Reinforced Cement Concrete

What is RCC ?
It is a cement concrete reinforced with steel bars , steel plates , steel mesh , etc to
increase the tension withstanding capacity of the structure.
Cement concrete is strong in compressive strength but weak in
tensile strength. To increase the tensile strength, mild steel bars
are used in cement concrete thereby reinforcing it. These steel
bars are plain in surface or round sections (diameter from 6 to 50
mm.) These rods are manufactured in long lengths and can be
cut quickly and be bent easily without damage. Steel bars used
in cement concrete provide good strength to the structure.

Components of RCC Structures

• RCC Beams • RCC SLAB
• RCC Staircase • RCC Columns
• Foundations
RCC Slab Roof

Types of slab-

•One way slab- •Two way slab-

1. Longer span/shorter 1. Longer span/shorter

span ≥2 span <2
2. Main reinforcement in 2. Main reinforcement in
one direction (shorter) both direction (shorter)
3. Load is carried along 3. Load is carried almost
one direction equal in both direction
Raw Materials for RCC Slab Roof -

1. Cement
2. Coarse aggregate
3. Fine aggregate
4. M.S. Steel bar
5. Binding wire
6. Water
7. Shuttering materials such as wooden Ballies,
Planks, and Iron Plates etc.
Common Defects in Flat/RCC Roofing-

Slopes are not proper and lot of depression is existed on the surface where water is
stagnated.Drip courses are not constructed according to required specifications.
•Broken tiles which create depression are used in tile tracing.
•Supports of water tanks are not finished properly.
•Cement concrete ‘Gola’ with joints of walls and roof is not properly finished.
•Mouth of rainy water pipe is higher than top ‘Khurra’.

Waterproofing of R.C.C. Roofs:-

R.C.C. roofs exposed to weather are susceptible to developing cracks due to shrinkage, variation of
temperature and various other reasons, which provide easy passage to rain water in the form of
leakage causing not only inconvenience to the inmates but also damaging the structure by ushering
corrosion of the reinforcing bars and the concrete itself.
Further, the slabs are comparatively thin and get heated quickly and transmit heat below to the
inconvenience of the inmates.
Advantages of RCC Slab-
•Energy efficient.
•Does not catch fire.
•Provides solid and durable roofing.
•Very versatile and provides greater protection.
•Reduces costs of insurance and has resale value.
•It can be cast to any shape.
• Its monolithic character gives much rigidity to the structure.

Disadvantages -

• Skilled labour is engaged in the work.

• Constant checking is required.
• Scrap value of reinforced members is almost nil.
Reinforced Concrete Slab Design and Detailing :-

Reinforced concrete slab design and detailing guidelines for depth of slab, loads on
slab, reinforcement guide for one-way and two-way slabs as per IS 456:2000 have
been tried to present here.

Reinforced Concrete Slab Design Guidelines:-

a) Effective span of slab:
Effective span of slab shall be lesser of the
two
1.L = clear span + d (effective depth)

L = Center to center distance between the

support
b) Depth of slab:
The depth of slab depends on bending moment and deflection criterion. the
trail depth can be obtained using:
•Effective depth d= Span /((L/d)Basic x modification factor)
•For obtaining modification factor, the percentage of steel for slab can be assumed from
0.2 to 0.5%.
•The effective depth d of two way slabs can also be assumed using cl.24.1,IS 456
provided short span is <3.5m and loading class is <3.5KN/m2

Type of support Fe-250 Fe-415

Simply supported L/35 L/28
Continuous support L/40 L/32

Or, the following thumb rules can be used:

•One way slab d=(L/22) to (L/28).
•Two way simply supported slab d=(L/20) to (L/30)
•Two way restrained slab d=(L/30) to (L/32)

c) Load on slab:

The load on slab comprises of Dead load, floor finish and live load.
The loads are calculated per unit area (load/m2)
Slab laying process

