DESIGN OF DAM APPARTNENT STRUCTUR ASSIGMENT

≠1 Determine the geometry of the spillway crest and the discharge rating curve for an ungated
overflow spillway. A bridge over the spillway will be supported on piers 1.8 m thick, with a
maximum span width of 12 m between the centerline of piers. The reservoir and flood data are as
follows:
Maximum flood discharge = 2800 m3 /sec
Maximum flood pool elevation =110 m
Maximum normal pool elevation= 100 m
Approach channel invert elevation = 80 m
Downstream channel elevation = 20 m
Maximum flood tail water elevation = 40 m
Assume that the overflow crest becomes tangent to a spillway chute that is slopes at 1H: 1V.
Given
The Pier thickness=1.8m
Spam width =12m
Maximum flood discharge = 2800 m3 /sec
Maximum flood pool elevation =110 m
Maximum normal pool elevation= 100 m
Approach channel invert elevation = 80 m
Downstream channel elevation = 20 m
Maximum flood tail water elevation = 40 m
The slopes at 1H: 1V
Required
 Determine the geometry of the spillway crest?
 The discharge rating curve for an ungated overflow spillway.
Solution
Step1:-Design head

Spillway crest elevation is the same as Maximum normal pool elevation and maximum available
head is the difference between Maximum flood pool elevation [110 m ] and Maximum normal
pool elevation[100 m ] 𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 =110m-100m=10m

DONE ANLEY LIYEW

1|Page
 DESIGN OF DAM APPARTNENT STRUCTUR ASSIGMENT

Since the available head 𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 =10m is only head up Maximum flood pool elevation so it is
necessary reduced to design head [ 𝐻𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 ] =75% of maximum available head because up to [75-
80%] of maximum head which is equal to𝐻𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 =7.5 m.

Step2:- Discharge Coefficient Use the depth from the crest to ground surface to find the basic
discharge coefficient

P=100-80=20m

𝑃 20
=7.5=2.666 verses value coefficient c
𝐻0

𝑃
From above grapy 𝐻 =2.7 in x axis and we get c0=3.95
0

Co= (0.552) (3.95) =2.18

This spillway will have a vertical upstream face. Since the maximum tail water elevation is well
below the spillway crest, there will be no tail water effect and no apron effect. No further
corrections to the discharge coefficient will be required

DONE ANLEY LIYEW

2|Page
 DESIGN OF DAM APPARTNENT STRUCTUR ASSIGMENT
Step 3:- determine Crest Length Pier nose shape Type 3A is selected for the bridge piers. The
pier contraction coefficient Kp can be assumed to be 0.0. The headwall will be 90° to the
direction of flow with rounded abutments. Ka 0.1

𝐻𝑀𝐴𝑋 10
=7.5 1.33
H0

𝐶
From above figure C0= 1.02

So C = co*1.02=2.18*1.02=2.224

𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 =CL𝐻 3/2

𝑄 2800
L=𝐶[𝐻 𝑚𝑎𝑥]3/2=2.224∗[10]3/2=39.813m
𝑚𝑎𝑥

Three piers will be required to support the bridge. The net length of the crest L’ is determined
from L = L’ – 2(0.1)(10) = 39.81 m
L’ =2(NKp+Ka) Hmax=2(0.1+0)*10=2
L = L’ -2=39.81

DONE ANLEY LIYEW

3|Page
 DESIGN OF DAM APPARTNENT STRUCTUR ASSIGMENT

𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 =2+39.81=41.81m (use four bays at 10.5 m each). The total spillway crest length, including
three piers at 1.8 m thickness, is 45.01 m.

𝐻 𝑀𝐴𝑋 10
Step 4:- Checking Minimum Pressure on the Crest =7.5 1.33
H0

The minimum pressure at maximum discharge (H/Hd = 1.33) occurs along the pier and is about
–2.8 m, which is less than one-half atmosphere or 5 m head.

