Design of Steel Beams To Aisc LRFD - 02

7/24/2019 Design of Steel Beams to AISC- LRFD
Design of steel beams LRFD-AISC
A Lecture edited
By
Assistant Prof Dr Ehab B Matar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/design-of-steel-beams-to-aisc-lrfd 1/52
Objectives
• The objectives of this lecture is to:-
1. Understanding the behavior of steel beams
under bending moments and shear
2. Identifying the different modes of failure for
laterally supported or laterally un-supported
steel beams
3. Practicing for the different code provisions
for the design of steel beams
Reference
• AISC- Specification for structural steel
buildings- March, 2005
• “Steel Structures, Design and Behavior”, by,
Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson, Faris A.
Malhas- Pearson Prentice Hall, 5th edition,
2009
Result of ignorance with code

Provisions
Load and Resistance Factor Design

(LRFD)
 .Rn    i .Q i
where :
 is the strength reduction factor
Rn is the nominal strength or member capacity
 i is the overload factor
Qi is the relevant service load
Resistance factor 
• For tension members
=0.90 for yielding limit state
=0.75 for fracture limit state
• For beams  =0.9 for shear and bending
• For compression members =0.85
•
For fasteners =0.75
Load combinations for LRFD

Qi and i for various load combinations as follows:
• 1.4*D
• 1.2*D+1.6L+0.5(Lr or S or R)
• 1.2D+1.6(Lr or S or R)+(0.5L or 0.8W)

• 1.2D+1.3W+0.5L+0.5(Lr or S or R)
• 1.2D±1.0E+0.5L+ 0.2S
• 0.9D±(1.3W or 1.0E)
Where, D: Dead load, L: Live load, Lr: roof live load,
W: wind load, E: earthquake load, S: Snow load,
R: Rain water load
Beams
Beams is a general word that can be applied to:
• Girders: which is the most important supporting element
frequently spaced at wide distances
• Joists: the less important beams closely spaced with a truss
type webs
• Purlins: roof beams spaning between trusses
• Stringers: longitudinal bridge beams spanning between X –
girders
• Girts: horizontal wall beams supporting corrugated sheets
at side walls of factories
• Lintels: members supporting a wall over a window or door
Examples for joists, lintels, purlins and

side girts
Modes of failure for beams

• Failure of beams subjected to major axis bending
can take the following modes:-
1. Occurrence of local buckling for the
compression flange
2. Occurrence of lateral torsional buckling
3. Occurrence of warping
4. Occurrence of shear buckling

5. Exceeding the serviceability limits (deflection,
vibration,…etc.)
Bending &
local buckling
Bending: local buckling collapse
example from the JHU structures lab.

ELASTIC CRITICAL BUCKLING OF STIFFENED

STIFFENED PLATE
PLATE
2
 E
f cr = k 2 2
12(1-  )(w / t )
FREQUENTLY USED k VALUES
Section Class


 


 


 
– Class 1: Compact sections which achieve full plastic moment
capacity without local buckling
– Class 2: Non-compact sections which achieve yield moment
– Class 3: Slender sections which cannot achieve yield moment
Local buckling
Effect of local and dis-torsional buckling on

beams capacity
Pcrd
Py
local
distortional
Local Buckling limits AISC- SI units (N,mm)

   
 
Section Part Stress 
    
class Profile
    
Compact p Web Simple bending d w / tw  3.76 E / Fy  1690 / Fy
Axial Comp. NA
Flange Uniform Comp. C / t f  0.38 E / Fy  170 / Fy Rolled
Sec.&
B.U.S
Non-Compact Web Simple bending d w / tw  5.7 E / Fy

r
Axial Comp. d w / tw  1.49 E / Fy
Flange Uniform Comp. Rolled
C /tf  1.0 E / Fy Sec.
C /tf  0.95 kc E / FL B.U.S
Note Kc=4/SQRT(dw/tw) but shall not be taken less than 0.35 nor greater
than 0.76
FL=0.7Fy for minor axis bending , major axis bending of slender web
built up I shaped members and major axis bending of compact and
non-compact web built up I shaped members with Sxt/Sxc≥0.7 (where
Sxt and Sxc are the elastic section modulus of tension and
compression flanges in symmetrical I section
7/24/2019 Width /thickness ratio r for non-compact sections for Design of Steel Beams to AISC- LRFD
beams with different steel yield strength

