Engineering Science Redspot Question and Answers

NATIONAL CERTIFICATE
ENGINEERING COURSES
ENGINEERING SCIENCE
(340/13/S03)
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Produced by Engineer Fero Brighton 2020 340/S03

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Contents
1 CHAPTER ONE: FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE............................................................... 3
1.1 SI units and definitions.................................................................................................................. 3
1.2 Conversions ................................................................................................................................... 4
2 CHAPTER TWO: FLUID PRESSURE.......................................................................................................... 5
3 CHAPTER THREE: STATICS ..................................................................................................................... 6
3.1 Forces (Vectors) ............................................................................................................................ 6
3.2 Moments ..................................................................................................................................... 11
4 CHAPTER FOUR: FRICTION .................................................................................................................. 17
4.1 Friction on the horizontal plane.................................................................................................. 17
4.2 Friction on the inclined plane ..................................................................................................... 19
5 CHAPTER FIVE: STRENGTH OF MATERIALS ......................................................................................... 27
5.1 Direct or normal stress and strain .............................................................................................. 27
5.2 Shear stress and shear strain ...................................................................................................... 32
6 CHAPTER SIX: KINETICS AND KINEMATICS .......................................................................................... 36
6.1 Linear motion .............................................................................................................................. 36
6.2 Angular motion ........................................................................................................................... 40
7 CHAPTER SEVEN: WORK, ENERGY AND POWER ................................................................................. 43
8 CHAPTER EIGHT: MACHINES ............................................................................................................... 45
9 CHAPTER NINE: HEAT TRANSFER ........................................................................................................ 52
9.1 Quantity of heat and Mixtures.................................................................................................... 52
9.2 Change of phase.......................................................................................................................... 54
9.3 Thermal expansions .................................................................................................................... 55

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1 CHAPTER ONE: FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE
1.1 SI units and definitions

1.1 State the SI units of the following
Quantity SI unit
a. Length metre (m) [1]
b. Time seconds (s) [1]
c. Heat Joules (J) [1]
d. Force Newton (N) [1]
e. Mass Kilograms (kg) [1]
1.2 Define and state the SI unit of the following terms. [1 mark each]
force mass
a. Pressure = area
(Pa) b. Density = volume (kgm-3)
c. force = mass x gravitational acceleration (Newton)
d. time - period between incidents/ events (Seconds)
e. mass – the amount of material/ matter in a body (Kilograms)
1.3 Define
a. Vector – a quantity having both magnitude and direction e.g. force [1]
b. Resultant force – is a single force representative of a system of forces [1]
c. Equilibrant force- is a force if added to an unbalanced system will produce equilibrium [1]
d. Concurrent forces- are forces passing through the same point [1]
e. Moment of a force- tendency of a force to cause rotation. [1]

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1.4 Complete the following table [5]
Multiplier/sub multiplier Value Symbol

Deca 101 da
Hector 102 H
Mega 106 M
1.2 Conversions
2.1 Convert
a. 10 kN/m2 to N/mm2 10 000 x 10-6 = 0.01 N/mm2 [2]
b. 25 bar to N/m2 1 bar = 105 N/m2 i.e. 2.5 MN/m2 [1]
c. 2 litres to mm3 1 m3 = 1 000 litres = 109 mm3 i.e. 2 x 106 mm3 [2]
d. 180 oF to Kelvin oC = 0.56 x (180 – 32) = 0.56 x 148 = 82oC = (82 + 273) k = 355 k [3]
25
e. 25 rad/s to rev/s 2π
= 3.977 rev/s [2]
2.2 Express interval between 5 5000C and 33800c in
a. Degrees 5 500 – 3 380 = 2 1200C [1]
b. Kelvin 2 120 + 273.15 = 2 393.15 K [2]
c. Fahrenheit (1.8 x 2 120) + 32 = 3 848 0F [2]
2.3 Convert the following [2 marks each]
a. 212 0F to 0C b. 25 inch/min to mm/hr
5 25 x 25.4 x 60
[(9) (212 − 32)] = 100 oC (
1
) = 38 100 mm/ hr
c. 400 rad/sec to revs/ min d. 350 kN/cm2 to MN/m2
400 x 60 350 x 1000

( 2π
) = 3 820 revs/ min (1 000 000 x 0.01 x 0.01) = 3 500 N/ m2

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e. 30 foot/min to m/hr
30 x 0.305 x 60
( 1
) = 549 m/ hr
2 CHAPTER TWO: FLUID PRESSURE

3.1 An aluminium bar is 1.5 m long with a square section of 30 mm x 30 mm. Calculate the mass of the bar
given the relative density of aluminium as 2.7. Take density of water as 1 000 kg/m3. [5]
Mass = density x volume
= 2.7 x 1 000 x 0.03 x 0.03 x 1.5
= 3.645 kg [5]
3.2 A relative density bottle has a mass of 95 g when empty and weighs 135 g when filled with water. When
carefully dried and filled with oil, it is found to have a mass of 118 g. What is the relative density of the oil?
Mass of water = 135 -95 = 40 g

Mass of oil = 118- 95 = 23 g
density of oil
Relative density (ρ) = density of water
mass of oil
( )
= volume of oil
mass of water (But volume of water = volume of oil)
( )
volume of water
m ass of oil
= mass of water
mass of oil
Therefore relative density (ρ) = mass of water
23
= 40
= 0.575 [5]
3.3 A block of stone has a volume of 0.0075 m3 and a mass of 19.45 kg. Calculate the relative density of
the stone. [5]
Mass density of stone
Relative density = Density of water
19.45
= 0.007 5 x 1 000

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= 2.6
3.4 Calculate the pressure in Pa given that the manometer reading of mercury is 780 mm. Take the relative
density of mercury as 13.6. [5]
Pressure = ρgh
= 13.6 x 1000 x 0.78
= 10608 Pa
= 1 bar.
3.5 A quantity of lead was found to have a mass of 100 kg. When placed in a measuring cylinder partly full
of water, the water level rose from a reading of 8 000 ml to a reading of 8 880 ml. Estimate the density and
relative density of the lead. [5]
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 100 000 𝑔
Density = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 =8 880−8 000 𝑚𝑙 = 113.64 g/m3
113.64
Relative density = 1
= 113.64
3 CHAPTER THREE: STATICS
3.1 Forces (Vectors)

4.1 Define using sketches [2; 1; 2]
4.2 A box having a mass of 100 kg is suspended in the air by means of ropes fastened to the same point
on the box. One rope makes an angle of 300 and another rope makes an angle of 450 with the horizontal.
Using triangle of forces principles, find the tension in each rope. [10]

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Force Horizontal component Vertical component
981 981 Cos 270o 981 Sin 270o
T1 T1 Cos 135o T1 Sin 135o
T2 T2 Cos 30o T2 Sin 30o
∑Horizontal components = 0 ∑Vertical components = 0
0 + (- 0.707106T1) + 0.866T2 = 0 … … … (i)

(-981) + 0.707106T1 + 0.5T2 = 0 … … … (ii)
Solving simultaneously
1.366T2 = 981
981
T2 = 1.336
= 718.16 N
Substituting for T2 in equation (i)

(0.866 x 718.16) = 0.707106T1
621.922
T1 = 0.707106
= 879.53 N
4.3 Four coplanar forces act at a point as shown below. Determine the value and direction of the resultant
force by (a) drawing (b) by calculation.
Produced by Fero Engineer Brighton 2020 340/S03

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(a) From Figure below, by drawing, resultant, R = 8.7 N and θ = 230°.
(b) By calculation:
Total horizontal component,
H = 4 cos 90° + 5 cos 180° + 8 cos 225° + 7 cos 315° = -5.7071
Total vertical component,
V = 4 sin 90° + 5 sin 180° + 8 sin 225° + 7 sin 315° = -6.6066
Hence, resultant, R = √(−5.7071)2 + (−6.6066)2 = 8.73 N

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V −6.6066
And θ = tan-1(H) = tan-1(−5.707 1) = 229.18°
4.4 Analytically find the magnitude and direction of the Resultant force of the components of forces shown.
[10]
Solution
Force Vertical components Horizontal components

30 N 30 Sin 0 = 0 30 Cos 0 = 30
10 N 10 Sin 60 = 8.66 10 Cos 60 = 5
40 N 40 Sin 90 = 40 40 Cos 90 = 0
15 N 15 Sin 130 = 11.49 15 Cos 130 = -9.64
25 N 25 Sin 285 = - 24.148 25 Cos 285 =6.47
Total 36 31.83
31.83
R = √(36)2 + (31.83)2 θ = tan-1 (36
)
= 48 N = 41.5o to the vertical.

