ENL LIMITED

INFRASTRUCTURE WORKS FOR

RESIDENTIAL MORCELLEMENT AT
GROS BOIS
(31 LOTS)

DETAILED ENGINEERING REPORT

• DESIGN CALCULATIONS FOR

PROPOSED DRAINAGE NETWORK

• PAVEMENT STRUCTURE

Consulting Civil, Structural &

Environmental Engineers
Project Manager & Lot 53,
Rue De La
Construction Canelle,
Manager
Ebene City,
Ebene.
Tel : (230) 465-8154
E-mail: kaselor@intnet.mu

November 2019

1
 INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

Kaselor Ltd, Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Firm has been
appointed by the Promoter to prepare an Engineering Report for the project,
Infrastructure works for Residential Morcellement at Gros-Bois (31 Lots).

➢ The first part of the study will consist of the identification of design flood
peak discharges within the residential morcellement at Gros Bois for input
in proposed hydraulic analyses to determine the carrying capacity of the
drains at the exits and sizing of soakaways as shown on the drainage layout
attached in Annex A.
➢ The second part will involve the estimation of traffic loading within the
proposed residential morcellement at Gros Bois and assuming an
appropriate subgrade CBR (California Bearing Ratio) value in order to
design and propose a suitable pavement structure as shown on road section
at Annex C

2
 STORMWATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM

2.0 Methodology
It is necessary to adopt a methodology for estimating stormwater runoffs and to
assess the capacity of the proposed Roadside Drains to cope with such flows. It is
to be noted that slot drains will be used in this project.

The Rational Method will be used for the said study.

This Method is an Empirical formula that relates run-off from a catchment to the
intensity of the rainfall and the size of the catchment. A coefficient is introduced to
account for the manner in which the type of land-use within the project site, and
morphology of the catchment affect the rate of run-off.
The basic form of the equation is thus:

Peak Discharge, Q = Runoff Coefficient x Intensity x Area.

The formula used for calculating peak discharge at a given outlet of a catchment
area is:
QT = 0.278 x CT x IT x (ARF x A).
Where
QT. = Discharge (m3/s) for return period T

CT = Runoff coefficient for return period T

IT = Intensity (mm/hr) for return period T

ARF = Area Reduction Factor

A = Area (km2)

3
A description of each of these parameters is given below:

(1) The run off coefficient CT is obtained based on the physical

characteristics of:

➢ The slope of the project site

➢ Soil permeability

➢ Land-use.

From database of catchment characteristics:

CT = FT (αC1) + βC2.
Where

CT = runoff coefficient for return period T

α = % of catchment that is rural

β = % of catchment that is urban.

FT = Storage coefficient

C1 = Cy + Cp+ Cv
Where

Cy relates to topography
Cp relates to permeability
Cv relates to vegetation

Values of Cy, Cp and Cv are derived from the Table below

Table 1. Cy values

Mean Catchment Classification Cy Values for different Mean Annual

Slope Precipitation (mm)
< 600 600-900 > 900
Less than 3% Marsh/Wetland 0.01 0.03 0.05
3% to 10% Flat 0.06 0.08 0.11
10% to 30% Hilly 0.12 0.16 0.20
Greater than 30% Steep 0.22 0.26 0.30

4
 Table 2. Cp Values

ClassificationCp Values for different Mean Annual

Precipitation (mm)
<600 600-900 >900
Very Permeable 0.03 0.04 0.05
Permeable 0.06 0.08 0.10
Semi Permeable 0.12 0.16 0.20
Impermeable 0.21 0.26 0.30

Table 3. Cv Values

Classification Cv Values for different Mean Annual Precipitation

(mm)
<600 600-900 >900
Thick Bush and 0.03 0.04 0.05
Plantation
Light Bush and farmland 0.07 0.10 0.15
Sugarcane 0.17 0.20 0.25
No vegetation 0.26 0.28 0.30

Since the area can be considered to be rural, β is equal to 0, therefore:

CT = FT (αC1)

For a return period of 50 years FT can be safely taken as 0.83.

(2) The Mauritius Meteorological Office has developed a rainfall intensity-

duration-frequency (IDF) relationship from data for 5 sites over a period
of 50 years, which is deemed applicable to the whole island.
The equation derived from the IDF curves for calculating intensity, I, (mm/hr) are
as follows:

For duration t < 1hr I = R x t –0.29

t > 1hr I = R x t –0.49

5
where, for Return Period Tr of

2 yrs, R = 33

5 yrs, R = 53

10yrs, R = 66

25yrs, R = 90

50yrs, R = 111

In the Rational Method, the storm rainfall is assumed to have a duration equal to
the catchment time of concentration tc. Therefore, the largest possible peak flow
for a return period of 50 years is obtained.

Henceforth, the time of concentration tc is substituted for t in the above equation

for rainfall intensity.

The most widely used formula to calculate tc is:

tc = [(0.87 x L2)/(1000 x s)] 0.385

where,

tc - time of concentration (hours)

L - longest flow path (km)

S - slope of L (m/m)

(3) The Area Reduction Factor (ARF) is used to convert point rainfall into a real
rainfall for larger catchments. This is necessary to reflect the fact that as
catchment area increases, the assumption of uniform rainfall across the
entire catchment becomes invalid.

