Water Hammer Webinar

Copyright © 2016 American Water Works Association
2016 Webinar Sponsors
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American Water Works
Association
Alex Gerling is a Reuse Engineer with the American Water Works Association. Her responsibilities include
reviewing, developing, and executing water reuse technical programs and supporting the Divisions and
Committees of the Technical and Educational Council. She draws on her utility experience from the Western
Virginia Water Authority where she provided technical support for a variety of water quality and reservoir
oxygenation projects. She received a M.S. in Biological Sciences from Virginia Tech as well as a B.S. in
Geoscience and a B.A. in Environmental Studies from Hobart and William Smith Colleges.
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6
Panel of Experts
Tom Walski Kevin Laptos Ferdous Mahmood

Bentley Fellow, Regional Planning Leader Senior Hydraulic Engineer
Sr. Product Manager Black & Veatch Arcadis
Bentley Systems, Inc.
7
Agenda
I. Hydraulic Transient Basics: An Tom Walski

Overview
Kevin Laptos
II. Water Hammer Analysis
III. Water Hammer / Surge Analysis Ferdous Mahmood

Case Study for Pressurized Pipe
8
Ask the Experts
Enter your question into the question pane at the lower right
hand side of the screen.
Please include your name and specify to whom you are
addressing the question.
9
Hydraulic Transient Basics: An Overview
Tom Walski
Bentley Fellow,
Sr. Product Manager
Bentley Systems, Inc.
10
Overview
• What is a transient?
• Why do we care?
• How fast does it move?
• Why does it die-off?
• What causes it?
• What is column separation?
11
Learning Objectives
• At the end of this session you should be
able to:
– Understand the basic characteristics of
transients
– Recognise the risks of transients
– Learn about the transient calculation
methods
12
What is a Transient?
Pressure Shut off
New steady
state
Time
13
Water Hammer Damage !
14
Water Hammer Damage !
15
Sub-atmospheric Pressure
a) Excavated Pipe Section b) Pipe Joint Jammed by c) Sample of Failed
at Leakage Location Sand & Dust Residue Pipe Joint
16
Pressure Wave Properties
• Transients move as pressure waves
• a = wave speed
• The Wave Speed depends on:
– Fluid
– Pipe material
– Joints
– Presence of dissolved gas
– Anchoring
• Time of travel = L/a
• Characteristic time = 2L/a
17
Pressure Wave Speed Calculation
Korteweg equation for wave speed in a
pipe:
Ev = Young's modulus (pipe)

E = bulk modulus (liquid)
ρ = liquid density
Ψ = pipe support index
µ = Poisson's ratio
D/e = dimension ratio (DR)
18
19
Pressure Wave Decay
• Steady friction does not account for all
damping mechanisms
250
Steady Quasi-Steady Transient
Steady
230
Quasi-steady
Head (m)
Unsteady
(Transient)
210
190
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (s)
20
Characteristic Time: 2L/a
• Every system has a characteristic time, 2L/a:
– L is the longest possible path through the system (e.g. from
pump to reservoir)
– a is the pressure wave speed: 300 to 1400 m/s
• 2L/a is the time required for a pulse to travel to the far

end, then return:
– Fractions of a second for a short suction line
– Tens of seconds for a forcemain
– Minutes for long-distance transmission lines
21
System Response to Change
• Compared to 2L/a, valve movements or pump
operations are:
– 0 = Instantaneous (e.g. phase change)
– ≤ 2L/a = Rapid, requires elastic theory (Method of
Characteristics)
– > 2L/a = Gradual, solvable by rigid-column theory
– >> 2L/a = Slow, use rigid-column theory (or even
Extended Period Simulation)
22
What Causes Transients?
Any change in momentum that is “rapid” compared to the characteristic time:
2L/a (usually a few seconds)
• Power failure • Start/Shift/Shut-down

• Control/component failure • Valve operations & air
• Human error • Process changes, heat/cool
H.G
.L.
H.G.L. H.G.L.
Reservoir Penstock
Governor
Pump Check
ow Generator Valve
Valve Fl Flo
w
Sump
Gate
Tailrace
Turbine
Pump Turbine Valve
23
What is the Impact of Transients?
• Joukowski’s / Allievi equation estimate transient pressure
rise due to an instantaneous change in momentum:
– dH = dV (a / g )
• where:
– a = 1000 m/s concrete or
– a = 300 m/s plastic
• 1 m/s change (dV) can cause an upsurge (dH) of 100 m or
140 psi!
• Also be aware of thrust force, oscillations and resonance!
24
Why Worry About Transients?
• Positive transients can break pipes
• Transients can cause pipes to shift
• Negative transients can collapse pipes
• Negative transients can suck contaminated
water into pipes
• Injuries or death can occur if staff are
present!
25
Assessing System Vulnerability
• SCADA systems can not usually measure
transients fast enough
• Field data used to calibrate model
• Modern models make it possible to model an
entire system “Hammer” Modeling (1990’s)
Run HammerTM
to find out!
s
te
u
in
M
Computer Analysis (1970’s)