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4.5 The following coplanar-concurrent forces act upon a pin joint. 70 kN due East, 100 kN at 450 NE, 400
kN due North, 20 kN at 200 NW and 500 kN at 300 SW. Find both analytically and geometrically the
magnitude and direction of the Resultant of these forces. [15]
Analytically
Force horizontal component vertical component
70 kN 70 kN cos 0 = 70 000 70 kN sin 0 =0
100 kN 100 kN cos 45 = 70 710.678 12 100 kN sin 45 = 70 710.678 12
400 kN 400 kN cos 90 =0 400 kN sin 90 = 400 000
20 kN 20 kN cos 110 = -6 840.403 20 kN sin 110 = 18 793.852 42
500 kN 500 kN cos 240 = -250 000 500 kN sin 240 = -433.0127
∑ 𝐻𝑂𝑅𝐼𝑍𝑂𝑁𝑇𝐴𝐿 𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃𝑂𝑁𝐸𝑁𝑇𝑆 = - 116 129.724 7 N
∑ 𝑉𝐸𝑅𝑇𝐼𝐶𝐴𝐿 𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃𝑂𝑁𝐸𝑁𝑇𝑆 = 56 491.828 64 N

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56 491.828 64
R = √(56 491.828 64)2 + (116 129.724 7)2 tan θ = 116 129.724 7
= 129 141.161 8 N = 0.486
= 129 kN. Therefore θ = 260 to the horizontal
Geometrically
R = 2.5 x 50
= 125 kN, at 250 to the horizontal.
3.2 Moments
5.1 A beam carries a dead load of 200 kg as shown below and it is subject to a vertical force of 2 kN and to
an inclined force of 1 kN acting at points shown in the diagram below. The beam is encastre, i.e. built in to
the wall, at each end, and due to the fixing there are moments of 2 kN m and 1.6 kN m acting in the
directions shown. Find the reactions R, L, and H. [15]

Page 11
Solution
Considering the horizontal forces acting on the beam,
H = 1 x Cos 600 = 0.5 kN
The weight of the 200 kg mass = 1960 N
Taking moments about the right hand end and equating clockwise moments to anticlockwise moments.
L x 8 + 1600 = (1000 x Sin600 x 2) + (2000 x 3) + (1960 x 6) + 2000
L = 2486.5 N = 2.49 kN.
Similarly, taking moments about the left hand end:

R x 8 + 2000 = (1960 x 2) + (2000 x 5) + (1000 x Sin 600 x 6) + 1600
R = 2339.5 N = 2.4 kN
5.2 A uniform steel bridge 40 m long and weighing 1.5 MN crosses a river in a single span and is supported
by piers at its ends. A train consisting of locomotives and trucks is crossing the bridge. The locomotive
weighs 850 kN, and is 10 m long and has its center of gravity midway along its length. The trucks are of
total weight 410 kN and extend for 16 m and have their centre of gravity midway along their length. Find the
thrust exerted by each support if the front of the locomotive is 5 m from the pier it is approaching. [10]

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Taking moments about RA
Clockwise moments = anti-clockwise moments
(RB x 40) = (850 x 10) + (1 500 x 20) + (410 x 23)
8 500+30 000+9 430

RB = ( 40
)
47 930
=( 40
)
= 1 198.25 kN
Taking moments about RB
Clockwise moments = anti-clockwise moments
(RA x 40) = (850 x 30) + (1 500 x 20) + (410 x 17)
25 500+30 000+6 970

RB = ( 40
)
62 470
=( 40
)
= 1 561.75 kN
5.3 a. State the principle of moments

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For equilibrium condition to subsist, clockwise moments must equal anticlockwise moments about the
same referral point of a beam. [3]
b. A lever ABCD shown below is pivoted at B. if the forces act at A and C as shown, calculate the value of
the force F required to keep the lever in equilibrium. [12]
Vertical component of 100 N = 100 sin 45o = 70.710 678 12
Taking moments about RB

(F sin 60o x 3) = (100 sin 45o x 1.5) + (60 x 1)
(0.866F x 3) = (70.710 678 12 x 1.5) + (60 x 1)
2.598F = 106.066 017 2 + 60
= 166.066 017 2
166.066 017 2
F= 2.598
= 64N

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5.4 Find the distance of the centre of gravity from OY of the figure given below. [15]
Y
R10 mm
30 mm
80 mm
0 x
Area of semi-circle = ½ πR2 = 0.5 x π x 102 = 157.079 632 7 mm2

Area of rectangle = L x W = 50 x 20 = 1 000 mm2
Area of triangle = ½ base x height = ½ x20 x 30 = 300 mm2
Total area = 1 457.079 633 mm2
Moments about o-y axis

4 x 10
MA1= 157.079 632 7 x [80 + ( 3 x π ) ]
= 13 233.037 28 mm3
MA2 = 1 000 x 55
= 55 000 mm3
2 x 30
MA3 = 300 x ( 3
)
= 6 000 mm3
Total moments about o-y = 74 233.037 28 mm3
74 233.037 28
x̅ = ( 1 457.079 633 )
= 50. 946 451 79 mm

= 50.95 mm.

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5.5 Find the position of centroid of the composite plate shown below, stating it from the OY-axis and the
OX-axis. There is a hole of diameter 10 mm drilled off the plate at the position shown. [10]
Solution
Area 1, ½ πR2 = 0.5 x π x 152 = 353.43 mm2 Area 2, πR2 = π x 52 = -78.54 mm2
Area 3, 80 x 30 = 2400 mm2 Area 4, ½ x30 x 36 = 540 mm2
Total area = 3 214.89 mm2
Moments about y-y axis

4 𝑥 15
MA1= 353.43 x 15-( 3 𝑥 𝜋 ) = 3051.445 mm3 MA2 = -78.54 x 15 = -1178.1 mm3
MA3 = 2400 x 55 = 132 000 mm3 MA4 = 540 x 107 = 57 780 mm3
Total moments about y-y = 191 653 345 mm3
191 653.345
̅=(
𝑥 ) = 60 mm
3 214.89
Moments about x-x axis

MA1= 353.43 x 15= 5301.45 mm3 MA2 = -78.54 x 15 = -1178.1 mm3
MA3 = 2400 x 15 = 36 000 mm3 MA4 = 540 x 15 = 8100 mm3
Total moments about y-y = 48 223.35 mm3
48 223.35
̅=(
𝑦 ) = 15 mm
3 214.89

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5.6 The arm shown below is keyed to a 15 cm diameter shaft; otherwise it is free to rotate on the shaft.
Calculate the force on the key A if the load is 200 N. [5]
Taking moment about point o,

F x 7.5 = 200 x 90
200 x 90
F= 7.5
= 2 400 N
4 CHAPTER FOUR: FRICTION
4.1 Friction on the horizontal plane

6.1 State three laws of friction
- Friction force is directly proportional to the normal reaction i.e. F = μN [1]
- Friction depends on nature of surfaces in contact [1]
-Friction depends of physical properties of materials involved [1]
- Friction force does not depend on the area of contact [1]

-Friction force does not depend on the speed of sliding [1]

Page 17
6.2 Two examples of advantages of friction in the workshop
-Material removal require grip to avoid slipping e.g. When machining, when grinding etc. [1]
-Work and tool holding e.g. when clamping on lathe jaws, on vice jaws etc. [1]
-In driving tools or machinery e.g. driving belt and pulley [1]
-In braking devices when moving parts are required to be slowed down or stopped. [1]
6.3 Give any three disadvantages of friction
- Generation of unnecessary heat [1]
- Cause wear and tear on moving parts [1]
-require extra effort to move bodies [1]
6.4 State any two factors that affect the value of the coefficient of friction.
-Nature of the surfaces in contact [1]

