CE 302

Design of Hydraulic Structures

Dr. SHIBU A.
Department of Civil Engineering
College
6/22/2020
of Engineering Trivandrum 1
 Module III

Design and Drawing of the following hydraulic

structures:
1. Aqueduct (Type III)
2. Syphon Aqueduct (Type III)
3. Canal Fall (Trapezoidal Notch type)
4. Siphon Well Drop
5. Sarda Type Fall (High Discharge only)
6. Cross Regulator (Using Khoslas Theory)

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 Syphon Aqueduct (Type III)
– Design Example (1)
2 a) Design a suitable CDW, given the following data at the
crossing of a canal and drainage.
Canal:
Discharge = 20 cumecs
Bed width = 18 m
Depth of water = 1.30 m
Bed level = 250.000 m
Drainage:
High flood discharge = 200 cumecs
High flood level = 250.700 m
Bed level = 248.500 m
General ground level = 250.000 m
2 b) Prepare the following drawings:
(i)Half sectional plan at the foundation level and at the top
(ii) Longitudinal section along the centre line of the canal

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 Since the Bed level of the canal (i.e., 250.000 m) is
above the bed level of the drainage (i.e., 248.500
m), canal is passing over the drain, and the High
Flood Level (HFL) of the Drainage (i.e., +250.700
m) is above the Bed Level of the canal (i.e.,
+250.000 m), hence the suitable
Cross Drainage Work (CDW) is a
Syphon Aqueduct (Type III)

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Since the HFL of the drain is above the canal bed level a
syphon aqueduct will be constructed. The earthen banks are
discontinued and the canal water is taken in a concrete trough.
For effecting economy, the canal will be flumed.
Step 1: Design of drainage waterway:
Wetted perimeter,
P = 4.75 Q = 4.75 200 = 67.2m
Provide 9 spans of 6 m each separated by 8 piers of 1.25 m
thickness (These values are actually arrived at as per the
structural design )
[Note: In case of siphon aqueducts, the span may be
limited to 10 m; otherwise the raft would be very
uneconomical]
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Length of clear waterway = 9 x 6 = 54 m
Length occupied by piers = 8 x 1.25 = 10 m
Total length of waterway =54 + 10 = 64 m
(Note: A reduction up to 20% is permitted in P)

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Let the velocity through syphon barrels be limited to 2 m/s (v
may range from 1.8 to 3 m/s)
Height of barrels required v = Q/A = Q/bxh
Q 200 Hence h = Q/bxv
= = = 1.85m
b × v (54 × 2)
Provide rectangle barrels 6 m wide and 1.85 m high.
Step 2: Design of canal waterway:
Bed width of the canal = 18.00 m
Let the width be reduced to 10.00 m in the flumed portion
Provide 2 in 1 splay in contraction and 3 in 1 in expansion.
Length of contraction transition = {(18-10) / 2} x 2
= 8.0 m
Length of expansion transition = {(18-10) / 2} x 3
= 12 m
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 4 sections

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Length of flumed portion from abutment to abutment = 64.00 m

In the transition, the side slope of the channel section will

be warped from the natural side slope of 1.5 : 1 to vertical.

Step 3: Head loss and bed levels at different sections

At section 4-4
Area of the section with 1.5 : 1 side slope = (B+1.5 D) D, where
B is bed width and D is water depth = (1.8 +1.5x1.3)1.3
= 25.93 say 26 sq.m
Velocity V4 = Q/A = 20/26 = 0.77 m/s
v42
Velocity head= = 0.03m
2g
R.L of the bed = 250.0 m (Given)
R. L of water surface = 250 + 1.30 = 251.30 m
R.L of TEL = 251.30 + 0.03= 251.33 m
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At section 3-3
Area of rectangular section = 10 x 1.3 = 13 sq.m
Velocity V3 = 20/13 = 1.54 m/s
Velocity head, = 1.542 / (2x9.81)
= 0.12 m
Loss of head in expansion from section 3-3 to 4-4
 V32 − V42  1.542 − 0.77 2 
= 0.3   = 0.3   = 0.027m
 2g   2 × 9.81 
R.L of TEL at 3-3 = TEL @ 4-4 + Head loss
= 251.33 + 0.027
= 251.357 m
R.L of water surface = 251.257 – 0.12 = 251.237 m
R.L of bed (to maintain constant depth of water )
= 251.237 -1.30 = 249.937 m
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At section 2 – 2
From section 3-3 to 2-2, area and velocity are constant.
Hydraulics mean depth R in the trough = A/P
13
= = 1.032m
10 + 2 ×1.3
1 23 12 V 2 N 2 
Velocity of flow V in the trough = R S or S =  4 3 
N  R 
where V is velocity flow, same as V3
S =Required slope; N =Rugosity coefficient=0.016
1.542 × 0.0162 
S= 43  = 0.00058
 1.032 
Length of trough (flumed portion) = 64 m
Head loss in trough = 64×0.00058 Head loss
= 0.037m Slope=tan φ =
L
Head loss = Slope×Length
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At section 2 – 2 (Contd…)