Table 1 discharge rating curve

𝐻𝑒
Elevation [m] 𝐻𝑑 0 C L[m] Q[m3/s]
100 0 0 0.78 1.700 42 0
101 1 0.13 0.83 1.809 41.8 76
102 2 0.27 0.87 1.897 41.6 223
103 3 0.40 0.9 1.962 41.4 422
104 4 0.53 0.93 2.027 41.2 668
105 5 0.67 0.95 2.071 41 949
106 6 0.80 0.97 2.115 40.8 1268
107 7 0.93 0.99 2.158 40.6 1623
108 8 1.07 1 2.180 40.4 1993
109 9 1.20 1.01 2.202 40.2 2390
110 10 1.33 1.02 2.224 40 2813

Step 5: determine crest geometry

Unit discharge approving crest at design head is by interpolating between 1623 and 1993 m3/s
with 7 and 8 m respectively. We get discharge at 7.5m is 1808 m3/s

1808 𝑚3/𝑠
So unit discharge [q] = =40.2 𝑚3/𝑠/m
45.01𝑚

DONE ANLEY LIYEW

4|Page
 DESIGN OF DAM APPARTNENT STRUCTUR ASSIGMENT

Step 6: Approach velocity:

𝑄 𝑄
𝑉𝑎 =𝐵𝑌 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 𝑞

𝑞
𝑉𝑎 =𝑦 but depth y=p+𝐻0 =20+7.5=27.5m

𝑉𝑎 =40.2/27.5=1.46 m/s

Step 7: Approach velocity head:

𝑉𝑎 2
ℎ𝑎 = =0.11 m
2𝑔

ℎ𝑎 0.11
Let check = =0.015
𝐻0 7.5

Figure 1 Factors for the definition of nappe-shaped crest profiles (USBR, 1987)

DONE ANLEY LIYEW

5|Page
 DESIGN OF DAM APPARTNENT STRUCTUR ASSIGMENT

Step 8:-Shape of the Ogee Profile

From above figure N can determine goes 0.015 in x axis we get N=1.87 and k=0.475

𝑅1 𝑅 𝑥 𝑦
K=0.475 ,N=1.87, =0.56, 𝐻2 =0.24, 𝐻𝑐 =0.295 and𝐻𝑐 =0.128
𝐻𝑜 𝑜 𝑜 𝑜

The origin of the X-Y axis is at the crest of the spillway, and Xc is the distance from the
upstream face to the crest.

For Upstream of the origin:

𝑥𝑐 =2.2125, 𝑅1 =4.2, 𝑅2 =1.8 and 𝑦=0.96

For downstream

𝑌 𝑋
=-K [𝐻𝑑]𝑛
𝐻𝑑

Y=-0.475*7.61*0.02248*X 1.87

Y=-0.08126X 1.87

𝑑𝑦
Then the slop of line become 𝑑𝑥 = -0.08126X 1.87

𝑑𝑦
=-0.0826*1.87X 0.87
𝑑𝑥

1
X0.87 = 0.152

Xt=6.58 [1/0.87]=8.72m

Yt=0.08125*8.72 1.87=4.66m

DONE ANLEY LIYEW

6|Page
 DESIGN OF DAM APPARTNENT STRUCTUR ASSIGMENT

Table 2 to draw the shape spillway the coordinates point

Y=-0.08126X 1.87
x[m] -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y[m] -0.634 -0.297 -0.081 0.000 0.1 0.3 0.6 1.1 1.6 2.3 3.1
x[m] 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
y[m] 4.0 4.9 6.0 7.2 8.5 9.8 11.3 12.9 14.5 16.2 18.1

Figure 2 spillway shape

Figure 3 rating curve using discharge verse elevation

DONE ANLEY LIYEW

7|Page
 DESIGN OF DAM APPARTNENT STRUCTUR ASSIGMENT
2. A 50 m long side channel spillway will have a maximum discharge of 200 cumec with 1.5 m
overflow depth. The channel cross-section is trapezoidal with a bed width of 12 m and side
slopes of 2V:1H. The depth of flow at the end of the spillway will be 5 m (with a suitable control
in the downstream).
The velocity of flow is to vary linearly as the distance from the beginning of the spillway.
Calculate the water surface profile in a step-by-step manner for every distance of 10 m (first
group) and 20 m, 20 m and 10 m intervals (second group) from upstream to downstream.
Assume any data if missed. Note from the given data, the reservoir water level =107.66 masl and
the Spillway crest level = 106.16 masl.
Given
Length of side channel =50m
Q=200m3/s and depth=1.5m
Trapezoidal channel width 0f 12m and side slope 2V:1H.
Depth of flow at the end of the spillway will be 5 m the reservoir water level =107.66 m and the
Spillway crest level = 106.16m
Required
Calculate the water surface profile in a step-by-step manner for every distance of 10 m (first
group) and 20 m, 20 m and 10 m intervals (second group) from upstream to downstream
Solution
step1 determine area of flow in trapezoid section
𝑦
Area of flow = y(b+ 2)= 72.5 m2

V = Q/A = 200/72.5 = 2.76 m/s.

