Contents

Aim ................................................................................................................................................. 1

Theory ............................................................................................................................................. 1

Apparatus ........................................................................................................................................ 1

Material ....................................................................................................................................... 1

Equipment ................................................................................................................................... 2

Test equipment ................................................................................................................................ 2

Procedure ........................................................................................................................................ 2

Calculation ...................................................................................................................................... 4

Result and discussion ...................................................................................................................... 5

Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 5

Reference ........................................................................................................................................ 5

List of Figures
Figure 1: 200-Mesh sieve................................................................................................................ 2
Figure 2: Wash bottle ...................................................................................................................... 2
Figure 3: Measuring tube ................................................................................................................ 2

List of Figures

Table 1 Result ................................................................................................................ 5

Aim
To determine actual flowrate and theoretical flowrate and discharge and to obtain a graph between
flow rate and pressure loss.

Theory
Bernoulli’s principle application is to determine the flow speed of a fluid. The devices such as
venturi meter or an orifice plate is used and can be placed into a pipeline to reduce the diameter of
the flow. The reduction in diameter will cause an increase in the fluid flow speed, thus according
to Bernoulli’s there must be decrease in pressure( ). There are many different meters used
to measure fluid flow: the turbine-type flow meter, the rotameter, the orifice meter, and the venturi
meter are only a few. Each meter works by its ability to alter a certain physical property of the
flowing fluid and then allows this alteration to be measured. The measured alteration is then related
to the flow. A venturi meter is a measuring or also considered as a meter device that is usually
used to measure the flow of a fluid in the pipe. A Venturi meter may also be used to increase the
velocity of any type fluid in a pipe at any particular point. It basically works on the principle of
Bernoulli's Theorem. The pressure in a fluid moving through a small cross section drops suddenly
leading to an increase in velocity of the flow. The fluid of the characteristics of high-pressure and
low velocity gets converted to the low pressure and high velocity at a particular point and again
reaches to high pressure and low velocity. The point where the characteristics become low pressure
and high velocity is the place where the venturi flow meter is used( ). The Bernoulli test
apparatus consists of a tapered duct (venturi), a series of manometers tapped into the venturi to
measure the pressure head, and a hypodermic probe that can be traversed along the center of the
test section to measure the total head. The test section is a circular duct of varying diameter with a
14° inclined angle on one side and a 21° inclined angle on other side. Series of side hole pressure
tappings are provided to connect manometers to the test section ( ).

Apparatus
Material
Mud

Water

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 Equipment
Sand content kit Consists of:

 200-mesh sieve(shown in figure 1).

 A glass measuring tube (0- 20%)(shown in figure 3)
 Wash bottle(shown in figure 2).

Cylinder: use to measure volume of liquid.

 Figure1:200-mesh Figure 1: Glass measuring

Figure 2: Wash bottle
sieve tube

Test equipment
The Sand Content Kit consists of special developed sieve with mesh-size 0.08 mm (200-
mesh), a proper plastic funnel and a special modeled measuring tube. A mark at the measuring
tube indicates the amount of the filled in drilling fluid. The percentage of sand may read off directly
from the measuring tube graduated from 0 to 20%.

Procedure
a. Prepare the mud with require density.

b. Fill the measuring tube to the indicated mark with mud. Use the wash bottle to add water
to the upper mark. Close the mouth of the tube and shake vigorously

c. Pour the mixture onto the clean sieve. Discard the liquid passing through the screen.

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 d. Add more fluid from the wash bottle to the tube, shake, and again pour onto the sieve.
Repeat until all the drilling fluid has been washed out of the tube.

e. Flush the screen with fluid from the wash bottle to free the sand remaining on the sieve of
any remaining mud.

f. Fit the funnel upside down over the top of the sieve. Slowly invert the assembly and insert
the tip of the funnel into the mouth of the glass measuring tube.

g. Wash the sand into the tube by spraying a fine spray of fluid from the water bottle through
the sieve (tapping on the side of the sieve with a spatula handle may facilitate the process).
Allow the sand to settle.

h. Using the scale on the graduated tube, read the volume percent of sand.

i. Report the sand content of the mud in percent by volume (% by volume). Take into account
coarse solids obtained on the screen.

** After each use, wash the screen, funnel and tube free of any dirt, and dry thoroughly. Take
special care to clean and dry the 200-mesh screen.

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Calculation

4
Result and discussion
Table 1 Result

Parameter Value
Density of mud(ppg) 8.55
Mass of mud(gm) 15
Water volume(cc) 200
Sand content % 0.25

Conclusion
As Bernoulli state high velocity of fluid flow result in low pressure and based on continuity
equation, smaller area result in high velocity. Thus, the result proved both equation could be
used to determine the velocity of fluid flow in manometer. Even the value is not exactly the same,
but the pattern of increasing and decreasing at the converging and diverging portion is same. So
that, as the velocity increases, the total head pressure also increases for both convergent and
divergent flow.

Reference
Caenn, R., Darley, H.C. and Gray, G.R. (2011), Composition and properties of drilling and
completion fluids, Gulf professional publishing.

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Lyons, W. (2009), Working guide to drilling equipment and operations, Gulf Professional
Publishing.

Sahay, B. (2001), Petroleum Exploration and Exploitation Practices, Allied Publishers.