EE Topic 09 Shear Behavior of Discontinuities and Rock Mass

Faculty of Science and Technology
SCE 5431 -- Earthwork Engineering
Lecturer: Mr. Tony Poon

Tel: 2176-1003
Office: 301, Email: tonypoon@vtc.edu.hk
Outline
 Topic 1: Introduction to rocks and soils
 Topic 2: Ground investigation method
 Topic 3: Flow rate in groundwater lowering
 Topic 4: Dewatering systems
 Topic 5: Soil Compaction
 Topic 6: Ground improvement methods and design consideration
 Topic 7: Excavation support methods

2
Outline
 Topic 8: Mechanical properties of intact rock
 Topic 9: Shear behavior of discontinuities and rock mass

classification
 Topic 10: Stability of rock slope
 Topic 11: Tunnels and caverns
 Topic 12: Review and reflection
3
Lecture 9:
Shear Behavior of Discontinuities and
Rock Mass Classification
4
Outline
 9.1 Shearing behavior of discontinuities
 9.2 Shearing behavior of rock mass
 9.3 Rock mass classification
5
Failure criteria for intact rocks
(1) Shearing behavior of intact rock
Precisely speaking, Zone

I to IV is the shearing
behavior on intact rock.
The peak point is the
strength of intact rock.
Zone V is the shearing

behavior on the joint.
Therefore, the failure /
strength of joint by
shearing follows
τ = cw + σ n tanφw
6
(2) Shearing behavior of joint surface
Why the failure behavior by shearing of joint follows the Coulomb criteria and
what the parameters can be decomposed of?
(a) Shearing on smooth surface (b) Shearing on inclined smooth surface

N N
S S
ϕf ϕi
Friction Inclination
τ = tan φ τ = tan φ + φ
σn f
σn
( f i)
7
(c) Shearing on rough surface & Bilinear model (Patton, 1966)

N
τ
S
ϕf
ϕr
ϕf + ϕr
Roughness σn
τ tan (φf + φr ) σ n is small
Question:
Where is the friction from?
Why it is bilinear? (teeth broken) =
Better way to quantify roughness? σ n  Sj + tan (φ f ) σ n is large
(Barton 1973)
 8
(d) Shearing on rough surface & Barton’s model

At higher normal stresses, the strength of the
intact material will be exceeded and the teeth
will tend to break off, resulting in a shear
strength behavior which is more closely related
to the intact material strength than to the
frictional characteristics of the surfaces (i.e., a
reduction of shear strength).
τ  JCS 
= tan φ f + JRC log10 
σn  σn 
JCS = the joint wall compressive strength
JCR = the joint roughness coefficient 9
9
(3) Shearing behavior of joint from lab test
By experiment, the whole shearing response of the joint is found similar to that of
the intact rock.
10
Outline
11
Rock mass classification
(1) Shearing behavior of rock mass
Rock mass = intact rock + fractures
Rock mass with single joint:

σ1 2 (cw + σ 3 tan φw )
(σ1 − σ 3 )slip =
σ1 (1− tan φw cot β )sin 2β
Failure by the slip on joint
Joint Failure of intactrock
β α
σ3
β
φw 45°+φw 90°
τ = cw + σ n tan φw (σ1 − σ 3 )slip,min = 2 (cw + σ 3 tan φw ) ( 1+ tan φ2
w + tan φw ) 12
(1) Shearing behavior of rock mass
Rock mass = intact rock + fractures
Rock mass with multiple joints:
σ1 σ1
Failure of intact rock

Joint
σ3
Failure by the slip on joint β
90° 13
Outline
14
(1) RMR (Rock Mass Rating)
The Rock Mass Rating (RMR) System is a geomechanical classification system for
rocks, developed by Z. T. Bieniawski between 1972 and 1973.
Quality of rick masses depends on six parameters:

 Uniaxial compressive strength of the intact rock
 Drilled core quality (Rock Quality Designation, RQD)
 Joint and fracture spacing
 Joint condition
 Ground water condition
 Joint orientation
RMR = RMRI (strength) +

RMRI (RQD) + RMRI (joint spacing) + RMRI (joint condition) +
RMRI (ground water condition) + RMRI (joint orientation)
= 0 to 100
Very poor rock mass Very good rock mass
15

RMR Class
81-100 I-Very good rock
61-80 II-Good rock
41-60 III-Fair good rock
21-40 IV- Poor rock
<20 V-Very poor rock
16
C0 = 24Is(50)
Results by point load test are unreliable for weak rock.
17
18
19
Discontinuity length < 1m 1-3 m 3-10 m 10-20 m > 20 m