Since the discharge increases linearly with the distance, the velocity can also be assumed to vary
with ‘x’ in some arbitrary manner that an exponential type of relationship can be assumed:
𝑣 𝑣2
V =a* xn and From this a=xn and from energy equation E=y+2𝑔,

𝑑𝑦 d 𝑣2 𝑑𝑦 1 d𝑣 𝑣2
= [ ]≫ = [𝑣2 + ]
𝑑𝑥 d𝑥 2𝑔 𝑑𝑥 𝑔 d𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑎𝑥2𝑛
= 𝑔 [𝑎𝑥2𝑛 +ax2n
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑎𝑥2𝑛
∫ 𝑑𝑥 =∫[𝑔 [𝑎𝑥2𝑛 𝑑𝑥
+ax2n]]

𝑎2 ( 𝑛+1)
Y= *𝑥 2𝑛 ……………………..the equation of profile
𝑔 𝑛2

Where ‘n’ is the side slope of the channel (horizontal/vertical)=1/2=0.5 and ‘a’ is a constant
DONE ANLEY LIYEW
8|Page
 DESIGN OF DAM APPARTNENT STRUCTUR ASSIGMENT
From which; a = 2.76/50^0.5 = 0.39 (for x = 50 m)
𝑎2 ( 𝑛+1)
Equation of flow profile: Y= *𝑥 2𝑛
𝑔 2𝑛

0.392 ( 0.5+1)
Y= *𝑥 2∗0.5 =0.0233x
𝑔 2∗0.5

The water surface is = (0.0233*50) =1.16 m below the spillway crest (at the end of the spillway)
and at the crest level (at the beginning of the spillway). The channel bottom, similarly, is 5 m
below the respective water level (105.5 – 100.5), i.e., on a slope of 1V: 43.1H
Table 3 water profile dimension by 10m interval

∆y=col_[11*17]
Q1/[g(Q1+Q2)]

V2[Q2-Q1]/Q1
[Q2-Q1]/Q1
water surface

c0l_13+16
Q[m3/s]
Trial, ∆y

Q1+Q2

remark
V[m/s]

V1+V2

Q2-Q1
V2-V1
A[m ]
2
h[m]
Bed
∆x
st

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
50 100 105 5 72.5 200 2.76
40 10 100.233 0.5 105.5 5.27 77.07 160 2.08 360 0.04 4.83 0.68 40 0.25 0.69 1.37 0.05 too large
100.466 0.24 105.24 5.01 72.62 160 2.20 360 0.24 4.28 0.13 40 0.25 0.69 0.82 0.20 ok
30 10 100.699 0.2 105.2 4.50 64.14 120 1.87 280 0.02 4.07 0.33 40 0.33 0.73 1.07 0.02 too large
20 10 100.932 0.04 105.04 4.11 57.73 80 1.39 200 0.03 3.26 0.49 40 0.50 0.94 1.42 0.04 ok
10 10 101.165 0.04 105.54 4.37 62.07 40 0.64 120 0.05 2.03 0.74 40 1.00 1.39 2.13 0.11 accept

Table 4 Table 5 water profile dimension by 10m interval

st ∆x Bed Trial,∆y ws h[m] A[m2] Q[m3/s] V[m/s] Q1+Q2 Q1[v1+v2]/[g(Q1+Q2)] V1+V2 V2-V1 Q2-Q1 [Q2-Q1]/Q1 V2[Q2-Q1]/Q1c0l_13+16∆y=col_[11*17] remark
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
50 100 105 5 72.5 200 2.76
30 20 100.46 0.5 105.5 5.04 73.18 120 1.64 320 0.280 4.398 1.119 80 0.67 1.093 2.212 0.62 too large
20 100.926 0.22 105.22 4.76 68.45 120 1.75 240 0.173 3.393 0.113 80 0.67 1.169 1.282 0.22 ok
20 20 100.926 0.2 105.2 4.274 60.42 80 1.32 200 0.188 3.077 0.429 40 0.50 0.662 1.091 0.21 ok
10 10 101.159 0.18 105.38 4.221 59.56 40 0.67 120 0.136 1.996 0.652 40 1.00 0.672 1.324 0.18 ok

