Make Each Day

Extra-Ordinarily Special

Be a blessing everyday!
Fluid
MELC
The learner…
1. relate density, specific gravity, mass, and volume to each
other
2. relate pressure to area and force.
3. relate pressure to fluid density and depth.
4. apply Pascal’s principle in analyzing fluids in various
systems.
5. apply the concept of buoyancy and Archimedes’ principle.
6. apply Bernoulli’s principle and continuity equation,
whenever appropriate, to infer relations involving pressure,
elevation, speed, and flux.
 All matter is made from atoms.
Individual atoms can combine with other atoms to form molecules.
Regardless of the type of molecule, matter exists as solid, liquid, or gas, the last two being
classified as fluids:

Fluid
• matter, in the form of liquid or gas, that is capable of flowing

Although both are considered as fluid, liquid and gas are different
in several ways:

LIQUID GAS
difficult to compress easy to compress

occupies a fixed volume and will take the
shape of the containing vessel
forms a free surface if the volume of the
containing vessel is greater than the
liquid
changes volume to fill the containing
vessel
fills the containing vessel so that no free
surface is formed

free surface
• surface which is exposed to the atmosphere
What makes the alcohol float on layers of oil, water,
dish soap, corn syrup and honey?
 The density of a liquid is one factor that determines its behavior as a fluid.

Density ρ (Greek letter rho)

• mass m of a substance divided by its volume V:
ρ = m/V
• SI unit: kg/m3
• Equal volumes of different substances generally have different masses, so the density
depends on the substance itself:
 A convenient way to compare densities is to use the
concept of specific gravity.

Specific Gravity
• The specific gravity of a substance is its density divided by the density of a standard
reference substance, usually chosen to be water at 4 °C:
specific gravity = density of substance/(1.000 x 103 kg/m3)

• Being the ratio of two densities, specific gravity has no unit.

Substance Specific Gravity

Air 0.00129
0.00129
Carbon dioxide 0.00198
0.00198
Water 1.00
1.00
Blood 1.06
1.06
Dead Sea water 1.24
1.24
Sample Problem
The karat is a dimensionless unit that is used to indicate the proportion
of gold in a gold-containing alloy. An alloy that is one karat gold contains
a weight of pure gold that is one part in twenty-four. What is the volume
of gold in a 14.0-karat gold necklace whose weight is 1.00 N

wg = (12/24) 1.00 N = 0.583 N

mg = 0.583 N / (9.8 m/s²) = 0.0595 kg

19300 kg /m³ = 0.0595 kg/ vg

vg = 3.08 x 10-6 m³
ρcoin > ρship
The submarine sinks by increasing its density,
and it floats by decreasing its density.
 increases ,
Specific gravity increases as the density increases
increases
whereas density increases as the mass increases
increases .
and decreases as the volume increases.
 In any fluid, the molecules themselves are in
constant, random motion, colliding with each other
and with the walls of any container.
 In colliding with the walls of the container,
the molecules exert a force on every part of
the wall surface, which accounts for the
pressure of the fluid.

Pressure P
• magnitude of the force F acting perpendicular to a surface divided by
the area A over which the force acts:

P = F/A

• SI unit: N/m2 or Pa (pascal)

• Walking about on land, we are at the bottom of the Earth’s atmosphere, which is a
fluid and pushes inward on our bodies.
• At sea level, the pressure is 1.013 x 105 Pa = 1 atm = 14.7 psi.
• At higher elevations, air pressure decreases due to fewer molecules pushing inward
on our bodies.
 Based on the previous illustration, the pressure exerted by a fluid
depends on elevation (or depth).
It also depends on the density of the fluid and the acceleration due to gravity:

• For a static fluid,

P2 = P1 + ρgh
P1 = pressure at higher level, in Pa
P2 = pressure at deeper level, in Pa
ρ = density of fluid, in kg/m3
g = acceleration due to gravity, in m/s2
h = distance between higher and deeper level, in m
• The equation,
P2 = P1 + ρgh
can be used to define gauge pressure and absolute pressure for a liquid exposed to
atmospheric pressure:

P2P=2 P
=atm
Patm + ρgh
+ ρgh
where,
P2 = Patm + ρgh = absolute pressure
P2 – Patm = ρgh = gauge pressure
Sample Problem
Calculate the hydrostatic difference in blood
pressure between the brain and the foot in a
person of height 1.83 m. The density of blood is
1.06 x 103 kg/m3.