1. Form work- It should be as per (IS : 14687-1999). To retain concrete, formwork or

centering and shuttering is required, which provides the support to the wet concrete until
it has gained sufficient strength to be self supporting.
2. Bending and Binding Steel bars- At the time of designing the slab, it is consider
that concrete is strong in compressive strength but weak in tensile strength, so make the
structure safe against the tensile stress, steel bars are provided.
3. Spacing of steel bars- Steel bars diameter and its spacing in the RCC slab is
calculated by designing the slab according to load and span of the slab. In general
12mm, 10mm and 8mm diameter steel bars are used in RCC slab according to the length
of span of the slab and similarly spacing is from 4.5” to 6” in the main bars and 6” to 8” in
distribution bars.
4. Laying of Cement Concrete – Make walking way on steel bars by placing
wooden plates to avoid disturbance in steel bars. Now start to lay the cement concrete
mix as per design but not below the 1: 2: 4 ratio. The mix should be mechanically mixed
and vibrated after laying on the slab.
5. Curing- After laying the RCC slab it should be cure for 15 days for getting full strength.
 RCC Beam
Beam can be defined as a structural member which carries all vertical loads and resists it from
bending. There are various types of materials used for beam such as steel, wood, aluminum etc.
But the most common material is reinforced cement concrete (RCC).

Depending upon different criteria RCC beam can be of different types such as –

Depending upon shape beams can be T-beam,

rectangular beam, etc.
Depending upon placement of reinforcement –
singly reinforced beam, doubly reinforced
beam.
Classification of beams is basically based on:-

• Classification of beams based on supports

• Classification of beams based on geometry
• Classification of beams based on the shape of cross section
• Classification of beams based on equilibrium conditions
• Classification of beams based on material

.
 1. SIMPLY 2. CONTINUOUS 3. SEMI- 4. CANTILEVER BEAM:
SUPPORTED BEAM: CONTINUOUS A cantilever is a rigid
BEAM: A continuous beam BEAM: structural element, such
A simply supported is a statically With rigid joints, full as a beam or a plate,
beam is a type of indeterminate continuity is assumed anchored at one end to a
beam that has multispan beam on and the composite (usually vertical) support
pinned support at hinged support. The beams are designed from which it protrudes;
one end and roller end spans may be as continuous. ... this connection could
support at the other cantilever, may be Consequently, when also be perpendicular to
end. Depending on freely supported or composite beams are a flat, vertical surface
the load applied, it fixed supported. At attached to columns such as a wall.
undergoes shearing least one of the by semi-rigid and Cantilevers can also be
and bending. It is supports of a partial strength joints, constructed with trusses
the one of the continuous beam they are considered or slabs. When subjected
simplest structural must be able to as semi-continuous. to a structural load, the
elements in develop a reaction cantilever carries the
existence. along the beam load to the support where
axis. it is forced against by a
 Simply supported Beam Continuously Supported Beam

Semi- Continuously Supported Cantilever Beam

Beam
Calculation for beam design:-
Beam ( singly reinforced)
1. Write the given data.
2. Find d, l/d=20 ; D= cover + d
= 25+ d
3. Leff = span + support of width
= L + b/2 + b/2
4. self weight of beam = density of conc * b * D * unit weight
5. Total load = UDL + self weight.
6. Find binding moment ; Mu=WL2eff/8
7. Calculate limiting bending moment, to checkk 'd' ( assumed depth should be > than
actual depth)
Mulim = 0.36 xumax/d ( 1-0.42 xumax/d) bd2fck
check condition;
if Mu> Mulim than doubly reinforced beam
mu < Mu than singly reinforced beam
8. Calculate Ast, area of tension reinforcement
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d ( 1- Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
9. No. of bars = Ast/ast= pie r2

Doubly reinforced
1. Write the given data.
2. Find d, l/d=20 ; D= cover + d
= 25+ d
3. Leff = span + support of width
= L + b/2 + b/2
4. self weight of beam = density of conc * b * D * unit
weight
5. Total load = UDL + self weight.
6. Find binding moment ; Mu=WL2eff/8
7. Calculate limiting bending moment, to checkk 'd' ( assumed depth should be > than actual
depth)
Mulim = 0.36 xumax/d ( 1-0.42 xumax/d) bd2fck
check condition;
if Mu> Mulim than doubly reinforced beam
mu < Mulim than singly reinforced beam