. #3 Design the chute channel of the spillway up to the energy dissipater for the given data. Use
Excel spreadsheet for the computation. Indicate where the first aerator for the system should be
located. Bottom elevation at 0 = 1930.24 masl; Slope of the bottom channel from 0 to 200 =
1.5%; Slope of the bottom channel from 200 to 400 = 25%; Design discharge, Qd = 1,100 m3 /s
and channel bottom width is 50 m. Assume any data if miss

Given
Bottom elevation at 0 = 1930.24m
Slope of the bottom channel from 0 to 200 = 1.5%
Slope of the bottom channel from 200 to 400 = 25%

DONE ANLEY LIYEW

9|Page
 DESIGN OF DAM APPARTNENT STRUCTUR ASSIGMENT

Qd = 1,100 m3 /s
Channel bottom width is 50 m.

Required
Indicate where the first aerator for the system should be located.

Solution
The following procedure where An aerator can be provide or not
Step1:- Determine the cavitation indexes of the flow for the entire length of the structure using
at least 20% increments of discharge which encompass the design capacity of the spillway.

Step2:-Locate the aerator and the desired point of impact of the jet from the aerator using the
values of the cavitation indexes found in step 1.

Step 3:- Convex Curves When a slope changing from mild slope to steeper slope (i.e. from 0.015
to 0.25) there is a tendency for the water to spring away from the floor and thereby reduce the
surface contact pressure (flow separation), the floor shape should be made substantially flatter
convex curvature. The curvature should approximate a shape defined by the following equation:

𝑄 1100
Determine unit discharge q=𝐵= =22m3/s/m
50

𝑞2 222
𝑦𝑐 =[ 𝑔 ] 1/3=[9.81 ]1/3=3.67m
𝑞
V=𝑦𝑐=6m/s

1
Critical slope Sc from manning equation vc=𝑛 𝑅 2/3 √𝑠𝑐

[6∗0.011]2
𝑠𝑐 = =0.013
0.444/3

Slope of chute should be sufficiently steep to maintain a supercritical flow to avoid formation of
a hydraulic jump in the chute. Therefore all slope in the calculation) should be greater than
critical slope=0.013

DONE ANLEY LIYEW

10 | P a g e
 DESIGN OF DAM APPARTNENT STRUCTUR ASSIGMENT
Free board

freeboard given by the empirical equation is added to the computed depth of the water surface
profile(Garg, 2020).

freeboard (m)  0.6  0.04vd 1/3

Where, v = Mean velocity in the chute section under consideration (m/sec)

d = Mean water depth (m)

Convex Curves

x2
y  x tan  
k  4  y1  H v  cos2  

Where = Horizontal distance from the origin to a point on the trajectory,

Y = Vertical distance from the origin to point X on the trajectory

 is the Slope angle of the floor upstream of the curve

Hv Velocity head at the beginning of the curvature=5.44(from table)

k is a coefficient equal to or greater than 1.5

tan  =0.015,  =0.8594 degrees cos 2   1

y1 water depth at the beginning of the curvature=2.13

𝑥2
Y=-0.015x-1.5[4(12.13+5.44)]=

Y=-0.015x-0.0095𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= [-0.015x-0.0095𝑥 2 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

-0.25=-0.015-0.019x

X=12.36m

DONE ANLEY LIYEW

11 | P a g e
 DESIGN OF DAM APPARTNENT STRUCTUR ASSIGMENT
𝑑𝑦
It meets downstream slope of 25% that is 𝑑𝑥 = −0.25

This means the curve becomes tangent to slope of 25 %=- (0.25) after tranlasversion of distance
of 12.36m.the coordinate of the convex curve is given in table below

