Sediment Transport Mechanics Assignment II 2018

1. A trapezoidal channel has a water depth h and a bottom width b and side slopes of 1 to 3; the
water surface slope is I= 3.5*10-4.The discharge is Q = 150m3/s. The bed material consists of
rounded stones with d50= 0.04m and d90= 0.04m.The water temperature is 200c; the kinematic
viscosity is v = 1*10-6m2/s; the densities are ρ = 1000kg/m3and ρs =2650kg/m3. What is the
water depth (h) and bottom width (b) to obtain a stable bed?

Given

I= 3.5*10-4. Q = 150m3/s

d50= 0.04m and d90= 0.04m

Temperature is 200c

v = 1*10-6m2/s ρ = 1000kg/m3and ρs =2650kg/m3 ,m=3

Required:

Water depth, h and bottom width, B for stable bed

Solution:

From Shield’s diagram for Te = 20oc and particle diameter, d = d50 =0.04m = 4*104µm, Critical
Bed Shear stress,  b,cr  37 N/m2 …………… (Fig 1)

Therefore for stable channel

 b,O  ghIo =  b,cr  37  1000*9.81*h*3.5*10-4 = 37  h = 10.78 m

tan 2 
 S ,O   b,O  ghIo = kγ  b,cr  kγ*37, kγ = cos 1  , Ɵ = tan-1(1/m) = 18.4o
tan 2 
For rounded stones and d50 = 0.04m, Angle of internal friction,  = 36.5o ….. From Error!
Reference source not found.

tan 2  tan 2 18.4

 kγ = cos 1  = cos18.4 1   0.85 and γ = 0.85 for m = 3
tan 2  tan 2 36.5

Then,  S ,O   b,O  ghIo = kγ  b,cr  kγ*37

 0.85 * ghIo = 0.85*1000*9.81*h*3.5*10-4 = kγ*37 = 0.85*37  h = 10.75 m

The samllest water depth is taken, and h = 10.75 m.

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Sediment Transport Mechanics Assignment II 2018

Cross sectional area, A = h ( B + mh) = 10.75(B + 3*10.75) = 10.75B + 346.69m

Wetted perimeter, P = B  2h 1  m2  B  2 *10.75 1  32  B  67.99m

A 10.75B  346.69
Hydraulic radius, R = 
P B  67.99

Effective bed roughness, ks = 6.8d50 = 0.272m ( d 50  2mm) …… Hydraulically Rough Flow

 12R  12 10.75B  346.69 

Chezy’s coefficient, C = 18 log  = 18 log * 
 ks   0.272 B  67.99 

Discharge, Q = AC RI o  150 =

12 10.75B  346.69  10.75B  346.69

10.75B+ 346.69 *18 log * * * 3.5 *10 4
 0.272 B  67.99  B  67.99

By trial and error, B = 95 m  A = 1368m, P = 163m, R = 8.4 m, C = 46.23 m0.5/s,

Q u 0.11
Q = 150 m3/s, V =  0.11m / s , u*,c  cr g  9.81  0.0074m / s and
A C 46.23
u*,c * ks 0.0074* 0.272
Re, *    2013  Re,* = 2013 ≥ 70 (Ok!)
 106

Table 1:Angle of repose

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Sediment Transport Mechanics Assignment II 2018

Figure 1: Initiation of motion for a current over a plane bed, τc, cr = f (d) Shields (1936)

2. A wide open channel with a plane sloping bed has a water depth of h=5m.The bed material
characteristics are d50 = 0.0003m, d90 = 0.0005m, ρs = 2650kg/m3. The fall velocity is ws =
0.04m/s. The water temperature is Te = 20oc, the kinematic viscosity coefficient v = 1*10-6 m2/s,
the density ρ = 1000kg/m3. What is the depth- average current velocity at initiation of
suspension?

Given Required

h = 5 m, d50 = 0.0003m, Depth averaged velocity at initiation of suspension

d90 = 0.0005m, ρ = 1000kg/m3, ρs = 2650kg/m3, ws = 0.04m/s,

υ = 10-6 m2/s & Te = 10oc

Solution

The Depth averaged current velocity at initiation of suspension can be estimated using the
following methods

A) Bagnold Method
1
 s  g  3
1
 g3
Particle parameter, D* =  S  1 2  d 50     1 2  d 50
      

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Sediment Transport Mechanics Assignment II 2018
1
  2650  9.81  3
    1 6 2  * 0.0003  7.6
 1000  10  
From Figure 2 for D* = 7.6, Ɵcr, s = 0.38

 b,cr , s   cr , s  s   gd50  0.38 * 2650  1000 * 9.81 * 0.0003  1.8 N / m 2

 cr , s 1.8
u*,cr , s    0.04 m/s ≤ ws = 0.04m/s…… Suspension not initiated yet.
 1000

Assume the flow is hydraulically transitional flow (5 < Re,* < 70), Chezy’s constant, C is given by
     
