe415 grade. Permissible direct tensile
stress in concrete is 1.2KN/m2. Permissible stress in steel is 115N/mm2.

STEP-1 : GIVEN

Capacity of tank = 5,00,000 liters

Height of water = 4m

Free board = 200mm = 0.2m

Fck = 20N/mm2

STEP-2 : DESIGN CONSTANT AND PERMISSIBLE STRESS

σct = 1.2N/mm2

σst = 115N/mm2

m =280/3σcbc = 280/(3x7) = 13.3

STEP-3 : DIMENSION OF TANK

∏/4 x D2 x H = 500000/1000

D2 = 159.15, D = 12.6m

Overall height of the tank, H = 4 + 0.2 = 4.2m

STEP-4 : HOOP TENSION AND STEEL REINFORCEMENT

Max. Hoop tension = WHD/2 = (10x4.2x12.6)/2 = 264.6KN

Ast = Max.Hoop tension/σst = 264.6x103/115 = 2300.87mm2

Use 20mm ф bars,

ast = 314.16mm2

Spacing = ast/Ast x 1000 = 136.54 ≈ 130mm c/c

STEP-5 : THICKNESS OF WALL

 (WHD/2)/[1000t+(m-1)Ast+ = σct

[(10x4.2x12.6x103)/2]/[ 1000t+(13.3-1)x2300.87] = 1.2

t = 192.19mm ≈ 195mm

STEP-6 : REINFORCEMENT IN TANK WALL

= 0.3%c/s

= 0.3/100 x 1000x 195 = 585mm2

Use 20mm ф bars @ 585mm c/c

ast = 314.16mm2

Spacing = 314.16/585 x 1000 = 537.02 mm

No. of bars = 585/314.16 = 1.86 ≈ 2 bars

Ast(Pro) = 2x314.16 = 628.32mm2

STEP-7 : STEEL REINFORCEMENT FOR HOOP TENSION

Max.Hoop tension occurs at mid span of tank wall

Ast =[WHD/2]/100 = [(10x2x12.6)/2]/100 = 1260 mm2

Use 20mm ф bars

ast = 314.16mm2

Spacing = (ast/Ast)x1000 = 249.33 ≈ 240mm c/c

DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT

= 0.3% c/s area = 0.3/100 x 1000 x 195 = 585mm2

Use 10mm ф bars

ast = 78.5mm2

Spacing = ast/Ast x 1000 = 134.26 ≈ 130mm

STEP-8 : DESIGN OF TANK FLOOR SLAB

Provide normal thickness of 150mm

 = 0.3/100 x 1000x150 = 450mm2

Provide half of the reinforcement in each faces

Ast = 225mm2

Use 8mm ф bars

ast = 50.27mm2

Spacing = ast/Ast x 1000 = 223.4mm

Provide 8mm ф @ 200mm c/c

DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR TANK
Design a reinforcement rectangular concrete water tank with an open top for a capacity of
80,000 liters. The inside dimension of the tank may be taken as 6m x 4m. Use M 20 concrete and
Fe250 mild steel bars. σst = 115N/mm2*liquid retaining near the face+, σst = 125N/mm2[liquid
retaining away from the face+, σcbc = 7N/mm2

STEP-1 : GIVEN DATA

Capacity of tank = 80000 liters

Size = 6m x 4m

M20 and Fe250 grade

STEP-2: DIMENSIONS OF TANK

80000/103= bxdxh

h = 80000/(1000x6x4) = 3.34m

H= h+ Free board = 3.33+ 0.2 = 3.53m

MOMENT IN SIDE WALL:

L/B = 6/4 = 1.5 < 2

The wall function as Continuous slab

Pressure intensity, P= W(H-h) = 10(3.53-1) = 25.3KN/m2

The moment is determined by moment distribution method

Fixed end moment(for 4m span)

= Pl2/12 = 25.5x 42/12 = 34KNm

(@ center)

