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Note 16 Level 1
28 TheStructuralEngineer Technical
October 2012 Technical Guidance Note
W Web resources
Design principles Methods of restraint Note that the examples in Fig. 3 can be
As a general rule, a restraint to a top flange analysed on the basis that they provide
of a beam must be capable of resisting a stabilising load, even if the top flange is
Steel beams have a tendency to buckle a force that is equivalent to 2.5% of the unrestrained. More detailed advice on
along their length. In the case of simply ultimate compression load in the top flange how to carry out such analysis and other
supported beams, this is prevented by of the beam element it is restraining. methods of continuous restraint can be
restraining its compression flange, which found in The Steel Construction Institute
prevents it from rotating along its axis. This The methods of restraining steel beams are publication Stability of Steel Beams
phenomenon, known as lateral torsional dependent upon meeting this load resistant and Columns.
buckling, must be fully understood and requirement – and for most structures (such
allowed for by the structural engineer when as concrete) – can be easily met. Care must Intermediate restraint
designing structures that consist primarily of be taken however when determining the It is not uncommon for steel beams to have
steel elements. capacity of the floor structure to act as a restraints at discrete locations along their
restraint, with regards to how it is supported length. This typically occurs where openings
Eurocode 3 (BS EN 1993-1-1), Clause 6.3.2 by the steel beam. If the top flange of the within the floor structure require additional
explains that in order for a steel beam beam is not directly supporting the floor support, which tend not to have the floor
element to be classed as ‘restrained’, its structure, then it is not restrained. Examples structure sitting on them. Figure 4 is an
compression flange must have suicient of this are shown in Figures 2 and 3. example of this type of beam.
restraint so as not to be susceptible to
lateral torsional buckling. Beams with certain
types of cross sections e.g. closed hollow
sections with a height/depth ratio of less
than or equal to 2, are not susceptible to
lateral torsional buckling (Figure 1).
N Figure 2
Steel beams restrained by the floor structure they support
N Figure 1 N Figure 3
Lateral torsional buckling of an open section steel beam Steel beams unrestrained by the floor structure they support
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29
Secondary
beams
N Figure 4
Steel beam with intermediate
restraints via secondary beams
Restraints to cantilevers
Another type of beam element whose design
is impacted on the level of lateral torsional
restraint present, is the cantilever beam. The
buckling mechanism is somewhat diferent
to simply supported beams in that the
bottom flange needs to be restrained more
than the top flange, as shown in Figure 5.
N Figure 5 N Figure 7
Cantilever beam buckling Cantilever beam restraint at tip (shown in section)
›
Note 16 Level 1
30 TheStructuralEngineer Technical
October 2012 Technical Guidance Note
Purlins
Restraint
Bottom
chord
Eurocode 0.
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