Xii New Syllabus Unit 1,2,3

1.
mzpfs; kw;Wk; mzpf;Nfhitfspd; gad;ghLfs;  xU rJu mzp A-f;F 𝐴𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = 𝐼 vdpy; A-MdJ nrq;Fj;J mzp
 |𝐴| ≠ 0 vdpy; mt;tzp G+[;[pakw;w Nfhit mzp vdg;gLk;. vdg;gLk;.
 |𝐴| = 0 vdpy; mt;tzp G+[;[paf;Nfhit mzp vdg;gLk;.  xU mzp A vd;gJ nrq;Fj;J mzpahf ,Ug;gjw;fhd Njitahd
𝑇 𝑇 kw;Wk; NghJkhd epge;jidahnjdpy; A G+[;[pakw;wNfhit
 xU rJu mzpapd; Nrh;g;G mzp: 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [𝐴𝑖𝑗 ] = [(−1)𝑖+𝑗 𝑀𝑖𝑗 ]
mzpahfTk; A−1 = 𝐴𝑇 vdTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) = (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)𝐴 = |𝐴|𝐼𝑛
 xU rJu mzpapd; Neh;khW: A vd;gJ n thpirAila rJu mzp vd;f. Njw;wk; 1: xt;nthU n thpirAila rJu mzp A-tpw;Fk;, 𝑨(𝒂𝒅𝒋 𝑨) =
(𝒂𝒅𝒋 𝑨)𝑨 = |𝑨|𝑰𝒏
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐼𝑛 vDkhW B vd;w xU rJu mzp ,Ug;gpd; B MdJ A-d;
ep&gzk;:
Neh;khW mzp vdg;gLk;.
1 ,j;Njw;wj;ij 3 × 3 thpirAila mzpiaf; nfhz;L epUgpg;Nghk;.
 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴) 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝐴11 𝐴12 𝐴13
 xU rJu mzpf;F Neh;khW ,Ug;gpd; mJ xUikj;jd;ik 𝑎
𝐴 = [ 21 𝑎 22 𝑎23 ] vd;f. ⟹ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [𝐴21 𝐴22 𝐴23 ]
tha;e;jjhFk;. 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝐴31 𝐴32 𝐴33
 𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐴−1 𝐴 = 𝐼𝑛 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝐴11 𝐴12 𝐴13 |𝐴| 0 0
 xU G+[;[paf;Nfhit mzpf;F Neh;khW fhz ,ayhJ. 𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴) = [𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ] [𝐴21 𝐴22 𝐴23 ] = [ 0 |𝐴| 0 ]
 A vd;gJ G+[;[pakw;wf; Nfhit mzp vdpy;, 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝐴31 𝐴32 𝐴33 0 0 |𝐴|
1 1
(𝑖)|𝐴−1 | = (𝑖𝑖) (𝐴𝑇 )−1 = (𝐴−1 )𝑇 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)(𝜆𝐴)−1 = 𝐴−1 1 0 0
|𝐴| 𝜆
1 = |𝐴| [0 1 0] = |𝐴|𝐼3 → (1)
 A vd;gJ G+[;[pakw;wf; Nfhit mzp vdpy; (λA)−1 = A−1 , 𝛌 vd;gJ 0 0 1
λ
G+[;[pakw;w jpirapyp. 𝐴11 𝐴12 𝐴13 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 |𝐴| 0 0
 (AB)−1 = B −1 A−1 (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)𝐴 = [𝐴21 𝐴22 𝐴23 ] [𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ] = [ 0 |𝐴| 0 ]
 A vd;gJ G+[;[pakw;wf; Nfhit mzp vdpy; A−1 −Ak G+[;[pakw;wf; 𝐴31 𝐴32 𝐴33 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 0 0 |𝐴|
Nfhit mzp MFk; (A−1 )−1 = A. 1 0 0
 A vd;gJ n thpirAila G+[;[pakw;wf; Nfhit mzp vdpy; = |𝐴| [0 1 0] = |𝐴|𝐼3 → (2)
1
(𝑖)(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)−1 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴−1 ) = 𝐴 ⟹ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = |𝐴|𝐴−1 0 0 1
|𝐴| (1) , (2) ,y; ,Ue;J A(adj A) = (adj A)A = |A|In .
(𝑖𝑖)|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| = |𝐴|𝑛−1 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) = |𝐴|𝑛−2 𝐴 Njw;wk; 2: xU rJu mzpf;F Neh;khW ,Ug;gpd; mJ xUikj;jd;ik
2
(𝑖𝑣)𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝜆𝐴) = 𝜆𝑛−1 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) (𝑣)|𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)| = |𝐴|(𝑛−1) tha;e;jjhFk;.
(𝑣𝑖)(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)𝑇 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴𝑇 ) (𝑣𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴𝐵) = (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐵)(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) ep&gzk;:
2 𝐴 vd;gJ Neh;khW fhzj;jf;f n thpirAila Xh; mzp vd;f. KbAkhdhy;
 |𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴| = |𝐴| ⟹ |𝐴| = ±√|𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴|
1 𝐵 kw;Wk; C vd;w ,U mzpfs; 𝐴 -d; Neh;khW vdf;nfhs;Nthk;. Tiuaiwg;gb
 A−1 = ± adjA 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐼𝑛 kw;Wk; 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐶𝐴 = 𝐼𝑛 MFk;. ,jd;%yk; fpilg;gJ
√|adjA|
 A=±
1
adj(adjA) 𝐶 = 𝐶𝐼𝑛 = 𝐶(𝐴𝐵) = (𝐶𝐴)𝐵 = 𝐼𝑛 𝐵 = 𝐵 ⟹ 𝐵 = 𝐶
√|adjA| vdNt Njw;wk; epWtg;gl;lJ.
 A kw;Wk; B vd;gd n thpirAila G+[;[pakw;wf; Nfhit mzp vdpy; Njw;wk; 3: 𝑨 vd;gJ n thpirAila rJu mzp vd;f. 𝑨−𝟏 fhz;gjw;F
𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴𝐵) = (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐵)(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴). Njitahd kw;Wk; NghJkhd epge;jidahdJ 𝑨 G+[;[pakw;wf;Nfhit
V.GNANAMURUGAN, P.G.T., GHSS, S.S.KOTTAI, SIVAGANGAI DT. 94874 43870, 82489 56766 www.tnppgta.com ;www.ednnet.in Page 1
mzpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. A,B kw;Wk; C vd;gd n thpirAila rju mzpfs; vd;f. A vd;gJ
ep&gzk;: G+r;rpakw;wf;Nfhit mzp kw;Wk; AB=AC vdpy; B=C.
epiy (i) : A vd;w mzpf;F A−1 fhz KbAk; vd;f. vdNt 𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐴−1 𝐴 = 𝐼𝑛 . ep&gzk;:
mzpf;Nfhitfspd; ngUf;fy; tpjpiag; gad;gLj;j, A vd;gJ G+r;rpakw;wf;Nfhit mzp. vdNt 𝐴−1 fhz ,aYk; kw;Wk; 𝐴𝐴−1 =
𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴𝐴−1 ) = 𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴−1 )𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴) = 𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐼𝑛 ) = 1 ⟹ |𝐴| ≠ 0. 𝐴−1 𝐴 = 𝐼𝑛 .
vdNt A MdJ G+[;[pakw;wf;Nfhit mzpahf ,Uf;Fk;. AB=AC- ,d; ,UGwKk; Kd;Gwkhf 𝐴−1 −My; ngUf;ff; fpilg;gJ
epiy (ii) : kWjiyahf A MdJ G+[;[pakw;wf;Nfhit mzp vd;f. vdNt 𝐴−1 (AB) = 𝐴−1 (AC) ⟹ (𝐴−1 𝐴)𝐵 = (𝐴−1 𝐴)𝐶 ⟹ 𝐼𝑛 𝐵 = 𝐼𝑛 𝐶 ⟹ 𝐵 = 𝐶
|𝐴| ≠ 0. Njw;wk; 8: tyJ ePf;fy; tpjp
A(adj A) = (adj A)A = |A|In vd;gij mwpNthk;. A,B kw;Wk; C vd;gd n thpirAila rju mzpfs; vd;f. A vd;gJ
1 1
÷ |𝐴| ⟹ 𝐴 (|𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴) = (|𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴) 𝐴 = In G+r;rpakw;wf;Nfhit mzp kw;Wk; BA=CA vdpy; B=C.
1 ep&gzk;:
⟹ 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐼𝑛 ; 𝐵 = |𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 A vd;gJ G+r;rpakw;wf;Nfhit mzp. vdNt 𝐴−1 fhz ,aYk; kw;Wk; 𝐴𝐴−1 =
1
vdNt A −d; Neh;khW 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 MFk;. 𝐴−1 𝐴 = 𝐼𝑛 .