6
For this morcellement project, the catchment is divided into several parts each
having area as follows:

• Catchment A: area 36143 m2.

• Catchment B: area 10817 m2.

The Catchment Areas are shown in Annex B.

DETAILED CALCULATIONS

Using the basic form of the equation:

Peak Discharge, QT = Runoff Coefficient x Intensity x Area.

QT = 0.278 x CT x IT x (ARF x A).

Where

QT. = Discharge (m3/s) for return period T

CT = Runoff coefficient for return period T

IT = Intensity (mm/hr) for return period T

ARF = Area Reduction Factor

A. = Area (km2)

Computation of CT

CT = FT (αC1) + βC2.
Where

CT = runoff coefficient for return period T

α = % of catchment that is rural

β = % of catchment that is urban.

7
 C1 = Cy + Cp+ Cv
Where

Cy relates to topography = 0.11

Cp relates to permeability = 0.20
Cv relates to vegetation = 0.30

Values of Cy, Cp and Cv are derived from the Tables 1, 2 & 3.

Therefore,

C1= 0.11 + 0.20 + 0.30 = 0.61

CT = FT (αC1) + β C2

For a return period of 50 years FT is 0.83 and α can be taken as 1 as the whole
area is presently rural and β is 0.

Henceforth,

CT = 0.83(1 x 0.61) + (0x C2) =0.5063

Computation of IT

CATCHMENT A

Time of Concentration tc.

Using the formula below:

tc = [(0.87 x L2)/ (1000 x s)] 0.385

Where

L = Longest flow path = 0.301km

S = Slope of L = 3.55%

Therefore,

8
 tc = [ (0.87 x 0.3012)/(1000x0.0355) ]0.385

tc = 0.095 hour

Take minimum tc = 15 mins= 0.25 hour

The following formula can be used for calculating the rainfall Intensity.

t < 1hr I = R x t –0.29n +

For a return period of 50 years R = 111

Rainfall Intensity I = 111 x 0.25 -0.29

I = 165.93 mm/hr

Using the catchment area, A, 36143 m2 = 0.0361 km2. No area reduction factor
has been applied, therefore ARF = 1.0

QA = 0.278 x CT x I x (ARF x A).

QA = 0.278 x 0.5063 x 165.93 x 0.0361

QA = 0.843 m3/s

9
CATCHMENT B

First of all, we should determine the Time of Concentration tc.

Using the formula below:

tc = [(0.87 x L2)/ (1000 x s)] 0.385

Where

L = Longest flow path = 0.231 km

S = Slope of L = 3.25%

Therefore,
tc = [ (0.87 x 0.2312)/(1000x0.0325) ]0.385

tc = 0.080 hour

Take minimum tc = 15 mins= 0.25 hour

The following formula can be used for calculating the rainfall Intensity.
t < 1hr I = R x t –0.29

For a return period of 50 years R = 111

Rainfall Intensity I = 111 x 0.25 -0.29

I = 165.93 mm/hr

Using the catchment area B, 10817m2 = 0.0108 km2. No area reduction factor
has been applied, therefore ARF = 1.0

QB = 0.278 x CT x I x (ARF x A).

QB = 0.278 x 0.5063 x 165.93 x 0.0108

QB = 0.252 m3/s

10
 Carrying Capacity of Proposed Drains

CATCHMENT A

DRAIN D500S

In order to determine the carrying capacity of the proposed Drain, the Manning’s
Formula has been used.
Q = A (m)2/3 (i)1/2
n

Where A, is the cross-sectional area of the Drain

n, surface roughness of the Drain, taken as 0.013

m, Hydraulic gradient of the Drain

i, mean slope of the Drain, 3.55 %

Carrying capacity of the Drain,

Q = 0.25 (0.25/1.5)2/3(0.0355)1/2
0.013

Q = 1.085 m3/s

Based on the above calculations, it can be deduced that the carrying capacity
of the proposed slot drains (Q = 1.085 m3/s) are in excess than the flood to
be generated for catchment area A (QA = 0.843 m3/s).

Therefore, the proposed drain D500S is adequate for the morcellement.

11
CATCHMENT B

DRAIN D500S

In order to determine the carrying capacity of Proposed Drain, we are using

Manning’s Formula.
Q = A (m)2/3 (i)1/2
n

Where A, is the cross-sectional area of the Drain

n, surface roughness of the Drain, taken as 0.013

m, Hydraulic gradient of the Drain

i, mean slope of the Drain, 3.25%

Carrying capacity of the Drain, taking a freeboard of 75 mm,

Q = 0.25 (0.25/1.5)2/3(0.0325)1/2
0.013

Q =1.038 m3/s

Based on the above calculations, it can be deduced that the carrying capacity
of the proposed drain (Q = 1.038 m3/s) is in excess than the flood to be
generated for catchment area B (QB = 0.252 m3/s).

Therefore, the proposed drain D500S is adequate for the morcellement.