RL of TEL at 2-2 = 251.357 + 0.037

= 251.394 m

RL of water surface = 251.394 – 0.12

=251.274 m

RL of bed (to maintain constant depth of water)

=251.274–1.30
=249.974 m

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At section 1-1

Loss of head in contraction from section 1-1 to 2-2

 V22 − V12  1.542 − 0.77 2 
= 0.2   = 0.2   = 0.018m
 2g   2 × 9.81 

RL of TEL at 1-1 = 251.394 +0.018 = 251.412 m

RL of water surface = 251.412 – 0.03 = 251.82 m

RL of bed (to maintain constant water depth)

= 251.382 -1.30 = 250.082 m

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 Bed level, Water surface level, TEL at 4
sections

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Step 4: Design of transitions
(a) Expansion transition

The transition shall be designed on the basis of R.S.

Chadurvedi’s formula as given below :

Lf × B 32   B f 3 2 
X= n
1 −   
B32
n −B 32
f   Bx  
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(a) Expansion transition--

Lf × B 32   B f 3 2 
X= 1 −   
n

Bn3 2 − B 32
f   Bx  

  10 3 2 
X = 20.48 1 −    where L f = 12m; Bn = 18m; B f = 10m
  Bx  

Bx
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
in m

X
0 2.73 4.90 6.70 8.12 9.30 10.36 11.24 12
in m
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(b) Contraction transition

The transition shall be designed on the basis of R.S.

Chadurvedi’s formula as given below :

Lf × B 32   B f 3 2 
X= n
1 −   
B32
n −B 32
f   Bx  
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(b) Contraction transition--

Lf × B 32   B f 3 2 
X= 1 −   
n

Bn3 2 − B 32
f   Bx  

  10 3 2 
X = 13.65 1 −    where L f = 8m; Bn = 18m; B f = 10m
  Bx  

Bx
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
in m

X
0 1.82 3.27 4.44 5.41 6.22 6.90 7.49 8
in m
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Step 5: Design of trough

The trough shall be divided into two equal compartments

each 4.85 m wide by providing an intermediate wall 0.3 m
thick. The road shall be carried on top of the left
compartment as shown in figure (It should be noted that
transition and bed level of the trough has been designed for
a clear width of 10 m. The introduction of a 0.3 m thick wall
will reduce the clear width to 9.7 m. The effect would be
higher afflux and consequently slightly higher velocities in
the trough. This would not materially affect the design.)

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Step 5: Design of trough
Free board = 0.5 m

Bottom level of road slab over the left compartment should be

kept 1.30 + 0.50= 1.80 m above bed levels

Thickness of side wall and bottom slabs =0.40 m

The overall outer width of trough or length of siphon barrel

= 4.85×2 + 0.3 + 2×0.4 = 10.80 m

The entire trough section will be constructed in reinforced

concrete

The intermediate wall may be extended on either side of the

trough into transitions so as to provide the necessary clear
width of 10.30 m
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Step 6: Head loss through syphon barrels
Head Loss Through barrels using Unwin’s Formula
 LV2
h = 1 + f1 + f 2 × 
 R  2g
  0.030  10.8  22
h = 1 + 0.505 + 0.00316 1 + ×  ×
  0.707  0.707  2 × 9.81
= 0.317m, say 0.32m
where V = velocity through barrels = 2 m / s
f1 = Coefficient of loss of head at entry
= 0.505 ( for unshaped mouth )
 b
f 2 = a 1 +  , where a = 0.00316 and b = 0.030 for cement plaster
 R
L = Length of barrels in meters (with assumed 0.4 m thick side walls
and 0.3 m interior wall of trough) = 10 + 2 × 0.4 = 10.80 m
A 6 ×1.85
R = Hydraulic mean depth = = = 0.707m
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Step 6: Head loss through syphon barrels--

Head Loss Through barrels using Unwin’s Formula

h = 0.317m, say 0.32m

D/S HFL = 250.70 m (Given)

U/S HFL = D/S HFL + head loss through barrels

= 250.70 + 0.32

= 251.02 m

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Step 7: Uplift pressure on roof of barrel

When the drainage water level is higher than the

underside of the trough, uplift pressure would be exerted
on the trough carrying canal water. The uplift pressure at
any point under the roof of the barrel will be equal to the
vertical ordinate between the HGL and the underside of
the trough at that point. The required HGL can be drawn
as shown in the figure. The maximum uplift pressure
occurs at the upstream end of the roof.