Neh;khW mzpfspd; gz;Gfs; BA=CA- ,d; ,UGwKk; gpd;Gwkhf 𝐴−1 −My; ngUf;ff; fpilg;gJ (BA)𝐴−1 =
𝟏 (CA)𝐴−1 ⟹ 𝐵(𝐴𝐴−1 ) = 𝐶(𝐴𝐴−1 ) ⟹ 𝐵𝐼𝑛 = 𝐶𝐼𝑛 ⟹ 𝐵 = 𝐶
Njw;wk; 4: A vd;gJ G+r;rpakw;wf; Nfhit mzp vdpy; |𝐀−𝟏 | = |𝐀|
Njw;wk; 9: Neh;khWfspd; thpir khw;W tpjp
ep&gzk;: A kw;Wk; B vd;gd xNu thpirAila G+r;rpakw;wf;Nfhit mzpfs; vdpy;
A vd;gJ G+r;rpakw;wf; Nfhit mzp vdpy; |𝐴| ≠ 0 kw;Wk; 𝐴−1 fhz ,aYk;. mtw;wpd; ngUf;fw;gyd; AB-Ak; G+r;rpakw;wf;Nfhit mzpahFk; kw;Wk;
tiuaiwg;gb 𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐴−1 𝐴 = 𝐼𝑛 ⟹ |𝐴𝐴−1 | = |𝐴−1 𝐴| = |𝐼𝑛 |
(𝐀𝐁)−𝟏 = 𝐁 −𝟏 𝐀−𝟏
mzpf;Nfhitfspd; ngUf;fy; tpjpiag; gad;gLj;j, ep&gzk;:
1
|𝐴𝐴−1 | = |𝐼𝑛 | ⟹ |𝐴||𝐴−1 | = 1 ⟹ |A−1 | = A kw;Wk; B vd;gd xNu thpirAila G+r;rpakw;wf;Nfhit mzpfs; vd;f.
|A |
Njw;wk; 5: A vd;gJ G+r;rpakw;wf;Nfhit mzp vdpy; (𝐀𝐓 )−𝟏 = (𝐀−𝟏 )𝐓 vdNt |𝐴| ≠ 0 , |𝐵| ≠ 0. vdNt 𝐴−1 kw;Wk; 𝐵−1 fhzKbAk; kw;Wk; mitfs;
ep&gzk;: n thpirAiladthf ,Uf;Fk;. NkYk; AB kw;Wk; B −1 A−1 −fspd;
tiuaiwg;gb 𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐴−1 𝐴 = 𝐼𝑛 ⟹ (𝐴𝐴−1 )𝑇 = (𝐴−1 𝐴)𝑇 = (𝐼𝑛 )𝑇 ngUf;fw;gyd;fs; n thpirAiladthf ,Uf;Fk;. mzpf;Nfhitfspd;
epiu epuy; mzpapd; thpirkhw;W tpjpg;gb (A−1 )T 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 (A−1 )T = |𝐼𝑛 | ngUf;fw;gyd; tpjpg;gb fpilg;gJ |𝐴𝐵| = |𝐴||𝐵| ≠ 0 MFk;. vdNt 𝐴𝐵 − Ak;
vdNt (AT )−1 = (A−1 )T G+r;rpakw;wf;Nfhit mzpahFk; kw;Wk; (AB)( B −1 A−1 ) = 𝐴(𝐵𝐵−1 )𝐴−1 =
𝟏
Njw;wk; 6: A vd;gJ G+r;rpakw;wf; Nfhit mzp vdpy; (𝛌𝐀)−𝟏 = 𝐀−𝟏 , ,q;F 𝐴(𝐼𝑛 )𝐴−1 = 𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐼𝑛
𝛌 ( B −1 A−1 )(AB) = B −1 (𝐴−1 𝐴)𝐵 = B −1 (𝐼𝑛 )𝐵 = 𝐵−1 𝐵 = 𝐼𝑛
𝛌 vd;gJ G+[;[pakw;w jpirapyp. vdNt (AB)−1 = B −1 A−1
ep&gzk;:
Njw;wk; 10: ,ul;bg;G Neh;khW tpjp
tiuaiwg;gb 𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐴−1 𝐴 = 𝐼𝑛 . 𝛌 vd;gJ G+r;rpakw;w jpirapyp Mjyhy;
1 1 1 A vd;gJ G+r;rpakw;wf;Nfhit mzp vdpy; 𝐀−𝟏 −Ak; G+r;rpakw;wf;Nfhit
⟹ (𝜆𝐴) ( 𝐴−1 ) = ( 𝐴−1 ) (𝜆𝐴) = 𝐼𝑛 ⟹ (λA)−1 = A−1 mzp kw;Wk; (𝐀−𝟏 )−𝟏 = 𝐀
𝜆 𝜆 λ
Njw;wk; 7: ,lJ ePf;fy; tpjp ep&gzk;:
A vd;gJ G+r;rpakw;wf; Nfhit mzp vdpy; |𝐴| ≠ 0 kw;Wk; 𝐴−1 fhz ,aYk;. 𝐚𝐝𝐣(𝛌𝐀) = 𝛌𝐧−𝟏 𝐚𝐝𝐣(𝐀)
1 ep&gzk;:
|A−1 | = ≠ 0 ⟹ A−1 MdJ G+r;rpakw;wf;Nfhit mzpahFk; kw;Wk; 𝐴𝐴−1 =
|A| 1
𝐴−1 𝐴 = 𝐼𝑛 . (adjA)−1 = A ⟹ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = |𝐴|𝐴−1
|A|
𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐼𝑛 ⟹ (𝐴𝐴−1 )−1 = 𝐼 ⟹ (𝐴−1 )−1 𝐴−1 = 𝐼 A-tpw;F gjpy; λA vdg;gpujpapl
,UGwKk; gpd;Gwkhf 𝐴 −My; ngUf;ff; fpilg;gJ (𝐴−1 )−1 = 𝐴. 1
⟹ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 (λA) = |λA|(λA)−1 = 𝜆𝑛 |𝐴| 𝐴−1 = 𝜆𝑛−1 |𝐴|𝐴−1 = 𝜆𝑛−1 adj(A)
𝜆
Njw;wk; 11: 𝑨 vd;gJ n thpirAila G+r;rpakw;wf;Nfhit mzp vdpy; Njw;wk; 15: 𝑨 vd;gJ n thpirAila G+r;rpakw;wf;Nfhit mzp vdpy;
𝟏
(𝐚𝐝𝐣𝐀)−𝟏 = 𝐚𝐝𝐣(𝐀−𝟏 ) = 𝐀 𝟐
|𝐀| |𝐚𝐝𝐣(𝐚𝐝𝐣𝐀)| = |𝐀|(𝐧−𝟏)
ep&gzk;: ep&gzk;:
A vd;gJ G+r;rpakw;wf; Nfhit mzp Mjyhy; |𝐴| ≠ 0. vdNt adj (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) = |A|n−2 𝐴
1 2 2
𝐴−1 = |𝐴| (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴) ⟹ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = |𝐴|𝐴−1 ⟹ |adj (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)| = ||A|n−2 𝐴| = (|A|n−2 )𝑛 |𝐴| = |𝐴|𝑛 −2𝑛+1 = |A|(n−1)
1 Njw;wk; 16: 𝑨 vd;gJ n thpirAila G+r;rpakw;wf;Nfhit mzp vdpy;
⟹ (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)−1 = (|𝐴|𝐴−1 )−1 = (𝐴−1 )−1 |𝐴|−1 = |A| A → (1)
(𝐚𝐝𝐣𝐀)𝐓 = 𝐚𝐝𝐣(𝐀𝐓 )
1
𝐴−1 = |𝐴| (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴) ⟹ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = |𝐴|𝐴−1 ep&gzk;:
1
1 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)
A-tpw;F gjpy; 𝐴−1 −I gpujpapl, 𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝐴−1 ) = |𝐴−1 |(𝐴−1 )−1 = |A| A → (2)
1 A-tpw;F gjpy; 𝐴𝑇 vdg;gpujpapl
(1) , (2) ,y; ,Ue;J, (adjA )−1 −1 )
= adj(A = |A| A 1
⟹ (𝐴𝑇 )−1 = |𝐴𝑇| (𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝐴𝑇 ))
Njw;wk; 12: 𝑨 vd;gJ n thpirAila G+r;rpakw;wf;Nfhit mzp vdpy;
|𝐚𝐝𝐣𝐀| = |𝐀|𝐧−𝟏 ⟹ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝐴𝑇 ) = |𝐴𝑇 |(𝐴𝑇 )−1 = (|𝐴|𝐴−1 )𝑇 = (adjA)T
ep&gzk;: Njw;wk; 17: A kw;Wk; B vd;gd n thpirAila G+r;rpakw;wf;Nfhit mzpfs;
A(adj A) = (adj A)A = |A|In ⟹ 𝑑𝑒𝑡[A(adj A)] = det(𝐴)det(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) = det[|A|In ] vdpy; 𝐚𝐝𝐣(𝐀𝐁) = (𝐚𝐝𝐣𝐁)(𝐚𝐝𝐣𝐀)
⟹ |𝐴||𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴| = |𝐴|𝑛 ⟹ |adjA| = |A|n−1 ep&gzk;:
Njw;wk; 13: 𝑨 vd;gJ n thpirAila G+r;rpakw;wf;Nfhit mzp vdpy; 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = |𝐴|𝐴−1
𝐚𝐝𝐣(𝐚𝐝𝐣𝐀) = |𝐀|𝐧−𝟐 𝐀 A-tpw;F gjpy; AB vdg;gpujpapl
ep&gzk;: ⟹ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝐴𝐵) = |𝐴𝐵|(𝐴𝐵)−1 = |𝐴||𝐵|𝐴−1 𝐵−1
B vd;gJ G+r;rpakw;wf;Nfhit mzp vdpy; B(adj B) = (adj B)B = |B|In = (|𝐵|𝐵−1 )(|𝐴|𝐴−1 ) = (adjB)(adjA)
𝐵 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 vdg;gpujpapl⟹ 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴(adj (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)) = |𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴|In gapw;rp 1.1
−3 4
⟹ 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴(adj (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)) = |A|n−1 In 1.gpd;tUk; mzpfSf;Fr; Nrh;g;G mzp fhz;f: (i) [ ]
6 2
,UGwKk; Kd;Gwkhf 𝐴 −My; ngUf;ff; fpilg;gJ −3 4 2 −4
Let 𝐴 = [ ] ⟹ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ ]
⟹ [𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)](adj (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)) = 𝐴|A|n−1 In 6 2 −6 −3
⟹ |A|In (adj (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)) = 𝐴|A|n−1 In 2 3 1
(ii) [3 4 1]
⟹ adj (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) = |A|n−2 𝐴
3 7 2
Njw;wk; 14: 𝑨 vd;gJ n thpirAila G+r;rpakw;wf;Nfhit mzp vdpy;
2 3 1 24 −4 −4 6 −1 −1
−1 1 −1 1 1
𝐴 = [ 3 4 1] 𝐴 = |𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 ⟹ 𝐴 = [−4 24 −4] = 28 [−1 6 −1]
112
3 7 2 −4 −4 24 −1 −1 6
4 7 3 4 2 3 1
8−7 7−6 3−4 1 1 −1
1 2 1 1 ⟹ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ 3 − 6 (iii) [3 4 1]
3 4 − 3 3 − 2] = [−3 1 1]
3 3 2 3 7 2
4 21 − 12 9 − 14 8 − 9 9 −5 −1 2 3 1
4 7 3
2 2 1 𝐴 = [ 3 4 1]
1
(iii) [−2 1 2] 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝜆𝐴) = 𝜆𝑛−1 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) 3 7 2
3
1 −2 2 2 3 1
1 −2 2 1 2 + 4 −2 − 4 4 − 1 |𝐴| = |3 4 1| = 2(8 − 7) − 3(6 − 3) + 1(21 − 12) = 2 − 9 + 9 = 2 ≠ 0
2 2 1 2 ⟹ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = (1)3−1 [2 + 4 4 − 1 −2 − 4] 3 7 2
−2 1 2 −2 3 4 7 3 4
4−1 2+4 2+4 8−7 7−6 3−4 1 1 −1
1 −2 2 1 1 2 1 1 ⟹ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ 3 − 6
6 −6 3 2 −2 1 3 4 − 3 3 − 2] = [−3 1 1]
1 1 3 3 2 21 − 12 9 − 14 8 − 9 9 −5 −1
= [6 3 −6] = [2 1 −2] 4 7 3 4
9 3
3 6 6 1 2 2 1 1 −1
−1 1 −1 1
2. gpd;tUk; mzpfSf;F Neh;khW (fhz KbAnkdpy;) Neh;khW fhz;f: 𝐴 = |𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 ⟹ 𝐴 = [−3 1 1]
2
−2 4 9 −5 −1
(i) [ ] 𝑎 𝑏
1 −3 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟐 𝐴 = [ ] vd;w G+r;rpakw;wf;Nfhit mzpf;F 𝐴−1 fhz;f.
