Diversion Weir and Intake Works

Headworks
• Passage of sediment load
All bed load and suspended load must pass the diversion weir. The sediment
transport pattern of the river shall preferably not be disturbed.
• Passage of floods
The design flood shall pass safely. A hazard flood caused by landslide or GLOF
must be considered (and expected).
• Passage of floating debris and ice
All floating debris must pass the diversion weir and not accumulate in front of the
intake.
• Sediment control at the intake
The riverbed shall not be allowed to build up in front of the intake. Bed load must
be prevented from entering the intake.
• Settling basin control
The content of suspended sediment load in the water released from the settling
basins shall be acceptable with respect to sediment induced turbine wear.

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FACTOR AFFECTING FOR SELECTING OF SITE

• Availability of water
• Water storage capacity
• Accessibility of the site
• Distance from load center
• Type of land of site
• Availability of man and material
• Environmental condition
• Conflict with other uses for drinking water and
irrigation
Selection of location of diversion works
• Site be straight reach
• Narrow Section
• Stable Banks
• Good accessibility
• Construction material should available
around the site
• Diversion during construction should be
possible
• Geologic and topographic conditions should permit
a favourable location of
(a) Spillway and diversion tunnel and
(b) power house and outlet works.
• The location of the construction materials should
be within an economically justified distance from
the project.
WHAT IS Diversion works

“A structure to
divert water
into a conduit
leading to the
power plant” is
called
Diversion
Intake
 TYPE OF WEIRS

• Trench weir
• Rock fill weirs
• Vertical drop weirs
• Concrete weir with sloping glacis
• Coanda weir
• Inflated weir/ Rubber dam

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Typical
sections for
wood,
masonry and
concrete weirs
General
Arrangement
of Partial
Weir
Typical Section of Gabion Weir with Downstream Protection
Works
Typical Details of a Raised Weir on Erodable Foundation (Plan)
Typical Details of a Raised Weir on Erodable Foundation
Typical Details of a Weir on Impermeable Foundation
Diversion
weir Intake
Plan
Another type of
Diversion Barrage
Cross – sections
Of diversion barrage
Hydraulic Design
The length of the weir across the flow is required to be sufficient
enough to pass design flood.
This is given by the following relation:

Q = c × b × h3/2, where,
Q = Design flood discharge in cumecs
c = Coefficient of discharge which varies from
1.71 for smooth top surface to 1.33 for rough
surface,
b = Length of weir across the flow in metres, and
h = Water depth atop the weir in metres
For a gabion weir the maximum water depth atop the weir should be
limited to 3 metres
 POSITION OF Diversion INTAKES -
Factors governing the arrangement of an intake
• The intake should be aligned so that the trash and ice
tends to float past and not collect at the intake screens.
• The intake should be arranged so that the effect of
such movement (movement of boulders, stones and
sand) will not lead to a partial restriction or blockage
of the intake.
• The intake can often be located so as to enable it to be
constructed before the level of the reservoir is raised.
• Give minimum hydraulic losses.
• Prevent formation of air entraining vortices.
COMPONENTS OF INTAKES:
• Intake Gates
• Trash rakes & screens
• Fish ladders
• Ice, log and trash boom
• Silt Excluders and Silt Ejectors
• Smolt screens
• Under sluices
• Divide wall
INTAKE GATES:
• Gates are installed on the crest of
the dam.
• Permit a temporary lowering of the
crest level in time of flood.
• Vertical and Radial gates can also
used in low level passages through
the base of a dam.
Radial Gates at Älvkarleby, Sweden

Jhimruk Power Plant, Nepal

TRASH RACKES & SCREENS :
• Trashrakes are usually positioned intake structure as a means of excluding
floating and submerged debris, thereby preventing damage to the power
plant, plant equipment, or waterway.
• secondary benefits of trashrakes include the protection of boaters,
swimmers, and operation personnel .
• Trashrakes have been used as a method of fish exclusion.
• A trash rack is made up of one or more panels, fabricated from a series of
evenly spaced parallel metal bars. bars (from 100 mm to 300 mm between
bars) used to reduce the work of the automatic trash rack cleaning
equipment.
• Trashrake bar sizes should not be less than 2 inches X 0.5 inch. This size
is based on minimum section required to resist corrosion.
• The trashrake bars are slightly off vertical and with the flow with slope of
1 horizontal to 4 vertical.
 Smolt Screens At Cruachan Power Station, Scotland

Fig:-Panauti power plant, nepal

ICE,LOGAND TRASH BOOMS:
Floating boom use to perform one or more of the following functions:
• Deflection of logs and trash from the intake screens.
• Deflection of ice away from the intake.
• Prevention of the boats from being carried into the intake.
 ICE BOOMS:
• Ice booms are generally required to prevent blockage of intakes resulting
in increased head loss and possible damage to screens.
 BOAT RESTRAINING BARRIERS:
• The primary purpose of boat barriers is to physically restrain boaters from
entering hazardous water near power intakes.
• Restraining barriers should be placed at the upstream end of such
channels, preferably at least 300 feet from the channel entrance (Federal
Energy Regulatory Commission,1992).
 Where possible , the boom should be planned to facilitate trash removal
out of the water, the boom should be angled between 30° to 45° to the
direction of flow.
Steel pontoons link to form the ice boom.