= Pl2/8 = 25.5x 42/8 =51KNm

Fixed end moment (for 6m span)

=Pl2/12 = 25.5 x 62/12 = 76.5KNm

 (@ center)

=Pl2/8 = 25.5x62/8 = 114.75KNm

STIFFNESS RATIO:

For 4m span, K1= I/L =I/4

For 6m span, K2= I/L =I/6

∑K = I/4 + I/6 = 10I/24 =5I/12 = 0.4I

DF1 = K1/∑K = (I/4)/0.4I = 1/1.64 = 0.61

DF2 = K2/∑K = (I/6)/0.4I = 1/2.46 = 0.41

Moment @ support = 59.5 KNm

@ Centre(4m)= 51-59.5 = -8.5 KNm

@ Centre(6m)= 114.7-59.5 = 55.2 KNm

STEP-3: DESIGN OF SHORT AND LONG COLUMN

Maximum moment = 59.5KNm

d=√(Mu/Fck0.138bd) = √*59.5x106/(0.138x20x1000)] = 146.83mm

Adopt d=150mm, d’=40mm(Cover)

D= 150+40 = 190mm

Overall thickness of the tank is 190mm.

Direct tension on long wall,

T= W(H-h)(L/2) = 10 (3.55-1)(6/2) = 76.5KN/m2

Direct tension on short wall,

T= W(H-h)(B/2) = 10 (3.55-1)(4/2) = 51KN/m2

STEP-4: AREA OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT

Ast1=(m-Tx)/(σst.j.d) = [(59.5x106)-(76.5x103x55)]/(115x0.85x150) = 3771mm2

Ast2=T/ σst = (76.5x103)/115 = 665.22mm2

 Ast = Ast1+Ast2 = 4436.23mm2

For σst= 125N/mm2

Ast1=(m-Tx)/(σst.j.d) = [(59.5x106)-(76.5x103x55)]/(125x0.85x150) = 3469.3mm2

Ast2=T/ σst = (76.5x103)/125 = 612mm2

Ast = Ast1+Ast2 = 4081.3mm2

Adopt greater Ast

Ast=4436.23mm2

Use 22mm ф bars

ast=380.13mm2

Spacing = (ast/Ast)x1000 = 85.69mm

No.of bars = Ast/ast = 11.67 ≈ 12bars

Provide half of the bars of inner face are bend towards outer surface @ centre providing
an area of 4436.23/2 = 2218.12mm2.

Use 20mm ф bars

ast=314mm2

Spacing = (ast/Ast)x1000 = 141.56 ≈ 140mm c/c

No.of bars = Ast/ast = 7bars

STEEL FOR CANTILEVER MOMENT:

m= WHh2/6 = (10x3.53x12)/6 = 5.9KNm

Ast= m/(σst.j.d) = 5.9x106/(115x0.85x150) = 402.3mm2

Minimum Ast for cantilever

Ast=(0.3/100)x 1000x150 = 450mm2

Use 8mm ф bars

ast= 50.27mm2
Spacing = (ast/Ast)x1000 = 111.7mm ≈ 110mm

REINFORCEMENT FOR SLAB:

Adopt thickness of slab as 200mm

Ast=(0.3/100)x 1000x200 = 600mm2

Use 10mm ф bars

ast= 78.54mm2

Spacing = (ast/Ast)x1000 = 130mm

No.of bars = Ast/ast = 8bars

Ast(pro)= 8x78.54 =628.32mm2

DESIGN OF PLATE GIRDER
The effective span of deck type plate girder Railway Bridge for single meter gauge track is 24m.
The depth of the plate girder is 1864mm. The spacing between two plat girder is 1.3m. The rail
level is 400mm above the top of the plate girder the design reaction is 750KN. The net area of
tension flange is 19652mm2 and the cross area of compression flange is 23304mm 2. If the
moment of inertia of the plate girder section about X-X axis is 3749172 x 104mm4. Determine
the increase of the stresses in the flange of Leeward girder in the following cases.