−2 4 −2 4 −3 −4 𝑐 𝑑
Let 𝐴 = [ ] ; |𝐴| = | | = 6 − 4 = 2 ≠ 0 ; 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ ] 2 −1 3
1 −3 1 −3 −1 −2
1 1 −3 −4 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟑 [−5 3 1] vd;w mzpapd; Neh;khW fhz;f.
𝐴−1 = |𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 ⟹ 𝐴−1 = [ ]
2 −1 −2 −3 2 3
5 1 1 cos 𝛼 0 sin 𝛼
(ii) [1 5 1] 3𝐹(𝛼) = [ 0 1 0 ] vdpy;, [𝐹(𝛼)]−1 = 𝐹(−𝛼) vdf;fhl;Lf.
1 1 5 − sin 𝛼 0 cos 𝛼
5 1 1 cos(−𝛼) 0 sin(−𝛼) cos 𝛼 0 − sin 𝛼
Let 𝐴 = [1 5 1] 𝐹(−𝛼) = [ 0 1 0 ] =[ 0 1 0 ] → (1)
1 1 5 − sin(−𝛼) 0 cos(−𝛼) sin 𝛼 0 cos 𝛼
5 1 1 cos(−𝛼) = cos 𝛼
|𝐴| = |1 5 1| = 5(25 − 1) − 1(5 − 1) + 1(1 − 5) = 120 − 4 − 4 = 112 ≠ 0 (∵ )
sin(−𝛼) = − sin 𝛼
1 1 5 cos 𝛼 0 sin 𝛼
5 1 1 5 25 − 1 1 − 5 1−5 24 −4 −4 | 𝐹(𝛼)| = | 0 1 0 | = cos 𝛼 (cos 𝛼) − 0 + sin 𝛼 (sin 𝛼)
1 5 1 1 ⟹ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ 1 − 5 25 − 1 1 − 5 ] = [−4 24 −4]
1 1 5 1 − sin 𝛼 0 cos 𝛼
1−5 1 − 5 25 − 1 −4 −4 24 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 = 1
5 1 1 5
1 0 0 1 22 27 4𝑥 3𝑥 𝑦 0 0 0
𝐴2 + 𝑥𝐴 + 𝑦𝐼2 = 02 ⟹ [ ]+[ ]+[ ]=[ ]
0 cos 𝛼 sin 𝛼
0⟹ 18 31 2𝑥 5𝑥 0 𝑦 0 0
0 − sin 𝛼 0
cos 𝛼 22 + 4𝑥 + 𝑦 27 + 3𝑥 0 0
1 0 0 1 ⟹[ ]=[ ]
18 + 2𝑥 31 + 5𝑥 + 𝑦 0 0
cos 𝛼 − 0 0−0 0 − sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼 0 − sin 𝛼
27 + 3𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 3𝑥 = −27 ⟹ 𝑥 = −9
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐹(𝛼) = [ 0 − 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼
2
0−0 ] = [ 0 1 0 ] ⟹{
0 + sin 𝛼 0−0 cos 𝛼 − 0 sin 𝛼 0 cos 𝛼 22 + 4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 22 + 4(−9) + 𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 22 − 36 + 𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦 = 14
cos 𝛼 0 − sin 𝛼 𝐴 + 𝑥𝐴 + 𝑦𝐼2 = 02 ⟹ 𝐴2 − 9𝐴 + 14𝐼2 = 02
2
1 1
[𝐹(𝛼)]−1 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐹(𝛼) ⟹ [𝐹(𝛼)]−1 = [ 0 1 0 ] ,UGwKk; Kd;Gwkhf 𝐴−1 −My; ngUf;Ff,
|𝐹(𝛼)| 1
sin 𝛼 0 cos 𝛼 1
cos 𝛼 0 − sin 𝛼 𝐴 − 9𝐼2 + 14𝐴−1 = 02 ⟹ 14𝐴−1 = 9𝐼2 − 𝐴 ⟹ 𝐴−1 = [9𝐼2 − 𝐴]
14
[𝐹(𝛼)]−1 =[ 0 1 0 ] → (2) −1
𝐴 = {9 [
1 1 0
]−[
4 3 1
]} = {[
9 0
]−[
4 3
]} = [
1 5 −3
]
sin 𝛼 0 cos 𝛼 14 0 1 2 5 14 0 9 2 5 14 −2 4
(1) , (2) ,y; ,Ue;J, [𝐹(𝛼)]−1 = 𝐹(−𝛼) −8 1 4
1
5 3 5. 𝐴 = [ 4 4 7] vdpy;, 𝐴−1 = 𝐴𝑇 vd epWTf.
4. 𝐴 = [ ] vdpy;, 𝐴2 − 3𝐴 − 7𝐼2 = 02 vdf;fhl;Lf. ,jd; %yk 𝐴−1 9
1 −8 4
−1 −2
fhz;f. −8 4 1
1
5 3 5 3 25 − 3 15 − 6 22 9 𝐴𝑇 = [ 1 4 8] → (1)
𝐴2 = [ ][ ]=[ ]=[ ] 9
−1 −2 −1 −2 −5 + 2 −3 + 4 −3 1 4 7 4
5 3 −15 −9 1 3
−3𝐴 = −3 [ ]=[ ] |𝐴| = ( ) [−8(16 − 56) − 1(16 − 7) + 4(7 − 16)] (∵ |𝐾𝐴| = 𝐾 𝑛 |𝐴|)
−1 −2 3 6 9
1 0 −7 0 1 1
−7𝐼2 = −7 [ ]=[ ] = [−576 − 9 − 144] = [−729] = −1
729 729
0 1 0 −7 4 −8 1 4
22 9 −15 −9 −7 0 0 0
𝐴2 − 3𝐴 − 7𝐼2 = [ ]+[ ]+[ ]=[ ] = 02 7 4 4 7 ⟹
−3 1 3 6 0 −7 0 0 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝜆𝐴) = 𝜆𝑛−1 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴)
𝐴2 − 3𝐴 − 7𝐼2 = 02 4 1 −8 4
,UGwKk; Kd;Gwkhf 𝐴−1 −My; ngUf;Ff, 4 −8 1 4
1 3−1 16 + 56 −32 − 4 7 − 16 72 −36 −9
1 1
𝐴 − 3𝐼2 − 7𝐴−1 = 02 ⟹ 7𝐴−1 = 𝐴 − 3𝐼2 ⟹ 𝐴−1 = [𝐴 − 3𝐼2 ] 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = ( ) [ 7 − 16 −32 − 4 16 + 56 ] = 81 [ −9 −36 72 ]
7 9
−1 1 5 3 1 0 1 5 3 −3 0 1 2 3 −32 − 4 1 − 64 −32 − 4 −36 −63 −36
𝐴 = {[ ] − 3[ ]} = {[ ]+[ ]} = [ ] 8 −4 −1
7 −1 −2 0 1 7 −1 −2 0 −3 7 −1 −5 1
4 3 = [− 1 −4 8 ]
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟏𝟎 𝐴 = [ ] vdpy;, 𝐴2 + 𝑥𝐴 + 𝑦𝐼2 = 02 vDkhW 𝑥 kw;Wk; 9
2 5 −4 −7 −4
𝑦 −I fhz;f. ,jpypUe;J 𝐴−1 fhz;f. 8 −4 −1 −8 4 1
−1 1 −1 1 1 1
4 3 4 3 16 + 6 12 + 15 22 27 𝐴 = |𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 ⟹ 𝐴 = . [− 1 −4 8 ] = [ 1 4 8] → (2)
𝐴2 = [ ][ ]=[ ]=[ ] −1 9 9
2 5 2 5 8 + 10 6 + 25 18 31 −4 −7 −4 4 7 4
4 3 4𝑥 3𝑥 1 0 𝑦 0 (1) , (2) ,y; ,Ue;J, 𝐴−1 = 𝐴𝑇
𝑥𝐴 = 𝑥 [ ]=[ ] ; 𝑦𝐼2 = 𝑦 [ ]=[ ]
2 5 2𝑥 5𝑥 0 1 0 𝑦
8 −4 3 2 −1 −3 −3 + 10 −9 + 4 7 −5
6. 𝐴 = [ ] vdpy;, 𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) = (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)𝐴 = |𝐴|𝐼2 vd;gijr; rhpghh;f;f. AB = [ ][ ]=[ ]=[ ]
−5 3 7 5 5 2 −7 + 25 −21 + 10 18 −11
|𝐴| = 24 − 20 = 4 |𝐴𝐵| = −77 + 90 = 13 ; 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴𝐵) = [−11 5]
1 0 4 0 −18 7
|𝐴|𝐼2 = 4 [ ]=[ ] → (1) 1 1 −11 5
0 1 0 4 (AB)−1 = |𝐴𝐵| 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴𝐵) = [ ] → (1)
3 4 13 −18 7
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [ ] 2 −2 1 1 2 3
5 8 |𝐵| = −2 + 15 = 13 ; 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐵 = [ ] ; B −1 = |𝐵| 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐵 = [ ]
8 −4 3 4 4 0 −7 −1 13 −5 −1
𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) = [ ][ ]=[ ] → (2)
−5 3 5 8 0 4 |𝐴| = 15 − 14 = 1 ; 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ 5 −2]
3 4 8 −4 4 0 −7 3
(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)𝐴 = [ ][ ]=[ ] → (3) 1 1 5 −2 5 −2
5 8 −5 3 0 4 A−1 = |𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ ]=[ ]
(1) , (2) kw;Wk; (3) ,y; ,Ue;J, 𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) = (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)𝐴 = |𝐴|𝐼2 1 −7 3 −7 3
8 −6 2 1 2 3 5 −2 1 10 − 21 −4 + 9
B −1 A−1 = [ ][ ]= [ ]
13 −5 −1 −7 3 13 −25 + 7 10 − 3
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟏 𝐴 = [−6 7 −4] vdpy;, 𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) = (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)𝐴 = |𝐴|𝐼3
1 −11 5
2 −4 3 = [ ] → (2)
vd;gijr; rhpghh;f;f. 13 −18 7
|𝐴| = 8(21 − 16) − (−6)(−18 + 8) + 2(24 − 14) = 40 − 60 + 20 = 0 (1) , (2) ,y; ,Ue;J, (AB)−1 = B −1 A−1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 −3 −2 −3
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟗 𝐴 = [ ] kw;Wk; 𝐵 = [ ] vdpy;, (AB)−1 = B −1 A−1
|𝐴|𝐼3 = 0 [0 1 0] = [0 0 0] → (1) 1 4 0 −1
vd;gijr; rhpghh;f;f.