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Step 7: Uplift pressure on roof--

[To calculate the uplift pressure on the roof of the

barrel, it is necessary to know U/S HFL from which
maximum ordinate of HGL can be obtained]
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Step 7: Uplift pressure on roof--

U/S HFL= 251.02 m

V2 22
Loss of head at entry = 0.505 = 0.505 = 0.103m
2g 2 × 9.81
RL of effective head at the entry = U/S HFL – Head loss at entry
= 251.02 - 0.103 = 250.917 m

RL of bottom of bed slab = Canal bed level – slab

thickness = 250.00 - 0.4 = 249.60 m

Hence, uplift over roof of barrel = 250.917 – 249.60 =1.317 m

or Uplift pressure = γ h=1t m × 1.317=1.317 t m

3 2

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Step 7: Uplift pressure on roof of barrel--
In empty trough condition, only self weight of the slab (0.4
m thick) = 0.4* 2.40 = 0.96 t /m2 will counter balance the
uplift

The unbalanced uplift pressure =1.317- 0.96= 0.357 t /m2

It has to be resisted by the bending action of the
roof slab (trough slab) and for this necessary
reinforcement shall be provided on the top side of the
slab
When the water level in the drainage is low, the
trough slab is to be designed for the full water load of the
canal (i.e., 1.3m head of water) plus its own weight. For
this condition, reinforcement should be provided at the
bottom
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side of the slab also 26
Step 8: Uplift on the floor of the barrel
(Drainage bed at crossing)
a) Static head
RL of barrel floor = bottom level of trough slab –
barrel height = 249.60 - 1.85 = 247.75 m

Let the tentative thickness of the floor be 0.80 m

Then, RL of bottom of floor = 247.75 – 0.80
= 246.95 m
Bed level of drainage = 248.50 m (given)
Assuming sub-soil water level up to the bed level of
the drain,
Static uplift (static head) on the floor= bed level of
drainage – RL of bottom of barrel floor = 248.50 –
246.95 = 1.55 m
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Step 8: Uplift on the floor of the barrel..

b) Seepage head

C
B

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Step 8: Uplift on the floor of the barrel..
b) Seepage head
Seepage head will be maximum when the canal is running full
and the drain is dry
Total seepage head = FSL in canal – bed level of drain
= 251.30 – 248.50 = 2.80 m
The seepage line will follow the path indicated by ABC.
The total creep length is calculated as the sum of the following
(neglecting floor thickness)
•i) U/S transition length in the canal where pucca floor has
been provided = 8m

•ii) Half of the barrel span = 3m

•iii) End of drainage floor from the centre of the barrel

= 10 m (refer sketch)
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 Step 8: Uplift on the floor of the barrel..
b) Seepage head
Total creep length (L1) = 8+3+10=21 m

Creep length up to the centre of the first barrel(B)=8+3 = 11 m

 11 
Residual seepage head at B = 2.80 × 1 −  = 1.37m
 21 
 H1 H 2 H1 2.80 
 = ; H2 = × L2 = ×11; Residual head=2.80-H 2 
 L1 L2 L1 21 
Total uplift, h = 1.55 + 1.37 = 2.92m
h 2.92
Thickness of floor required = = =1.30m
G 2.24
 h 
i.e., Thickness,
 6/22/2020 t = , ( G − 1) is not taken as the drain is dry 
 G 30

Step 8: Uplift on the floor of the barrel..
The length of drainage floor has been kept as 21m [ as given
above] based on the following considerations

i) Length of the floor under the barrel = 10.8 m

ii) Extra floor to accommodate piers on both sides keeping the
projection of the piers to be 0.9 m = 1.8 m

iii) Horizontal length of d/s ramp joining to the bed level at a

slope of 1:5 = (248.50- 247.75)* 5 = 3.75 m

iv) Width of d/s cut off beyond ramp = 0.50 m

v) Length of extra floor to the U/S of the piers = 3.75 m

Total = 20.6 ≈ 21 m
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Step 8: Uplift on the floor of the barrel

A floor with reduced thickness would be economical.

Hence adopt RCC floor 0.8 m thick.

Total uplift = 1.55+ 1.37 = 2.92 m = 2.92 t/m2

Uplift counter balanced by self weight of slab

= 0.80 * 2.4 = 1.92 t/m2
Residual uplift to be resisted by bending action of floor
slab = 2.92 – 1.92 = 1 t/m2

Suitable reinforcement will have to be provided on

the top of the floor to counteract the bending action
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Step 9: Upstream and Downstream cut-offs

13 13
Q  200 
Depth of scour R = 0.47   = 0.47  
 f   1 
= 2.74m
Depth of U/S cut off below HFL = 1.5 R = 1.5 × 2.74 = 4.11m
RL of bottom of U/S cut off = U/S HFL – 4.11
= 251.02 – 4.11 = 246.91m
Depth of D/S cut off below HFL = 1.5 R = 1.5 × 2.74 = 4.11m
RL of bottom of D/S cut off = D/S HFL – 4.11
= 250.70 – 4.11 = 246.59m

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Step 9: Upstream and Downstream cut-offs…

Length of d/s protection (40 cm brick pitching)

= 2.5 * length of cut off below drain bed
= 2.5 (248.50 – 246.59) = 4.78 m ≈ 4.8 ≈ 5 m

Length of U/S protection (40 cm brick pitching)

= 2* length of cut off below drain bed
= 2 (248.50 – 246.91) = 3.18 ≈ 3.20 ≈ 4 m

The pitching may be supported on 0.40 m wide toe

wall 1.5 m deep at d/s end and 1 m deep at u/s end.

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