The ice boom from above.

A boom that catches garbage in the Bronx River catches plenty
SILT REGULATING WORKS:
Silt Excluders :
• Silt excluders are those works which are constructed on the bed
of the river, upstream of the head regulator. The clearer water
enters the head regulator and silted water enters the silt
excluder. In this type of works, the silt is, therefore,, removed
from the water before in enters the canal.
• Designed such that the top and bottom layers of flow are
separated with the least possible disturbance
Silt Ejectors :
• Silt ejectors, also called silt extractors, are those devices which
extract the silt from the canal water after the silted water has
traveled a certain distance in the off-take canal. These works
are, therefore, constructed on the bed of the canal, and little
distance downstream from the head regulator.
 UNDER SLUICES :
• Also known as scouring sluices.
• The under sluices are the
openings provided at the base of
the weir or barrage.
• These openings are provided with
adjustable gates. Normally, the
gates are kept closed.
• When the silt deposition becomes
appreciable the gates are opened
and the deposited silt is loosened
with an agitator mounting on a
boat.
The main functions of under-sluices are:
• To maintain a well defined deep
channel approaching the canal
head regulator.
• To ensure easy diversion of water
into the canal through the canal
head regulator even during low
flow.
• To control the entry of silt into the
canal
• To help scouring and of the silt
deposited over the under-sluice
floor and removing towards the
downstream side.
 Obra Dam & Power House,Mirzapur district, Uttar pradesh,india

Sanjay Vidyut Pariyojna Bhaba,Kinnaur District, HP,India

Verbadra barrage , Rishikesh - Google
Fish ladder
• Provided by the side of the divide
wall for the free movement of fishes.
• The tendency of fish is to move from
upstream to downstream in winters
and from downstream to upstream in
monsoons. This movement is
essential for their survival.
• Due to construction of weir or
barrage, this movement gets
obstructed, and is detrimental to the
fishes.

In the fish ladder, the fable walls are constructed in a zigzag

manner so that the velocity of flow within the ladder does not
exceed 2 m/sec.
The width, length and height of the fish ladder depend on the
nature of the river and the type of the weir or barrage.
A small fish ladder on the River Otter, North America
Floor baffles fish pass on the river Thames (UK)

Pool fish pass with triangular weirs at Sarrancolin dam

on the Neste River (France)
Fish migration mechanism

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TRENCH (DROP) WEIR

Boulder stream

Bottom racks

Intake Chamber

Power Channel

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DESIGN OF TRENCH WEIR AND INTAKE

High flood discharge of Nala is 447.0m3/sec. (refer Chapter

II)
Lacey’s water way = 4.75 x Q
= 4.75 x 447.0
= 100.426 m
40% of Lacey’s = 40.17 m
Provide length of weir = 40.0 m
Section of trench of weir = Trapezoidal
Design discharge = 8.21 cumecs
B = Q
E1 E 2 CdL 2 gE
 C = Coefficient of discharge of
broad crested weir
= 1.543
E =  8.21 
2/3 = 0.260
 
 1.543  40 
 8.21 
B =  
 0.5  0.5  0.46  40 2  9.81  0.260 

= 0.789 m
Provide a width of 2.0 m from practical consideration
Check-Width
Width of trash rack for 0.40 m/s velocity of water.Allowable width
through trash rack  Q 
 
= V  L 
 8.21 
 
=  0.40  40 
= 0.513 m
Width required for 50% clogging
= 2 x 0.513 = 1.02 m
1.02 m is less than 2.0 meter provided and hence safe
Classification of Dams

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According to size of a Dam
Large dams
Small dams
– According to International commission on Large
Dams, a dam is big if height is more than 15m.
– According to ICOLD, if the height is between 10m-
15m the dams is big:
• If the crest length is bigger than 500m
• If the reservoir capacity is larger than 1 million m3
• If the flood discharge is more than 2000 m3/s

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According to Height of dam
• High Dam
– If the height is more than 100m.
• Medium Dam
– If the height is between 50-100m
• Low Dam
– If the height is below 50

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 Definition
A dam is a structure which prevents the flow of
water and accumulates it in a reservoir.

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CLASSIFICATION (TYPES) OF DAMS
• BASED ON PURPOSE
• BASED ON HYDRAULIC DESIGN
• BASED ON MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION
• BASED ON STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR
• BASED ON SIZE
– HYDRAULIC HEAD
– GROSS STORAGE IN THE RESERVOIR BEHIND THE
DAM

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 BASED ON PURPOSE
1. STORAGE DAM OR IMPOUNDING DAM
2. DETENTION DAM
3. DIVERSION DAM
4. COFFER DAM
5. DEBRIS DAM

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BASED ON STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR

• GRAVITY DAM

• ARCH DAM

• BUTTRESS DAM

• MULTIPLE ARCH DAM

• EMBANKMENT DAM

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 Factors Affectıng To The Dam Type Selectıon
• Topography
• Geology
• Bearing capacity of the underlying soil
• Foundation settlements
• Permeability of the foundation soil
• Material availability
• Spillway position
• Earthquakes
• Safety
• Height
• Aesthetic view
• Qualified labour
• Cost 50