0 0 1 0 0 0 2 −4 2
7 −4 −6 7
8. 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [−3 12 −7] vdpy;, 𝐴 −I fhz;f.
−4 3 2 −4 ⟹
−6 2 8 −6 −2 0 2
1
7 −4 −6 7 A=± adj(adjA)
21 − 16 −8 + 18 24 − 14 5 10 10 √|adjA|
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [−8 + 18 24 − 4 −12 + 32] = [10 20 20] |𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| = 2(24 − 0) − (−4)(−6 − 14) + 2(0 + 24) = 48 − 80 + 48 = 16
24 − 14 −12 + 32 56 − 36 10 20 20 √|adjA| = √16 = 4
8 −6 2 5 10 10 0 0 0 12 0 −4 12
𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) = [−6 7 −4] [10 20 20] = [0 0 0] → (2) 24 − 0 0 + 8 28 − 24
−7 2 2 −7 ⟹ adj(adjA) = [14 + 6 4 + 4 −6 + 14]
2 −4 3 10 20 20 0 0 0 −3 −2 2 −3
5 10 10 8 −6 2 0 0 0 0 + 24 8 − 0 24 − 12
12 0 −4 12
(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)𝐴 = [10 20 20] [−6 7 −4] = [0 0 0] → (3) 24 8 4
10 20 20 2 −4 3 0 0 0 = [20 8 8 ]
(1) , (2) kw;Wk; (3) ,y; ,Ue;J, 𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) = (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)𝐴 = |𝐴|𝐼3 24 8 12
3 2 −1 −3 24 8 4 6 2 1
7.𝐴 = [ ] kw;Wk; 𝐵 = [ ] vdpy;, (AB)−1 = B −1 A−1 vd;gijr; 1 1
7 5 5 2 A=± adj(adjA) = ± [20 8 8 ] = ± [5 2 2]
rhpghh;f;f. √|adjA| 4
24 8 12 6 2 3
7 7 −7 2 2
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ] = [cos 2𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 ]
= [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄𝟏. 𝟓 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [−1 11 7 ] vdpy;, 𝐴 −I fhz;f. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥
11 5 7 5 3 14 7
0 −2 0 12. 𝐴 [ ]=[ ] vdpy;, 𝐴 −I fhz;f.
−1 −2 7 7
9. 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ 6 2 −6] vdpy; A−1 −I fhz;f.. 𝐴[
5 3
]=[
14 7
] ⟹ 𝐴𝐵 = [
14 7
]⟹𝐴=[
14 7 −1
] 𝐵 → (1)
−3 0 6 −1 −2 7 7 7 7 7 7
1 5 3 −2 −3
𝐵=[ ] ⟹ |𝐵| = −10 + 3 = −7 ; 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐵 = [ ]
A−1 = ± adjA −1 −2 1 5
√|adjA| 1 1 −2 −3
𝐵−1 = |𝐵| 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐵 ⟹ 𝐵−1 = [ ]
−7 1 5
|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| = 0(12 − 0) − (−2)(36 − 18) + 0(0 + 6) = 0 + 36 + 0 = 36
14 7 1 −2 −3 1 −28 + 7 −42 + 35
√|adjA| = √36 = 6 (1) ⟹ 𝐴 = [ ] [ ]=− [ ]
7 7 −7 1 5 7 −14 + 7 −21 + 35
0 −2 0 1 −21 −7 3 1 3 1
−1 1 1 =− [ ]=[ ] ∴𝐴=[ ]
A =± adjA = ± [ 6 2 −6] 7 −7 14 1 −2 1 −2
√|adjA| 6
−3 0 6 1 −1 3 −2 1 1
13. = [ ],𝐵 = [ ] ,𝐶 = [ ] kw;Wk; 𝐴𝑋𝐵 = 𝐶 vdpy; 𝑋 vd;w
−1 2 2 2 0 1 1 2 2
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟔 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ 1 1 2] vdpy; A−1 −I fhz;f.. mzpiaf; fhz;f.
2 2 1 𝐴𝑋𝐵 = 𝐶
−1 −1
1 0 1 Kd;Gwkhf 𝐴 kw;Wk; gpd;Gwkhf 𝐵 My; ngUf;Ff ⟹𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐶𝐵−1 → (1)
10. 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ 0 2 0] vdpy; adj(adjA) −I fhz;f. |𝐴| = 0 + 2 = 2 ; 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ 0 1] ; A−1 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ 0 1]
1 1
−1 0 1 −2 1 |𝐴| 2 −2 1
2 0 0 2 1 2 1 1 1 2
2−0 0−0 0−2 2 0 −2 |𝐵| = 3 + 2 = 5 ; 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐵 = [ ] ; B −1 = |𝐵| 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐵 = [ ]
0 1 1 0 ⟹ adj(adjA) = [0 − 0 1 + 1 0 − 0] = [0 2 0 ] −1 3 5 −1 3
1 1 2 0+2 0+2 1 2
(1) ⟹ 𝑋 = [ 0 1] [1 1] [
1 1
0 −1 1 0 ]= [ ][ ]
0+2 0−0 2−0 2 0 2 2 −2 1 2 2 5 −1 3 10 −2 + 2 −2 + 2 −1 3
2 0 0 2 1 2 2
1 tan 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 1 2 1 2−2 4+6 1 0 10 0 1
11.𝐴 = [ ] vdpy; 𝐴𝑇 𝐴−1 = [ ] vdf;fhl;Lf. = [ ][ ]= [ ]= [ ]=[ ]
10 0 0 −1 3 10 0 0 10 0 0 0 0
− tan 𝑥 1 sin 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥
1 − tan 𝑥 0 1 1
𝐴𝑇 = [ ] 1
14. 𝐴 = [1 0 1] vdpy; 𝐴−1 = (𝐴2 − 3𝐼) vdf;fhl;Lf.
tan 𝑥 1 2
1 1 1 0
|𝐴| = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 = 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 |𝐴| = 0 − 1(0 − 1) + 1(1 − 0) = 1 + 1 = 2
1 − tan 𝑥 0 1 1 0
adjA = [ ] 0−1 1−0 1−0 −1 1 1
tan 𝑥 1 1 0 1 1 ⟹𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [1 − 0 0 − 1 1 − 0] = [ 1 −1 1 ]
1 1 1 − tan 𝑥 1 − tan 𝑥
A−1 = |𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 1 [ ] = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 [ ] 1 1 0 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
tan 𝑥 1 tan 𝑥 1 1−0 1−0 0−1 1 1 −1
2
0 1 1 0
= [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ]
1 1
−1 1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 −1
A = |𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ 1 −1 1 ] → (1)
1 − tan 𝑥 2 2
𝐴𝑇 A−1 = [ ] [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ] 1 1 −1
tan 𝑥 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
0 1 1 0 1 1 0+1+1 0+0+1 0+1+0 2 1 1 (1) , (2) ,y; ,Ue;J, (𝐴𝑇 )−1 = (𝐴−1 )𝑇
2
𝐴 = [1 0 1] [1 0 1] = [0 + 0 + 1 1 + 0 + 1 1 + 0 + 0] = [1 2 1] cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 [ ] vd;gJ nrq;Fj;J mzp vd epWTf.