(i) Overturning effect due to wind, when the bridge is unloaded

(ii) Horizontal thrust effect due to wind, When the bridge is unloaded
(iii) Overturning effect due to wind, when the bridge is loaded
(iv) Horizontal thrust effect due to wind, When the bridge is loaded

Height of the deck type plate girder bridge = 1864 + 400 = 2264mm 2

Half of height of bridge strut = 1132mm

STEP-1 : BRIDGE IS UNLOADED (OVERTURNING)

Intensity of wind pressure = 2.4KN/m2

Wind force on windward plate girder = (2.4x2264x24)/1000 = 130.41KN\

Spacing between main girder, S = 1.3m

Depth of main girder = 1864mm

The spacing between main girder is >half of depth and less than full depth

Factors to account for the wind effect on leeward girder = 0.25

Wind force on Leeward girder = 0.25[(2.4x2264x24)/1000] = 32.6KN

Total wind force, P = 130.41 + 32.6 = 163.01KN

Assume wind pressure act at half the depth of bridge struct is 1.132m

The reaction at each end of leeward gird be “R”

The total reaction on leeward girder due to overturning “2R”.

Taking moment at the bottom of the girder

 2Rx1.30 = 163.01 x 1.132, R = 70.97KN

Due to overturning effect, a UDL, 2x70.97 = 141.94KN acts, Downward on the leeward
girder.

The max BM occurs at centre, M = 141.954 x 24 /8 = 425.82KNm

Distance to the extreme fibre to the plate girder for neutral axis

y = 0.5x1864 = 932mm

↑ of stress (stress in flange due to dead load)

σbc1 = (425.82x106x932)/(3749172x104) = 10.58N/mm2

INCREASE OF STRESS IN TENSION FLANGE :

σbt = (10.58 x 23304/19652) = 12,55N/mm2

STEP-2 : BRIDGE UNLOADED ( HORIZONTAL TRUSS EFFECT)

Total wind pressure @ bridge strut, P = 163.01KN, Compressive flanges on the total
wind pressure is assumed due to act in the plane of horizontal truss

Horizontal truss act on horizontal girder,

The max BM = Pl/L = 163.01x24 / 8 = 489.03KNm

The BM is restrained by two equal and opposite force F in the compressive flange and
both girder,

F x 1.30 = 489.03, F = 376.177KN

F is the tensile in compressive flange of leeward girder. It causes tensile stresses only in
the compressive flange of leeward girder.

The decrease in stress in compressive flange, σ = (376.177x10 3)/23304 = 16.14N/mm2

STEP-3 : BRIDGE LOADED (OVERTURNING EFFECT)

Max intensity of wind in 1m gauge = 1KN/m2

Wind load on moving train,

P1 = 1x24x2.83) = 67.92 KN

Height of line of action wind load P1 above bottom of plate girder

 2.264 + 0.6 + 1.414 = 4.279m

Wind load on deck type bridge strut

P2 = 1x24x2.264x1.25 = 67.92KN

Height of action of line of wind load P2 above the bottom of the plate girder = 1.132m

Moment about bottom of plate girder

2R(1.3) = (67.92x4.279)+(67.92x1.132), R = 141.35KN

Due to overturning effect of UDL

2x141.35 = 282.7KN

Acts downward on the leeward girder

The max BM, M2 = 282.7x24 / 8 = 848.1KNm

Increases stress (D.L + L.L) compressive flange

σbc2 = 848.1x106 x 932 / 3749172x104 = 21.108N/mm2

Increase of stress in tensile flange

σbt = 21.02x(233.04/19652) = 25N/mm2

STEP-4 : BRIDGE LOADED ( HORIZONTAL TRUSS EFFECT)

Wind load acts on the moving train and the deck type bridge strut both are assumed to
act horizontal plane truss bracing.