Table 6 parameters foe cavitation determination

Ch Distance bed drop bed level Assumed Y B A P R V

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 0 1930.24 3.67 50 183.5 57.34 3.2 5.99
50 50 0.75 1929.49 3.29 50 164.3 56.57 2.9 6.70
100 50 0.75 1928.74 2.90 50 145.0 55.8 2.6 7.59
150 50 0.75 1927.99 2.52 50 125.8 55.03 2.3 8.75
200 50 0.75 1927.24 2.13 50 106.5 54.26 2.0 10.33
250 50 1.25 1925.99 1.36 50 68.0 52.72 1.3 16.18
300 50 1.25 1924.74 1.34 50 66.8 52.67 1.3 16.48
350 50 1.25 1923.49 1.31 50 65.5 52.62 1.2 16.79
400 50 1.25 1922.24 1.29 50 64.3 52.57 1.2 17.12

Table 7 cont...From above

V2/2g E1 Sf Sfaveg hf E2 change slop Freeboard wall height Froud

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1.832 1932.072 0.001 1932.072 0.970 4.640 1.0
2.286 1931.776 0.001 0.001 0.000 1929.490 0.012 0.998 4.283 1.2
2.933 1931.673 0.002 0.002 -2.286 1926.454 0.011 1.033 3.933 1.4
3.900 1931.890 0.003 0.003 -5.219 1922.771 0.010 1.076 3.591 1.8
5.437 1932.677 0.005 0.004 -9.119 1918.121 0.009 1.132 3.262 2.3
13.337 1939.327 0.023 0.014 -14.557 1911.433 -0.001 1.317 2.677 4.4
13.842 1938.582 0.024 0.023 -27.894 1896.846 -0.010 1.326 2.661 4.6
14.375 1937.865 0.025 0.025 -41.735 1881.755 -0.012 1.335 2.645 4.7
14.940 1937.180 0.027 0.026 -56.110 1866.130 -0.013 1.345 2.630 4.8

The aeration ramp requirement is generally determined on the basis of an assessment of the
cavitation potential along the entire length of the spillway. The cavitation potential can be
expressed in terms of the cavitation number (or cavitation index)

Therefore the cavitation become

𝑦𝑣2
𝜎=[ycos𝜃+𝑔 +𝑝𝑏 -𝑝𝑣 ]/v2/2g
𝑅𝑐

Where 𝑝𝑏 =10.8 m, 𝑝𝑣 =0.233m and g=9.81m/s2 [𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃− ]= [𝑡𝑎𝑛0.015

−
]=0.86 degree

Cos(0.86)=0.99
DONE ANLEY LIYEW
12 | P a g e
 DESIGN OF DAM APPARTNENT STRUCTUR ASSIGMENT
𝑥2 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
Y=-0.015x-1.5[4(12.13+5.44)] and =0.015+6(𝑑+ℎ𝑣)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 1
Then second derivative [ 𝑑2 𝑥 ]=3(𝑑+ℎ𝑣)

𝑑𝑦 2
[1+ ] 1+0.0625
RC=[ 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑 𝑦
]1/2=[ ]=29.11
0.0365
𝑑2 𝑥

From 200 to 400m

𝑦𝑣2
𝜎=[ycos𝜃+𝑔 +𝑝𝑏 -𝑝𝑣 ]/v2/2g
𝑅𝑐

[𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃− ]= [𝑡𝑎𝑛0.25
−
]=14.04 degree

Cos (14.04)=0.97

Table 8 cavitation index value column 12

change Y B A V yv2 Rc pb-pv v2/2g v2 gRc cavitaion index
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0 3.67 50 183.5 6.0 131.88 29.11 10.57 1.83 36 285.57 8.01
50 3.285 50 164.25 6.7 147.34 29.11 10.57 2.29 45 285.57 6.27
100 2.9 50 145 7.6 166.90 29.11 10.57 2.93 58 285.57 4.78
150 2.515 50 125.75 8.7 192.45 29.11 10.57 3.90 77 285.57 3.52
200 2.13 50 106.5 10.3 227.23 29.11 10.57 5.44 107 285.57 2.47
250 1.36 50 68 16.2 355.88 29.11 10.57 13.34 262 285.57 0.98
300 1.335 50 66.75 16.5 362.55 29.11 10.57 13.84 272 285.57 0.95
350 1.31 50 65.5 16.8 369.47 29.11 10.57 14.37 282 285.57 0.91
400 1.285 50 64.25 17.1 376.65 29.11 10.57 14.94 293 285.57 0.88
row 1 parameter to determine cavitationindex
col_1 canage of chnnel length m
col_2 depthe in m
legend col_3 ,4 ,5 width,area,velocity col-_12 cavitaion index