Rating 6 4 2 1 0
Seperation (apertue) None < 0.1 mm 0.1-1.0 mm 1-5 mm > 5 mm
Rating 6 5 4 1 0
Roughness ration Very rough Rough Slightly rough Smooth Slickensided
Rating 6 5 3 1 0
Infilling (gouge) None Hard filling < 5 mm Hard filling > 5 mm Soft filling < 5 mm Soft filling > 5 mm
Rating 6 4 2 2 0
Weathering Unweathered Slightly weathered Moderately weathered Highly weathered Decomposed 20
Rating 6 5 3 1 0
Pilot or observation tunnel Measurement of joint Observation of drill core

water pressure and drilling log
21
(1) RMR (Rock Mass Rating) Some projects have its favorable and
unfavorable joint orientation.
222
2
(1) RMR (Rock Mass Rating) Some projects have its favorable and
unfavorable joint orientation.
23
(2) Q system
Based on an evaluation of a large number of case histories of underground
excavation, Barton et. al (1974) proposed a Tunnelling Quality Index (Q) for the
determination of rock mass characteristics and tunnel support requirements
 RQD   Jr   Jw 
Q=   × J  ×   Q Rock mass quality for tunneling
J
 n   a  SRF 
Jointed block size Inter-block shear Important < 0.01 -
strength environmental condition
(active stress) 0.01-0.1 Extermely poor
0.1-1.0 Very poor
1.0-4.0 Poor
4.0-10.0 Fair
10.0-40.0 Good
40.0-100.0 Very good
100.0-400.0 Extermely good
>400.0 Exceptionally good
24
(2) Q system
 RQD   Jr   Jw 
Q=   × J  ×  
J
 n   a  SRF 
Jointed block size Inter-block shear Important
(active stress)
Jn = Joint set number
Joint set number Jn

Massive 0.5
One set 2.0
Two sets 4.0
Three sets 9.0 ?
Four or more sets 15.0
Crushed rock 20.0
25
(2) Q system
 RQD   Jr   Jw 
Q=   × J  ×  
J
 n   a  SRF 
(active stress)
Jr = Joint roughness number
Joint roughness number Jr

Dicontinuous joints 4
Rough, undulating 3.0
Smooth, undulating 2.0
Slickensided undulating -
1.5
Rough irregular, plana
Smooth, planar 1.0
Slickensided, planar 0.5
26
(2) Q system
 RQD   Jr   Jw 
Q=   × J  ×  
J
 n   a  SRF 
(active stress)
Ja = Joint alternation number

Joint alteration number Ja
No mineral fillings, only coatings
Healed 0.8
Unaltered, surface staining on 1.0
Slighted altered 2.0
Silty or sandy clay coatings 3.0
Clay mineral coating 4.0
Thin mineral fillings 4.0-12.0
Thick mineral fillings 6.0-20.0
27
(2) Q system
 RQD   Jr   Jw 
Q=   × J  ×  
J
 n   a  SRF 
(active stress)
Jw = Joint water reduction factor
Joint water reduction factor Jw

Dry 1
Medium water inflow 0.7
Jet inflow with unfilled joints 0.5
Large inflow with filled joints that wash o 0.3
Exceptionally high trensient inflow 0.2-0.1
Exceptionaly high continuous inflow 0.1-0.05
28
(2) Q system
 RQD   Jr   Jw 
Q=   × J  ×  
J
 n   a  SRF 
(active stress)
SRF = Stress reduction factor
Stress reduction factor SRF

Weak zones
Multiple weak zones 10.0
Single weak zone 5.0
Loose, open joints, heavily jointed 5.0
Single weak zone (depth > 50 m) 2.5
Stress problems in competent massive rock
Diff stress level; spalling or rock burst 2.5-400.0
Squeezing rocking in incompetent rock 5.0-20.0
Swelling rock 5.0-15.0
292
9
Faculty of Science and Technology
Thanks!
30

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Faculty of Science and Technology

SCE 5431 -- Earthwork Engineering

Lecturer: Mr. Tony Poon

 Topic 1: Introduction to rocks and soils

 Topic 2: Ground investigation method

 Topic 3: Flow rate in groundwater lowering

 Topic 4: Dewatering systems

 Topic 5: Soil Compaction

 Topic 6: Ground improvement methods and design consideration

 Topic 7: Excavation support methods

 Topic 8: Mechanical properties of intact rock

 Topic 9: Shear behavior of discontinuities and rock mass

 Topic 10: Stability of rock slope

 Topic 11: Tunnels and caverns

 Topic 12: Review and reflection

 9.1 Shearing behavior of discontinuities

 9.2 Shearing behavior of rock mass

 9.3 Rock mass classification

Precisely speaking, Zone

Zone V is the shearing

(a) Shearing on smooth surface (b) Shearing on inclined smooth surface

(c) Shearing on rough surface & Bilinear model (Patton, 1966)

(d) Shearing on rough surface & Barton’s model

 9.1 Shearing behavior of discontinuities

 9.2 Shearing behavior of rock mass

 9.3 Rock mass classification

Rock mass with single joint:

Rock mass with multiple joints:

Failure of intact rock

Failure by the slip on joint β

 9.1 Shearing behavior of discontinuities

 9.2 Shearing behavior of rock mass

 9.3 Rock mass classification

Quality of rick masses depends on six parameters:

RMR = RMRI (strength) +

RMR = RMRI (strength) +

Discontinuity length < 1m 1-3 m 3-10 m 10-20 m > 20 m

Pilot or observation tunnel Measurement of joint Observation of drill core

40.0-100.0 Very good

100.0-400.0 Extermely good

>400.0 Exceptionally good

Jn = Joint set number

Joint set number Jn

Jr = Joint roughness number

Joint roughness number Jr

Ja = Joint alternation number

Jw = Joint water reduction factor

Joint water reduction factor Jw

SRF = Stress reduction factor

Stress reduction factor SRF

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