P = ρgh
= (1.06 x 103 kg/m3)(9.8 m/s2)(1.83 m)
= 19.01 x 103 Pa
= 1.90 x 104 Pa
A 40-cm tall glass is filled with water to a depth of 30 cm.
a. What is the gauge pressure at the bottom of the glass?
b. What is the absolute pressure at the bottom of the
glass?

a) Pgauge = ρg h
= (1.0 x 103 kg/m3) (9.8 m/s2) (0.3 m)
= 2.94 x 103 Pa
= 3 x 103 Pa

b) Pabsolute = Patm + Pgauge

= 1.013 x 105 Pa + 0.03 x 105 Pa
= 1.04 x 105 Pa
P = F/A

For a given force, the smaller the area, the

greater the pressure.
Pressure depends on depth, not shape!
 Pressure in a fluid increases with depth, due to the weight of the fluid
above the point of interest.
In addition, a confined fluid may be subjected to an additional pressure by
the application of an external force, according to Pascal’s Principle:

Pascal’s Principle
• Any change in the pressure applied to a completely enclosed fluid is
transmitted undiminished to all parts of the fluid and the enclosing
walls.
A sealed container of water is full, except for a
tall thin tube that is attached to it.

Water is poured into this tube, and before the

tube is full the container bursts.
 Why did the container
burst?

The poured water increases the _______

depth
pressure
of the water, which increases the _______
capacity
in the container beyond its _______,
causing it to _______.
burst
• Pascal’s principle allows a small force applied to a small area to
be converted to a large force applied to large area, as in the
hydraulic brake/lift:

P1 = P2

F1 /A1 = F2 /A2
Anyone who has tried to push an inflated ball under water has felt how
upward
the water pushes back with an ________force.
buoyant force
This upward force is called _____________.
As you push the ball down into the water, the buoyant force
stronger
gets _________.

buoyant force
• upward-directed force that a fluid exerts on an object that is partially or completely
immersed in the fluid
The buoyant force exists because fluid
pressure is larger at greater ________:
depths
 All fluids exert a buoyant force to objects that are immersed
Archimedes’ Principle:
in them, according to ____________

Archimedes’ Principle
• Any fluid applies a buoyant force to an object that is partially or completely
immersed in it, and the magnitude of the buoyant force equals the weight of the
fluid that the object displaces:
FB = wD
where,
FB = buoyant force
wD = weight of displaced fluid
The buoyant force is equal to the
weight of the displaced water.
 Have you ever used your thumb to control the water flowing
from the end of a hose?

If so, you probably have observed that the water velocity

increases when your thumb reduces the cross-sectional area of
the hose opening.

This kind of fluid behavior is described

by the Equation of __________:
Continuity
Equation of Continuity
• The mass flow rate or flux (ρAv – SI unit: kg/s) has the same value at every
position along a tube that has a single entry and a single exit point for fluid
flow. For two positions along such a tube:
ρ1A1v1 = ρ2A2v2
where,
ρ = fluid density, in kg/m3
A = cross-sectional area of tube, in m2
v = fluid speed, in m/s

• The Equation of Continuity is based on the Law of Conservation of Mass.

 An increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in
static pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy, in accordance
Bernoulli’s Principle:
with ___________

Bernoulli’s Principle
• For a fluid in motion, the pressure P, the fluid speed v, and the elevation h at any
two points are related by:
P1 + ½ρv12 + ρgh1 = P2 + ½ρv22 + ρgh2
or:

P + ½ρv2 + ρgh = constant

• Bernoulli’s Equation is based on the Law of Conservation of Energy.

 Why is a Ping-Pong ball
kept in midair by a
vertical jet of air?
• The weight of the Ping-Pong ball is balanced by the force exerted by the vertical jet of air.
• At the same time, in accordance with Bernoulli’s principle, the vertical jet of air causes
the pressure inside the jet of air to be lower than the pressure outside it.
• The high pressure air tends to push the ball back whenever it tries to move outside the
jet of air. This maintains the position of the Ping-Pong ball in midair.