Total wind load (P1 + P2) = 135.84KN

For unloading bridge wind load = 163.01KN

Tensile force in compressive flange = 376.77KN

Loaded bridge the tensile force compressive flange,

F = (376.77 x 135.84/163.01) = 313.47KN

Increase of stress in compressive flange,

σb = 313.47x103 / 23304 = 13.45N/mm2

DESIGN OF TRUSS GIRDER BRIDGE DECK
A plate truss girder through bridge is provided on a single broad gauge track. The effective span
of size is 50m. The gross girder are spaced 5m apart from Stringer are spaced 2m, b/w center
line , 180KN/m stock rails and 0.4KN/m. Check rails are provided sleepers are spaced as 1.45m
from c/c and are of size 0.8m x 250mm x 250mm. Weight of timber may be assumed as 750 KN,
per m3. The main girders are provided at a spacing of 7m b/w their center lines. Design the
central top chord member and bottom chord member and vertical and diagonal of central
panel. Also design the joint where the central top chord, Vertical and diagonal members meet.
The bridge is to carry standard main line loading.

DESIGN

PRELIMINARY

Effective span = 50m

Panel length of bridge girder = 5m

No of Panels = 10

Spacing b/w main girders = 7m

HEIGHT OF TRUSS GIRDER

For economic considerations, 1/7 x span = 1/7 x 50 = 7.14m

As per IS 1915-1961 (minimum)

1/10 x span = 1/10 x 50 = 5m.

Provide 6m height b/w center of gravity of the chord members to center of gravity of
bottom chord members. A part truss Girder Bridge as is used.

STEP-1 : DEAD LOAD CALCULATION

The dead load acting on truss girder is as follows

Weight of stock rails per track per meter = 2x0.60 = 1.20KN/m

Weight of check rails per track per meter = 2x0.40 = 0.8KN/m

Weight of fastening (assumed) = 0.20KN/m

 Weight of stringer per track per meter = 10/0.45 [(2.8x250x250x7.50)/(1000x1000) =
2.92KN/m

Weight of stringer, per track per m =3.2KN/m

Weight of c/s girder per track per meter = 5KN/m

Self-weight of both the truss girder by “fuller” formula is

15l+550/ 100 = (15x50) + 550/100 = 13KN/m

Total dead load per track per meter is 261.12KN/m

Total dead load per girder per Meter is 13.06KN/m

STEP-2 : (i) INFLUENCE LINE DIAGRAM FOR FORCES IN THE MEMBER

The influence line diagram for forces is U 4U5 is shown.

The max ordinates for the triangle M25/6 = 1/6 x (1/2 x 25) = 2.08 units(comp)

(ii) INFLUENCE LINE DIAGRAM FOR FORCES U3U4

The influence line diagram for forces U 3U4 is shown

The maximum ordinates of the triangle

ML4/6 = 1/6(20x30)/50 = 2 units (comp)

(iii) INFLUENCE LINE DIAGRAM FOR FORCES L4L5

The influence line diagram for forces in L4L5 is shown in the max ordinates of the
triangles

ML4/6 = 1/6(20x30)/50 = 2 units (tension)

(iv)INFLUENCE LINE DIAGRAM FOR FORCES U4L5

The influence line diagram for forces U 4L5 is shown in the ordinates are as below,

Y1 = m/n = 4/w = 0.4 units

Y2 = (n-1-m)/n = (10-1-4)/10 = 0.5 units (tension)

(v)INFLUENCE LINE DIAGRAM FOR FORCES U4U5

The ILD for forces in U4U5 is shown in the ordinate are as below
 Y3 = m/n cosecϴ = (10-1-4)/10 x 1.3 = 0.65 units

The points of intersection of influence line curve base in at a distance A0 from left hand
support, A0 = 20 + 2.22 = 22.22m