Thus result show that the cavitation index are above standard which is grater thane 0.25 so no
aerator provide

DONE ANLEY LIYEW

13 | P a g e
 DESIGN OF DAM APPARTNENT STRUCTUR ASSIGMENT

Figure 4 where aerator is provide if cavitation present

#4 A siphon spillway of constant rectangular cross section 4 m wide by 2.5 m high has
configuration as shown in Figure below. The total length of the siphon is 80m. Various loss
coefficients are, Inlet = 0.12; Outlet = 1.0; б (bend loss coefficient) = 0.75 and Friction factor =
0.018. Determine (a) the maximum discharge, (b) whether cavitation would occur for that
discharge, and if so, the safe discharge for avoiding cavitation, and (c) the required constriction
of the outlet section to restrict that discharge.

Figure 5 given diagram

DONE ANLEY LIYEW

14 | P a g e
 DESIGN OF DAM APPARTNENT STRUCTUR ASSIGMENT
Given
A siphon spillway area 4*7.5=10m2
Total length of the siphon is 80m.
Inlet = 0.12; Outlet = 1.0; б
Bend loss coefficient 0.75 and Friction factor = 0.018.
Required
Solution
(a) the maximum discharge
From the given a rectangular siphon spillway area 4*7.5=10m2
So the to determine discharge first calculate velocity
1
V=𝜇√2𝑔𝐻 and also 𝜇 = ,
√𝑘𝑖+𝑘𝑓+𝑘𝑏

𝐿 𝐴
𝑘𝑓 =f(4𝑅),but R=[𝑃]=

𝐴=by=2.5*4=10m2

𝑃=2[y+b\=2*[2.5+4] =13m
4∗2.5
R=( )=10/13=0.769m
13

80
𝑘𝑓 =0.018(4∗0.769)=0.468
1 1
𝜇= = =0.654
√𝑘𝑖+𝑘𝑓+𝑘𝑏 √0.468+0.12+0.75+1

Operating head H=111.25-81.25=30m

Velocity [V]=𝜇√2𝑔𝐻

V= 0.654√2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 30

=15.86m/s

Thus 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 =VA=15.86*10=158.6m3/s (required ans)

(b) Whether cavitation would occur for that discharge, and if so, the safe discharge for
avoiding cavitation,

DONE ANLEY LIYEW

15 | P a g e
 DESIGN OF DAM APPARTNENT STRUCTUR ASSIGMENT

First know the location radius A=B [𝑅2 − 𝑅1 ]

10
From this 𝑅2 − 𝑅1= 4 =2.5
𝑅
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 12𝑅1𝑏 ln [𝑅1] and A=b [𝑅2 − 𝑅1 ]
2
𝑅
So that 158.6=12𝑅1𝑏 ln [𝑅1]] ……….from above 𝑅2 =2.5+𝑅1
2
We get 𝑅2 =6.25m
𝑅1 =3.75m
12𝑅1 𝑅
𝑣𝑎 =𝑅 ln [𝑅1]
2 −𝑅1 2

12∗3.75 3.75
𝑣𝑎 = ln [6.25] =9.19 m/s this is average velocity
2.5

Yes cavitation is occur because the average velocity should exceed 9.19m/s that is in a] above
𝑣𝑎 15.86𝑚/𝑠 >9.19m/s. therefore, [Safe discharge for avoiding cavitation, should, not exceed

𝑄𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 ≤9.19 * 10 =91.9 m3

(c) The required constriction of the outlet section to restrict that discharge.
Section at throat and outlet must proportional

From continuity’s equation 𝑄𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡 =𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡

𝑉𝑜 𝐴𝑜 =𝑉𝑎 𝐴𝑎
𝑉𝑎 𝐴𝑎
𝐴𝑜 = , 𝑉𝑎 = 9.19𝑚/𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝑎 =10m2
𝑉𝑜