Fy (Mpa) Rolled Web
sections, Welded sections hw/tw
un-
stiffened h/tw Kc=4/SQR Flange un- Flange
flange T(hw/tw) stiffened stiffened
bf/2tf welded box
B.U.S. section
bf/2tf bf/2tf
161.7 0.35 21.7
248 27.7 100 0.4 23.2 39.7 161.7
40 0.63 29.2
137.2 0.35 16.6
345 22.3 100 0.4 17.7 33.7 137.2
40 0.63 22.3
130.8 0.35 15.4
380 21.0 100 0.4 16.5 32.1 130.8
40 0.63 20.8
120.3 0.36 14.0
448 19.0 100 0.4 14.7 29.5 120.3
40 0.63 18.5
Lateral torsional buckling
7/24/2019
Warping of beams Design of Steel Beams to AISC- LRFD
7/24/2019 Stress distribution in beams at Design of Steel Beams to AISC- LRFD
different stages of loading

• M : yield moment =S .F
y x y
• Mp: plastic moment= Zx.Fy
• Sx, Zx are the elastic and plastic section
modulus,
• Shape factor =Zx/Sx is nearly 1.09-1.18
Restrained and Un-restrained
compression flange of steel beams
Overall lateral buckling of a whole system
Design of beams depend on:

• Section Class
•
Type of Steel
• Kind of stresses
Design of laterally supported steel
beams i.e. Luact=0 against Flexure

A- Case of compact sections
• Governing equation is:
.Mn≥Mu
=0.9
Mn=Z.Fy
Mu= ultimate moment due to ultimate loads
(N.mm)
Z= plastic section modulus mm3
Fy= yield stress of steel (MPa i.e. N/mm2)
7/24/2019 Continue Design of Steel Beams to AISC- LRFD
B- Non-compact sections
For sections exactly satisfies the limitations for

non-compact sections r for both of web and
flanges, Governing equation is
.Mn≥Mu
=0.9
Mn=Mr=S.(Fy-Fr)
Mu= ultimate moment due to ultimate loads (N.mm)

S= elastic section modulus mm3
Fy= yield stress of steel (MPa i.e. N/mm2)
Fr= residual stress – for rolled sec. =68.95MPa
7/24/2019
continue Design of Steel Beams to AISC- LRFD
C- For partial compact sections
For partial compact sections with either flange

or web slenderness ratios  lies in between
compact p and non-compact r sections
.Mn≥Mu
=0.9
   p 
M n  M p  (M p  M r ) *  
 r   p 
 is either d /t or c/t
 
w w f
 p or r are the relative limits for flanges or web for

compact or non compact sections
Design of steel beams against shear
• Shear stress in I section is

given by QS
 
Ib
• Where =shear stress
• S= first moment of area
• I= second moment of area of
the whole section

• b= width of section under
consideration
• Q= shear force
7/24/2019
continue Design of Steel Beams to AISC- LRFD
• Governing design
equation: .Vn≥Vu
=0.9
Vn=0.6.Fyw.Aw
Fyw= yield strength of web
(Mpa)
Aw= web area (mm2)
Vu= ultimate shear force (N)
• The above governing
equation in condition that

there is no shear buckling
in web i.e.
dw/tw≤1100/SQRT(Fyw)
Serviceability limit states for deflection
• Governing condition is
DL+LL≤ L/360
L= beam span
• For continuous beams, an