SURGE
ANALYSIS
Days
TOOLS
Graphical Analysis (1960’s)

M
on
th
s
Rule of Thumb or Rule of Dumb
26
Unsteady Pipe Flow Equations
• Conservation of δH δH a 2 δV
+V =−
mass δt δx g δx
• Conservation of δH 1  δV δV 
=−  +V + f (V )
momentum (e.g. δx g  δt δx 
energy)
27
Methods to Analyze Transients
• Arithmetic, e.g. Joukowski equation
– Makes many assumptions but a useful rule-of-thumb
• Graphical method and design charts
– Popularized by Parmakian. Many charts by Fok. Time-consuming.
• Implicit method (two characteristic equations indexed by time)
• Linear analysis method
– Linearize friction to study oscillatory behavior and dampening
• Wave-plan method (discrete cumulative disturbances)
• Perturbation method (expands nonlinear friction term)
• Method of characteristics, e.g. MOC
– Converts full Navier-Stokes equations to solvable form
– Very widely-used and thoroughly calibrated/validated
28
Pressure Envelope
Maximum Transient Head Envelopes for a Pumping System
Comparison of rigid and elastic theories:
Max. Head (Elastic)
Max. Head (Rigid)

Reservoir
Steady HGL
Static HGL
Min. Head (Rigid)

Min. Head (Elastic)
Pipeline
+ Transient Energy Calculated by Elastic

Pump Station
Water Column Theory (EWCT)
Reservoir Transient Energy Calculated by Rigid
Water Column Theory (RWCT)
29
Boundary Conditions & Reflections
• Boundary Conditions
– Orifices to atmosphere & consumption
– Dead-ends, reservoirs, and tanks (reflections)
– Operating equipment such as valves & pumps
• Changes in Topology
– Sudden change in diameter
– Branching
– Looping
30
Water Column Separation
• If pressure < vapor pressure, liquid vaporizes
• This is called column separation
• Water column rejoins once the pocket collapse
• Effect of water column separation
31
What is the Role of Pumps?
• Surges and Water Hammer happens if
pumps start/stop too quickly
• Variable Speed pumps, soft starts, discharge
control valves minimize transients during
normal operation
• Set safe restart delays & ramp times for
motor controller or PLC
• Pre-start safety audits, re-commissioning
plans
32
The End
• Transients are important - You can model

transients to prevent problems
33
Ask the Experts
34
Water Hammer Analysis
Kevin T. Laptos, PE
Regional Planning Leader
Black & Veatch
35
Rationale
• An effective approach for Water
Hammer Analysis is needed
• This presentation will provide an

approach to model and mitigate water
hammer in water systems
36
Learning Objectives
• Understand why water hammer analysis is
needed
• Understand how transient models can be
used to perform water hammer analysis
• Understand different methods for
mitigating water hammer
37
Agenda
• Water hammer analysis objectives
• Model development
• Model validation
• Mitigation methods
38
Water Hammer Analysis Objectives
39
Why is Water Hammer Analysis
Needed?
• Assess the potential for significant
pressure transients
• Help assess the degree of risk in the
system
• Develop and design/implement
appropriate mitigation methods
40
4-Step Analysis Approach
Step 4:
Develop
Step 3: design
criteria for
Develop and selected
Step 2: evaluate mitigation
mitigation strategies
Step 1: Identify and strategies for
analyze key excessive
Develop transient pressure
transient scenarios transients
hydraulic
model of
system
41
Model Development
42
How are Transient Models Different
than Steady-State and EPS Models?
• Simulate the propagation of pressure
waves and resulting flow and pressure
conditions due to transient causing
events
• Additional system information is
needed
43
Transient Model Development
• Add transient control equipment (i.e. air valves)
Pump Station
Reservoir
Combination Air Valves
Reservoir
44
• Surge tanks
Pump Station
Reservoir
Surge Tank at Pump Station
Reservoir
45
• Surge tanks
• Pipeline wave speeds Pump Station
Reservoir
Reservoir
46
• Surge tanks
• Pipeline wave speeds Pump Station
• Additional pump (inertia, specific speed) and
valve characteristics
% of Maximum Cv
Reservoir
Reservoir
Valve Opening (%)
47
Model Validation
48
How can we Ensure Transient Models
are Accurate?
• As with steady-state and EPS
models…….calibration/validation is
important
• However, challenges exist with transient
models:
• Instrumentation sample rate and data storage
• Reluctance to purposely cause a significant transient
event
49
Example 1: Model Validation
1400
1300 Field Data
1200
1100 Pump #1 ON Pump #2 ON Pump #2 OFF Pump #1 OFF
1000
Surge Tank Air Volume (ft3)
900
Modeled Surge Tank Air Volume ft3
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Time (sec)
50
Manual collection of surge tank volume and timing data
Example 2: Model Validation
160
Flow (mgd) / Surge Tank Water Level (in) / Pressure (psi)
PS Discharge Pressure (psi) Field Data

