Experiment No.

2
“To determine the coefficient of velocity of two small orifices”

Objectives
 To study path followed by water jet under different heads

 To study how viscous effect comes in orifice

 To calculate co efficient of velocity

Apparatus:
 Hydraulics Bench

 Orifice and Jet Apparatus

 Stopwatch
Related theory
Orifice:
It is defined as an opening at the base of a tank or a storage device from which the fluid can
flow out of the system.
An orifice is usually used for providing outflow of fluid and allows the measurement of flow rate
of the flowing fluid (orifice meter).

Classification of Orifices:
Orifices can be classified on basis of various parameters such as sizes, geometry, nature of
discharge and head etc. On basis of size, orifices are of two types:
  Small orifice

 Large Orifice
Small Orifice:
It is defined as an orifice whose vertical dimension (d) is less than the head available for the
flow (h). This means:
d ≪h
Large Orifice:
It is defined as an orifice whose vertical dimension (d ) is greater than the head available for the
flow (h). This means:
d ≫h
Vena Contracta:
It is defined as such a point in the fluid stream where the diameter of the stream and the fluid
velocity is least and maximum respectively.

Co-efficient of Velocity (C v ):

It is defined as the ratio of actual velocity ( v act ) to the theoretical velocity of the jet ( v th).
v act
CV=
v th

Co-efficient of Discharge (Cd):

It is defined as the ratio of actually measured volumetric flow rate ((Q v)act) to the theoretical
volumetric flow rate ((Q v)th ).
(Q v )act
C d=
(Qv )th

Co-efficient of Contraction (C c )

It is defined as the ratio of actual area ( Aact ) to the theoretical area of the jet or orifice ( Ao ).
A act
C c=
Ao

Derivation:

Consider a fluid moving out of the orifice (as shown in fig.). We will observe that the trajectory
of the fluid will be parabolic. Consider that our reference point is vena contracta (where the
velocity is maximum). So, the fluid will cover distance in both horizontal and vertical motion.
The horizontal motion will be:
x−x o=v x t

Where, v x is the horizontal velocity. It will remain constant throughout the flow and xo = 0. So,
x=vt
The vertical motion will be:

g t2
y− y o=( v y )o t+
2
Since, there is no vertical motion, so, y o = 0 and ( v y )o = 0. So,

g t2
y=
2
As, ¿ vt , so, putting the value of t in the above equation:
2
g x
y= ×
2 v ()
g x2
y=
2 v2

2 g x2
v=
2y
Taking square root on both sides, we get.

g x2
v act=
√ 2y
According to Torricelli’s Theorem:

v th= √ 2 gh

The coefficient of velocity (C v) is:

v act
C v=
v the

g x2
C v= √
2y
√ 2 gh
x
C v= If a graph is plotted between x and then it will a straight line and the slope of graph
2 √ yh
will be equal to 2Cv.
Experimental setup

Procedure
  Place a blank paper on the back board of apparatus with the help of catcher.

 To start the flow of water, turn on the switch.

 With the help of the head adjustor, set the value of head (h). Keeping the head fixed,
observe the parabolic trajectory and adjust the needle such that its tip touches the
trajectory of water.

 Mark the points on the paper and note the horizontal (x) and vertical (y) distance while
keeping the first point of needle as reference.
1 1
 Calculate ( yh ) 2 . Plot the graph between x and ( yh ) 2 . It will be a straight line. The value of
C v can be calculated as:

Slope
C v=
2
Observations
Specimen Calculations
For the reading set 1, we measured that
Diameter of orifice ¿ 0.003 m
Head¿ h=260 mm
Horizontal distance from plane of orifice ¿ 0.0135 m
Horizontal distance from the origin (1st needle) ¿ x=5 cm
Vertical distance travelled ¿ y=0.6 cm
1
( yh ) 2 =(260 ×10−3× 5 ×10−2) 0.5=3.9 cm

Diameter of small orifice ¿ 0.003 m

Observations and Calculations

Head = h = 260mm
No. of. Horizontal distance (from plane Horizontal distance Vertical Distance (yh)0.5 (cm)
obs. of travelled(from 1st needle) (x) Travelled (y) (cm)
orifice) (m) (cm)
1. 0.0135 5 0.6 3.9
2. 0.0635 9.8 2 7.2
3. 0.1135 14.9 3.7 9.8
4. 0.1635 19.8 6.1 12.6
5. 0.2135 24.9 8.7 15
6. 0.2635 30 12.1 17.7
7. 0.3135 35.3 16.4 20.6

Graph between x and (yh)0.5

x
40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

From the graph,

( 30∗10−2 )−(24.9∗10−2)
Slope = = 1.88
( 17.7∗10−2 )−(15 ¿ 10−2)
Slope 1.88
C v= ¿ = 0.94
2 2
Discussion:
The main objective of this experiment is to study how actual velocity is less than the theoretical
one. Bernoulli’s Equation can be justified under some certain limitations, but practically we
can’t achieve these conditions. There come many factors that reduce the actual velocity.
(1) Friction/viscous effect between fluid and its container. (2) There come some regions of
turbulence while the fluid flow is considered to be laminar. (3) Fluid is not pure incompressible.
Instead of setting formula again, we compare the practical velocity of fluid with theoretical one
and observe how much the velocity varies. We do this observation for different velocity and
find that the variation is always same. We named this variation as coefficient.
Moreover, C v depends upon following factors

 Orifice size (larger orifice, close value to 1 and vice versa)

 Head (larger head, close value to 1 and vice versa)

Turbulence (more turbulence, closer to 1 and vice versa)