-Angle of tilt (inclination) [1]
-Physical properties of the materials involved
-The amount of frictional force generated
6.5 A load of 10t is pulled along a horizontal track by a force inclined at 30 0 to and above the track. If the
coefficient of friction is 0.2, Find friction force F. [6]
When sliding is just about to start;

Page 18
For limiting friction;
F = μN……………………………………………………………………………….(i)
F= P cos 30 = μN………………………………………………………………………(ii)
N = 98 100 – P sin 30…………………………………………………………………….(iii)
P cos 30 = 0.2(98 100 – P sin 30) Therefore F = 203 100.02 x Cos 30
0.866P = 19620 – 0.1P =17 588.997 51 N
0.966P = 19 620 = 17.6 kN
19 620
Hence P = 0.966
= 203 100.02 N
4.2 Friction on the inclined plane

7.1 A force of 650 N parallel to a plane inclined at 300 to the horizontal is sufficient to pull a body up the
plane at uniform speed. Find the force required to prevent the body from moving down the plane if the
body’s mass is 100 kg. What is the coefficient of friction between the body and plane? [9]
For limiting friction

F = μN ………………………………………………………………….(i)
F = 650 – mgSin300…………………………………………………….(ii)

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N = mgCos300…………………………………………………………...(iii)
N = 100 x 9.81 x Cos300 = 849.570 921 1
Therefore; F = 849.570 921 1 x μ = 650 – mgSin300

650−(100 x 9.81 x Sin30 159.5
μ=( 849.570 921 1
) = (849.570 921 1) = 0.187 741 83 =0.19 approx.

F = μN …………………………………………………..……………….(i)
P + F = mgSin300……………………………………………………….(ii)
N = mgCos300…………………………………………………………...(iii)
N = 100 x 9.81 x Cos300 = 849.570 921 1 N

Therefore; F = 849.570 921 1 x 0.187 741 83 = 159.5 N
P = (100 x 9.81 x Sin 300) – 159.5
= 331 N
7.2 An 80 kg mass rests on a plane inclined at 24o to the plane above the plane. If the coefficient of friction
between the plane and the mass is 0.65, calculate
(i) Force required to pull the mass up the plane [6]

Page 20
F = µN … … … … 1
F = P – 784.8 sin 24 … … 2
N = 784.8 cos 24 … … 3
Therefore F = 0.65 x 784.8 cos 24
= 466.017 808 9 N (equation 1)
But equation 1 = equation 2 i.e.
466.017 808 9 = P – 784.8 sin 24
Rearranging
P = 466.017 8089 + 319.206 9175
= 785.224 726 4 N ≈ 785.225 N
(ii) The force required to pull the mass down the plane [6]
F = µN … … … … 1
F = P + 784.8 sin 24 … … 2
N = 784.8 cos 24 … … 3

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Therefore F = 0.65 x 784.8 cos 24
= 466.017 808 9 N (equation 1)
But equation 1 = equation 2 i.e.
466.017 808 9 = P +784.8 sin 24
Rearranging
P = 466.017 8089 - 319.206 9175
= 146.810 891 4 N ≈ 146.811 N
7.3 Calculate the magnitude of an upward force parallel to the plane tilted at 20 o to the horizontal that is
required to pull a mass of 250 kg at steady speed. Use 0.26 as coefficient of friction between body and
plane. [7]
F = μN …………………………..(i)
P = F + W sin 20………………….(ii)
N = W cos 20……………………..(iii)
Therefore F = 0.26 (250 x 9.81 x cos 20)

= 599.195 N
P = 599.195 + (250 x 9.81 x sin 20)
= 1.44 kN.

Page 22
7.4 Determine a horizontal force that is required to prevent the body from sliding down the plane due to its
own weight. [8]
When motion is impending down the plane, the friction force is reversed, acting up the plane assisting pull
force P.
F = μN……………………………………………(i)
P cos 200 = 2 452.5 sin 200 – F…………………..(ii)
N = 2 452.5 cos 200 + P sin 200…………………(iii)
= 2 304.596 152 + 0.342 020 143 P
Equation (i) becomes

F = 0.26(2 304.596 152 + 0.342 020 143 P)
= 599.195 + 0.088 925 237P
Hence equation (ii) will be given by

0.939 692 62P = 838.804 4015- (599.195 + 0.088 925 237P)
= 239.61- 0.089P
Collecting terms with P gives

1.03P = 239.61

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239.61
Thus P = 1.03
= 232.6 N
7.5 A body of weight 200 N is at rest on an inclined plane as shown in the figure below. A force P is applied
horizontally as shown. If μ = 0.5, find the range of values of P over which the body will remain at rest. [10]
When motion is impending up the plane, for limiting friction;

F = μN
P cos 300 = 200 sin 300 + F
N = 200 cos 300 + P sin 300
= 173.21 + 0.5 P
0.866P = 0.5 N + 100

= [0.5 (173.21 + 0.5P)] + 100
0.616P = 186.6
186.6
Hence P = 0.616
= 302.93 N

Page 24
When motion is impending down the plane, the friction force is reversed, acting up the plane assisting pull
force P.

F = μN
P cos 300 = 200 sin 300 - F
N = 200 cos 300 + P sin 300
= 173.21 + 0.5 P
0.866P = 100 - 0.5 N

= 100 – [0.5(173.21 + 0.5P)]
1.116P = 13.397
13.397
Hence P = 1.116
= 12.0 N
Thus for any value of P between 12.0 N and 302.93 N the body remains at rest.
7.6 a With the aid of a sketch, define the angle of friction. [3]
F = µN Φ is angle of friction
Page 25
F μN
Tan Φ = N = N
= µ. Therefore Φ = tan−1 (μ)
b.A body of 4 kg rests on an inclined plane and it is found that in order to move the body up the incline, a
force of 15 N acting parallel to the plane is required. To move the body down the plane, a force of 5 N
acting parallel to the plane is required. Calculate the inclination of the plane. [12]
F 15−mg sin θ
µ=N = mg cos θ
F 5+mg sin θ
µ=N = mg cos θ
But µ in case 1 is equal to µ in case 2
15−mg sin θ 5+mg sin θ

Therefore mg cos θ
= mg cos θ
15 – mg sin θ = 5 + mg sin θ
10 = 2 mg (Sin θ)
10
Sin θ = 2 x 4 x 9.81 = 0.127
θ = sin-1(0.127) = 7.30

Page 26
5 CHAPTER FIVE: STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
5.1 Direct or normal stress and strain

8.1On the same graph, draw the stress-strain graph of aluminium and cast iron. [4]
8.2 The tensile strength of a brittle material was found to be 425 MN/m 2. Determine the minimum diameter
of a tie member made from this material if the material is subjected to a tensile force of 75 kN with a factor
of safety of 5. [7]
Ultimate tensile strength 425
Using, working stress = factor of safety
= 5
= 85 MN/m2
Tensile load 75 000

From, area = working stress = 85 000 000 = 0.000 882 35 m2
πD2
= 4
(area of a circular member)
4 x 0.000 882 35
D2 = π
= 0.001 123 44
Therefore diameter D =√0.001 123 44 = 0.033 5 m ≈ 34 mm
8.3 Determine the outside diameter of the tie member in (8.2) if the strut has a bore of 30 mm. [4]
π(D2 −0.032 )
0.000 882 35 = 4
4 x 0.000 882 35
D2 = π
+ 0.032 = 0.002 023 44
Therefor outside diameter D =√0.002 023 44 = 0.044 98 m ≈ 45 mm

Page 27
8.4 An aluminium tie rod 48 cm long and 15 mm in diameter is turned down to 7.5 mm diameter for a length
of 6 cm at each end. Calculate the total extension due to tensile load of 40 000 N. Take Modulus of
elasticity for the rod material to be 70 GPa. [8]
For the 15 mm diameter, 36 mm long portion

load 40 000
Stress = (area) = (0.000 176 714) = 226 353 696.8 N/m2
Extension (x) = (strain) (original length)