+3 psi
140
-3 psi
120
100
Pump #2 OFF Pump #2 ON Pump #5 ON Pump #4 ON Pump #4 OFF Pump #5 OFF Pump #2 OFF
80
60 Surge Tank Water Level (in)

+5%
40
-5%
+5%
20 PS Flow Flow (mgd)
-5%
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
Time (sec)
51
Collection of field data using existing instrumentation at PS
Example 3: Model Calibration
120
PS Power Loss Field Recorded Pressure
100 Model Predicted Pressure
PS Discharge Pressure (psi)
80
60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time (sec)
• Collection of field data using RADCOM pressure transient logger

• Adjusted pump control valve closing speed to best match logger data
• Validated pump/motor inertia
52
Example 4: Model Calibration
160
Pump #1 ON Pump #2 ON Pump #3 ON
140
120 PS Power Loss

PS Discharge Pressure (psi)
100
80
60
40
Field Recorded Pressure
20
Model Predicted Pressure
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Time (sec)
• Collection of field data using RADCOM pressure transient logger

• Adjusted pump startup sequencing and VFD settings to best match
logger data 53
Mitigation Methods
54
Manually Operated Equipment
Hydrants and isolation valves
• Slow closing and opening
• Operator awareness and training are key
55
Automated Equipment & Facilities
Pump stations and control valves
• Proper analysis and design of transient control
equipment is key
56
Transient Control Methods for
Pumping Stations
Normal (i.e. hourly/daily) pump startup and

shutdown
• Variable speed drives
• Pump control valves for constant speed pumps
• Pump control procedures (PLC)
• Only start/stop one pump at a time
• Delay between consecutive pump starts/stops
57
Transient Control Methods for
Pumping Stations
Emergency (i.e. power loss) pump shutdown
• High pressure control
• Surge relief valves
• Surge anticipator valves
• Surge tanks
• Low pressure control
• Air valves
• Surge tanks
58
Summary
59
Summary
• Numerous causes of water hammer in
water systems
• Also numerous risks associated with both
high and low pressure transients
• Transient models are indispensable for:
• Assessing the potential for significant pressure transients
• Helping to assess the degree of risk in the system
• Developing and designing/implementing appropriate mitigation methods
60
Ask the Experts
61
Water Hammer / Surge Analysis Case
Study for Pressurized Pipe
Ferdous Mahmood
Senior Hydraulic Engineer
Arcadis
62
Modeling Pressurized Pipes
• Steady state models
• master planning
• system improvements
• control valve settings
• Extended period models

• storage/production needs
• energy optimization
• operational improvements
• water age / disinfectant decay
• Surge models
• controlling high and low
pressures
63
Water Hammer in Pressurized Pipes
• Surge / Transient analysis
• Sudden changes in pressures
• Propagates through system
until dampened
• Damages system equipment
(pumps, valves, pipes)
• Damage may not be sudden
but develop over time due to
repeated surge or transient
episodes
64
Causes of Surge
• Pump operation – startup, shutdown or power
failure
• Valve operation – rapid opening or closure
• Tank operation – loss of service
• Pipe filling and draining – air release
• Pipe breaks – rapid changes in demands
• Hydrant testing – rapid changes in demands
65
Preventing Pipeline Surge
• Proper selection of surge control
components during design
Surge / transient
• Proper operation of surge modeling
control devices and other
components of system
• Proper maintenance of surge
control devices
66
Case Study
• Pump Station
• 4 duty, 1 stand-by pumps
• Each pump 5,400 m3/hr,
discharges to 30-inch line
• Valve opening and closing
time controlled
• Pipeline
• 21.9 km (13.6 miles)
pressurized pipe
• Standpipe on high ground
• 28.4 km (17.6 miles) gravity
flow to WTP
67
Scenario 1 – No Check/Control Valves or
Surge Prevention Devices
Volume (L)
Elevation (m)
Maximum hydraulic grade
Steady state hydraulic grade