STEP-3 : FORCES IN THE MEMBER DUE TO DEAD LOAD

Dead load = 13.3KN/m

Force in member U4U5 = 1/2x2.08x50x13.2 = -636.4KN (comp)

Force in member U3U4 = -1/2x2x50x13.2 =- -660KN (comp)

Force in member L4L5 = -1/2x2x50x13.2 = -660KN (comp)

Force in member U4L5 = (1/2x27.78x0.65)- ½(22.22x0.4x13.2) = -33KN (comp)

Force in member U4L5 = 1/2(27.78x0.65x)- 1/2(22.22x0.52)x13.2 = 42.92Kn(tension)

STEP-4 : FORCES IN THE MEMBER DUE TO LIVE LOAD AND IMPACT LOAD

(i)Member U4U5, load length = 50m

Impact factor = (20/14+L) = (20/ 14+50) = 0.313

From bridge rules for broad gauge, 50m, loaded length live load + Impact load per girder

= 1.313x(1/2x4380) = 2875.47KN

Force in the member due to live load and impact load

= -1/2 x 2.08 x50x(2875.47/50) = -2990.49KN (comp)

(ii)Member U3U4

Loaded length = 50m

Impact factor = 0.313

Live load + impact load per girder = 1.313 x (1/2x4380) = 2875.47KN

Force in the member due to live load and impact load

=-1/2x2x50x(2875.47/50) = -2875.47KN (compo)

(iii)Member L4L5

Loaded length = 50m

Impact factor = 0.313

live load + impact load / girder = 2875.47KN

Force in the member due to live load and impact load

=1/2x2x50x(2875.47/50) = 2875.47KN (tension)

(iv)Member U4L4

For tension loaded length = 22.22m

Impact factor = 20/ (14=22.22) = 0.552

live load + impact load / girder = 1.552 x ½ x 2404.4 = 1865.81KN

Force in the member due to live load and impact load

= ½ x 0.4x 22.22 x (1865.81/22.22) = 373.16KN (tension)

For compression load length = 27.78m

Impact factor = 0.479

live load + impact load / girder = 1.479x (1/2x2849.06) = 2106.88KN

Force in the member due to live load + impact load

= 1/2x0.5x27.78x(2106.88/27.78) = 526.72KN (comp)

(v)Member U4U5

The force in member U4U5 may be found from force in member U4U5 by multiplying by
cosec= 1.3

Compression = 1.3x373.16 = 485.11KN

= 1.3x 526.72 = 684.74 KN

Design forces in the member are as follows

MEMBERS FORCES IN THE MEMBER DESIGN FORCE

D.L L.L +I.L D.L + L.L + I.l
COMPRESSION TENSION COMPRESSION TENSION COMPRESSION TENSION
U4U5 68.64 - 2999.49 - 3676.84 -
U3U4 660 - 2875.47 - 3535.47 -
L4L5 - 660 - 2875.47 - 3535.47
U4L4 33 - 536.72 373.16 559.72 340.16
U4L5 - 42.92 485.11 684.74 442.19 727.66

STEP-5 : DESIGN OF TOP CHORD

Forces in the member = 3676.89KN (comp)

Allowance is not made for fatigue for the expression members.

Depth of truss girder = 6m = 6000mm

Depth of top chord member = 1/10 x 6000 = 600

Width of top chord member = 1/10 x6000 +2x22 = 644mm

Try the section in figure approximately radius of gyration

rx = 0.39h = 0.39x600 = 234mm

ry = 0.55b = 0.55x64 = 354mm

rmin = 234mm

Length of the member from c/c intersection in 5m

Effective length of member is 0.85x5000 =4250mm

Max slenderness ratio = 4250/23.4 = 18.16

From IS-800 84 allowable stress in axial compression for the steel having value of yield
stress as 260N/mm2

σct = 154.37N/mm2

Area required = [(3676.89x1000)/154.37] = 23818.86mm2

Width of top cover plate of the section b/w c/c of rivet line, b = 762mm
 Ratio = b/t = 762/16 = 47.625 < 50

The whole width of top corner plate is effective in compression.