approximate value can be 5L2
calculated as follows   (M s  0.1( M a  M b ))
48EI
Where
Ms= moment at mid span
Ma, Mb= moments at
interior supports
Example 1
• Given: the shown beam,
fully laterally supported
• Required: select the
lightest section to
sustain the shown loads
using steel A36
• Solution:
• Loads and straining

actions
Wu=1.2Wd.L+1.6WL.L=1.2*2
.9+1.6*11.67=22.16KN/
m’
2
Mu=Wu*L /8=99.698KN.m
7/24/2019
Continue Design of Steel Beams to AISC- LRFD
• Selecting a trial section
For steel A36, Fy=250MPa

Mn≥Mu
Assuming compact section, then
*Zx*Fy ≥Mu Zx ≥Mu/(*Fy)
Zx ≥99.698E6/(0.9*250) ≥443102mm3
Try HEA 220, bf=220mm, tf=11mm, dw=152mm, tw=7mm,
Zx=Wpl.y=568.5cm3, own weight= 50.5 kg/m’
• Checking cross section class
bf/2tf=220/(2*11)=10<10.8 flange is compact
dw/tw=152/7=21.7<107 web is compact
Whole section is compact
7/24/2019
• Checking section capacity
Mn= plastic section moment capacity as the section is

compact= Zx*Fy
*Zx*Fy=0.9*568.5E3*250=127.91E6N.mm=127.91KN.
m
Considering the own weight of steel beam, then
Mu=(1.2*(2.9+0.5)+1.6*11.67)*62/8=102.384KN.m
Then , Mn>Mu section is safe for flexure
Example 2
• Given: shown simply
supported beam, full
laterally supported
• Required: select the lightest
section, considering
deflection using A572 Gr 50
• Solution:
• Loads and straining actions:
a- service loads
W=7.3+14.59=21.89KN/m’
b- ultimate loads
Wu=1.2*7.3+1.6*14.59=32.104
KN/m’
Mu=32.104*12.62/8=637.1KN.
m
7/24/2019
• Selecting a trial section

For steel A572 Gr 50, Fy=350MPa
Mn≥Mu
Assuming compact section, then
*Zx*Fy ≥Mu Zx ≥Mu/(*Fy)
Zx ≥637.1E6/(0.9*350) ≥2022552mm3
Deflection can be only limited to L/360, if the inertia of the beam:
max=5/384*W*L4/(EI)≤L/360 5/384*21.89*126004/(2E5*I)
≤12600/360 I≥1,026,286,655mm4
Try HEA 550, bf=300mm, tf=24mm, dw=438mm, tw=12.5mm,
Zx=Wpl.y=4622cm3, I=111900cm4, own weight= 166 kg/m’
• Checking cross section class
bf/2tf=300/(2*24)=6.25<9.2 flange is compact

dw/tw=438/12.5=35.04<90.5 web is compact
Whole section is compact
7/24/2019
• Checking section capacity
Mncompact=
= plastic section
Z *F moment capacity as the section is
x y
*Zx*Fy=0.9*4622E3*350=1455.9E6N.mm=1455.9KN.
m
Considering the own weight of steel beam, then

Mu=(1.2*(7.3+1.66)+1.6*14.59)*12.6 2/8=676.635KN.m
Then , Mn>Mu section is safe for flexure
it should be noted that the cross section is constrained
by serviceability requirements not by ultimate limit
states
7/24/2019
Design of laterally un-supported steel Design of Steel Beams to AISC- LRFD
beams
• The elastic lateral critical torsional buckling moment under

