Design a double cantilever bridge to suit the following data: Total length of the bridge = 77 m

Fig. 14.5 Analysis of Critical Section at Articulation.

Road width ¿ 7.5 m between kerbs
Footpaths ¿ 1.8 m on either side
Spacing of the Tee beams ¿ 1.8 m
Loading: I.R.C. class AA tracked vehicle
Materials: M-25 grade concreıe, Fe-415 grade HYSD bars
Design the salient structural elements of the bridge and sketch the details of reinforcements.

1 Arrangements of Spans
Total length of the bridge deck ¿ 77 m
Central span ¿ 27 m End span ¿ 25 m
(x / y) ¿ 4  and ( x+ y )=25
y ¿ 5 m  and  x=20 m

The general arrangement of spans is shown in Fig. 14.6.

Spacings of beams ¿ 1.8 m
The width of beam ¿ 450 mm
Footpaths ¿ 1.8 m on either side

Fig. 14.6 Arrangement of Spans in Double Cantilever Bridge.

The cross-section of the bridge deck showing the general arrangement of Tee beams and foot path is
shown in Fig. 14.7.
Fig. 14.7 General Arrangement of Tee Beams.
2. Design of Deck Slab 6
Thickness of deck slab assumed as 200 mm
Thickness of the wearing coat −80 mm
Width of main girder ¿ 450 mm
Spacing between main girders ¿ 1.8 m
The slab is supported and continuous over Tee beams.
Dead weight of slab −( 0.2× 24)=4.80 kN /m 2
Dead weight of W.C. ¿(0.08× 22)=1.76
Total dead load ¿ 6.56 kN /m2
Since the slab is continuous
Maximum D.L.B.M. ¿ ( 0.8 × 6.56× 1.82 ) /8=2.12kN ⋅ m
The live load B.M. will be maximum when the L.R.C. Class AA tracked vehicle wheel is placed at the
centre of span as shown in Fig. 14.8.
Effective width of slab, perpendicular to span is expressed as
In this case

b e =K ×(1−x /L)+ bw

x ¿ 0.9 m
B ¿ 27 m( B/ L)=15
L ¿ 1.8 m
b e ¿ 3.6+(2 ×0.08)=3.76 m

From Table 4.6 for ( B/ L)=15

Continuous slab, value of K=2.60

∴ be =2.6 × 0.9[ 1−(0.9/1.8)]+ 3.76=4.93 m

Average intensity of load ¿ 350/( 1.01× 4.93)=70.3 kN / m2

M max =[0.5(70.3 ×1.01 ×0.9)−0.5(70.3 ×1.01)(0.25 ×1.01)]=23 kN ⋅m

Live load moment ¿(1.25 × 0.8× 23)=23 kN ⋅m

Total service load moment −( M g + M q )=( 2.12+ 23)=25.12 kN ⋅ m
Design ultimate moment is computed by applying load factors as

M u=[ 1.35 M g +1.5 M q )=[(1.35 ×2.12)+(1.5 ×23)]=37.4 kN ⋅m

Fig. 14.8 Live Load Position on Slab for Maximum B.M. and S.F.

√ Mu
√
6
Effective depth of slab required ¿ d= 37.4 ×10
= =104 mm ¿
0.138 f ck b−¿ 0.138 ×25 ×1000
Adopt effective depth ¿ d=150 mm and overall depth ¿ 200 mm
Using 16 mm diameter bars and effective cover of 50 mm
Effective depth provided ¿ 150 mm

( )(
Mu
)
6
37.4 × 10
2
= 2
=1.66 , using M −25 grade concrete and Fe-415 HYSD bars
b.d 1000 ×150
Read out the percentage of reinforcement required from Table 3 of SP: 167 Design Aids

pt =0.500= ( 100b . dA )
tt

 Solving  A st = ( 0.500 ×100

1000× 150
)=750 mm 2

From shear considerations larger quantity of steel is required.