1 1 0 1 1 0 0+1+0 1+0+0 1+1+0 1 1 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
2 1 1 1 0 0 𝐴𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = 𝐼𝑛
1 1
(𝐴2 − 3𝐼) = ([1 2 1] − 3 [0 1 0])
2 2 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
1 1 2 0 0 1 𝐴=[ ] ⟹ 𝐴𝑇 = [ ]
2 1 1 −3 0 0 −1 1 1 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 −sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
1 1 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
= ([1 2 1] + [ 0 −3 0 ]) = [ 1 −1 1 ] → (2) 𝐴𝐴𝑇 = [ ][ ]
2 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 −sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
1 1 2 0 0 −3 1 1 −1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃] = [1 0] = 𝐼 → (1)
−1 1 2 =[
(1) , (2) ,y; ,Ue;J, 𝐴 = (𝐴 − 3𝐼) sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 0 1 2
2
−1 −1 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃
15. [ ] vd;w mzpia gpe;ijag; ngUf;fy; rq;Nfj nkhopahf;f 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = [ ][ ]
2 1 −sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
mzpahff; nfhz;L [2 −3], [20 4] vd;W ngwg;gl;lr; nra;jpia =[ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃] = [1 0] = 𝐼 → (2)
2
−1 −1 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 0 1
[ ] −d; Neh;khW mzpapd; gpe;ijag; ngUf;fw; rhtpahff; nfhz;l (1) , (2) ,y; ,Ue;J, 𝐴𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = 𝐼2 ,vdNt A nrq;Fj;J mzp MFk;.
2 1
rq;Nfj nkhop khw;wk; nra;f. ,q;F Mq;fpy vOj;Jfs; A-Z –f;F KiwNa 6 −3 𝑎
1
vz;fs; 1-26IAk; fhypaplj;jpw;F vz; 0IAk; nghUj;jp rq;Nfj nkhopahf;fk; 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐 𝐴 = [𝑏 −2 6] vd;gJ nrq;Fj;J mzp vdpy; a, b kw;Wk;
7
kw;Wk; nkhopkhw;wk; nra;f. 2 𝑐 3
𝐴 = [2 −3], 𝐵 = [20 4] c-fspd; kjpg;igf; fhz;f. ,jpypUe; A−1 −If; fhz;f.
−1 −1
C= [ ] ⟹ gpe;ijag; ngUf;fw; mzp= C −1 𝐴𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = 𝐼𝑛
2 1
6 −3 𝑎 6 𝑏 2
|𝐶| = −1 + 2 = 1 ; 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐶 = [ 1 1 1 1
1
] ; C −1 = |𝐶| 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐶 = [ ] 1
𝐴 = [𝑏 −2 6] ⟹ 𝐴 = [−3 −2 𝑐 ]𝑇 1
−2 −1 −2 −1 7 7
ngwg;gl;l nra;jp= (𝐴C −1 )(𝐵C −1 ) 2 𝑐 3 𝑎 6 3
1 1 1 1 6 −3 𝑎 6 𝑏 2 1 0 0
= {[2 −3] [ ]} {[20 4] [ ]} 𝑇 1 1
𝐴𝐴 = 𝐼3 ⟹ [𝑏 −2 6] [−3 −2 𝑐 ] = [0 1 0]
−2 −1 −2 −1 7 7
= [2 + 6 2 + 3][20 − 8 20 − 4] = [8 5][12 16] = 𝐻𝐸𝐿𝑃 2 𝑐 3 𝑎 6 3 0 0 1
2 1 0 0
2 9 36 + 9 + 𝑎 6𝑏 + 6 + 6𝑎 12 − 3𝑐 + 3𝑎
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟖 𝐴 = [ ] vdpy; (𝐴𝑇 )−1 = (𝐴−1 )𝑇 vd;w gz;ig rhpghh;f;f. 1
⟹ [ 6𝑏 + 6 + 6𝑎 2
1 7 49
𝑏 + 4 + 36 2𝑏 − 2𝑐 + 18] = [0 1 0]
2 1 7 −1 12 − 3𝑐 + 3𝑎 2𝑏 − 2𝑐 + 18 4 + 𝑐2 + 9 0 0 1
𝐴𝑇 = [ ] ; |𝐴𝑇 | = 14 − 9 = 5 ; 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴𝑇 ) = [ ] 2
9 7 −9 2 𝑎 + 45 6𝑎 + 6𝑏 + 6 3𝑎 − 3𝑐 + 12 49 0 0
1 1 7 −1 2
(𝐴𝑇 )−1 = 𝑇 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴𝑇 ) = [ ] → (1) ⟹ [ 6𝑎 + 6𝑏 + 6 𝑏 + 40 2𝑏 − 2𝑐 + 18] = [ 0 49 0 ]
|𝐴 | 5 −9 2 3𝑎 − 3𝑐 + 12 2𝑏 − 2𝑐 + 18 𝑐 2 + 13 0 0 49
|𝐴| = 14 − 9 = 5 ; 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ 7 −9] ; 𝐴−1 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ 7 −9]
1 1
−1 2 |𝐴| 5 −1 2
1 7 −1
(𝐴−1 )𝑇 = [ ] → (2)
5 −9 2
𝑎2 + 45 = 49 ⟹ 𝑎2 = 4 ⟹ 𝑎 = ±2 (i)[
2 −4
]
𝑏 2 + 40 = 49 ⟹ 𝑏 2 = 9 ⟹ 𝑏 = ±3 −1 2
2 −4
2 2
⟹ 𝑐 + 13 = 49 ⟹ 𝑐 = 36 ⟹ 𝑐 = ±6 ⟹ 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = −3, 𝑐 = 6 Let 𝐴 = [ ] . A –d; thpir 2 × 2. So 𝜌(𝐴) ≤ 𝑚𝑖𝑛{2,2} = 2
−1 2
6𝑎 + 6𝑏 + 6 = 0 ⟹ 𝑎 + 𝑏 = −1 |𝐴| = 4 − 4 = 0 ⟹ 𝜌(𝐴) < 2
3𝑎 − 3𝑐 + 12 = 0 ⟹ 𝑎 − 𝑐 = −4 A-y; Fiwe;jgl;rk; xU G+r;rpakw;w cWg;G cs;sjdhy;, 𝜌(𝐴) = 1.
{ 2𝑏 − 2𝑐 + 18 = 0 ⟹ 𝑏 − 𝑐 = −9 }
6 −3 2 −1 3
−1 𝑇 −1 1 (ii) [ 4 −7]
A nrq;Fj;J mzp vdNt, 𝐴 = 𝐴 ⟹ 𝐴 = [−3 −2 6]
7
2 6 3 3 −4
Xh; mzpapd; juk; −1 3
 Xh; mzpapd; juk; (rpw;wzpf; Nfhit Kiw): Xh; mzp A-,d; juk; Let 𝐴 = [ 4 −7]. A –d; thpir 3 × 2. So 𝜌(𝐴) ≤ 𝑚𝑖𝑛{3,2} = 2
vd;gJ mjd; G+r;rpakw;w rpw;wzpf;Nfhitfspd; cr;r thpirahFk;. 3 −4
,J 𝜌(𝐴) vdf;Fwpf;fg;gLk;. 2 × 2 rpw;wzpf;Nfhit:
 G+r;rpa mzpapd; juk; 0 MFk;. −1 3
| | = 7 − 12 = 5 ≠ 0 ⟹ 𝜌(𝐴) = 2
 myF mzp 𝐼𝑛 -d; juk; n MFk;. 4 −7
1 −2 −1 0
 Xh; mzpapy; Fiwe;jJ xU G+r;rpakw;w cWg;G ,Ug;gpd; 𝜌(𝐴) ≥ 1. (iii)[ ]
3 −6 −3 1
 A-d; thpir 𝑚 × 𝑛 vdpy; 𝜌(𝐴) ≤ 𝑚𝑖𝑛{𝑚, 𝑛} = 𝑚, 𝑛 fspy; Fiwe;j vz;. 1 −2 −1 0
Let 𝐴 = [ ]. A –d; thpir 2 × 4. So 𝜌(𝐴) ≤ 𝑚𝑖𝑛{2,4} = 2
 n thpirAila xU rJu mzpf;F Neh;khW fhzj; Njitahd kw;Wk; 3 −6 −3 1
NghJkhd epge;jid 𝜌(𝐴) = 𝑛. 2 × 2 rpw;wzpf;Nfhit:
 Kjd;ik %iytpl;lj;jpw;F fPo; cs;s midj;J cWg;GfSk; G+r;rpak; 1 −2 1 −1 1 0
| |=6−6= 0; | | = −3 + 3 = 0 ; | |=1−0=1≠0
vdpy; rpw;wzpf; Nfhit Kiwapy; juk; fhz Ntz;Lk;. 3 −6 3 −3 3 1
 xu; mzpapd; juk;(epiu VWgb tbtk;): epiu VWgb tbtpYs;s Xh; ∴ 𝜌(𝐴) = 2
mzpapd; mzpj;juk; mG+r;rpa epiufspd; vz;zpf;ifahFk;. 1 −2 3
 njhlf;fepiy mzpfs;: Xh; myF mzpapy; xNu xU njhlf;f epiy (iv)[2 4 −6]
cUkhw;wj;jpdhy; fpilf;Fk; mzpNa njhlf;fepiy mzp vdg;gLk;. 5 1 −1
 fh];-N[hh;ld; Kiw:njhlf;f epiy nraypfs %yk; A vd;w 1 −2 3
G+r;rpakw;wf;Nfhit mzpia 𝐼𝑛 tbtj;jpw;F cUkhw;WtJ fh];- 𝐴 = [2 4 −6] vd;f. A –d; thpir 3 × 3. vdNt 𝜌(𝐴) ≤ 𝑚𝑖𝑛{3,3} = 3
N[hh;ld; KiwahFk;. 5 1 −1
|𝐴| = 1(−4 + 6) − (−2)(−2 + 30) + 3(2 − 20) = 2 + 56 − 54 = 4 ≠ 0
 fh];-N[hh;ld; Kiwapy; 𝐴−1 fhZk; gbepiy:
∴ 𝜌(𝐴) = 3
 nfhLfg;gl;Ls;s mzpiaf; nfhz;L [𝐴|𝐼𝑛 ] vd;w mzpia mikj;jy;.