8. Calculate area of tension steel

Ast1 = 0.36 xumax.fck b/0.87 fy
calculate area of compression steel
Ast2 = Mu-Mulim/0.87 (d-d') , d'= 35mm
Total area = Ast1 + Ast2
9. Calculate Asc = Mu - Mulim/ (fsc- 0.446fck)(d-d')
10. No. of bars = Ast ( total )/ pie r2
11. No. of bars = Asc/pie r2
12. Check maximum steel tension = 0.04 bD > Area
of tension steel
 Iron Rod Iron Rod Specifications:
Features: Nominal Diameter (mm) Weight
Corrosion resistance (mm) (kg/m) Iron Rod Specifications:
Nominal Weight
Robustly constructed 6 0.222
Diameter (kg/m)
High efficiency 8 0.395 (mm)
6 0.222
10 0.617
Types: FE 415 8 0.395
12 0.89 10 0.617
FE 500
16 1.58 12 0.89
FE 550 16 1.58
20 2.47
CRS 20 2.47
25 3.85 25 3.85
28 4.83 28 4.83
32 6.31
32 6.31
price 39 perkg 36 7.99
36 7.99
 DIFFERENT TYPES CEMENTS:-
SlNo Types Of Cement Reference Indian Standard
1 Ordinary Portland Cement 33 Grade IS:269
2 Ordinary Portland Cement 43 Grade IS:8112
3 Ordinary Portland Cement 53 Grade IS:12269
4 Rapid Hardening Cement IS:8041

Uses & Application:

53 Grade OPC cement is Used in RCC and pre-stressed concrete of higher grades, cement
grouts, instant plugging mortars etc. where initial higher strength is the criteria. 43 Grade OPC
Cement are commonly used for plastering works, Non-RCC structures, pathways etc where initial
setting time is not of importance.
Prices:
53 grade cements are 2-3% costlier compared to 43 grade cement.
Checklist for Reinforced Cement Works
Making RCC members involve several stages of work. Checking is also done in several stages.
RCC checking stages are –
•Formwork checking
•Reinforcement checking
•Pre-Concreting checking
•Checking during concreting
•Post-concreting checking.
Formwork Checking:
The following checking should be done for formwork of RCC –
• Check the Formwork is properly aligned.
• Check it is cleaned.
• Check it is oiled (if steel formwork)
• Check inner face of formwork is smooth (if wooden formwork).
• Check if the formwork is water-tight.
• Check supports are properly placed and fixed.
• Check width and depth/height of formwork.
• Check thin metal sheets are provided along joints of wooden formwork.
• Check foam is provided along the joint of steel formwork.
Reinforcement checking:
Check steel are placed as per drawing.
• Check rebars are straight.
• Check the dia of rebar.
• Check spacing of rebar.
• Check hooks and bends are placed as specified by structural designer.
• Check the lap length is accurate.
• Check the clear cover.
• Check cover blocks are enough.
• Check the rebars are rust free.
• Check the rebars are crack free.
• Check minimum 1 inch clear distance is maintained between two bars.
• Check the rods are tied properly with binding wire.
Pre-Concreting checking:
• Check all required materials and tools are available at site.
• If you plan to pour concrete at night, check required lighting arrangement is available.
• Check all service line (electrical, sanitary and plumbing, etc.) which go through the RCC member
are properly done.
• Check formwork supports again that those are intact and not displaced.
Checking during concreting:
• Check slump for every 20 cubic meter of concrete.
• Check concrete cubes/cylinder are made for testing.
• Check concrete is collected from 3 or 4 random mixes for making concrete cube/cylinder.
• Check two carpenters are available at shuttering area to take immediate action if anything
happens during pouring.
• Check concrete isn’t being dropped from more than 5′ height.
• Check vibrating is being done properly.
• Check the level of concrete surface.
• Check the finishing of concrete surface.
Post-concreting checking:
• Check curing is being done properly.
• Check formwork removal duration is followed properly.
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