Stress
= (modulus of elasticity) x original length
226 353 696.8
= (70 000 000 000) x 0.36
= 0.001 17 m (approx. 1.17 mm)
For the 7.5 mm, 6 cm long x 2 portions combined

load 40 000
Stress = (area) = (0.000 044 178) = 905 414 787.4 N/m2
Extension (x) = (strain) (original length)
Stress
= (modulus of elasticity) x original length
905 414 787.4
= (70 000 000 000) x 0.12
= 0.001 55 m (approx. 1.55 mm)
Total extension = 1.17 + 1.55 = 2.72 mm
8.5 A cylinder of mass 320 kg is supported at two points 500 mm apart on its longitudinal axis by two
vertical wires. Each wire is 4 mm in diameter and 3 m long before attachment to the cylinder. One wire is of
brass and the other of steel. If the wires are fixed at the upper end to the horizontal joist, what is the angle
Page 28
of inclination of the cylinder axis to the horizontal? Take Young’s Modulus of Elasticity for steel to be 210
GN/m2 and for brass as 85 GN/m2. [15]
Weight of cylinder (W) = 320 x 9.81 = 3 139.2 N

Weight per wire = ½ (3139.2) = 1 569.6 N
Stress
From Modulus of elasticity = Strain
Force per wire 1 569.6

Stress per wire = Cross sectional area of wire = = 124 904 799.3 N/m2
π(0.0022 )
Stress per wire

Strain per wire = Modulus of elasticity of each wire
124 904 799.3
For steel, Strain = 210 000 000 000 = 0.000 595 238
124 904 799.3
For brass, Strain = 85 000 000 000 = 0.001 470 588
Extension in each wire (x) = Strain x original length
For steel, extension = 0.000 595 238 x 3 = 0.001 785 714 m
For brass, extension = 0.001 470 588 x 3 = 0.004 411 764 m
Difference in extension = 0.002 626 05 m
0.002 626 05
Sin θ = 0.5
= 0.005 252 1
Angle of inclination, θ = sin-1 (0.005 252 1)
= 0.3o
= 18'
8.6 Figure below shows a steel strut with two grooves cut out along part of its length. Calculate the total
compression of the strut due to a load of 240 kN. Modulus of electricity = 200 GN/2. [10]

Page 29
The load at each section is the same i.e. 200 kN.
For the solid length of 360 mm;
Compression x1 = ε1 l
= ε1 x 0.36
F σ1
Stress, σ1 =A Strain, ε1 = E
1
240 x 103 0.15 x 109

= 0..04 x 0.04 =
200 x 109
= 0.15 x 109 N/m2 = 0.000 75
For the grooved length of 240 mm,

Compression x2 = ε2 l
= ε2 x 0.24
F σ2
Stress, σ2 =A Strain, ε2 = E
2
240 x 103 0.2 x 109

= 0..0016−0.02 x 0.02 =
200 x 109
= 0.2 x 109 N/m2 = 0.000 1

Page 30
The total compression of the strut is equal to the sum of the compression of the solid and grooved portions.
Therefore;
x1 = x1 + x2
= ε1 x 0.36 + ε2 x 0.24
= (0.00075 x 0.35) + (0.001 x 0.24)
= 0.000 51 m
= 0.51 mm.
8.7 A hollow cast-iron column has an outside diameter of 250 mm and an inside diameter of 210 mm. if the
compressive strength of the cast-iron is 960 MN/m2, determine the maximum load that can be supported by
the column, using a factor of safety of 12. [5]
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 960
Working stress = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦
= 12
= 80 MN/m2 (N/mm2)
ð ð
Cross-sectional area = 4 (𝐷2 − 𝑑2 ) = 4
(2502 − 2102 ) = 14 450 mm2
Working load = working stress x area = 80 x 14.45 = 1 156 kN.
8.9 a. Sketch the load-extension graph for mild steel (ductile metal) [5]

Page 31
b. A tie-bar in a steel structure is of rectangular section 50 mm x 30 mm. The extension measured in a 250
mm length of the bar when the load was applied to the structure was 0.1 mm. Taking E as 205 kN/mm 2 and
the UTS as 460 N/mm2,
Find:
i. The tensile force acting on the bar [8]
Stress
Modulus of elasticity E = Strain
0.1
Therefore Stress σ = E x Strain (ε) = 205 x 250 = 0.082 kN/mm2
Load
Also Stress σ =Cross−sectional area
Thus Load = Stress x area = 0.082 x 50 x 30 = 123 kN.
ii. The factor of safety [2]

Ultimate stress 460
Factor of safety = Working stress = 82
= 5.62
5.2 Shear stress and shear strain

9.1 A double cover butt-joint is to carry a pull force of 200 kN. Ten rivets are to be used. The ultimate shear
strength of the rivet material is 360 MN/m2. Allowing a factor of safety of 4, find the rivet diameter. [9]
Assume the rivets are to be used in the following arrangement and that the load is taken equally by all
rivets.
Since five rivets in each plate take full load

200 000
Load per rivet = 5
= 40 000

Page 32
Strength in shear
Allowable shear stress = Factor of safety
360 000 000
= 4
= 90 MN/m2
Let rivet diameter be D metres

πD2
Each rivet is in double shear, so area under shear = 2 x 4
Load per rivet = shear stress x area

πD2
40 000 = 2 x 4
x 90 x 106
D2 = 0.000 283 m2
D = 0.017 m
= 17 mm.
9.2 In an experiment to determine the modulus of rigidity of a sample rectangular block of rubber measuring
300 mm x 200 mm x 20 mm, was firmly fastened to a vertical wall as shown below. It projected a distance
of 200 mm from the wall. It was found that when a downward force of 48 N is applied, a vertical deflection
of 2 mm was obtained as shown. Determine the modulus of rigidity. [6]
shear stress
Modulus of rigidity = shear strain
shear force 48
Shear stress = area resisting shear = 300 x 20 = 0.008 N/mm2
deflection 2
Shear strain = original dimension = 200 = 0.01
0.008
Therefore modulus of rigidity = 0.01
= 0.8 N/mm2

Page 33
9.3 How many 12 mm diameter steel rivets are required for a single lap joint which should carry a shear
load of 300 kN.? The U.S.S for the rivets is 360 N/mm2. Use a factor of safety of 5. [7]
Area of one rivet = 0.25π x 122 = 113. 097 335 5 mm2
ultimate shear strength
Using Factor of safety = ( working shear stress
)
U.S.S 360 shear load
Working shear stress = (F.O.S) = ( 5
) = 72 Pa = (total area under shear)
shear load 300 000
Area under shear = (working shear stress) = ( 72
) = 4 166.666 667 mm2
total area under shear 4 166.666 667
Number of rivets =( area of one rivet
) = 113.097 335 5 = 36.84 = 37 rivets.
9.4 A shearing machine has a flywheel of mass 100 kg. Assume the mass to be concentrated at a radius of
2 m. find the greatest width of steel plate 12 mm thick that can be guillotined when the reduction in speed of
the flywheel is from 3 rev/s to 1.5 rev/s, the U.S.S for the plate is 370 Pa. [10]
Work done = kinetic energy given up
Using the relationship that V = ωr, and ω = 2πN
Initial kinetic energy = 0.2mω2r2 = 0.5 x 100 x (2π x 3)2 x 22
= 71 000 Joules
Final kinetic energy = 0.2mω2r2 = 0.5 x 100 x (2π x 1.5)2 x 22
= 17 750 Joules
Work done by shearing force = loss of kinetic energy = shearing force x distance moved by force
71 000 – 17 750 = shearing force x plate thickness = 53 250 Joules
loss of kinetic energy 53 250
Therefore shearing force = ( plate thickness
) =( 0.012 ) = 4.44 MN.
maximum shear force
But from U.S.S = (original area under shear)
shear force 4.44 x 1000 000
That means, shear area = ( U.S.S
) =( 370 x 1000 000 )
But area guillotined = plate width x plate thickness
shaer area
Thus plate width = (plate thickness)
4.44 x 1 000 000
= (370 x 1 000 000 x 0.012)
= approx. 1000 mm (1 m)