For short span, Provide 20 mm diameter bars at 150 mm centers ( A st provided ¿ 2094 m 2 )
For long span, provide 10 mm diameter bars at 150 mm centers.
Maximum shear force in the slab occurs when the load position is as shown in Fig. 14.8(b). For this
position of load,

x=0.505 m, L=1.8 m , B=27 m ,( B/ L)=15 , bw =3.76 m, K=2.60

From Table 4.6

 b e =2.6 ×0.505 1− ( 0.505
1.8 )
+3.76=4.7 m

Average intensity of load ¿ [(350× 1.25)/(1.01× 4.70)]=92.16 kN / m2

Maximum live load shear ¿ ¿
Dead load shear ¿(6.56× 1.8)/2=5.9 kN
Total Design service load shear −V =(67+5.9)=72.9 kN
Design ultimate load shear −[(1.35× 5.9)+(1.5 ×67)]=108.5 kN
The Ultimate Shear Strength of the section is calculated as per specifications of IRC: 112-2011 in
reinforced concrete members without shear reinforcements, given as

V Rd/ ¿= 0.12 K ( 80 ρ f
[ 1 ck )
0.3 y
]b w
d¿

where
and

K ¿ 1+
√ 200
d
≤ 2.00= 1+[ √ ]
200
200
=2.00  (taken as 2.0) 
=¿
ρ1 ¿
( )
A sl
bw⋅ d
≤ 0.02

¿ ¿
3 Preliminary Design of Longitudinal Girder Sections
Preliminary design of the critical sections is carried out by using the elastic method to
determine the depth of the girders. The self weight of the girder strips are determined and
used to calculate the dead load moments using the influence lines.
(a) Preliminary Design
Assuming an approximate section for portion A , B , C as shown in Fig. 14.9.
(i) Loads on AB
Weight of slab (0.2 ×1.8 ×24 )=8.64 kN
Weight of W.C. (0.08 ×1.8 × 22)=3.17 kN
Self-weight of girder (1.5 ×0.45 × 24)=16.20 kN
Weight of fillets ¿ size ¿;
(2 ×0.5 × 0.15× 0.15 ×24)=0.54 kN

Total load ¿ m=28.55 kN

Dead load shear at A=(28.55 ×20)/2=285.5 kN
Live load shear at A (Approximate value) ¿ 350.0 kN
Total shear ¿ 635.5 kN

2
Permitting a shear stress τ v =1 N / mm (with shear reinforcements)
Section at A.C.G. are arrived at by rough design. The section at A is designed for shear and section
C.G. for B.M.
Fig. 14.9 Preliminary Design.
Effective depth d= ( Vb , τ ψ )

¿ ( 635.5 ×10 ) ( 450 ×1)=1412 mm

3

Adopt an overall depth of 1500 mm at A

(ii) Cantilever B .C .
Referring to Fig. 14.10(a)
Reaction at B due to dead weight of girder AB

¿ 285.5 kN

B.M. at C due to reaction at B=(285.5 ×5)

−1427.5 kN ⋅m

B.M. due to self weight of cantilever at C

¿(1.5 × 0.45× 5 ×5/2)+(1/2 ×1.2× 5 ×0.45 ×5 /3) 24

¿ 256.3 kN ⋅m

B.M. due to weight of slab, W.C. and fillets over cantilever B.C.

2
¿ 0.5(8.64+3.17+ 0.54)5 =154.4 kN ⋅m

Total dead load B.M. at C=2123.7 kN ⋅m

Referring to Fig. 14.10(b)
Live load B.M. at C is given by

0.5(4.3+5)(3+0.6)(350 /3.6)=1627.5 kN ⋅ m
Total design B.M. at C=3751.2 kN ⋅m
Using M-25 Grade Concrete and Fe-415 HYSD bars, M =1.10 b d 2

∴ d=√ ( 3751.2× 106 ) / (1.10× 450)=2752 mm

Since section C will be designed as a doubly reinforced section an overall depth of 2.7 m can be
adopted.

Fig. 14.10 Preliminary Design of Section at C .