The area of section provided is as follows,

Top cover plate = 850x16 = 13600mm2, web = 2x600x12 = 74400mm2

4ISA 80mm x 50mm x 6mm = 4x746 = 2984mm2

Total = 30984mm2

More area is provided in order to adjust increase of force due to wind effect. The C.G of
section from top is at a distance y’.

Y’ = *(850x16x8)+(2x746(11.16+16))+(2x136(600+11.6+16))+(2x600x12x316)] /
(850x16)+(2x746)+(2x746)+(2x600x12)

= 180.80mm

Ixx = 2x ½ x 1.2 x 603+2x60x1.2(30-18.08) + 85x1.6x(18.8-0.8)2+(2.746x118.8-

2.76)2+(2x7.46x(43.52-1.76)2 + 4x14.4)x104

= 134601.18 x 104mm4

Iyy = (1/8 x 1.6x8.52 + 2x60x1.2(32.1 + 0.6)2 + 4x48)x104

= 236053.09x104mm4

rmin = [134601.184x104 / 30984]1/2 = 208.433mm

Slenderness ratio =4250/208.43 = 20.39

From IS: 800-84 allowable stress in axial compressive for the steel having yield stress as
260N/mm2

σα = 150.883N/mm2

Force carrying capacity of the members = 150.883 x 30984 / 1000 = 4674.96N/mm 2

Hence Safe

The Area provided as follows

2 web plate 600mm x 12mm = 14400mm2

2 Additional plate with web = 2x600x8 = 9600mm 2

 4ISA 200mm x 150mm x 10mm = 4x34000 = 13600mm 2

Total gross area provided = 37600mm2, Use 22mm ф bars reverts, Assuming that 16
reverts would be necessary for connecting main members and for lacing

Area of holes = [4x235x10] + [4x23.5(10+12+8)] + [2x23.5(8+12)] = 9400mm2

Net area provided, 37600-9400 = 28200mm2 < 24633.9mm2

The member may be checked for combined and equivalent stress.

STEP-7 : DESIGN OF VERTICAL MEMBERS

Compression force = 559.72KN

Tensile force = 340.16KN

The overall depth of vertical member is kept equal to the internal width of top chord
member, loss twice the thickness of gusset plate = (644- 2x22) = 600mmm

Length between c/c intersection = 600mm

Length of effective of meter = 0.7 x 6000 = 4200mm

Assuming allowable stress in actual compression, for the steel having yield stress ads
260KN/m2 and Slenderness ratio as 70

σoc = 115N/mm2

Area required = (559.72x1000)/115 = 4867.13mm 2

Provide 4ISA 125mm x 75mm x 8mm,

Area provided = 4 x 1538 =6152mm2

Ixx = [5x67.2 + 4x15.38x(30-1.68)2]x104 = 49676.42x104mm4

Iyy = [4x245.5x4x15.38x(4.15+0.5)2]x104 = 2312.22x104mm4

rmin = (2312.22x104)/115 = 61.31mm

Slenderness ratio = 4200/61.31 = 68.51

From IS : 800-84 for steel having yield stress as 260N/mm2, σoc = 116.64N/mm2

Force carrying capacity of member = (116.64 x 6152)/1000 = 717.56KN

 Hence Safe

To check for tension @ the member, fmin = 340.16KN, fmax = -559.72KN

(-fmin/fmax) = -0.0608 from IS : 1915 – 1961,

K=0.638, Allowable stress in axial tension, allowing the effect of fatigue =

0.638x(0.6x260) = 99.528N/mm2

Net area required = (340.16 x 1000)/99.528 = 3416.73mm 2

Gross area provided = 61509mm2

Area of rivet holes = 4x23.5x8 = 752mm2

Net area provided = 6150-752 = 5398mm2 > 3417.73mm2

Hence Safe

STEP-8 : DESIGN OF DIAGONAL MEMBER

Tensile force = 727.66KN

Compressive force = 442.19KN

Fmin = 442.19KN, fmax = 727.66KN

(-fmin/fmax) = 442.19/727.66 = -0.607

From IS : 1951 – 1961, K=0.6372, Allowable stress in axial tension, allowing the effect of
fatigue = 0.6372 x 0.6 x 260 = 99.40N/mm2

