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PRACTICAL ARCHITECTURAL TRAINING-FUN BEGINS

(FOR INTERNS AND FRESHERS)

STRUCTURE DETAILS
FOR
FOUNDATION

TEACHING
IS
3 STRUCTURE OUR
PASSION
RAFT FOUNDATION
• A raft foundation, also called a mat
foundation, is essentially a
continuous slab resting on the soil
that extends over the entire footprint
of the building, thereby supporting
the building and transferring its
weight to the ground. 
• A raft foundation is often used when
the soil is weak, as it distributes the
weight of the building over the entire
area of the building. This reduces
the stress on the soil.
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
Key steps of Raft foundation construction are noted below :
• Identify the desired depth at which foundation is to
be provided.
• Do the column layout by putting up “Brick Bhurji / Pegs” on all four sides in the
required grid. BRICK BURJHI CONSTRUCTED FOR THE
• Excavate soil up to the required depth. The ends should be tapered as/sec. shown COLUMN MARKING

so that earth doesn’t fall inside.

Incase, the area available on sides is not sufficient then shoring should be done.
• Excavate further for the lift pit.
• Compact the soil, water it, compact it again and level the top.
• Provide PCC 100mm/75mm thick for the base (as/ St. engineer). PCC for the base

• Again mark columns and check position before starting water proofing.
• Provide a waterproofing membrane like -
 J-Cote WB Foundation Waterproofing Membrane (10-Year Limited Warranty)
Hydra-Guard WB Foundation Waterproofing Membrane (15-Year Limited Warranty)
UltraGuard ICF and Foundation Waterproofing (10-Year Limited Warranty)
• Provide a 50mm PCC layer to protect water proofing (Generally
a 1’’ layer of plaster is suggested but for we should provide 2’’
PCC).
• Mark the columns positions again with “Brick Burjhi / Pegs”.
• Provide CC blocks for the cover 40-70mm.
• Lay reinforcement (as/ St. engineer).
• Erect all reinforcement for columns, shear wall, retaining wall,
etc.
• Pour concrete to the desired depth.
• Use vibrator while pouring concrete after every 6’’ depth. Cc blocks for cover
• Curing is to be done for at least 7-9 days.

Vibrator

Pouring of Concrete
• Firstly the bottom r/f is laid and
then the top r/f.
• After that the CC blocks are
provided for the cover by tool.
• Then, the “Chair Rods” are Retaining wall
provided for hold the top r/f at its
place.
Stitched Slab
Raft Slab

Top R/f

Bottom R/f

Section : Lift pit

 “U- SHAPED BARS” ARE PROVIDED AT THE EDGE
OF RAFT FOUNDATION.

“CHAIR RODS” ARE PROVIDED FOR HOLDING THE

TOP R/F ON ITS PLACE.
COLUMN AND
FOOTING
JOINT
DETAILS.
PLINTH BEAM
• It is a reinforced concrete beam constructed between the wall and its
foundation. It is a beam in a framed structure provided at or above
(sometimes below) natural existing ground level that takes the load of
the ground floor wall built on top of it. It is provided to prevent the
extension or propagation of cracks from the foundation into the wall
above when the foundation suffers from settlement.
STEP 1 - SHUTTERING OF PLINTH BEAM
• To retain concrete, shuttering is required, which provides
the support to the wet concrete until it has gained sufficient
strength to be self supporting.
• Shuttering can be done in wood or steel.

STEP 2 - CLEAR COVER

• Mainly 25 MM clear cover is provided by using CC
blocks at bottom.

STEP 3 - REINFORCEMENT
• Reinforcement includes straight bars and stirrups.

STEP 4 - CASTING AND USE OF VIBRATION

Stirrup
 • It reduces void spaces.
• Done mechanically by using surface vibrators.
• Hardens concrete.

STEP 6 - CURING
• In this process, all core surfaces are washed with water and
continued for 5-7 days to attain maximum strength.