(iii) Section for Mid Span at G

The preliminary section assumed at centre of span G is shown in Fig. 14.11. Loads on Span CGD
Dead load due to deck, W.C., and fillets

¿( 8.64+3.17+ 0.54)=12.35 kN /m

Self-weight of girder

¿ 0.5(2.7 +2.1)( 0.45× 24)=25.92

Total load ¿ 38.27 kN /m

  ve moment due to D.L. ¿(1 /2 ×27 × 6.75× 38.27)−3487 kN ⋅m
 ve moment due to D.L. ¿(1 /2 ×5 × 2.5× 2× 38.27)
¿−478 kN ⋅ m

 ve moment due to cantilever loads

¿( 285.5× 2.5× 2)=1427 kN ⋅m

Net + ve B.M. due to dead load at G=1582 kN 'm

Maximum + ve B.M. due to live load at G

¿ 2 ×1/2(5.8+6.75)1.8 (350/3.6)=2196 kN ⋅ m

Total design B.M. at G=3778 kN ⋅ m for rectangular beam action at centre

√
Approximate depth d= ( 3778 × 106 ) /(1.10 × 450)=2762 mm
Since Tee beam action will be prevalent, an over all depth of 2100 mm will be sufficient.
(iv) The sections chosen at different parts such as cantilevers, mid span and supports is detailed
below:
Referring to Fig. 14.12.
Equation of curve AC ' (origin at C ' ) is

y ¿ ( 4 r /L2 ) ×( L−x )
¿ ¿ 0.00192 ×(50−x )

The ordinates of the girder at sections 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 are tabulated in Table 14.1.
Table 14.1 Ordinates of Girder AC

Equation of curve for central span CD is given by

y=[(4 ×0.6)×(27−x )]/272=0.0032×(27−x)

The ordinates of the girder for half the span CG is shown in Table 14.2.
Table 14.2 Ordinates of Girder CG.
The self weight of the various girder strips shown in Fig. 14.2, is compiled in Table 14.3.
(b) The bending moments and shear forces at various sections are computed using the influence line
diagrams and tables as detailed below:
Refer Tables 14.4 to 14.19 , and Figs. 14.13 to 14.28.
4. Influence Lines 9 for Bending Moments and Shear Forces
The influence lines for bending moment and shear force at various cross sections computed in Tables
14.4 to 14.19 are shown Figs. 14.13 to 14.28 .
(b) Infiuence line for shear lorce at B
Fig. 14.28 influence Lines for Bending Moment at 6 and Shear force at B.
5. Abstract of Service Load Bending Moments and Shear Forces at Various Sections
The design moments and shear forces calculated from Tables are computed in Table 14.18 and 14.19.
6. Design Ultimate Moments and shear Forces at Critical Sections
a) Support Section-C

M u=[ ( 1.35 M z+ 1.5 M q ) ]=[(1.35 ×2240)+(1.5 ×1790)]=−5709 kN ⋅ m

V u=[ ( 1.35V g +1.5 V q ) ] =[(1.35 × 455+1.5 ×358)]=1151 kN

b) Centre of Middle Span-G

M u=[ ( 1.35 M g +1.5 M 4 ) ]=[(1.35× 1232)+(1.5 ×2416)]=5287 kN ⋅ m

c) Centre of Simply Supported Span-6

M u=[ ( 1.35 M g +1.5 M q ) ]=[(1.35× 1655)+(1.5 ×1733)]=4834 kN ⋅ m

d) Support Section at A

V u= [ ( 1.35V g +1.5 V q ) ]=[(1.35 × 320)+(1.5 ×347)]=952kN

e) Articulation Section-B
 V u= [ ( 1.35V g +1.5 V q ) ]=[(1.35 × 349)+(1.5× 347)]=992kN

7 Design of Reinforcements at Critical Sections

Using M-25 Grade concrete and Fe-415 HYSD reinforcements
2 2
f ck =25 N / mm  and  f y =415 N / mm