Net area required = 727.66 x 1000 / 99.40 = 7320.52mm 2

Area of rivet holes = 4x23.5x10 = 940N/mm2

Gross area needed = 7320 + 940 = 8260mm2

Provide 4ISA 125x95x12mm

Gross area provided = 4 x2498 = 9992mm 2

Hence Safe.

The section for U4L5 is shown in figure

STEP-9 : DESIGN OF JOINT U4

 Use 20mm ф power driver series

Strength of rivet in single shear = ∏/4 x (23.5)2x100 /1000 = 43.35KN

Strength of rivet Bearing = 23.5 x 10x300/1000 = 70.5KN

Revit value, R = 43.35KN

Force in U2U4 = 3535.47KN

U4U5 = 3676.89KN

The top chord member is a continuous member. The rivets are provided for the
different forces

No. of rivet required = (3676.89-3535.47)/43.35 = 3.26

Provide 16 rivets

Force U4L5 (max) = 727.66KN

No of rivets required = 727.66/43.35 = 16.78 ≈ 20 no’s

STEP-10 :

The joint U4 is as below diagram

The gusset plates are kept 22mm thick

DESIGN OF HEMISPHERICAL BOTTOMED STEEL TANK
Design a elevated steel tank, circular in shape for 200000litres capacity with circular
girder supported on suitable number of columns. The shape of bottoms may be assumed as
hemispherical.

STEP-1: DESIGN

Capacity of the tank = 200000litres = 200x103 x 106/109 = 200m3

The circular tank with hemispherical bottom, as shown in fig. is provided the height of
tank is assumed as 0.8times the diameter of the tank.

Capacity of the tank = [(π/4)d3x10.8d] + 0.5x(4/3)xπx(d/2)3

0.2πd3+ (π/12)xd+3 =0.283 πd3

d=6.08m ; Say d=6.10m

Height of the cylindrical shell of tank = 0.8x6.10 =4.8m

STEP-2: THICKNESS OF SLAB

The stress in plate in cylindrical shell

σ = (5h.d/t) N/mm2

Let the efficiency of riveted joint be 70%. Then thickness of plate:

t= (5h.d/n. σ)

Allowable stress in tension in plate is 0.8 x0.6x250 N/mm 2 = 1.772m

t=(5x4.88x6.10)/(0.70x0.6x250x0.8)

The thickness of plate should not less than 6mm. Thick plate in cylindrical Shell of tank

The stress in plate,

Te=5h.r/t N/mm2

h=[4.88+(0.5x6.10)] =7.83m

r=(1/2)6.10 m

Thick of bottom plate, t = (5x7.93x6.10)/(0.8x0.6x250x0.70x2) =1.44mm

STEP-3: REVITED CONNECTION

Hoop stress in vertical joint or cylindrical shell or Tank

σ = (5h.d/t+ N/mm2

The stress per linear vertical joint or plate

F1=5h.d/t x(t) = 5h.d N/mm = 5x4.88x6.10 =148.84N/mm

Provide 16mm dia rivets from 6mm thickness of plate strength= (π/4)17.52x0.8/100 =
19.23KN

Strength of rivets in bending of 6mm thick

= (17.5x6x0.8x300)/1000 =25.2KN

Pitch of rivets = (2x19.23x1000)/148.14 = 258mm

The spacing B/W the rivets along the calculated edge of the plate should not be greater
than 10times of thickness of plate.