0 1 2 1
 cUkhw;wq;fspd; topahf [𝐴|𝐼𝑛 ] −I [𝐼𝑛 |𝐴−1 ] vd khw;wp 𝐴−1 fhZjy;. (v)[0 2 4 3 ]
mzpapd; juk; (rpw;wzpf; Nfhit Kiw)
gapw;rp 1.2 8 1 0 2
0 1 2 1
1.gpd;tUk; mzpfSf;F rpw;wzpf;Nfhitia gad;gLj;jp mzpj;juk; fhz;f. 𝐴 = [0 2 4 3 ]. A –d; thpir 3 × 4. vdNt 𝜌(𝐴) ≤ 𝑚𝑖𝑛{3,4} = 3
8 1 0 2
3 × 3 rpw;wzpf;Nfhit: 2 0 −7
0 1 2 0 1 1 (i) [0 3 1 ]
|0 2 4| = 0 − 0 + 8(4 − 4) = 0 ; |0 2 3| 0 − 0 + 8(3 − 2) = 8 ≠ 0 0 0 1
8 1 0 8 1 2 2 0 −7
∴ 𝜌(𝐴) = 3 𝐴 = [0 3 1 ]. A –d; thpir 3 × 3. vdNt 𝜌(𝐴) ≤ 𝑚𝑖𝑛{3,3} = 3
3 2 5 0 0 1
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓 [1 1 2] 3 × 3 rpw;wzpf;Nfhit:
3 3 6 2 0 −7
3 2 5 |0 3 1 | = 2(3 − 0) − 0 + 0 = 6 ≠ 0. vdNt 𝜌(𝐴) = 3
𝐴 = [1 1 2]. A –d; thpir 3 × 3. vdNt 𝜌(𝐴) ≤ 𝑚𝑖𝑛{3,3} = 3 0 0 1
3 3 6 −2 2 −1
|𝐴| = 0 (∵ 𝑅2 : 𝑅3 ) (ii) [ 0 5 1 ]
∴ 𝜌(𝐴) < 3 0 0 0
−2 2 −1
2 × 2 rpw;wzpf;Nfhit:
3 2 𝐴 = [ 0 5 1 ]. A –d; thpir 3 × 3. vdNt 𝜌(𝐴) ≤ 𝑚𝑖𝑛{3,3} = 3
| | = 3 − 2 = 1 ≠ 0 . So 𝜌(𝐴) = 2 0 0 0
1 1
4 3 1 −2 3 × 3 rpw;wzpf;Nfhit:
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄𝟏. 𝟏𝟓 [−3 −1 −2 4 ] −2 2 −1
| 0 5 1 | = 0. vdNt 𝜌(𝐴) < 3
6 7 −1 2
4 3 1 −2 0 0 0
𝐴 = [−3 −1 −2 4 ]. A –d; thpir 3 × 4. vdNt 𝜌(𝐴) ≤ 𝑚𝑖𝑛{3,4} = 3 2 × 2 rpw;wzpf;Nfhit:
6 7 −1 2 −2 2
| | = −10 − 0 = −10 ≠ 0 . vdNt 𝜌(𝐴) = 2
3 × 3 rpw;wzpf;Nfhit: 0 5
4 3 1 4 3 −2 6 0 −9
|−3 −1 −2| = 0; |−3 −1 4 | = 0; (iii)[0 2 0 ]
6 7 −1 6 7 2 0 0 0
4 1 −2 3 1 −2 0 0 0
|−3 −2 4 | = 0; |−1 −2 4 | = 0 6 0 −9
6 −1 2 6 −1 2 𝐴 = [0 2 0 ]. A –d; thpir 4 × 3. vdNt 𝜌(𝐴) ≤ 𝑚𝑖𝑛{4,3} = 3
vdNt 𝜌(𝐴) < 3 0 0 0
2 × 2 rpw;wzpf;Nfhit: 0 0 0
3 × 3 rpw;wzpf;Nfhit:
4 3
| | = −4 + 9 = 5 ≠ 0 . vdNt 𝜌(𝐴) = 2 midj;J 3 × 3 rpw;wzpf;Nfhitfspd; kjpg;G 0. vdNt 𝜌(𝐴) < 3
−3 −1
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟏𝟔 gpd;tUk; VWgb tbtj;jpYs;s mzpfSf;F mzpj;juk; 2 × 2 rpw;wzpf;Nfhit:
fhz;f. 6 0
| | = 12 − 0 = 12 ≠ 0.
0 2
vdNt 𝜌(𝐴) = 2
mzpapd; juk;(epiu VWgb tbtk;) −1 2 3 −2 𝑅 → 𝑅 + 2𝑅
2 2 1
2. gpd;tUk; mzpfSf;F VWgb tbtj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp mzpj;juk; fhz;f. ~ [ 0 −1 7 0 ] 𝑅 → 𝑅 + 3𝑅
1 1 1 3 0 −2 14 −4 3 3 1
(i) [2 −1 3 4 ] −1 2 3 −2
5 −1 7 11 ~ [ 0 −1 7 0 ] 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅2
1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 𝑅 → 𝑅 − 2𝑅 0 0 0 −4
𝐴 = [2 −1 3 4 ] ~ [0 −3 1 −2 ] 2 2 1 filrp rkhd mzpahdJ VWgb tbtj;jpy; cs;sJ kw;Wk; G+r;rpakw;w
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 5𝑅1 epiufspd; vz;zpf;if 3. vdNt 𝜌(𝐴) = 3.
5 −1 7 11 0 −6 2 −4
1 1 1 3 1 2 3
~ [0 −3 1 −2 ] 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅2 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟏𝟕 [2 1 4] vd;w mzpia VWgb tbtj;jpw;F khw;wp
0 0 0 0 3 0 5
filrp rkhd mzpahdJ VWgb tbtj;jpy; cs;sJ kw;Wk; G+r;rpakw;w mzpj;juk; fhz;f.
epiufspd; vz;zpf;if 2. vdNt 𝜌(𝐴) = 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 𝑅 → 𝑅 − 2𝑅 1 2 3
2 2 1
1 2 −1 𝐴 = [2 1 4] ~ [0 −3 −2] ~ [0 −3 −2] 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅2
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1
(ii) [3 −1 2 ] 3 0 5 0 −6 −4 0 0
filrp rkhd mzpahdJ VWgb tbtj;jpy; cs;sJ kw;Wk; G+r;rpakw;w
0
1 −2 3
1 −1 1 epiufspd; vz;zpf;if 2. vdNt 𝜌(𝐴) = 2
1 2 −1 1 2 −1 𝑅 → 𝑅 − 3𝑅 2 −2 4 3
2 2 1
𝐴 = [3 −1 2 ] ~ [0 −7 5 ] 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟏𝟖 [−3 4 −2 −1] vd;w mzpia VWgb tbtj;jpw;F
1 −2 3 0 −4 4 6 2 −1 7
𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 𝑅1
1 −1 1 0 −3 2 khw;wp mzpj;juk; fhz;f.
1 2 −1 2 −2 4 3 2 −2 4 3
𝑅 → 7𝑅3 − 4𝑅2
~ [0 −7 5 ] 3 𝐴 = [−3 4 −2 −1] ~ [−6 8 −4 −2] 𝑅2 → 2𝑅2
0 0 8 𝑅4 → 4𝑅4 − 3𝑅3 6 2 6 2
−1 7 −1 7
0 0 −4 2 −2 4 3
1 2 −1 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 + 3𝑅1
~ [0 2 8 7 ] 𝑅 → 𝑅 − 3𝑅
~ [0 −7 5 ] 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 + 2𝑅3 0 8 −13 −2 3 3 1
0 0 8 2 −2 4 3
0 0 0 ~ [0 2 8 7 ] 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 4𝑅2
epiufspd; vz;zpf;if 3. vdNt 𝜌(𝐴) = 3. 0 0 −45 −30
3 −8 5 2 epiufspd; vz;zpf;if 3. vdNt 𝜌(𝐴) = 3.
