Example 1:

Figure above shows a plan view of a school building. It is constructed using cast in-
situ method and the slab spans 3 x 8 m each. Prepare a complete design of beam
2/A-D for both maximum moment and maximum shear at mid-span and support.

Design data:
Slab thickness = 110 mm
Characteristic dead load (including self weight), gk = 15 kN/m
Characteristic live load, qk = 9 kN/m
Nominal cover, c = 30 mm
Concrete’s characteristic strength, fck = 25 N/mm2
Steel characteristic strength (main), fyk = 500 N/mm2
Beam size, bw x h = 225 x 500 mm
Design Moment, M
Design Ultimate Load, w
w = 1.35gk + 1.5qk
= 1.35(15) + 1.5(9)
= 33.75 kN/m

Design Moment, M

F = wL = ( 33.75 ) x ( 8 ) = 270 kN
w = 33.75 kN

121.5 kN 148.5 kN 162 kN

162 kN 148.5 kN 121.5 kN

237.6 kN.M 237.6 kN.M

194.4 kN.M 151.2 kN.M 162 kN.M

194.4 kN.M
Calculate Effective Depth, d
• Assume
Ø bar = 20 mm
Ø link = 8 mm
• d = h – c - Ø link - Ø bar/2 = 500 – 30 – 8 - 20/2 = 452 mm
Effective Flange Width
Effective Flange Width

beff = ∑ beff i + bw < b

bw = 225mm
b = b1 + b2 + bw = 3000mm
beff i = 0.2bi + 0.1 lo < 0.2 lo

lo values
Mid span A-B & C-D => lo = 0.85 (8000) = 6800 mm
Mid span B – C => lo = 0.7 (8000) = 5600 mm

Since maximum moment at Span A-B & C-D, so lo= 6800mm

Mid span A-B & C-D

bi = b1= b2 = (3000 – 225)/2 = 1388 mm

beff i = 0.2(1388) + 0.1 (6800) < 0.2 (6800)

beff i = 958< 1360 === ok

So,
beff = (beff 1 + beff 2) + bw < b = (958 + 958) + 225 = 2141 < 3000 ===ok
Main Reinforcement for span A-B & C-D

M = 0.09FL = 194.4 kNm

Mf = 0.567 fck b hf (d – 0.5 hf) = 0.567 (25) (2141) (110) (425 – [0.5 x110])
= 1235 kNm
So,
M < Mf ==== Neutral axis within the flange

Design Longitudinal Reinforcement

K = M / fckbd2
= 194.4 x 106
25 (2141) (425)2
= 0.02 < 0.167
so, used singly reinforcement

z = d (0.5 +  (0.25 – k / 1.134)

= d (0.5 +  (0.25 – 0.02 / 1.134)
= 0.98d < 0.95d
so take z = 0.95d
 As = M / 0.87fykz
= 194.4 x 106
0.87(500) (0.95 x 425)
Asreq = 1106 mm2
From Table A.1, provide 4H20, Asprov = 1260 mm2

Checking max and min steel areas

As,min = 0.13bd/100
= 0.13(225 x 425) / 100
= 124.3 mm2, As > As min  ok

As,max = 4.0bh/100
= 4(225 x 425) / 100
= 3825 mm2, As max > As  ok
Shear reinforcement design
Vmax =162 kn

VRd,c = [0.12 k (100 1 fck)1/3 ]bw d

k = 1 +(200/d) = 1 + (200/452) = 1.67 < 2 (ok)

1 = Asl/(bw d) = 1260/(225 x 452) = 0.01< 0.02 (ok)

VRd,c = [0.12(1.67)(100x0.01x25)1/3](225)(452)
= 59.6kN

Since VRd,c < V,Ed therefore shear reinforcement is required.

Based on  = 22o
V,Rd,max (22) = [0.36*bw*d(1-fck/250)*fck]/[cot  + tan ]
= [0.36(225)(452)(1-25/250)(25)]/[cot 22o + tan 22o]
= [823.77 / 2.5 + 0.4]
= 284.06 kN

Since V,Rd, max(22) > VEf, therefore

Determine shear link

Asw/s > VEd /[0.78 d fyk cot ]
> 162kN/[0.78*452*500*cot(22)]
> 0.37

Select spacing, s = 250 mm (Table A.4)

Maximum link spacing
Smax = min(600, 0.75d)
= min (600, 0.75d)
= min (600, 0.75 (452))
= min (600, 339)

Since s = < smax , therefore the link spacing is ok

Check min shear link areas

[Asw/s]min > [0.08√fck /fyk]*(bw sin α)
> [0.08√(25)/500]*(225)(1)
> 0.18

H8@250 c/c is acceptable

Design Longitudinal Reinforcement at support

• Maximum moment at support B & C (design as rectangular section)

• M = 0.11 FL = 236.6 kNm

K = M / fckbd2
= 237.6 x 106
25 (225) (452)2
= 0.207 > 0.167
so, used doubly reinforcement (compression steel is required)

z = d 0.5 +  (0.25 – K / 1.134)

= d 0.5 +  (0.25 – 0.167 / 1.134)
= 0.82d < 0.95d
so take z = 0.85d

d’ = 30 + Ø link + 0.5 Ø bar

= 30 + 8 + 10 =48mm
Compression Steel, As’
As’ = (K – Kbal)fckbd2)
0.87fyk (d –d’)
= (0.207 – 0.167)(25 x 225 x 4522)
0.87 (500)(452 – 48)
= 261 mm2
From Table A.1, provide 2H20, As’ = 628 mm 2

Tension steel, As
As = Kbalfckbd2 + As’
0.87fyk z
= 0.167 x 25 x 225 x 4522 + 261
0.87 x 500 x 0.82 x 452
= 1190 mm2
From Table A.1, provide 4H20, As = 1260 mm 2
Crack Checking
Check min spacing of reinforcement
Clear distance between bars, s
s = (width,b – 2cnom – 2no of Ø link - no of Ø bar)
No. of spacing
= 225 – (2x30) – (2x8) - (4x20)
3
= 89
3
= 23mm < max[Øbar ; dg (say 20 mm)+5 mm ; 20]

Check max bar spacing

fs = fyk x Gk + 0.3Qk x 1
1.15 (1.35Gk + 1.5Qk) δ

= [500/1.15 ] x [(15 + 0.3(9)) / (1.35(15) + 1.5(9))] x 1

= 228 N/mm2
[From Table 7.3N, take wk = 0.3 mm, max clear spacing is 150 mm > 23 mm

→ Crack check passed

Deflection
ρ = As prov/bd
= 1260/(225 x 452)
= 0.012 ρ < ρo
ρo = √fck x 10-3
= √25 x 10-3
= 0.005

From Table 7.4N, for an continous beam (end span) K = 1.0

(l/d)basic = K 11 + 1.5√fck ρo + 1 √fck √ ρ’
ρ – ρ’ 12 ρo

= 1.3 11 + 1.5(√25) 0.005

0.012 - 0
= 1.3(11 + 3.41)
= 24.60 mm
310/σs = 500/[fyk (As,req/As,pro)]
310/σs = 500/[500(1106/1260)]

(l/d)allowable = (l/d)basic x 310/σs x 7/span

= 24.06 x 1.14 x 7/8
= 23.45mm
(l/d)actual = 8000/452
= 17.7mm

(l/d)allowable > (l/d)actual → the deflection is satisfied.