     
C = 18 log   18 log   18 log
12h 12h 12 * 5   82.4 m0.5/s.
       10 
6

 ks  3.3   3d90  3.3   3 * 0.0005  3.3 * 

 u*,c   u*,c   0.04 

At the initiation of suspension, the Depth averaged velocity, u s will be

2
u   C 2 b,cr , s 
0.5
 82.42 *1.8 
0.5
 b,cr , s  
  b  g s  u s        1.1m. / s
C  
   g   1000 * 9.81 

Check the assumption whether the flow is hydraulically transitional or not (5 < Re,* < 70).
u*,c * k s
Re, *  , ks = 3d90 = 3*0.0005 = 0.0015 m


u*,c * ks 0.04 * 0.0015

Re, *    60  5 < Re,* = 60 < 70 (Ok!)
 10 6

The assumption is valid. Hence, u s = 1.1 m/s.

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Sediment Transport Mechanics Assignment II 2018

B) Van Rijn Method

For D* = 7.6 from Figure, Ɵcr, s = 0.08

 b,cr , s   cr , s  s   gd50  0.08* 2650  1000* 9.81* 0.0003  0.39N / m 2

 cr , s 0.39
u*,cr , s    0.02 m/s ≤ ws = 0.04m/s…… Suspension not initiated.
 1000

Assuming the flow is hydraulically transitional flow (5 < Re,* < 70), Chezy’s constant, C will be
     
     
C = 18 log   18 log   18 log
12h 12h 12 * 5   82 m0.5/s.
       6
10 
 ks  3.3   3d90  3.3   3 * 0.0005  3.3 * 
 u*,c   u*,c   0.02 

At the initiation of suspension, the Depth averaged velocity, u s will be

2
u   C 2 b, cr , s 
0.5
 822 * 0.39 
0.5
 b,cr , s   b  g  s   us        0.52m. / s
C  
   g   1000 * 9.81 

But check the assumption that the flow is hydraulically transitional or not (5 < Re,* < 70).
u*,c * k s
Re, *  , ks = 3d90 = 3*0.0005 = 0.0015 m


u*,c * ks 0.02 * 0.0015

Re, *    30  5 < Re,* = 30 < 70 (Ok!)
 10 6

Then the assumption is valid. Hence, u s = 0.52 m/s.

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Sediment Transport Mechanics Assignment II 2018

Figure 2: Initiation of motion and suspension for a current over a plane bed, Ɵ = f(D*), Van Rijn (1989)

3. The following data were measured from a river station: Discharge Q =250m3/s, mean depth
h=4m, width w=35m, channel slope I=0.0002, d50=0.3mm, d90=0.6mm, Te=20oC. Other data are
ρs=2650kg/m3, ρ = 1000kg/m3:, v=10-6m2/s. The bed material size distribution is given in the
following table.

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Sediment Transport Mechanics Assignment II 2018

Given required

h= 4 m, w=35m, d50 = 0.3mm, Bed load transport rate according

d90 = 0.6mm, ρ = 1000kg/m3, Meyer- Peter and Muller
ρs = 2650kg/m3, υ = 10-6 m2/s & Te = 20oc
I=0.0002 Q =250m3/s
Compute the bed load transport using size friction method (Meyer-Peter and Mueller formula).

Solution:

di pi% pi dipi
0.012 0.8 0.008 0.000096
0.085 3.4 0.034 0.00289
0.16 15.2 0.152 0.02432
0.42 73.9 0.739 0.31038
0.8 6 0.06 0.048
1.3 0.4 0.004 0.0052
2.64 0.3 0.003 0.00792
∑ dipi =0.399mm
1.5 1.5
  C 
 RI O
q  8  S s 1 gdm3 
  channel 
 0.047 Where  
 ….. Ripple factor
sb    S 1
 s
 


 C
 grain 

 12h   12h 
  18 log
12 * 4 
Cgrained = 18 log   18 * log 3 
 88.25 m0.5/s.
 ks   d90   0.6 *10 
Q 250
u   1.79m / s
A 4 * 35

u 1.79 = 63.3m0.5/s
Cchannel  
4
RSo 4 * 2 *10

1.5
C  1.5
 channel   63.3 
      0.6
 C grain   88.25 
 

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Sediment Transport Mechanics Assignment II 2018

1.5
 
 RSO 
q  8  S 1 gdm3   0.047
sb  s 
 s

 S 1 d
m  

1.5
 0.6 * 4 * 2 *10 4 
= 8 2.65  1 * 9.81* 0.0003993   0.047
 2.65  1 * 0.000399 
 
qsd = 1.6*10-4m3/s/m
Or
qsd = 1.795*10-4 * 2650 = 0.424 kg/s/m

4. A wide river has a water depth of h=5m, energy gradient of I=3*10-4, depth – averaged flow
velocity of u=2.1m/s. The bed material characteristics are:d35=100µm, d50=140µm, d90=300µm,
бs = 1.5.Other data are: Te=20oC, v=10-6m2/s. ρs=2650kg/m3, ρ = 1000kg/m3.

a. Compute suspended load transport according to van Rijn.

b. Compute total load transport according to Ackers-White and Bagnold.