NOTE : Tie beam is also a

type of plinth beam.
When tie beam is provided
Column Top R/f at plinth level it is known
as plinth beam. That means
the only difference is the
GL height at which they are
Bottom R/f
provided. Plinth beam is only
provided at plinth level
but tie beam is provided
anywhere above
the plinth level and floor
level.
DPC (Damp Proof course)
Damp proof course (DPC) is generally applied at
basement levels which restricts the movement of
moisture through walls and floors. It is mainly 150
mm from of
Properties the ground.for DPC
Materials
An effective damp proofing material should have the
following properties;
1.It should be impervious.
2.It should be strong and durable, and should be
capable of withstanding both dead as well as live
loads without damage.

Types of Materials for DPC :

• Asphalt
• Bituminous Felts
• Mortar
• Plastic, Metal Sheet etc.
However in most buildings DPC is a rich mix concrete, usually
1:11/2:3 over the full width of the wall and the thickness varies
from 100mm-115mm (4’’-6’’) with water-proofing compound.
  COLUMN
Column is a vertical structural member. It transmits the load from ceiling/roof
slab and beam, including its self-weight to the foundation. Columns may be
subjected to a pure compressive load. R.C.C. columns are the most widely
used now-a-days.

MATERIAL USED IN CONSTRUCTION OF COLUMN -

 Cement
 Coarse aggregate EXTERIOR OF COLUMN
 Fine aggregate
 Steel bar
 Water
 Shuttering
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF COLUMN -
COLUMN LAYOUT COLUMN COLUMN
WORK REINFORCEMENT FORMWORK

POURING OF COLUMN CURING OF

CONCRETE VIBRATING COLUMN
REINFORCEMENT OF COLUMN
STEP -1 COLUMN LAYOUT WORK:
This is the first step of column construction. In this step, the
location of columns is decided practically in the field. With the help
of PEGS It is done by laying rope as per the grids are shown in the
drawing and afterward, the location of columns are marked.
1.COLUMN MARKING

STEP -2. COLUMN REINFORCEMENT WORK: 45

When marking of column location is done, the reinforcement

of columns are placed according to the structural drawing.
For example, C1-12#16 mmØ and stirrup-10 mmØ@4″c/c. RIGHT WRONG
This means, the column C1 will have 12 numbers of 16 mm
diameter bars as the vertical bar and 10 mm diameter steel
should be placed 4 “ center to center spacing as the stirrup.

Development length of steel will depend on :-

•Diameter of bar .
•Property of concrete .
D.L
Development length is used to make grip of
reinforcement to concrete . This is always
provided in the centre of the column. When
shear force is minimum .
2.COLUMN REINFORCEMENT
STIRRUPS
 CLEAR COVER-
 Mainly 1’’ clear cover is maintained.
 Cement concrete blocks are used.
SPLICE ZONE
When the length of reinforcement bar has to be extended
in reinforced concrete structural member splicing is used to join CC- BLOCK
two reinforcement bars to transfer the force from one bar to the
joining bar. The forces are transferred from one bar to the other
through bonds in concrete. That area is called splice zone. SPLICE
ZONE
The area where overlapping of bar can not be done that is
called no splice zone.
It’s depends upon three factor.
Lo shall not be less than-
• larger lateral dimension of the member at the section.
( cross section area of column)
• 1/6 of the clear span of the member.
• 450mm.

Function of Stirrups in columns :

• To provide lateral confinement to longitudinal bars.
• To provide resistance against shear and torsion.
• To confine the concrete in the core .
Step-3 SHUTTERING OF COLUMN
Formwork in construction is the use of support structures and moulds to create structures
out of concrete which is poured into the moulds. Formwork can be made using moulds out
of steel, wood, aluminum and/or prefabricated forms.
 • It consists of the following
– Side & End Planks
– Yoke
– Nut & Bolts
• Two end & two side planks are joined by the yokes and bolts.