Page 34
9.5 A solid coupling transmits 100 kW at 2 rev/s through eight equally spaced bolts, figure 1 below
illustrates. If the bolts are 12 mm diameter and are on a pitch circle of 150 mm diameter, calculate the
average shear stress in each bolt. [10]
2ð𝑁𝑇
Power = 1 000 kW, where N is in rev/s and T in N m
Thus
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑥 1 000
Torque = 2ð 𝑥 2
100 𝑥 1 000
= 2ð 𝑥 2
= 7 950 N m
7 950
Total shear load at radius 75 mm = 0.075
= 106 000 N
Since bolts are ductile, it may be assumed that this load is equally distributed among the eight bolts.
Therefore
106 000
Load per bolt = 8
= 13 250 N
ð
Area of bolt = 4
x 122 = 113 mm2
13 250
Thus shear stress =
113 𝑥 10−6
= 118 x 106 N/m2

= 118 MN/m2
Page 35
6 CHAPTER SIX: KINETICS AND KINEMATICS
6.1 Linear motion

10.1 A fly wheel of diameter 1 200 mm rotates at 300 rev/min. Calculate the velocity of a point on its rim.
Velocity = ωr
2π x 300 x 0.6
= 60
= 18.85 m/s [5]
10.2 A bus leaves a bus stop and accelerated uniformly for 10 seconds over a distance of 100 m. It then
moves uniformly with the speed it attained for 30 seconds and finally retarded uniformly to rest at the next
station. If the two bus stops are 1 km apart, calculate
i. maximum speed attained [3]
S = ½ (U + V) t
100 = ½ (0 + V) x 10
Maximum velocity, V = 20 m/s
ii. Acceleration at the start [3]

V−U
Acceleration, a = t
20−0
= 10
= 2 m/s2
iii. Total time taken for the whole journey [3]

Let x be total time taken, then area under the curve will be given by
S = ½ (30 + x) 20
1 000 = ½ (30 + x) 20
x = 70 seconds

Page 36
10.3 An electric train starting from rest is uniformly accelerated during the first 400 m, runs for 1 200 m at
the maximum speed attained and is afterwards brought to rest in 200m. If the time for the whole journey is
5 minutes, find the uniform acceleration at the start. [10]
Let V be maximum speed attained, x be time to accelerate, y be time at constant speed and z time to come
to rest.
Area OAE = 0.5Vx = 400 m Area ABDE = Vy = 1 200 m Area BDC = 0.5Vz = 200 m
S
Using V =( t )
0.8 1 200 400
V=(x )=( y
) =( z
) km/h
Thus y = 1.5x (h) and z = 0.5x (h)

1
But x + y + z = 5 minutes = (12) (h)
1
Hence x + 1.5x + 0.5x = (12)
1
3x = (12)
1
x= (36) = 100 seconds
For the first stage of the journey and form S = ½ at2

2 x 400
Acceleration at the start = (100 x 100) = 0.08 m/s2
10.4. A body is projected upwards with a velocity of 60 m/s from the top of a tower 100 m high.
a. How long will it take to reach the ground [12]

Page 37
v2 = u2 + 2aS
v2 −u2 0−602
From which S = 2a
= 2 x (−9.81)
= 183.486 m
Maximum height reached = 100 + 183.486 = 283.486 m
v−u 0−60
Using v = u + at; t= a
= −9.81 = 6.116 seconds
From S = ut + ½ at2 (but u = 0)
2S 2 x 283.486
t=√a = √ 9.81
= 7.6 sec. The total time to reach the ground is 6.116 + 7.6 = 13.72 seconds
b. What will be the velocity with which the body strikes the ground? [3]
From v2 = u2 + 2aS
v = √2aS = √2 x 9.81 x 283.486 = 74.58 m/s
10.5 A cycle accelerates from rest, with a constant acceleration of 0.2 m/s 2 for a period of 7 seconds. He
continues at the maximum speed attained for 30 seconds before coming to rest in 5 seconds. The
deceleration is constant. Sketch the v-t graph and determine the time taken to travel the first 15 metres and
also the total distance travelled. [15]

Page 38
Velocity at the end of acceleration (v) = at = 0.2 x 7 = 1.4 m/s
Distance travelled during acceleration = 0.5 x 1.4 x 7 = 4.9 m
To cover 15m, we need 10.1 m and these should be covered at the maximum speed of 1.4 m/s.
Time required to cover 10.1 m at 1.4 m/s therefore becomes;
Distance 10.1
Time = Speed
= 1.4
= 7.22 seconds
So for the first 15m, it requires 7 + 7.22 = 14.22 seconds.
Total distance covered equals total area under the v-t graph i.e.
Total distance = (0.5 x 1.4 x 5) + (1.4 x 30) + (0.5 x 1.4 x 7) = 50.4m
10.6 A truck of total mass 20 t is driven along a level track against a track resistance of 200 N/t. The engine
develops an engine torque of 240 N m at a maximum speed of 2000 rev/min. The gear reduction from
engine to driving axle is 9:1 and the wheel diameter is 800 mm. Find the maximum linear speed of the
vehicle in km/h and the time taken to reach this speed on the level track. [15]
2πN
Maximum angular velocity (ω) = 60 = 209.4 rad/s
209.4
Maximum angular velocity of wheels = 9
= 23.3 rad/s
Hence from V = ωr = 23.3 x 0.4 = 9.32 m/s
Maximum linear speed of truck = 9.32 x 3.2 = 33.6 km/h
Axle torque = (engine torque x gear ratio) = 240 x 9 = 2160 N

axle torque 2160
Tractive force = wheel radius = 0.4
= 5 400 N
Resistance to motion = 20 x 200 = 4 000 N
Net tractive force = 5 400 – 4 000 = 1 400 N

Page 39
From F = ma
1 400 = 20 x 1000 x a
Where a = 0.07 m/s2
From V = u + at, and u = 0
Time = 133 seconds
6.2 Angular motion

11.1 The power of a flywheel was switched-off when the flywheel had an angular velocity of 20 rad/s. In
coming to rest, the flywheel made 82 revolutions. Determine;
i. the time taken for the flywheel to come to rest [3]
Using θ = ½ (ω1 + ω2) t
2θ
t=ω
1 + ω2
2 x 82 x 2π
= 20+ 0
= 51.5 seconds
ii the angular retardation of the flywheel [3]

ω1 + ω2
From α = t
0−20
= 51.5
= - 0.388 rad/s2
11.2 A shaft is accelerated uniformly from 8 rev/s to 14 rev/s in 2 s. it continues accelerating at this rate for
a further 4 s and then continues to rotate at the maximum speed attained. What is the time taken to
complete the first 200 revolutions? [5]

Page 40
The speed-time graph is shown above. ABC represents the uniform acceleration for 6 s; CD represents the
motion at constant (maximum) speed for time t sec. it is convenient in this case to measure the vertical
ordinate in revolutions per second, then the area under the graph gives directly the number of revolutions
turned through.
Since ABC is a straight line the maximum speed n rev/s at C is given by proportion from similar triangles:
CF AF
= AG
BG
n−8 6
Or =2
14 −8
n = 26 rev/s
The angle turned through during the first 6 s = average speed x time taken
= ½ (8 + 26) x 6
= 102 rev.
Therfore revolutions to be turned through at uniform speed = 200 – 102 = 98. Thus time to turn through 98
Number of revolutions
rev at maximum speed = speed
98
= 26
= 3.77 s
Total time taken to turn through 200 rev = 6 + 3.77 = 9.77 s
11.3 A flywheel 1.2 m in diameter is uniformly accelerated from rest and revolves completely sixty times in
reaching a speed of 120 rev/min. Find

Page 41
(a) The time taken [3]
2π
ω = 120 x = 12.566 370 61 rad/s ω0 = 0 rad/s
60
θ = ½ (ω + ω0 )t
2θ
t= (ω+ω0 )
2 x 60 x 2π
= 12.566 370 61 +0 = 60 s
(b) The angular acceleration [4]