Given

h=5m, I=3*10-4

u=2.1m/s, бs = 1.5 Te=20oC

d35=100µm, d50=140µm, d90=300µm,

v=10-6m2/s ρs=2650kg/m3, ρ = 1000kg/m3

Solution:

a) suspended load transport According to van Rijn

2.4 0.6
s  0.012 u  ucr  d 50  1 
q
 ,
uh 
 S s  1gd 50  h  D* 

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Sediment Transport Mechanics Assignment II 2018
1
 s  g  3
1
 g3
Where Particle parameter, D* =  S  1 2  d 50     1 2  d 50
      
1
  2650  9.81  3
  1  * 0.00014  3.5
  1000  10 6 2 
 
 

Critical Depth averaged velocity, u cr  5.75 S  1gd 

50
0.5cr0.5 log 12k h 
 s 
From Shield’s diagram For D* = 3.5, Ɵcr = 0.09

 
u cr  5.75 S s 1 gd50 0.5cr0.5 log 12k h 
 s 
 12 * 5 
 5.752.65  1* 9.81* 0.0.000140.5 * 0.090.5 log   0.435m / s
 0.0003
Hence,
2.4 0.6 2.4 0.6
s  0.012 u  ucr  d 50  1   u  ucr  d 50  1 
q
  q  0.012  uh
uh 
 S s  1gd 50  h  D*  s 
 S s  1gd 50  h  D* 
2.4 0.6
 2.1  0.435  0.00014  1 
q  0.012 *   * *  * 2.1* 5
s
 2.65  1* 9.81* 0.00014  5  3.5 
= 8.44*10-3 m3/s/m
Or
qs = 2.14*10-3 * 2650 = 22.35 kg/s/m

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Sediment Transport Mechanics Assignment II 2018

b) Total load transport according to Ackers-White and Bagnold.

Ackers-White:
n M
 u   Fgr 
qt  C ud s   
 A  1

,
u   
 *
n = 1- 0.56log ddr , = 1- 0.56log 2.53 =0.77

Q = u h …. Flow rate per unit width

1 1
 s  g  3
1
 g3  2650  9.81  3
ddr =  S  1 2  d s     1 2  d 35     1  * 0.0001 2.53
     
    1000  
10 
6 2 


1  ddr = 2.23  60 … Transition range

Thus, log C = 2.86log ddr – (log ddr)2 -.3.53 = 2.86log 2.53 – (log 2.53)2 -.3.53 = -2.385  C = 0.003

M = 9.66  1.34  9.66  1.34 = 5.13 and A = 0.23  0.14  0.23  0.14  0.285
d 2.53 d 2.53
dr dr

u  ghI  9.81* 5 * 3 *10 4 = 0.121 m/s

*
1n 10.77
   
n    
u
*  u  0.1210.77  2.1  
F    
gr gd s S s  1 10 h 9.81* 0.0001* 2.65  1  10 5 
 ds   32 log 0.0001 
 32 log   

F = 2.6
gr

n M
   Fgr 
Therefore, q  C ud s  u    1
t u   A 
 *  
0.77 5.13
 2.1   2.6  = 0.263m3/s/m
 0.003* 2.1 * 0.0001*   *  1
 0.121  0.285 
Or
qt = 0.263*2650 = 697.8 kg/s/m

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Sediment Transport Mechanics Assignment II 2018

Bagnold:

The total load transport of bed material particles can be obtained by summation of the bed load
and suspended load transport as follows

q  qb, c  q s, c
b, c

Bed load transport

 
q  eb b u 
b, c  (    ) g cos  (tan   tan  
 s 

 b
 ghI  1000* 9.81* 5 * 3 *104  14.72N / m2

eb = efficiency factor of bed load ( 0.1 to 0.2) Take, eb =0.1

 0.1*14.72 * 2.1 
q    0.32
b, c  2650  1000) * 9.81*1(0.6  0.0003

Suspended load

es = efficiency factor of suspended load ( 0.01 to 0.02) take , es =0.02

es 1 e  u 2
qs   b b
, Ws  S s  1g
1 d 50


   g
s
  Ws
 u

 Io 

18 
 
  ghIo  1000* 9.81* 5 * 3 *104  14.72N / m2
b
2
1 d 50
Ws  S s  1g
2
=
1
2.65  1* 9.81* 0.00014  0.018 m/s
18  18 10 6

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Sediment Transport Mechanics Assignment II 2018

0.02 * 1 0.1 *14.72 * 2.1

qs    = 4.17 m3/s /m
2650  1000* 9.81*  0.018  3 *104 
 2.1 
Therefore the total load transport based on Bagnold

0.32+4.17 =4.49 m3/s /m

Or 4.49*2650 =11902 kg/s/m

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