(iii)[ 2 −5 1 4 ] fh];-N[hh;ld; ePf;fy; Kiwapy; xU mzpapd; Neh;khW fhZjy;
−1 2 3 −2 3 1 4
3 −8 5 2 −1 2 3 −2
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟏𝟗 [2 0 −1] vd;gJ G+r;rpakw;w mzpf;Nfhit mzp
𝐴 = [ 2 −5 1 4 ] ~ [ 2 −5 1 4 ] 𝑅1 → 𝑅3
5 2 1
−1 2 3 −2 3 −8 5 2 vdf;fhl;Lf. ,t;tzpia njhlf;f epiy cUkhw;wq;fs; %yk; myF
mzpahf khw;Wf. −2 1
3 1 4 ⟹ 𝐴−1 = [ ]
−5 2
𝐴 = [2 0 −1] 1 −1 0
5 2 1 (ii)[1 0 −1]
|𝐴| = 3(0 + 2) − 1(2 + 5) + 4(4 − 0) = 6 − 7 + 16 = 15 ≠ 0 6 −2 −3
∴ A G+r;rpakw;w mzpf;Nfhit mzpahFk;. 1 −1 0 1 0 0 1 −1 0 1 0 0 𝑅 → 𝑅 − 𝑅
2 2 1
1 4 [𝐴|𝐼3 ] = (1 0 −1|0 1 0) ~ (0 1 −1|−1 1 0) 𝑅 → 𝑅 − 6𝑅
1
3 1 4 1
1 4 3 3 6 −2 −3 0 0 1 0 4 −3 −6 0 1 3 3 1
3 3 1 2 11 𝑅 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 1 −1 0 1 0 0
[2 0 −1] ~ [2 0 −1] 𝑅1 → 3 𝑅1 ~ 0 − 3 − 3 2
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 5𝑅1 ~ (0 1 −1|−1 1 0) 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 4𝑅2
5 2 1 5 2 1 1 17
[0 3
− ]
3
0 0 1 −2 −4 1
1 4 1 1 −1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 − 1 ~ (0 1 0|−3 −3 1) 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
3 3 2
11 3 11 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 𝑅2
~ 0 1 𝑅2 → (− ) 𝑅2 ~ 0 1 3 0 0 1 −2 −4 1
2 2 2
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2
1 1 0 0 −2 −3 1
1 17 15 3 ~ (0 1 0|−3 −3 1) 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
[0 3
− ]
3 [ 0 0 −
2]
1 0 0 1 −2 −4 1
1 0 − 1 0 0 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 1 𝑅3 = [𝐼3 |𝐴−1 ]
2 2 2 −2 −3 1
~ [0 1 11 ] 𝑅3 → (− ) 𝑅3 ~ [0 1 0] 11
15 −1
2 0 0 1 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2 𝑅3 ⟹ 𝐴 = [−3 −3 1]
0 0 1 −2 −4 1
3.gpd;tUk; mzpfSf;F fh];-N[hh;ld; ePf;fy; Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp 1 2 3
Neh;khW fhz;f. (iii) [2 5 3]
2 −1 1 0 8
(i)[ ]
5 −2 1 2 31 0 0 1 2 3 1 0 0 𝑅 → 𝑅 − 2𝑅
1 1
[𝐴|𝐼2 ] = (
2 −1 1 0
| ) ~(
1 −
2| 2
0 1
) 𝑅2 → 2 𝑅2
[𝐴|𝐼3 ] = (2 5 3|0 1 0) ~ (0 1 −3|−2 1 0) 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅 1
3 3 1
5 −2 0 1 5 −2 0 1 1 0 80 0 1 0 −2 5 −1 0 1
1 1 1 0 9 5 −2 0 𝑅 → 𝑅 − 2𝑅
1 − 2 0 ~ (0 1 −3|−2 1 0) 1 1 2
2
~( 1 | 5 ) 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 5𝑅1 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 2𝑅2
0 − 1 0 0 −1 −5 2 1
2 2 1 0 0 −40 16 9 𝑅 → 𝑅 + 9𝑅
1 − 2 0
1 1
~ (0 1 0 | 14 −5 −3) 1 1 3
~( 2| ) 𝑅2 → 2𝑅2 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 3𝑅3
0 1 −5 2 0 0 −1 −5 2 1
1 0 −2 1 1
1 0 0 −44 16 9
~( | ) 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 2 𝑅2 ~ (0 1 0| 13 −5 −3) 𝑅3 → (−)𝑅3
0 1 −5 2
= [𝐼2 |𝐴−1 ] 0 0 1 5 −2 −1
= [𝐼3 |𝐴−1 ]
−40 16 9 1 1 1
−1
1 0 0
⟹ 𝐴 = [ 13 −5 −3] 2 2 2
~ (0 1 −1|−3 2 0) 𝑅2 → 2𝑅2
5 −2 −1
0 5 0 0 1 −1 0 1
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟐𝟎 𝐴 = [ ] vd;w G+r;rpakw;wf; Nfhit mzpf;F fh];- 1 0 1 2 −1 0
−1 6 1
N[hh;ld; ePf;fy; Kiw %yk; Neh;khW fhz;f. ~ (0 1 −1|−3 2 0) 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 2 𝑅2
1 0 −1 6 0 1 0 0 1 −1 0 1
[𝐴|𝐼2 ] = ( 0 5| ) ~( | ) 𝑅 ↔ 𝑅2 1 0 0 3 −1 −1 𝑅 → 𝑅 − 𝑅
−1 6 0 1 0 51 0 1
1 −6 0 −1 ~ (0 1 0|−4 2 1 ) 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑅3
~( | ) 𝑅1 → (−)𝑅1 2 2 3
0 5 1 0 0 0 1 −1 0 1
1 −6 01 −1 1 3 −1 −1
~( | ) 𝑅2 → 𝑅 [𝐼
= 3 |𝐴 −1 ] −1
⟹ 𝐴 = [−4 2 1]
0 1 0 5 2
5
6 −1 0 1
Neh;khW mzp fhzy; Kiw
1 0 5 −1
~( | ) 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 6𝑅2 gapw;rp 1.3
0 11 0
5 1.gpd;tUk; Nehpar; rkd;ghl;Lj; njhFg;Gfis Neh;khW mzp fhzy;
−1 ] Kiwapy; jPh;f;f:
= [𝐼2 |𝐴
6 (𝑖)2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = −2, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −3
−1
⟹ 𝐴−1 = [51
1
] = 5[
6 −5
] 2 5 𝑥 −2
1 0 [ ] [𝑦] = [ ] ⟹ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⟹ 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
0 1 2 −3
5
2 1 1 |𝐴| = 4 − 5 = −1 ; 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ 2 −5]
−1 2
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟐𝟏 𝐴 = [3 2 1] vd;w mzpf;F fh];-N[hh;ld; Kiwiag; −1 1 1 2 −5 −2 5
𝐴 = |𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [ ]=[ ]
2 1 2 −1 −1 2 1 −2
gad;gLj;jp Neh;khW fhz;f. 𝑥 −2 5 −2 4 − 15 −11
2 1 11 0 0 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 ⟹ [𝑦] = [ ][ ] = [ ]=[ ]
1 −2 −3 −2 + 6 4
[𝐴|𝐼3 ] = (3 2 1|0 1 0) jPh;T: (𝑥, 𝑦) = (−11,4)
2 1 20 0 1 (𝑖𝑖)2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 8, 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −2
1 1 1
1 0 0 2 −1 𝑥 8
2 2 2 1 [ ] [𝑦] = [ ] ⟹ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⟹ 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
~ (3 2 1|0 1 0) 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 3 2 −2
2
2 1
2 1 20 0 1 |𝐴| = 4 + 3 = 7 ; 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ ]
1 1 1 −3 2
1 0 0 1 1 2 1
2 2 2 𝑅 → 𝑅2 − 3𝑅1 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [ ]
~ (0 1 − 1|− 3 1 0) 2 7 −3 2
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅1 𝑥 1 2 1 8 1 16 − 2 1 14 2
2 2 2
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 ⟹ [𝑦] = [ ][ ] = [ ]= [ ]=[ ]
0 0 1 −1 0 1 7 −3 2 −2 7 −24 − 4 7 −28 −4
jPh;T: (𝑥, 𝑦) = (2, −4)
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟐𝟐 gpd;tUk; Nehpar; rkd;ghl;Lj; njhFg;ig Neh;khW mzp
fhzy; Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp jPh;f;f: 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 3, 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟐𝟑 gpd;tUk; Nehpar; rkd;ghl;Lj; njhFg;ig Neh;khW mzp
(𝑖𝑖𝑖)2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 9, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 9, 3𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 = −1 fhzy; Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp jPh;f;f: 2𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 = 5, 𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 + 𝑥3 =
2 3 −1 𝑥 9 −4,3𝑥1 − 𝑥2 − 2𝑥3 = 3
[1 1 1 ] [𝑦] = [ 9 ] ⟹ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⟹ 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 2 3 3 𝑥1 5
3 −1 −1 𝑧 −1 𝑥
[1 −2 1 ] [ 2 ] = [−4] ⟹ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⟹ 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
|𝐴| = 2(−1 + 1) − 3(−1 − 3) − 1(−1 − 3) = 12 + 4 = 16 3 −1 −2 𝑥3 3
1 −1 3 1 −1 + 1 1 + 3 3+1 |𝐴| = 2(4 + 1) − 3(−2 − 3) + 3(−1 + 6) = 10 + 15 + 15 = 40
0 4 4
1 −1 −1 1 ⟹ adjA = [ 3 + 1 −2 + 3 −1 − 2] = [ 4 −2 −1 3 −2
1 1 −3] 4 + 1 −3 + 6 3 + 6 5 3 9
1 3 2 −1 − 3 9 + 2 2−3 1 −2 3 1 ⟹ adjA = [ 3 + 2 −4 − 9 3 − 2 ] = [
1 −1 3 1 −4 11 −1 5 −13 1 ]
1 3 2 1
0 4 4 −1 + 6 9 + 2 −4 − 3 5 11 −7
−1 1 1 −2 −1 3 −2
𝐴 = |𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [ 4 1 −3] 5 3 9
16 1 1
−4 11 −1 −1
𝐴 = |𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [5 −13 1 ]
𝑥 0 4 4 9 0 + 36 − 4 32 40
−1 1 1 1 5 11 −7
𝑋 = 𝐴 𝐵 ⟹ [𝑦] = [ 4 1 −3] [ 9 ] = 16 [ 36 + 9 + 3 ] = 16 [48] 𝑥 5 3 9 5 25 − 12 + 27 40
16 1 1 1
𝑧 −4 11 −1 −1 −36 + 99 + 1 64 −1
𝑋 = 𝐴 𝐵 ⟹ [𝑦] = [5 −13 1 ] [−4] = [ 25 + 52 + 3 ] = [ 80 ]
𝑥 2 𝑧
40 40 40
5 11 −7 3 25 − 44 − 21 −40
[𝑦] = [3] jPh;T : (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (2,3,4) 𝑥 1
𝑧 4 [𝑦 ] = [ 2 ] jPh;T : (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (1,2, −1)
(𝑖𝑣)𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 2 = 0, 6𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 − 31 = 0, 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 13 𝑧 −1
1 1 1 𝑥 2 −5 1 3 1 1 2
[6 −4 5] [𝑦] = [31] ⟹ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⟹ 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 2. 𝐴 = [ 7 1 −5] kw;Wk; 𝐵 = [3 2 1] vdpy; ngUf;fw;gyd; AB kw;Wk;
5 2 2 𝑧 13 1 −1 1 2 1 3
|𝐴| = 1(−8 − 10) − 1(12 − 25) + 1(12 + 20) = −18 + 13 + 32 = 27 BA fhz;f. ,jd; %yk; 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1, 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 7, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2
−4 2 1 −4 −8 − 10 2 − 2 5 + 4 −18 0 9 vd;w Nehpar; rkd;ghl;Lj; njhFg;ig jPh;f;fTk;.