ω2 − ω20
α= 2θ
(12.566 370 61 )2 − 0
= 2 x 60 x 2π
157.913 670 3
= 753.982 236 9
= 0.209 439 51
= 0.21 rad/s2
(c) The linear acceleration of a point on the rim. [3]

a = αr
= 0.21 x 0.6
= 0.126
= 0.13 m/s2
11.4 The wheels of a car are 0.6 m in diameter. What is the angular velocity of the wheels when the car is
travelling at 100 km/hr? [5]
(100 000)
100 km/h = (60 x 60)
= 27.8 m/s
v
Angular velocity (ω) =r
27.8
= = 92.7 rad/s
0.3
92.7
= = 14.75 rev/s
2π
11.5 The speed of a shaft increases from 300 to 360 rev/min while turning through eighteen complete
revolutions. Calculate (a) the angular acceleration; (b) the time taken for this change. [6]

Page 42
Solution
2π 2π
ω=360 x 60
= 37.67 rad/s, ω0= 300 x 60
= 31.42 rad/s, θ = 18 x 2π
Using ω2= ω02 +2αθ
ω2 − ω0 2
Angular acceleration, α= 2θ
37.672 − 31.422
= 2 x 113
= 1.91 rad/s2
ω = ω0 + α t
ω − ω0
Thus t = α
37.67 − 31.42
= 1.91
= 3.27 s
7 CHAPTER SEVEN: WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

12.1 A lathe tool applies a 6 000 N force on a shaft being machined. If the shaft is 40 mm in diameter and
runs at 600 rpm, calculate power required from the motor. Assume 1.5 kW is required to overcome friction
on sliding parts of the machine. [5]
2πNT
Power = ( 60
) + 1.5 kW
Where T = Fr = 6 000 x 20 (N-mm)

Therefore;
2π x 0.02 x 600 x 6000
Power = ( 60
) + 1.5 kW
= 7.54 + 1.5
= 9. 04 kW (approx. 13 hp)
12.2 A table carrying a tool is operated by a single start screw of pitch 15mm. The table’s mass is 312kg
and the coefficient of friction between the table and its guides is 0, 08. The force of the cut along the axis of
the screw is 350N when 1 kW is supplied at 600 rev/min. What are the speed of cutting and the efficiency
of the operation? [5]
The screw rotates at 600rev/min i.e. n =10rev/s. In one rev the screw moves forward a distance equal to
the pitch, i.e. lead = pitch = 15mm.Therefore in 10 revs, distance moved = 10 x 15 =150mm.

Page 43
Speed of cutting =150 mm/s
(2πnT)
Power =( 1000
) kW.
(power x 1000)
Torque on the screw, T =( 2πn
) =15.9 Nm
Total force to be overcome by screw W = force of cut + friction force

= 350 + (0.08 x 312 x 9.8)
= 595 N
(w/k done on load per rev) (load x lead) (595 x 0.015)

Efficiency = ( (w/k done by T per rev)
) =( (T x 2π)
) =( (15.9 x 2π)
)
= 0.0893
= 8.93%.
12.3 An 80 t locomotive hauls a train of coaches of mass 240 t up an incline of 1 in 80 a distance of 600 m.
the rolling resistance is 55 N/t. if the acceleration is 0.1 m/s2, find the total work done. [7]
Total mass = 80 + 240 = 320 t

Resultant force exerted along the incline = accelerating force + component of weight + resistance
= ma + W sin θ + R
1
= (320 x 103 x 0.1) + (320 x 103 x 9.8 x80) + (55 x 320)
= 88.8 x 103 N
The distance travelled is 600 m, therefore
Work done = 88.8 x 103 x 600
= 53.3 MJ
12.4 A 40 t rail car travels at 4 km/h and collides with a 100 t wagon on the same track, moving in the
opposite direction at 1.2 km/h. find the velocities immediately after impact, assuming no loss of energy.
What is the impulse between them? [9]
Taking the direction of motion of the rail car as positive, then

Equating momenta
40v1 +100v2 = 40 x 4 + 100 x (-1.2)
Page 44
v1 + 2.5 v2 = 1
From
v1 – v2 = - (u1 – u2)
= - [4 – (-1.2)]
= - 5.2
v1 = -3.43 km/h and v2 = 1.77 km/h
The impulse on each body is equal to the change in its momentum and is the same for both.
For the rail car,

Impulse = final momentum – initial momentum
1 1
= 40 x 1 000 x (-3.43 x3.6) - 40 x 1 000 x (4 x3.6)
= - 82.6 x 1 000 N s
= - 82.6 tone m/s
8 CHAPTER EIGHT: MACHINES

13.1 Define
Load
i. Mechanical advantage- force ratio i.e. Effort no units [1]
Distance moved by effort

ii. Velocity ratio- is movement ratio i.e. Distance moved by load
[1]
Mechanical advantage
iii. Efficiency of a machine = Velocity ratio
x 100% [1]
13.2
i. 18.5 = 450 a + b… … … 1
34.7 = 900 a + b… … … 2
Solving simultaneously gives i.e. equation 2 less equation 1
16.2 = 450 a

Page 45
a = 0.036
Substituting for a in equation 1 gives
18.5 = (450 x 0.036) + b
Thus b = 18.5 – 16.2 = 2.3
The law is stated as E = 0.036 W + 2.3 [6]
1 1
ii. Limiting M.A = a = 0.036
= 27.777 78
Lead = n x p = 1 x 4 = 4 mm
2πR 2π x 112
Velocity ratio of a screw jack = L
= 4
= 175.93
Limiting Mechanical advantage

Limiting efficiency = Velocity ratio
x 100%
27.777 78
= 175.93
x 100%
= 0.157 891 08 x 100%
= 16% approx. [6]
13.3 A simple machine has a velocity ratio of 24. On tests it is found than an effort of 75 N will lift a load of
1100N while an effort of 120 N lifts 2 000N.
Determine
(i) The law of the machine [3]
75 = 1 100a + b……………….(i)
120 = 2 000a + b……………...(ii)
Solving simultaneously
a= 0.05
Hence from 75 = 1 100(0.05) + b
b= 20

Page 46
The law becomes E = 0.05W + 20
(ii) Effort and efficiency when lifting 3 000N [5]

Using the above law
Effort = (0.05 x 3 000) + 20 = 170 N
𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
Efficiency = ( 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
) x 100%
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 3 000
Mechanical Advantage = (𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡) = ( 170 ) = 17.647
𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
Therefore, Efficiency =( 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
) x 100%
17.647
=( 24
) x 100%
= 73.53%
(iii) Limiting efficiency of the machine [2]

1
Limiting efficiency = (a x VR) x 100%
1
= (0.05 x 24) x 100%
= 83.33%
13.4 a. Define the following:
(i) Limiting efficiency [2]
1
Is the efficiency at the limiting mechanical advantage value for a machine = a.VR x 100%
(ii) Overhauling [2]
When the effort of a machine is removed, the load is able to overcome friction forces and the operation of
the machine is reversed.
(iii) Velocity ratio [1]
Is the ration of the distance moved by the effort to that moved by the load
b. An electric motor provides 10 kW to a belt driven pulley 750 mm diameter. If the rotational frequency of
the pulley is 6 rev/s, determine the tight and slack side tensions in the belt if they are in the ratio 3: 1.
[10]
Page 47
2πNT 10 x 1 000
Power = 1 000 kW Torque = 2π x 6
= 265 Nm
265
Effective torque T = (T1 – T2) r = 265 Nm. Hence T1 – T2 = 0.375 = 707 N
T
But T1 = 3 therefore T1 = 3T2 from which 3T2 - T2 = 707
2
T2 = 354 N and T1 = 1 062 N
13.5 Determine the velocity (movement) ratios of the following machines
(i) A pulley tackle where six ropes descend to the bottom machines [1]
Velocity ratio = number of ropes which descend to bottom block = 6
(ii) A screw-jack where the effort applied at the end of a tommy bar of length 280 mm drives a screw having
a two-start thread of pitch 4 mm. [2]
2πR 2πR 2 x π x 280