Minimum hydraulic grade
Pipe profile
Distance (m)
68
Maximum transient pressure
Steady state pressure
Minimum transient pressure
Water Vapor pressure
Pressure (psi)
Distance (m)
69
Pressure (psi)
Flow (m3/hr)
Time (sec)
70
Scenario 2 – Check/Control Valves Closes
in 2 Minutes
Volume (L)
Elevation (m)

Pipe profile
Distance (m)
71
in 2 Minutes
Pressure (psi)
Distance (m)
72
in 2 Minutes
Pressure (psi)
Flow (m3/hr)
Time (sec)
73
Scenario 4 – Check/Control Valve Closes in
5 sec; 24” Surge Relief Valve
Pressure (psi)
Flow (m3/hr)
Time (sec)
74

Pressure (psi)
Distance (m)
75
Pressure (psi)
Flow (m3/hr)
Time (sec)
76
5 sec; 24” Surge Relief Valve Two 150,000
gal Hydro Pneumatic Tanks
Volume (L)
Elevation (m)

Pipe profile
77
Distance (m)
Pressure (psi)
Distance (m)
78
Pressure (psi)
Flow (m3/hr)
Time (sec)
79
5 sec; 24” Surge Relief Valve Four 120,000
Volume (L)
Pressure (psi)

Pipe profile
80
Distance (m)
Volume (L)

Pressure (psi)
81
Distance (m)
Pressure (psi)
Flow (m3/hr)
Time (sec)
82
Scenario 8 – Check/Control Valve Closes in 5
sec; 24” Surge Relief Valve Six 120,000 gal
Hydro Pneumatic Tanks
Volume (L)
Pressure (psi)

Pipe profile
83
Distance (m)
Scenario 8 – Check/Control Valve Closes in 5 sec; 24”
Surge Relief Valve Six 120,000 gal
Volume (L)

Pressure (psi)
84
Distance (m)
Pressure (psi)
Flow (m3/hr)
Time (sec)
85
Hydro Pneumatic Tanks with 4” by-pass
Volume (L)
Pressure (psi)

Pipe profile
86
Distance (m)
Volume (L)

Pressure (psi)
87
Distance (m)
Pressure (psi)
Flow (m3/hr)
Time (sec)
88
sec; 24” Surge Relief Valve Five 120,000 gal
Volume (L)
Pressure (psi)

Pipe profile
89
Distance (m)
sec; 24” Surge Relief Valve Five 120,000 gal
Volume (L)

Pressure (psi)
90
Distance (m)
Case Study 2
• Pump Station
• 2 duty, 1 stand-by
pumps
• Each pump 3
mgd, discharges
to 10-inch line
• Valve opening and
closing time
controlled
• Pipeline
• 9,500 feet
pressurized pipe
• 3 MG storage tank
91
Scenario A - Four 2-inch Air Valves Only with
Pump Check Valve Closing Immediately
Existing four 2-inch air