12
 CONCLUSION

All the above drainage calculations are summarised in the table below:

Catchment Peak Flow Proposed Drain Capacity of Remarks

(m3/s) drain (m3/s)
Drain capacity is in excess
A 0.843 D500S 1.085 of 28.7%
Q500S > QA

Drain capacity is in excess

B 0.252 D500S 1.038
of 312%
Q500S > QB

13
 SOAKAWAYS DESIGN

It is necessary to adopt a methodology for designing the soakaways to be

constructed within the morcellement.

The BRE Digest 365 was used for the said study.
The BRE Digest 365 is a design method used for sizing soakaways and is based
upon the equation of volumes:
I–O=S
where
I = the inflow from the impermeable area drained to soakaway
O = the outflow infiltrating into the soil during rainfall
S = the required storage in the soakaway to balance temporarily inflow and outflow
Storage is the required effective volume available between the base of the
soakaway and the invert of the drain discharging to the soakaway.
The catchment areas for soakaway design are shown in Annex B.

Catchment Area A + B

Inflow to soakaway (I1) = Q x D

Where, D – Storm of duration 15 minutes

Inflow to soakaway (I1 ) = 1.095 x 15 x 60 = 985.5 m3

Outflow from soakaway (O1 )

Assume soakaway dimensions 10 m long x W m wide x 8 m effective depth

O1 = as50 x f x D
Where, as50 – Internal surface area of the soakaway to 50% effective depth: this
excludes the base area which is assumed to clog with fine particles and become
ineffective in the long-term.

f – Soil infiltration rate determined in a trial pit

D – Storm duration (Assume 15 minutes)

14
as50 = 2 x (10 + W) x (8 ÷2) = (80 + 8W) m2
Soil infiltration rate, f = 409 mm/hr = 1.14 x 10-4 m/s
O1 = (80 + 8W) x 1.14 x 10-4 x (15x60) = (8.208 + 0.8208W) m3

Soakaway storage volume S1

= effective volume of soakaway with 60% free volume
= 10 x 8 x W x 0.6
= 48W m3

For satisfactory storage, I1 – O1 = S1

985.5– 8.208– 0.8208W = 48W
48.8208W = 977.292
W = 20.0 m

Check on time of emptying half storage volume ts50

ts50 = (S x 0.5) / (as50 x f)
= (48 x 20 x 0.5) / (240 x 1.14 x 10-4)
= 17544 seconds
= 4.87 hours (satisfactory because less than 24 hours)

Dimensions of absorption pit required = (10×20) = 200 m2 × 8 m deep

Therefore, for catchment area, we are providing a soakaway of area 200 m2 x

8m deep.

15
 ROAD STRUCTURE

3.0 Methodology for Road Structure

It is important to adopt a methodology to carry out the design of the pavement

structure of the proposed residential morcellement.

The Overseas Road Note (ORN) 31 will be used for this study. This ORN 31 gives
recommendations for the structural design of bituminous surfaced roads in tropical
and subtropical climates.

There are 3 main steps to be followed in designing a new road pavement. These
are:
• Estimating the amount of traffic and the cumulative number of equivalent
standard axles that will use the road over the selected design life
• Assessing the strength of the subgrade soil over which the road is to be built
• Selecting the most economical combination of pavement materials and
layer thickness that will provide satisfactory service over the design life of
the pavement

DETAILED CALCULATIONS

DESIGN TRAFFIC

The loads imposed by private cars do not contribute significantly to the structural
damage. For the purposes of structural design, cars and similar sized vehicles can
be ignored and only the total number and the axle loading of the heavy vehicles
that will use the road during its design life need to be considered in this context.
Normally, the proposed residential morcellement will carry low traffic. Therefore,
for the purpose of design, an average of 31 four-axle heavy vehicles were assumed
daily, during the construction of the future houses.

A design life of 15 years was assumed.

Design Traffic = 31 x 4 x 365 x 15 = 678,900 ESAL

16
From Table 2.2 of ORN 31, Traffic class = T3

CBR VALUE

The California bearing ratio (CBR) value is important to determine the subgrade
strength. Based on data from soil testing in the nearby region where morcellement
will be built, an approximate CBR value of 5 % can be safely assumed.

From Table 3.1 of the Overseas Road Note 31, the subgrade strength class was
obtained.

Subgrade strength class = S3

17
From Chart 3, using traffic class T3 and subgrade class S3, the designed pavement
structure was obtained.

Based on the above catalogue, the different layers in the designed pavement
structure are given below:

50 mm Flexible bituminous surface

175 mm Granular Road Base

225 mm Granular sub-base

18
PROPOSED ROAD STRUCTURE

After analysis and discussion, it was decided that the most suitable pavement
structure to be used for this morcellement project is as follows:

50 mm Asphalt (Wearing course 0/14)

200 mm Crusher run 0/20

250 mm Fieldstones

Yours faithfully
KASELOR LTD

(S. PERIENEN)
RPEM 787, MASCE

19
Drainage Layout

20
21
Catchment Area Layout

22
23
Road Section

24
25