Width of Girder ¿ b=450 mm, Overall depth provided ¿ D=2700 mm

a) Support Section-C

M u ¿−5709 kN ⋅m
Vu ¿ 1151 kN

Effective depth of beam required ¿ d=

Mu
√
0.138 f ck b
Providing an effective depth ¿ d=2550 mm
=
√
5709 ×106
0.138 ×25 × 450
=1917 mm

Compute the parameter ratio ( M u /b , d E ) =[ ( 5709 ×106 ) / ( 450 ×25502 ) ] =1.95 N /mm2
Refer SP: 16 Design Table 3 and read out the reinforcement percentage corresponding to

f ck ¿ 25 N /mm2  and  f y =415 N /mm2  as 

pt ¿ ( 100 A s /b . d )=0.601
2
∴ A st ¿[(0.601 × 450× 2550)/100 ]=6897 mm

Use 8 bars of 36 mm diameter ( A¿ =8143 mm )

[ ][
Vu
]
3
1151× 10 2
Nominal shear stress ¿ τ v = = =1.00< τ cmax =3.1 N /mm
bw ⋅ d 450× 2550
2
For pt =0.601, interpolate τ c from table 19 of IS: 456−2000 as τ c =0.54 N / mm
Design shear strength of concrete ¿ V c =( τ c b .d . d )=(0.54 × 450 ×2550)=( 619 × 10 ) N
3

Since V u >V c , shear reinforcements are required

Balance shear force ¿(1151−619)=532 kN
Using 10 mm diameter 4-legged vertical stirups, the spacing is obtained as

Sv =
( V us )(
0.87 f y A sy d
=
0.87 × 415× 4 × 79 ×2550
532 ×1000 )
=546 mm

Provide the vertical stirrups at a spacing of 300 mm near supports gradually inereased to 500 mm
towards the centre of span.

b) Centre of Middle Span-G

M w =5287 kN ⋅ m

The moment being almost similar in magnitude to that at support, provide the same reinforcement of 8
bars of 36 mm diameter on the tension side, with nominal stirrups of 10 mm 4-legged at a spacing
of 500 mm .
c) Centre of Simply Supported Span-6
M w =4834 kN ⋅ m , bw =450 mm , b f =1800 mm , D=1700 mm , d=1550 mm , Dr =200 mm
Section designed as tee beam with slab thickness of 200 mm , overall depth of 1700 mm , width of
beam as 450 mm.

The ultimate moment capacity of the flange section alone is computed assuming ( x u=200 mm )

M ur ¿ [ 0.36 f ck ×b f × Dr ( d−0.42 x w ) ]
¿ ¿ 4750 kN ⋅m

The area of tensile steel to resist this moment is given by

A st =
( M ur
)(
0.87 f y ( d−0.42× D t )
=
4750 ×10 6
0.87 × 415(1550−0.42× 200) )
=8974 mm2

Balance moment −(4834−4750)=84 kN ⋅m . The area of tensile steel to resist this moment is
small, increase the area of steel by 10 percent so that the total steel required at this section is

Ast =(8974 +896)=9870 mm2

Provide 10 bars of 36 mm diameter ( A st =10178 mm )

2

d) Articulation Section-B (Section-4)

The articulation has to be designed for the following forces:

1 The separating force

2 Cantilever action
3 Combined bending and direct stresses
4 Shear force
The direct and bending stresses on oblique planes are found out from which the worst section
can be located. The shear force normal thrust and moment at the section can then be
calculated. Depth of girder at articulation ¿ 2.3 m .
A roller of 23 cm diameter is provided at the articulation.
Articulation reaction ¿ 696 kN
Oblique planes inclined at 0 , 13∘ ,23∘ , 32∘ , 36∘ and 45 ' to the vertical are considered and the
forces on these sections are tabulated as shown in Table 14.20 and Fig. 14.29.
5 Fig. 14.29 Articulation at Section B.
Service load bending moment ¿ 383 ×106 N . mm
Direct service load tension ¿ 368 ×103 N
Depth of the girder ¿ 1150 mm
Width of girder ¿ 450 mm
Fig. 14.30 shows the forces acting at the articulation section- 4
Fig. 14.30 Forces Acting at Articulation Section.
The service dead & L.L shear acting on the Critical section are computed using Table 14.17.
Shear due to service loads at section- 4 of articulation (Critical section at θ=32∘ )
Dead load shear ¿ V g=347 kN
8
Live load shear ¿ V q =349 kN
Horizontal Distance of centroid of section from load ¿ x=551 mm=0.551 m
Dead load moment ¿ M g =( V g x )=(347 ×0.551)=191.19 kN ⋅m
 Live load moment ¿ M q =( V q )=(349 ×0.551)−192.29 kN ⋅ m
g g