Step-4 POURING OF CONCRETE

FORMWORK OF COLUMN
Concreting of column is done in two different methods:-
•Manually. POURING OF CONCRETE MANUALLY
•Using machine or pump.
•POINTS TO BE FOLLOWED DURING AND AFTER CONCRETING:
•Use machine mix concrete for less amount of concrete, and ready-mix concrete for larger
amount of concrete.
• Concrete should be poured upto beam bottom and the remaining column should be
concreted during beam and slab concreting.
•Covers should be given properly as per the structural drawing.
•Check verticality and horizontally of the column after pouring and vibrating the concrete.
POURING OF CONCRETE USING PUMP
STEP- 5 USE OF VIBRATOR IN COLUMN
•It is used to reduce the air bubbles in concrete.
•After every 6-7 inches a vibrator must be used to reduce the problem of
air bubble in concrete. VIBRATOR
•Mechanical vibrator must be used for full compaction of the column, but
remember excess vibration can create segregation of the concrete. So each
layer should be compacted properly
STEP-6 CURING OF COLUMN
Curing is a procedure that is adopted to promote the hardening of concrete
under conditions of humidity and temperature which are conducive to the
progressive and proper setting of the constituent cement.
OBJECTIVES OF CURING
•To reduce the shrinkage of the concrete.
• To preserve the properties of concrete , such as
impermeability, durability and strength.
• To maintain uniform temperature of the concrete.
• To maintain moisture content in the mix for complete hydration
of concrete.
 SHEAR WALL
• Shear walls are especially important in high-rise buildings.
• In residential buildings, shear walls are external form a box which
provides all of the lateral support for the building.
• Resist : Lateral loads , Seismic loads , Vertical Forces(gravity)
• Reduces lateral sway of the building
• Provide large strength and stiffness to buildings in the direction of
their orientation.
• Rigid vertical diaphragm transfers the loads into Foundations 
• Shear walls behavior depends upon : material used, wall thickness,
wall length, wall positioning in building frame also.

ADVANTAGE OF SHEAR WALL

• Provide large strength and stiffness in the direction of orientation .
• Easy construction and implementation .
• Efficient in terms of construction cost and effectiveness in
minimizing earthquake damage.
 SLAB
Slabs are the horizontal structural component, with top and
bottom surface parallel. Slabs are supported by beams and
columns and transfers load to beam.
MATERIAL USED IN CONSTRUCTION OF SLAB-
• Cement
• Coarse Aggregate
• Fine Aggregate
• Steel bar
• Binding wire GENERAL PLAN AND SECTION OF A SLAB
• Water
• Shuttering Material(wooden planks and Iron plates)

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF SLAB-

SHUTTERING CLEAR COVER REINFORCEMENT

CASTING VIBRATING CURING

STEP 1 -SHUTTERING-
• To retain concrete, formwork or shuttering is required, which provides the support
to the wet concrete until it has gained sufficient strength to be self supporting.
• Shuttering can be done in wood or steel

STEP 2-CLEAR COVER-

• Mainly 1.5’’ clear cover is maintained.
• CC blocks are used. CRANKED BAR

STEP 3-REINFORCEMENT-
• Reinforcement includes straight bars, cranked bars(Bent-up bars) CRANKED BAR
NOTE- STRAIGHT BAR
o CRANKED BARS- It is provided in the end or top of the slab and also in the top of
the middle supports to prevent from the negative moment or hogging which
produce at that section of the slabs and beams.
STEP 4-CASTING-
STEP 5 -VIBRATION-
• It reduces void spaces
• Done mechanically by using suface vibrators.
• Hardens concrete.
STEP 6 -COMPACTION-
• Level the surface perfectly smooth ,flat and even.