2
action of constant moment is given by M    E  .C .I  E.I .G.J cr w y y
L L
• For non-uniform moment, the value E  Young' s modulus

of Mcr is multiplied by the moment G  shear modulus  E/(2(1   ))  75800MPa
Cw  warping torsional constant  If .h 2 /2  I y .h 2 /4
gradient factor Cb I y  moment of inertia about minor axis bending
J  torsional constant  1 .(b .t 3 )

i i
3

7/24/2019
Zone 1: when Lu<Lpd then plastic moment capacity is Design of Steel Beams to AISC- LRFD
reached with large plastic rotation capacity- plastic

analysis is permitted- section should be compact
24800  15200 M 1 / M p
Lpd  ry
Fy
M1  smaller moment at the ends of the laterally
unbraced segment (  when reverse curvature)
M p  plastic moment capacity  Z.Fy
ry  radius of gyration of compression flange
.M n  Mu
Mn  Z .Fy
  0.9
7/24/2019
Case 2: Lu≤Lp plastic moment is reached (Mn=Mp) with Design of Steel Beams to AISC- LRFD
little rotation capacity- section should be compact
790
Lp  ry
Fy
.M M
n u
Mn  Z .Fy
  0.9
Case 3: when Lp< Lu≤Lr lateral torsional buckling
of compact sections may occur in the inelastic

range (Mp>Mn≥Mr)
ry . X 1
Lr  1  1  X 2 ( Fyf  Fr )2
( Fyf  Fr )
 EGJA
X1 
Sx 2
2
X 2  4 Cw  S x 
I y  GJ 
Cw  warping constant
J  torsional constant
A  cross sectional area of the section
E  Young' s modulus  200000MPa
G  shear modulus
ry  radius of gyration of compression flange
I y  moment of inertia about minor axis
Fyf  yield strength of compression flange
Fr  residual stress  68.95MPa

Sx elastic section modulus about major axis bending
Continue case 3
M n  Mu
   Lu  Lp  
M n  Cb  M p   M p  M r )    M p
   Lr  Lp  
   
Cb  12.5M max
2.5M max  3M A  4 M B  3M C
M max max. bending moment within unbraced length
M A , M B , M C  bending moment at quarter, half and 3/4 length of unbraced length
7/24/2019
Case 4: Lp<Lu≤Lr General limit state for any section Design of Steel Beams to AISC- LRFD
where nominal moment strength Mn occurs in the

inelastic range
• When Lp<Lu≤Lr or p< <
r whether for flange or
web, then
.M n  M u
limit states of local buckling
   p 
M n  M p  M p  M r  
 r   p 
 
Limit state for lateral torsional buckling
  Lu  Lp 
M n  Cb  M p  M p  M r  
  L  L 
 r p 
Case 5: L >L general limit state where nominal

u r
moment strength Mn equals the elastic buckling

strength Mcr
.M n  Mu
2
  E 
Mn  M cr  Cb   Cw . I y  E.I y .G. J
Lu  Lu 
Example 3
• Given: the shown beam,
laterally un-supported
• Required: select the
lightest section to sustain
the shown loads using
steel A36- considering
D.L=20% of W
• Solution:
• Loads and straining
actions
7/24/2019 Continue Ex. 3 Design of Steel Beams to AISC- LRFD
• Wu=14.6(1.2*0.2+1.6*0.8)=22.2KN/m’
^2
•
Mu=22.2*15 /8=624.375KN.m
- Assuming compact sec.,
- Zx≥Mu/(*Fy) ≥624.4E6/(0.9*250)=2775E3mm3
3 3
• Try HEA 450, Zx=3216cm , Sx=2896cm ,
Iy=9465cm4, ry=7.29cm, bf=300mm, tf=21mm,
dw=344mm, tw=11.5mm, A=178cm2, G=140
Kg/m’, J=It=243.8cm4, Cw=Iw=4.148cm6
• 
Checking sec. class: flange; bf/2tf=7.14<10.8
flange is compact
• dw/tw=29.91<107 web is compact, whole
sec. is compact
7/24/2019 continue Design of Steel Beams to AISC- LRFD
• Checking max. lateral un-supported length