Direct tension due to dead load ¿ T z =184 kN

6 Direct tension due to live load ¿ T q=349 sin ⁡32∘=185 kN
For θ=32∘ , sin ⁡θ=0.5299 and cos ⁡θ=0.8480
M u=[ ( 1.35 M g +1.5 M q ) ]=[(1.35× 191.19)+(1.5 ×192.29)]=546.5 kN ⋅m
7
T u =[ ( 1.35 T g +1.5T q ) ]=[(1.35× 184)+(1.5 ×185)]=526 kN
8 The section-4 at articulation subjected to bending moment and tension is designed using SP-
16 design hand book Chart-68.
Overall depth of section ¿ D=1150 mm , Pu =T u =526 kN and M u=546.5 kN ⋅m Width of
section ¿ b=450 mm
Cover to tension steel ¿ d=60 mm and effective depth ¿ d=(1150−60)−1090 mm
Compute the parameters ( Pu / f ck bD ) and ( M u / f ck b D ) for referring to Chart-68 of SP-16
2

( Pu
)( )
3
526 × 10
= =0.04
f ck bD 25× 450 ×1150

( )( )
9 Mu 546.5 ×10
6

2
= =0.036
f ck b D 25 × 450 ×11502
¿
10 Interpolate the value of the ratio ( p/ f ck ) =0.04 where A s1 =( pbD/100)

11 Amt =
pbD
100 ( )(
=
0.04 × 25× 450 ×1150
100 ) =5175 mm
2

12 The area of steel is arranged equally on the compression and tension side.
Provide 4 bars of 36 mm diameter at the tension and compression face of the articulation.
Area of tensile steel provided ¿ Ast =4071 mm2
Maximum service load shear force at the section ¿ ( V g+ V ∇ )=(347+349)=696 kN
Design ultimate load shear ¿ V w =[(1.35 ×347)+(1.5× 349)]=992 kN

Nominal shear stress ¿ τ v =

[ ][
Vv
bw ⋅d
=
992 ×103
450× 1090 ]
=2.02<τ cmax=3.1 N /mm
2

13 Pt =( 100 A st /bd ) =[( 100× 4071)/(450 × 1090)]=0.82

14 For pt =0.82, interpolate τ c from table 19 of IS: 456−2000 as τ c =0.60 N / mm
2

Design shear strength of concrete ¿ V c =τ e ⋅ b . d )=(0.60 × 450× 1090)−( 294 × 103 ) N

Since V u >V c ¿ shear reinforcements are required
+¿

Balance shear force ¿ V w =(992−294)=698 kN

Using 12 mm diameter 4-legged vertical stirrups, the spacing is obtained as

15 Sv =
(
0.87 f y A sv d
V us
=
)(
0.87 × 415× 4 × 113 ×1090
698 ×1000 )
=254 mm

16 Provide the vertical stirrups at a spacing of 100 mm near the articulations and gradually
increased to 200 and 300 mm towards the centre of span.

17 Reinforcement Details
The details of reinforcements in the deck slab and tee beams conforming to the specifications
laid down in SP: 34-1987 年 are shown in Fig. 14.31.
The longitudinal section of the central half of the main span CD with the details of reinforcements is
shown in Fig. 14.32.

The longitudinal section of the simply supported span AB with reinforcement details are shown in
Fig. 14.33. The details of reinforcements at the articulation junction are shown in Fig. 14.34.