Volume
valves only with pump check

valve closing immediately
Elevation (ft)
92
Scenario A - Four 2-inch Air Valves Only with
Pump Check Valve Closing Immediately
Hydraulic Grade (ft)
Flow (m3/hr)
Air Vapor Volume (gal)
Time (sec)
93
Scenario B - Existing Four 4-inch Air Valves
and 8-inch Surge Relief Valve
Volume
Elevation (ft)
94
Scenario B - Existing Four 4-inch Air Valves
and 8-inch Surge Relief Valve
Flow (m3/hr)
Time (sec)
95
Scenario C - Two 2-inch Air Valves and Four 4-
inch Air Valves AND 5000 gal Surge Tank with
12” Inlet
Volume
Elevation (ft)
96
Scenario C - Two 2-inch Air Valves and Four 4-
inch Air Valves AND 5000 gal Surge Tank with
12” Inlet
Flow (m3/hr)
Time (sec)
97
Scenario C - Two 2-inch Air Valves and
Four 4-inch Air Valves AND 5000 gal Surge
Tank with 12” Inlet
Flow (m3/hr)
Time (sec)
98
Surge Analysis Summary for
Pressurized Pipes
99
Options for Surge Prevention
• Design / install surge protection devices
Surge tanks, pump control valves, pump flywheel, air release valves and
vacuum breakers, pressure relief valves, others
• Modify pump and valve operation  set points, timing
• Reduce pipe velocity  larger diameter pipe
• Reduce wave speed  different pipe material
• Increase pump inertia  flywheel
• Increase pipe pressure rating  higher class pipe
• Provide additional pressure relief  pump bypass line
• Reduce elevations changes  pipe re-routing
100
Surge / Transient Pressure Modeling
• Analyze existing transient pressures for specific operational
events
• Mitigate transients using appropriate devices such as:
• Surge tanks, pump control valves, pump flywheel, air release valves
and vacuum breakers, pressure relief valves, others
• Conduct detailed surge analysis
• Hand calculations and charts
• Transient computer models (Hammer, Infosurge, CFD models can be
used but time consuming)
• Observe hydraulic behavior of each component and their interaction
101
Ask the Experts
102
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Presenter Biography Information
Tom Walski has 40 years of experience in water and wastewater design and operation. He is currently senior
product manager for Bentley Systems and has previously served as civil engineer for the Army Corps of
Engineers, distribution system manager for the City of Austin, Tex., executive director the Wyoming Valley
Sanitary Authority, and engineering manager for Pennsylvania American Water. He has written several books
and hundreds of journal and conference papers on many aspects of water distribution systems.
Based in Charlotte, NC. Specializes in planning and modeling of water distribution and wastewater collection
systems and hydraulic transient analysis. 26 years of experience in engineering practice and management
involving the planning, design, construction, operation, and rehabilitation, of water and wastewater systems.
Mr. Mahmood is a senior hydraulics engineer at Arcadis specializing in hydraulics and water quality modeling
of distribution systems and treatment plants. He conducts various types of modeling - hydraulics,
computational fluid dynamics (CFD), surge, and water quality – for master planning of water distribution
systems and for evaluating and optimizing design of treatment plants. Mr. Mahmood assisted USEPA with
the development of the Initial Distribution System Evaluation (IDSE) Guidance Manual, and is a co-author for
AWWA M32 Manual on Computer Modeling of Distribution Systems.
106
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Tom Walski Kevin Laptos Ferdous Mahmood

I. Hydraulic Transient Basics: An Tom Walski

III. Water Hammer / Surge Analysis Ferdous Mahmood

Tom Walski Kevin Laptos Ferdous Mahmood

Ev = Young's modulus (pipe)

• 2L/a is the time required for a pulse to travel to the far

• Power failure • Start/Shift/Shut-down

Pump Turbine Valve

Computer Analysis (1970’s)

Graphical Analysis (1960’s)

Rule of Thumb or Rule of Dumb

Comparison of rigid and elastic theories:

Max. Head (Elastic)

Max. Head (Rigid)

Min. Head (Rigid)

+ Transient Energy Calculated by Elastic

• Transients are important - You can model

Tom Walski Kevin Laptos Ferdous Mahmood

• This presentation will provide an

Combination Air Valves

Surge Tank at Pump Station

Valve Opening (%)

PS Discharge Pressure (psi) Field Data

60 Surge Tank Water Level (in)

• Collection of field data using RADCOM pressure transient logger

120 PS Power Loss

• Collection of field data using RADCOM pressure transient logger

Normal (i.e. hourly/daily) pump startup and

Tom Walski Kevin Laptos Ferdous Mahmood

• Extended period models

Maximum hydraulic grade

Steady state hydraulic grade

Maximum hydraulic grade

Steady state hydraulic grade

Maximum transient pressure

Maximum hydraulic grade

Steady state hydraulic grade

Maximum hydraulic grade

Steady state hydraulic grade

Maximum transient pressure

Maximum hydraulic grade

Steady state hydraulic grade

Maximum transient pressure

Maximum hydraulic grade

Steady state hydraulic grade

Maximum transient pressure

Maximum hydraulic grade

Steady state hydraulic grade

Maximum transient pressure

Existing four 2-inch air

valves only with pump check

Tom Walski Kevin Laptos Ferdous Mahmood

Register for a 2016 Webinar Bundle

• Individual Full Year

Register Online at:

• As part of your registration, you are

• Until next time, keep the water safe and

Certificates will be available within 30

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