Lp  790 .ry  790 * 72.9  3642mm  Luact  7500mm
Fy 250
ry . X 1 2
Lr  1  1  X 2 .FL
Fl
2
X1   EGJA   (2 E 5) * 243.8 E 4 *178 E 2  19820

Sx 2 2896 E 3 2(1  0.3) * 2
2 2

4Cw   
Sx 4 * 4.148 E 6    4.305E  11
2896 E 3
X2    
Iy  GJ  9465 E 4  75800 * 243.8E 4 
Lr  72.9 *19820 1  1  4.305 E  11* (250  68.95) 2  11286mm
(250  68.95)
 L p  Luact  Lr
• Calculating moment gradient factor
Cb  2.5M max 12.5M max

 3M A  4M B
 3M C
M max  624.4  (1.2 *1.4) *152 / 8  671.625KN .m
MA  293.84 KN .m
M B  503.72 KN .m
M C  629.65 KN .m
 Cb  1.3
• Moment capacity for the section:-

•
Mn=Cb[Mp-(Mp-Mr){(Luact-Lp)/(Lr-Lp)}]
• Mp=Zx.Fy=3216E3*250=804E6N.mm
• Mr=Sx(Fy-Fr)=2896E3(250-68.95)=524E6N.mm
• Mn=1.3[804-(804-524){(7.5-3.64)/(11.286-
3.64)}]=861.4KN.m804E6N.mm
• Mn=0.9*804=723.6KN.m>Mu=671.625KN.
m o.k. safe for flexural limit states

Design of Steel Beams To Aisc LRFD - 02

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Design of Steel Beams To Aisc LRFD - 02

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7/24/2019 Design of Steel Beams to AISC- LRFD

Design of steel beams LRFD-AISC

Result of ignorance with code

Load and Resistance Factor Design

Load combinations for LRFD

• 1.2D+1.6(Lr or S or R)+(0.5L or 0.8W)

Examples for joists, lintels, purlins and

Modes of failure for beams

4. Occurrence of shear buckling

Bending: local buckling collapse

example from the JHU structures lab.

ELASTIC CRITICAL BUCKLING OF STIFFENED

FREQUENTLY USED k VALUES

Effect of local and dis-torsional buckling on

Local Buckling limits AISC- SI units (N,mm)

Section Part Stress 

Compact p Web Simple bending d w / tw  3.76 E / Fy  1690 / Fy

Non-Compact Web Simple bending d w / tw  5.7 E / Fy

C /tf  0.95 kc E / FL B.U.S

beams with different steel yield strength

Lateral torsional buckling

Warping of beams Design of Steel Beams to AISC- LRFD

different stages of loading

compression flange of steel beams

Overall lateral buckling of a whole system

Design of beams depend on:

beams i.e. Luact=0 against Flexure

For sections exactly satisfies the limitations for

Mu= ultimate moment due to ultimate loads (N.mm)

C- For partial compact sections

For partial compact sections with either flange

 p or r are the relative limits for flanges or web for

Design of steel beams against shear

• Shear stress in I section is

the whole section

equation in condition that

Serviceability limit states for deflection

• For continuous beams, an

• Loads and straining

• Selecting a trial section

For steel A36, Fy=250MPa

• Checking section capacity

Mn= plastic section moment capacity as the section is

• Selecting a trial section

bf/2tf=300/(2*24)=6.25<9.2 flange is compact

• Checking section capacity

Considering the own weight of steel beam, then

• The elastic lateral critical torsional buckling moment under

J  torsional constant  1 .(b .t 3 )

reached with large plastic rotation capacity- plastic

little rotation capacity- section should be compact

of compact sections may occur in the inelastic

where nominal moment strength Mn occurs in the

Case 5: L >L general limit state where nominal

moment strength Mn equals the elastic buckling

• Checking max. lateral un-supported length

X1   EGJA   (2 E 5) * 243.8 E 4 *178 E 2  19820

• Calculating moment gradient factor

Cb  2.5M max 12.5M max

• Moment capacity for the section:-

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