=5t = 5x[4.88 +(6.10/2)]x(6.10/2) = 120N/mm < 148.84N/mm

Provide 16mm φ rivets at 60mm spacing

STEP-4: REVITED CONNECTION B/W SIDE AND BOTTOM PLATE

There are no included (or) compressive stresses in a hemispherical bottom of tank.

Therefore the horizontal connection b/w side and bottom plate is also provided as double
riveted top joint with 16mm φ rivets.

STEP-5: CIRCULAR GIRDER

The circular girder is supported on six columns weight of water, W= 10KN/m3 = 2000KN.

Self-weight = [πx6.20x9.88x(6/100)+2π(6.102/2)x (6/1000)] x 79 = 72KN

The thickness of plate is conical roof any be adopted as 5mm. The pitch of conical roof is
kept in 4.

Height of conical roof = 6.10/4 = 1.525m

Weight of conical roof = ∏/2 x 6.10 ((6.10/2)2 + (1.525)2)1/2 x 5/1000 x 79 = 12.90KN

Weight of tank and conical roof is increased by 20% for revit and overlap
 Weight of tank and conical roof = (1.2x(72x12.90)) = 101.88KN

Assume self-weight of circular girder = 1.60KNm

Weight of circular girder = 1.60 x ∏ x 6.10 = 30.646KN

Total weight acting on the girder, W = 2000+101.88+30.646 = 2132.53KN

When the circular girder is supported on six columns, then the maximum bending
moment occurs at the supports

Maximum BM = -0.01482WR

=-0.01482 x 2132.53 x 6.10/2 = -96.39KNm

Maximum tension occurs at a point 1244 from supports.

Maximum tension occurs = 0.00151WR

= 0.00151 x 2132.53x6.10/2 = 9.82KNm

Maximum shear force in the circular girder = 2132.53/6x2 =177.71KN

Maximum allowable stress in bending is = 0.8x(0.66x250)N/mm 2

Section modulus required = (96.39x106) / (0.8x0.66x250) = 730.22 x103mm3

The section of circular girder consist of 1.5m of plate of the cylindrical shell of the
circular tank and 2ISA 200mm x 200mm x25mm

Torsional constant = ∑1/3 bt3

= 2[1/2x200x(125)3 + (200-25)/3 x 253] + [1/3 x 1500 x 163]mm4

= 412.22x104mm4

The section of circular girder adopted is shown in figure.

Shear stress due to torsion, q=T/k, tmax =9.82x106 / 412.22x104 (25+6)

= 73.85N/mm2

The cross sectional area of circular girder = (2x9380 + 1500x6) = 27760mm 2

Shear stress due to shear force, Ԏv = 177.71x1000 / 27760

= 6.4N/mm2
 Total shear stress = 73.85 + 6.4 = 80.25 N/mm2 < 100N/mm2

Hence safe moment of inertia of the section,

I = [1/2 x 0.6 x (150)3 + 2 x 243.3 + 2x93.8(75-5.88)2

= 1053486.6 x 104mm4

Section modulus of the section, Z = 1053486.6x104 / 750 = 14046.5x103mm3

> modulus of section required

Hence Safe

Bending stress,σbt = M/Z = 93.39x106 / 14046.5x103 = 6.65N/mm2

Hoop stress, σ = *5hd / tr+ = (5x4.88x6.10 / 6x0.70) = 35.44N/mm 2

σ+σbt = 35.44 + 6.55 = 42.09N/mm2

Total shear stress = 80.25N/mm2

Principle stresses, σ1 = 42.09/9 +[(42.09/2)2 + 80.252]1/2 = 104.04N/mm2

< 0.8 x 150 N/mm2

Hence Safe.

The circular girder provided along with circular tank

It is note that if eight number of column would have been provided, then the magnitude
of torsion would have been less than light angle sections would have also sufficient.