𝑉𝑜 = 𝜇√2𝑔𝐻

1 1
𝜇𝑜 = = =0.864
√𝑘𝑖+𝑘𝑓+𝑘𝑏 √0.468+0.12+0.75

𝑉𝑜 = 0.864√2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 30

𝑉𝑜 =20.96m/s

9.19∗10
𝐴𝑜 = =4.38 m2
21

If the width of the outlet section is retained the same, then the depth of the section should be
reduced from 2.5 m to (4.38/4) 1.095 m

DONE ANLEY LIYEW

16 | P a g e
 DESIGN OF DAM APPARTNENT STRUCTUR ASSIGMENT

5. Flap gate with radial skin Plate: Determine the magnitude and direction of the maximum water
thrust on the flap gate of the figure shown below with a 12 m span and a skin plate radius of 6m.

Figure 6 given diagram

Given
Span of Flap gate 12 m
A skin plate radius of 6m.

Required
Determine the magnitude and direction of the maximum water thrust on the flap gate

Solution
To get the magnitude and direction of the maximum water thrust on the flap gate i.e Wh and Wv
are the horizontal and vertical hydrostatic pressures, respectively

𝑊ℎ= 𝛾 ∗B*h*(H -h/ 2)

𝑊𝑣= 𝛾 ∗B*R[(𝐷𝑚 cos 𝑎𝑠 − cos 𝑎𝑖 + R( 𝑎𝑖 − 𝑎𝑠 )/2+R(sin𝑎𝑠 cos 𝑎𝑠 −sin𝑎𝑖 cos 𝑎𝑖 / 2

First determine component of each term

𝐷𝑚 = elevation difference between the water level and the center of curvature of the skin plate,

𝐷𝑚 =51-46.2=4.8m

Ds = difference between the elevations of the center of curvature of the skin plate and the top
seal (for submerged gates) or the water level (in case of weir gates),

DONE ANLEY LIYEW

17 | P a g e
 DESIGN OF DAM APPARTNENT STRUCTUR ASSIGMENT

𝐷𝑠 =46.2-51=-4.8m
Di = difference between the elevations of the center of curvature of the skin plate and the sill.

𝐷𝑖 =46.2-47=-0.8m

αs = arc* sin Ds / R,

𝑎𝑠 =𝑠𝑖𝑛− [−4.8/6]=-53.13 degree and -0.93 rad

αi = arc* sin Di / R,

𝑎𝑖 =𝑠𝑖𝑛− [−0.8/6]=-7.66 degree and -0.134 rad

Therefore Appling the formula above

𝑊ℎ= 𝛾 ∗B*h*(H -h/ 2)

𝑊ℎ= 9.81 ∗12*15*(15-15/ 2)

=13243.5KN
Cos αs= Cos [-53.13]=0.60 and sin αs=[-53.13]=-0.80
Cos αi= Cos [-7.66]=0.991 and sin αi= sin[-8.51]=-0.133]

𝑊𝑣= 𝛾 ∗B*R[Dm(Cos αs- Cos αi)+R(αi- αs)/2+R (sin αs Cos αs - cos αi sin αi)/2
6(−0.134𝑟𝑎𝑑−−0.93 𝑟𝑎𝑑) 6[(−0.8∗0.6)−(−0.133∗0.99)]
𝑊𝑣= 9.81*12*6*[(4.8(0.6-0.99)+ + ]
2 2

=9.81*12*6*[-1.872+2.388-1.045]
=373.64 KN in the down ward direction

Thus the magnitude of resultant maximum water thrust on the flap gate

Become W=√𝑤ℎ2 + 𝑤𝑣2

w=√13243. 52 + 373.642

w=13248.8 KN

DONE ANLEY LIYEW

18 | P a g e
 DESIGN OF DAM APPARTNENT STRUCTUR ASSIGMENT
Direction of the maximum water thrust on the flap gate
𝑤
𝜃=ta𝑛− [ 𝑤𝑣 ]
ℎ

373.64
𝜃=ta𝑛− [− 13243.5]

𝜃=-1.620 or 360-1.62=358.380

Figure 7 magnitude and direction of water on gates

DONE ANLEY LIYEW

19 | P a g e