STEP 7 -CURING-
• In this process, the whole slab is washed with water and continued for 14-20 days
to attain maximum strength.
OPENINGS IN SLAB-
 Openings in slabs are usually required for plumbing, fire protection pipes, heat and ventilation ducts and air conditioning.
 Larger openings that could amount to the elimination of a large area within a slab panel are sometimes required for stairs
and elevators shafts.
 For newly constructed slabs, the locations and sizes of the required openings are usually predetermined in the early
stages of design and accommodated accordingly.

DETAILING OF RECTANGULAR DETAILING OF CIRCULAR

OPENING IN SLAB- OPENING IN SLAB-
TYPES OF SLAB
• ONE WAY SLAB
• TWO WAY SLAB
 ONE WAY SLAB-One way slab is a slab which is supported by beams on
the two opposite sides to carry the load along one direction. The ratio of
longer span (l) to shorter span (b) is equal or greater than 2, considered
as One way slab because this slab will bend in one direction i.e in the
direction along its shorter span
            

Due to the huge difference in lengths, load is not transferred to the shorter
beams. Main reinforcement is provided in shorter span and distribution
reinforcement in longer span.

 TWO WAY SLAB- Two way slab is a slab supported by beams on all the
four sides and the loads are carried by the supports along both directions,
it is known as two way slab. In two way slab, the ratio of longer span (l)
to shorter span (b) is less than 2.

In two way slabs, load will be carried in both the directions. So, main

reinforcement is provided in both direction for two way slabs.
 BEAM
A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by
resisting against bending. The bending force induced into the material of the beam as
a result of the external loads, own weight, span and external reactions to these loads
is called a bending moment.

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF SLAB-

SHUTTERING REINFORCEMENT CASTING COMPACTION CURING

STEP 1 -SHUTTERING- STEP 2-REINFORCEMENT

& STIRUPPS- STIRUPPS
prevent sudden failure & increase
strength
• Stirrups –
1) hold reinforcements together
(denser near supports)
2) resist shear and diagonal
tension stresses in a beam
STEP 3-CASTING- STEP 6 -COMPACTION- STEP 7 -CURING-
• Level the surface perfectly • In this process, the whole slab is washed with
smooth ,flat and even. water and continued for 14-20 days to attain
maximum strength.
TYPES OF BEAM-
1. SIMPLY SUPPORTED 2. 3. OVERHANGING 4.
BEAM: CANTIL BEAM: CONTINU
A simply supported beam is EVER A overhanging beam is OUS
a type of beam that has a beam that has one or
pinned support at one end BEAM: both end portions BEAM:
and roller support at the A extending beyond its A
other end. Depending on the cantileve supports. It may have continuous
load applied, it undergoes r beam is any number of supports. beam has
shearing and bending. It is fixed at If viewed in a different more than
the one of the simplest one end perspective, it appears two
structural elements in and free as if it is has the supports
existence. at other features of simply distributed
end. supported beam and throughout
cantilever beam. its length
TERRACE AND PARAPET WATERPROOFING
• Terrace is the most crucial segment of a building, and it is exposed to direct climatic variations, extremes
of rainfall and structural movements caused thereby.
• So every effort should be taken at the design stage itself to ensure that a proper protection system has
been incorporated.
• Usually extensive waterproofing measures are added to a building at the time of construction, to provide
moisture control from the start.