Velocity ratio = L
= nP
= 2x4
= 220
(iii) A geared winch with the effort being applied at an effective diameter of 140 mm and the gear reduction
ratio being 50 to 1 (50 : 1) [2]
𝐷𝐺 7 000 𝑥 50
Velocity ratio = 𝑑
= 140
= 2 500
13.6 a. A m/c raises a body of mass 260kg by means of an effort of 210N. If the effort moves through a
distance of 13.5m in raising the body 450mm, calculate M.A, V.R and η of the m/c. [6]
Solution
(12.15, 30 and 40.5%)
b. use the data given in a to determine

i. w/k done on the load in moving 600mm [3]
Load x load distance = 2 551 x 0.6 = 1531 Nm
ii. Distance moved by the effort to move the load through 600mm [3]

Page 48
Load distance x velocity ratio =0.6 x 30 = 18 m
iii. w/k done against resistances [3]

Effort x effort distance = 210 x 18 = 3 780 Nm
Therefore 3 780 – 1 531 = 2 249 Nm
13.7 A m/c has a V.R of 50. When tests were carried out it was found that an effort of 180 N lifted a load of
2 000 N while an effort of 300 N lifted 5 000 N. Determine
a. the law of the m/c [5]
b. The effort, M.A and efficiency when lifting a safe maximum load of 10 000 N. [6]
c. the limiting efficiency [4]
Solution
From E = aW + b
E =180 N when W = 2 000 N which means 180 = 2 000a + b
E =300 N when W = 5 000 N which means 300 =5 000a + b
By elimination a =0.04 and b = 100.
So the law is E = 0,04W + 100
When W = 10 000 N
E = (0.04 x 10 000) + 100 = 500 N,
10 000
M.A =( 500
) = 20
1 1
Limiting efficiency = (a x VR) = (0.04 x 50) = 50%
13.8 A screw jack has a double start thread with a pitch of 6mm. If the load to be raised is 1 tonne, and the
efficiency at this load is 18%, calculate the torque required at the jack handle to raise the load. [10]

Page 49
Load =1 tonne = 1 x 1 000 x 9. 81 = 9 800 N.
Lead = 2 x pitch = 2 x 6 = 12 mm = 0,012 m
2πR 2πR
V.R =( L
). = (0,012 ) =524R
M.A =V.R x η = 524R x 0, 18 = 94R
load 9800 104

E =( M.A ) =( 94R ) = ( R
) N
104
Toque =E x R = ( R
) x R = 104 Nm
13.9 A screw jack has a two start thread of pitch 5 mm. An effort of 40 N is applied tangentially to the bar at
a radius of 350 mm to lift a load of 2 200 N. Calculate efficiency, w/k done in overcoming friction when the
load is raised a distance of 75 mm. [10]
2πR (2 x 22 x 350)
L =2 x 5 = 10 mm. V.R = ( L
) =( (7 x 10)
) =220.
2200 55
M.A =( 40
) =55. Efficiency =(220 ) = 25%.
W/k done to raise load by 75mm =force x distance = 2200 x 0,075 = 165 Nm (work output)
work output 165

From work input =( efficiency
) =(0,25 ) = 660 j.
Work done required = 660 – 165 = 495 j.
13.10. A table carrying a tool is operated by a single start screw of pitch 15 mm. The table’s mass is 312 kg
and the coefficient of friction between the table and its guides is 0,08. The force of the cut along the axis of
the screw is 350 N when 1 kW is supplied at 600 rev/min. What are the speed of cutting and the efficiency
of the operation? [10]

Page 50
The screw rotates at 600 rev/min i.e. n =10 rev/s. In one rev the screw moves forward a distance equal to
the pitch, i.e. lead = pitch = 15 mm.Therefore in 10 revs, distance moved = 10 x 15 =150mm.
Speed of cutting =150 mm/s

(2πnT)
Power =( 1000
) kW.
(power x 1000)
Torque on the screw, T =( 2πn
) =15.9 Nm
Total force to be overcome by screw W = force of cut + friction force = 350 + (0.08 x 312 x 9.8) = 595 N
(w/k done on load per rev) (load x lead)

Efficiency = ( (w/k done by T per rev)
) =( (T x 2π)
) = 0.0893 = 8.93%.
13.11 A load of 1.26 kN is lifted by means of a pulley block system consisting of 3 pulleys in the upper
block and 2 in the lower block. If the efficiency at this load is 84%; determine
a. V.R. b. M.A. c. effort required to lift the load. d. effort required to overcome the resistances.
V.R = total number of pulleys in use = 5
M.A
η =(V.R ) = 84%. Therefore M.A = 4.2
W 1260
M.A =( E ) , E =( 4,2 ) = 300 N
load
Ideal effort = (V.R ) = 252 N. Required effort = actual – ideal = 48 N.
13. 12 Illustrate diagrammatically the three types of levers. [3]

Page 51
9 CHAPTER NINE: HEAT TRANSFER
9.1 Quantity of heat and Mixtures

14.1 An electric kettle contains 1.5 kg of water, initially at a temperature of 8 0C. If the mass of the kettle is
0.8 kg, determine the heat energy required to raise the water to boiling point assuming there are no losses
to the atmosphere. Take specific heat capacity of kettle as 0.45 KJ/kg K. [5]
Applying the principle of conservation of energy;

Heat lost = Heat gained
Heat gained (Q) = mcδt (water component) + mcδt (kettle component)
= {[1.5 x 4.2 x(100 − 8)] + [0.8 x 0.45 x (100 − 8)]} x 103
= 92 x 6.66 x 103
= 612.72 kJ
14.2 What is the resulting temperature of a mixture of the following amounts of water; 5kg at 20 oC, 3 kg at
12oC, and 12 kg at 32oC? [5]
Mixing 3 kg and 5 kg masses

Page 52
Heat lost = Heat gained
5 x 4 200 (20 – Tf1) = 3 x 4 200 (Tf1 – 12)
Tf1 = 17 oC
Total mass for the above mixture is 8 kg
Mixing 8 kg and 12 kg masses
12 x 4 200 (32 –Final temperature) = 8 x 4 200 (Final temperature – 17)
Final temperature = 26 oC
14.3 A coal furnace is rated at 7 450 watts and is known to have an efficiency of 75%. Calculate the period
it would take the furnace to melt 20 kg of copper if it is placed in the furnace at a temperature of 28 oC. for
copper take the melting point temperature to be 1 095 oC, specific heat capacity as 0.4 kJ/kg K and the
latent heat of fusion to be taken as 180 kJ/kg [15]
Power output
Efficiency = Power input (rated power) = 75%
Power output
Thus 0.75 = 7 450
from which power output = 0.75 x 7 450 = 5 587.5 W
Heat required to melt 20 kg of copper = mcδt + mLf
= 20 x 0.4 x (1 095 -28) + 20 x 180
= 8 536 + 3 600
= 12 136 kJ.
Work done
Power output = Time taken = 5.588 kJ
Work done 12 136

Time taken = Power output = 5.588
= 2 171.796 seconds
14.4 An electric furnace is rated at 5 kN and is known to have an efficiency of 75%. Calculate the time it
would take the furnace to melt 10 kg of copper, if it is placed in the furnace at a temperature of 30oC. For
copper take the melting point temperature to be 1 083 oC, the specific heat capacity as 0.4 kJ/kg K and the
latent heat of fusion as 180 kJ/kg. [15]

Page 53
Power output
Efficiency = Power input (rated power) = 75%
Power output
Thus 0.75 = 5 000
from which power output = 0.75 x 5 000 = 3 750 W
Heat required to melt 10 kg of copper = mcδt + mLf
= 10 x 0.4 x (1 083 -30) + 10 x 180
= 4 212 + 1 800
= 6 012 kJ.
Work done
Power output = Time taken = 3.75 kJ
Work done 6 012

Time taken = Power output = 3.75
= 1 603.2 seconds
14.5 Copper of mass 6 kg is heated and quickly transferred to a container with 4 kg of water at initial
temperature of 15 oC. The final temperature of water is found to be 35 oC and the specific heat capacity for
water and copper are 4.2 kJ/ kg K and 385 J/kg Calculate the initial temperature of copper before being
transferred to the water container. [8]
Working in kJ
Heat lost by copper = Heat gained by water
mcδt (copper) = mcδt (water component)
[6 x 385 x (T − 35)] = {[4 x 4 200 x (35 − 15)]}
2 310T – 80 850 = 336 000
2 310T = 336 000 + 80 850
416 850
T = 2 310
= 180.45 oC
9.2 Change of phase