MATERIALS USED FOR WATER PROOFING

• Cement : Ordinary Portland cement is used for all water- proofing work
• Sand : Clean river sand should be used for water- proofing work. If mudTdy, the sand should be washed
before use.
• Metal : Hard angular metal of sizes varying from 12mm to 20mm is used for water-proofing works.
• Brick bat: Brick bats should be well burnt pieces of bricks having proper thickness. Underburnt or
overburnt brick bats should not be used for water-proofing work.
• Water-proofing chemical/powder : A number chemicals and water-proofing compounds in powder form
are available in the market. Some chemicals include -tar/bitumen based compounds -inorganic
compounds with little percentage of chlorides and sulphates.
1. acrylic based compounds.
2. epoxy resins. -silicones.
3. polysulphides
4. polyurethanes.
TERRACE WATERPROOFING
 BRICK COBA TERRACING
• Brick coba terracing laid with grout consisting of
cement admixed with acrylic based chemical is an
effective water proofing method used in heavy to
moderate rainfall regions.
• PROCESS : The cleaned surface of the roof slab is
coated with 15mm thick slurry made of cement
mortar (1:4) mixed with acrylic based chemical .
• A layer of broken brick bats in cement mortar (1:4)
admixed with acrylic based chemical is laid with
slope for drainage.
• This layer is cured for about 2 days.
• Again a layer of cement mortar of same
composition is provided to fill up any voids.
• A 20 mm thick layer of cement mortar (1:4)
admixed with acrylic based chemical is applied on
top and finished smooth.
• The joint between wall and slab is rounded off
• The terracing is cured for 2 weeks .
BY TORCHING
• Torch Down Roof or modified bitumen is the most common type of roofing used on flat roofs.
• Rubberized asphalt is typically the material used in the roofing torch down process.
• Melting of the bitumen by torching creates highly resistant and durable roofing lasting up to 20 years.
• The blend of synthetic rubberized polymers with asphalt makes Torch Down Roof extremely flexible.
• During climate change or extreme weather conditions, Torch Down Roof can shift as required and resist
brittleness.
• Torch Down Roof also provides excellent insulation qualities, and is a fire, wind, and hail rated roofing
system.
BY EPDM MEMBRANE
•Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer, better known as
EPDM, is a common roofing material in the construction
and building industry.
•In low slope roofing applications, EPDM is considered
one of the best thermoset types of flexible single ply
sheet materials, meaning there is only one ply of roofing
material, not multiple plies laminated together.

PRO-COAT
 BY SPRAYING APP MODIFIED
BITUMEN MEMBRANES
• Pro-coat is a polyurethane and rubber based compound
which is spray applied and solvent free.
• Anti corrosion coating; but it is proving equally as useful in
the structural waterproofing sector.
• Pro-coat delivers a one-coat solution, offering superb
performance against damp, corrosion, impact, vibration and
heat variation.
• It is extremely tough and flexible,It can be used roof and
structural waterproofing, tanking, bridge decks, expansion
joints, car parks and as a hard wearing floor surface for
walkways and station platforms.
FOAM SPRAYS POLYURETHANE SPRAY
• Simple application (roller or airless spray)
• When applied it forms seamless membrane without joints.
• Resistant to water, heat and frost
• Resistant to root penetration
• Crack-bridging
• Water vapor permeable
• Provides excellent thermal, weather and UV resistance.
• Waterproofs old bitumen-, asphalt felts by covering them
• Provides high sun reflectivity, contributing to thermoinsulation
• Remains flexible over a temperature span of -40oC to +90oC
• Provides excellent adhesion to almost any type of surface
• Can be used for pedestrian and vehicular traffic
• Resistant to detergents, oils, seawater and domestic chemicals
• Application does not need the use of open flames (torch). FOAM
SPRAYS Polyurethane spray
PARAPET AND TERRACE
WATERPROOFING DETAILS
STEPS FOR WATERPROOFING ON
TERRACE BY USING BITUMEN
• First create ‘Galta’ on mother slab.
• Put a primer coat of Bitumen(tar coal) mixed with kerosene oil on the slab.
• Again a layer of tar coal is applied and instantly another layer of tar felt is applied
which is a water proofing sheet.
• The Tar felt sheet is applied in such manner that one sheet is overlapping with
other.
• After this again a layer of tar coal is applied, this process is occurs 3 to 5 times,
so this process is called as 3 course process or 5 course process.
• Then a protective layer of 1” to 1.5” PCC is applied and slope for the terrace is
given at this time.
• Then a layer of 40mm-75mm polyurethane is applied, which is a used as a
insulation material.
• After that again a protective layer of PCC is applied.
• Then the floor finished is applied according to the usage of the terrace.
FLOOR AND WALL FINISHES
• There are a plenty of finishes that can be used for
walls
• Incase of exterior cladding and flooring the finishes
need to be rugged, weather proof, waterproof and
durable as these finishes will be constantly subjected
to harsh climatic conditions prevalent in our country.
• While High Pressure Laminates (HPL) are used
for outdoor walls, Wood Plastic
Composites(WPC) are used for outdoor flooring.
• HPL. High Pressure Laminates are a durable, rigid
and long lasting substitute to the usual wooden
laminates used in the interiors.
• HPL is made by compressing and saturating layers
of kraft paper with phenolic resin at extremely
high temperature.
• Then a layer of decorative paper in different
designs and textures giving an appeal of wood is
added on the top.
• WPC, on the other hand, are composite materials that are
made of wood fiber and recycled plastic lending it qualities
of both wood and plastic which makes the material
weather proof, water proof and long lasting. which gives it.
Its an ideal material of decks and outdoor flooring.
• Granite is an age old finish apt for the outdoors as its both
visually appealing and also non slippery. Ceramic tiles are a
cheaper alternative to stone and granite flooring.
• To add a decorative element to the outdoor flooring
terrace garden designers often use  Mosaic flooring 
Mosaic flooring are made of small, flat, roughly square,
pieces of stone or glass of different colors assimilated in
different designs and patterns.