15.1 Calculate the amount of heat required to convert 0.5 kg of ice at -200C into steam at 1000C.
Lf =335 kJ/kg, Lv =2260 kJ/kg, cice =2.1 kJ/kg K and cwater = 4.2 kJ/kg K. [12]

Page 54
Heat required raise temperature of ice to melting point (Q1) = 0.5 x 2.1 x 1 000 x [0 – (-20)]
= 21 000J
Heat required to completely melt ice at 00C (Q2) = 0.5 x 335 x 1 000
= 167 500 J
Heat required to raise temperature to boiling point of water (Q3) = 0.5 x 4.2 x 1 000 x (100 – 0)
= 210 000J
Heat required to completely boil all the water available (Q4) = 0.5 x 2260 x 1 000
= 1 130 000J
Total heat required = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4
= 21 000 + 167 500 + 210 000 + 1 130 000
= 1.53 MJ
9.3 Thermal expansions

16.1 Two bars, one bronze the other steel are both nominally 150 mm long. When placed side by side at
200C, the bronze bar is found to be shorter than the steel bar by 0.25 mm. To what temperature must both
bars be raised to make them the same length? α bronze = 19 x 10-6/ K and α steel = 12 x 10-6. [10]
For bronze,
Δx + 0.25 = α. Δt. L
= 19 x 10-6 x Δt x 150 … … … … … … 1
Page 55
For steel,
Δx = α. Δt. L
= 12 x 10-6 x Δt x 150 … … … … … … … 2
From equation 1 and 2
Δx = (19 x 10-6 x Δt x 150) – 0.25 = 12 x 10-6 x Δt x 150 … … … … 3
Rearranging equation 3 gives
0.25
Δt =
(19−12)x 10−6 x 150
= 238 0C
Therefore final temperature = 238 + 20 = 258 0C
b. In an experiment to determine the coefficient of linear expansion of brass, a rod of this metal 250 mm
long is found to expand by 0.39 mm when heated to from 17oC to 98 oC. Determine the value for the
coefficient of linear expansion of brass. [5]
x
α = Δt x L
0.39
= 250 x (98−17)
= 0.000 019 259
= 19 x 10-6
16.2 A shaft is 15.05 mm in diameter and has to be inserted into a hole exactly 15 mm in diameter. By how
much must it be cooled down to make this possible without using force? Take 12 x 10 -6/K as coefficient of
linear expansion of the shaft material. [5]
Using δA = β x A x δt; where β = 2α = 2 x 12 x 10-6 = 24 x 10-6/K

δA = 0.25π (15.052 – 152) = 1.18 mm2
δA 1.18
δt = (A x β)= (177.985 x 24 x 0.000 001)

Page 56
= 276.24 K
16.3 A diameter 50 mm copper bar at initial temperature of 15 oC is heated till it expands to diameter 50.12
mm. The coefficient of linear expansion of copper is given as 17 x 10 -6/oC. Calculate the final temperature
of the copper bar [7]
Change in diameter = 50.12 – 50 = 0.12 mm (proportionately with change in length)
Change in length ∆l = L x α x ∆t
0.12 = 50 x 17 x 10-6 x (T -15)
0.12 = 0.000 85T – 0.01275
0.12+0.0127
T = 0.000 85
= 156.176 oC
16.4 An 80 mm diameter aluminium-piston fits into a cast iron cylinder with a uniform radial clearance of
0.75 mm at room temperature of 150C. Determine the percentage increase in area of the gap between
piston and cylinder should temperature rise to 300C. αaluminium = 24 x 10-6/K and αcast iron = 10 x 10-6. [9]
Area of piston = πR2 = π x 40 x 40 = 5 027 mm2

Area of cylinder = πR2 = π x 40.75 x 40.75 = 5 217 mm2
Initial area of gap = 5 217 – 5 027 = 190 mm2
Increase in area of piston (δA) = β x δt x A

= 2 x 24 x 10-6 x (130 – 15) x 5 027
= 27.8 mm2
Increase in area of cylinder (δA) = β x δt x A
= 2 x 10 x 10-6 x (130 – 15) x 5 217
= 12 mm2
Change in area of gap = 27.8 – 12 = 15.8 mm2
15.8
Percentage increase in area of gap = ( 190 ) x 100%
= 8.3%

Page 57

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NATIONAL CERTIFICATE

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Produced by Engineer Fero Brighton 2020 340/S03

Produced by Engineer Fero Brighton 2020 340/S03

1.1 SI units and definitions

a. Length metre (m) [1]

b. Time seconds (s) [1]

c. Heat Joules (J) [1]

d. Force Newton (N) [1]

e. Mass Kilograms (kg) [1]

b. Resultant force – is a single force representative of a system of forces [1]

e. Moment of a force- tendency of a force to cause rotation. [1]

Produced by Engineer Fero Brighton 2020 340/S03

Multiplier/sub multiplier Value Symbol

a. 10 kN/m2 to N/mm2 10 000 x 10-6 = 0.01 N/mm2 [2]

b. 25 bar to N/m2 1 bar = 105 N/m2 i.e. 2.5 MN/m2 [1]

2.2 Express interval between 5 5000C and 33800c in

a. Degrees 5 500 – 3 380 = 2 1200C [1]

b. Kelvin 2 120 + 273.15 = 2 393.15 K [2]

c. Fahrenheit (1.8 x 2 120) + 32 = 3 848 0F [2]

2.3 Convert the following [2 marks each]

a. 212 0F to 0C b. 25 inch/min to mm/hr

c. 400 rad/sec to revs/ min d. 350 kN/cm2 to MN/m2

400 x 60 350 x 1000

Produced by Engineer Fero Brighton 2020 340/S03

2 CHAPTER TWO: FLUID PRESSURE

Mass = density x volume

= 2.7 x 1 000 x 0.03 x 0.03 x 1.5

Mass of water = 135 -95 = 40 g

Produced by Engineer Fero Brighton 2020 340/S03

3 CHAPTER THREE: STATICS

3.1 Forces (Vectors)

Produced by Engineer Fero Brighton 2020 340/S03

0 + (- 0.707106T1) + 0.866T2 = 0 … … … (i)

Substituting for T2 in equation (i)

Produced by Fero Engineer Brighton 2020 340/S03

Produced by Engineer Fero Brighton 2020 340/S03

Force Vertical components Horizontal components

= 48 N = 41.5o to the vertical.

Produced by Engineer Fero Brighton 2020 340/S03

Force horizontal component vertical component

70 kN 70 kN cos 0 = 70 000 70 kN sin 0 =0

100 kN 100 kN cos 45 = 70 710.678 12 100 kN sin 45 = 70 710.678 12

400 kN 400 kN cos 90 =0 400 kN sin 90 = 400 000

20 kN 20 kN cos 110 = -6 840.403 20 kN sin 110 = 18 793.852 42

∑ 𝐻𝑂𝑅𝐼𝑍𝑂𝑁𝑇𝐴𝐿 𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃𝑂𝑁𝐸𝑁𝑇𝑆 = - 116 129.724 7 N

∑ 𝑉𝐸𝑅𝑇𝐼𝐶𝐴𝐿 𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃𝑂𝑁𝐸𝑁𝑇𝑆 = 56 491.828 64 N

Produced by Engineer Fero Brighton 2020 340/S03

= 129 141.161 8 N = 0.486

= 129 kN. Therefore θ = 260 to the horizontal

= 125 kN, at 250 to the horizontal.

Produced by Engineer Fero Brighton 2020 340/S03

Similarly, taking moments about the left hand end:

Produced by Engineer Fero Brighton 2020 340/S03

Clockwise moments = anti-clockwise moments

(RB x 40) = (850 x 10) + (1 500 x 20) + (410 x 23)

8 500+30 000+9 430

Taking moments about RB

Clockwise moments = anti-clockwise moments

(RA x 40) = (850 x 30) + (1 500 x 20) + (410 x 17)

25 500+30 000+6 970

5.3 a. State the principle of moments

Produced by Engineer Fero Brighton 2020 340/S03