•  Stone pavers is another typical option for outdoor flooring.

Also, if you are talking about the outdoors then greenery
cannot be eliminated from the list. Artificial grass or carpet
grass is a fuss free and maintenance free option for real
grass.
 
• For the wall cladding apart from HPL there are a lot
of outdoor cladding finishes that can be used. Stone
cladding is of the most used and regular wall finishes.
• Apart from these regularly used wall finishes there are a few more materials
that are suitable for the exteriors. ACP (Aluminium Composite Panels) is one
such material.ACP is made from lightweight aluminium. It’s very rigid and
strong despite its light weight. Moreover aluminium makes it weather and UV
resistant. WPC is available in different colours, prints, patterns and shading.
Cement boards or Fiber cement boards (FCB) can also be used a cladding
materials for the outdoors. FCB is a composite of cement and fibre cellulose.
These boards can directly be cladding on the wall.
 
• If you feel like adding greenery to the barren walls then vertical garden is a
good alternative for the regular wall finishes. It highlights the outdoors by
adding to the green element of the space.
DRIP COURSE
Slope the top of them inward so they don’t stain the building
façade. Make sure that there is a waterproof membrane under
the coping. Metal and stone copings leak at joints. And always
have drip edges—front and back—so that they don’t stain the
building façade.

PARAPET WATER MANAGEMENT

Keep rainwater from getting into the top of them. Slope the top
of them inward so they don’t stain the building façade. Make
sure there is a waterproof membrane under the coping. And
always have drip edges—front and back—so they don’t stain the
building façade.

KHURRA
It is the a depressed place just before the outlet of rain water
pipe. The water flowing from the roof moves towards khurra
and flush out from the roof through rain water pipe. This is
generally 45cm x 45cm in size.
PPT CREDITS
1. AGRIMA ANAND-GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
2. ANISHA YADAV-INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
3. DIVYA VARSHNEY-G.L BAJAJ SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
4. MANI VARSHNEY-G.L BAJAJ SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
5. SHRUTISHREE BEHERA-VEER SURENDRA SAI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
6. SWATI MOHAPATRA-VEER SURENDRA SAI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

ADS THANKS YOU ALL AND REMINDS EACH OF YOU TO ‘PASS IT ON’ - TEACH AT LEAST
THREE STUDENTS EACH.ADS WISHES YOU WELL IN YOUR CAREER AND ALSO REMINDS
YOU TO MAKE LEARNING FUN.