5 2 1 5 ⟹ adjA = [ −5 1 3 1 1 2 −5 + 3 + 6 −5 + 2 + 3 −10 + 1 + 9
6 25 − 12 2 − 5 6 − 5 ] = [ 13 −3 1 ]
6 5 1 32 3 −10 𝐴𝐵 = [ 7 1 −5] [3 2 1] = [ 7 + 3 − 10 7 + 2 − 5 14 + 1 − 15 ]
−4 2 1 −4 12 + 20 5 − 2 −4 − 6
1 −1 1 2 1 3 1−3+2 1−2+1 2−1+3
−18 0 9 4 0 0
−1 1 1
𝐴 = |𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [ 13 −3 1 ] = [0 4 0] = 4𝐼3
27
32 3 −10 0 0 4
𝑥 −18 0 9 2 −36 + 0 + 117 1 1 2 −5 1 3 4 0 0
−1 1 1
𝑦
𝑋 = 𝐴 𝐵 ⟹ [ ] = [ 13 −3 1 ] [31] = 27 [ 26 − 93 + 13 ] 𝐵𝐴 = [3 2 1] [ 7 1 −5] = [0 4 0] = 4𝐼3
27
𝑧 32 3 −10 13 64 + 93 − 130 2 1 3 1 −1 1 0 0 4
81 𝑥 3 −1 1
1 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 = 4𝐼3 ⟹ 𝐵 = 𝐴 → (1)
= [−54] ⟹
27
[𝑦] = [−2] jPh;T : (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (3, −2,1) 4
27 𝑧 1
1 1 2 𝑥 1 nra;J Kbg;ghh;fs;. mNj ntiyia 2 MltUk; 5 kfspUk; Nrh;eJ ; 4
[3 2 1] [𝑦] = [7] ⟹ 𝐵𝑋 = 𝐶 ⟹ 𝑋 = 𝐵−1 𝐶 → (2) ehl;fspy; Kbg;ghh;fs; vdpy; mt;Ntiyia Xh; Mlth; kw;Wk; xu; kfsph;
2 1 3 𝑧 2 jdpj;jdpahf nra;J Kbg;gjw;F vj;jid ehl;fshFk; vd;gij Neh;khW
−5 1 3 mzp fhzy; Kiwapy; jPh;f;f.
−1 1 1 Xh; Mlth; kw;Wk; xu; kfsph; vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; ehl;fspd; vz;zpf;if
(1) ⟹ 𝐵 = 𝐴 = [ 7 1 −5]
4 4 KiwNa x kw;Wk; y vd;f.
1 −1 1 1
𝑥 −5 1 3 1 −5 + 7 + 6 XU ehspy; xU Mlth; Kbj;j Ntiyapd; msT =
−1 1 1 𝑥
(2) ⟹ 𝑋 = 𝐵 𝐶 ⟹ [𝑦] = [ 7 1 −5] [7] = 4 [ 7 + 7 − 10 ] 1
4 XU ehspy; xU kfsph; Kbj;j Ntiyapd; msT =
𝑧 1 −1 1 2 1−7+2 𝑦
8 2 4 4 1 2 5 1
1 nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tptug;gb, + = ; + =
= [ 4 ]=[ 1 ] jPh;T : (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (2,1, −1) 𝑥 𝑦 3 𝑥 𝑦 4
4 1 1
−4 −1 = 𝑎 , = 𝑏 vd;f.
−4 4 4 1 −1 1 𝑥 𝑦
4 4 1 1
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟐𝟒 𝐴 = [−7 1 3 ] kw;Wk; 𝐵 = [1 −2 −2] vdpy; + = ⟹ 4𝑎 + 4𝑏 = ⟹ 12𝑎 + 12𝑏 = 1 → (1)
𝑥 𝑦 3 3
5 −3 −1 2 1 3 2 5 1 1
+ = ⟹ 2𝑎 + 5𝑏 = ⟹ 8𝑎 + 20𝑏 = 1 → (2)
ngUf;fw;gyd; AB kw;Wk; BA fhz;f. ,jd; %yk; 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4, 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑦 4 4
2𝑧 = 9, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1 vd;w Nehpar; rkd;ghl;Lj; njhFg;ig jPh;f;fTk;. 12 12 𝑎 1
[ ] [ ] = [ ] ⟹ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⟹ 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
3. xUth; xU Fwpg;gpl;l khj Cjpaj;jpy; xU gzpapy; mkh;j;g;gLfpwhh;. 8 20 𝑏 1
20 −12
Xt;nthU Mz;Lk; xU epiyahd Cjpa cah;T mtUf;F toq;fg;gLfpwJ. |𝐴| = 240 − 96 = 144 ; 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ ]
−8 12
3 Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF mth; ngWk; Cjpak; &.19800 kw;Wk; 9 1 1 20 −12
Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF mth; ngWk; Cjpak; &.23400 vdpy; mtUila Muk;g 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [ ]
144 −8 12
Cjpak; kw;Wk; Mz;L cah;T vt;tsT vd;gijf; fhz;f.(Neh;khW mzp 1
fhzy; Kiwapy; ,f;fzf;ifj; jPh;f;f) 𝑎 1 20 −12 1 1 20 − 12 1 8
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 ⟹ [ ] = [ ][ ] = [ ]= [ ] = [18
1]
Muk;g Cjpak; x kw;Wk; Mz;L cah;T y vd;f. 𝑏 144 −8 12 1 144 −8 + 12 144 4
36
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tptug;gb, 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 19800 → (1) ; 𝑥 + 9𝑦 = 23400 → (2) 1
1 3 𝑥 19800 𝑎
[ ] [𝑦] = [ ] ⟹ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⟹ 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 [ ] = [18
1 1
] ⟹ 𝑥 = 𝑎 = 18 ; 𝑦 = 𝑏 = 36
1 9 23400 𝑏 1
|𝐴| = 9 − 3 = 6 ; 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ 9 −3] 36
−1 1 Xh; Mlth; vLj;Jf;nfhz;l ehl;fspd; vz;zpf;if = 18
1 1 9 −3
𝐴−1 = |𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [ ] Xh; kfsph; vLj;Jf;nfhz;l ehl;fspd; vz;zpf;if = 36
6 −1 1
𝑥 1 9 −3 19800 1 178200 − 70200 1 108000 5. A, B kw;Wk; C vd;w nghUl;fspd; tpiy Xh; myfpw;F KiwNa &.x, y kw;Wk;
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 ⟹ [𝑦] = [ ][ ]= [ ]= [ ] z MFk;. P vd;gth; B-y; 4 myFfs; thq;fp A-y; 2 myifAk; C-y; 5
6 −1 1 23400 6 −19800 + 23400 6 3600
𝑥 18000 myifAk; tpw;fpwhh;. Q vd;gth; C-y; 2 myFfs; thq;fp A-y; 3 myFfs;
[𝑦 ] = [ ]
600 kw;Wk; B-y; 1 myifAk; tpw;fpwhh;. R vd;gth; A-y; 1 myif thq;fp B-y; 3
Muk;g Cjpak; = &.18000 ; Mz;L cah;T = &.600 MFk;. myifAk; C-y; 1 myifAk; tpw;fpwhh;. ,t;tzpfj;jpy P, Q kw;Wk; R KiwNa
4.4 MltUk; 4 kfspUk; Nrh;eJ ; xU Fwpg;gpl;l Ntiyia 3 ehl;fspy;
&.15000, &.1000 and &.4000 tUkhdk; <l;Lfpd;wdh; vdpy; A, B kw;Wk; C fpuhkhpd; tpjpKiw
nghUl;fspd; XuyF tpiy vt;tsT vd;gijf; fhz;f.. .(Neh;khW mzp gapw;rp 1.4
fhzy; Kiwapy; ,f;fzf;ifj; jPh;f;f) 1. gpd;tUk; Nehpar; rkd;ghLfspd; njhFg;ig fpuhkhpd; tpjpg;gb jPh;f;f:
A, B kw;Wk; C nghUl;fspd; XuyF tpiy KiwNa &. x, y kw;Wk; z vd;f. (𝑖)5𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 16 = 0, 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 7 = 0
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tptug;gb, 5 −2 −16 −2
∆= | | = 15 + 2 = 17 ∆𝑥 = | | = −48 + 14 = −34
2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 15000 → (1) 1 3 7 3
5 −16 ∆ −34 ∆𝑦 51
3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 1000 → (2) ∆𝑦 = | | = 35 + 16 = 51 𝑥= 𝑥= = −2 ; 𝑦 = = = 3
−𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4000 → (3) 1 7 ∆ 17 ∆ 17
jPh;T: (𝑥, 𝑦) = (−2,3)
2 −4 5 𝑥 15000 3 2
[3 1 −2] [𝑦] = [ 1000 ] ⟹ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⟹ 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 (𝑖𝑖) + 2𝑦 = 12 , + 3𝑦 = 13
𝑥 𝑥
1
−1 3 1 𝑧 4000 Let = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 𝑏 ⟹ 3𝑎 + 2𝑏 = 12 ; 2𝑎 + 3𝑏 = 13
|𝐴| = 2(1 + 6) − (−4)(3 − 2) + 5(9 + 1) = 14 + 4 + 50 = 68 𝑥
1 3 −4 1 3 2 12 2
1 + 6 15 + 4 8 − 5 7 19 3 ∆= | |=9−4=5 ∆𝑎 = | | = 36 − 26 = 10
−2 1 5 −2 ⟹ adjA = [2 − 3 2 + 5 15 + 4] = [−1 7 19] 2 3 13 3
3 12
3 −1 2 3 ∆𝑦 = | | = 39 − 24 = 15
9 + 1 4 − 6 2 + 12 10 −2 14 2 13
1 3 −4 1 ∆ 10 1 1 ∆ 15
7 19 3 𝑎= 𝑎= =2⟹𝑥= ⟹𝑥= ; 𝑏= 𝑏= =3⟹𝑦=3
1 1 ∆ 5 𝑎 2 ∆ 5
−1
𝐴 = |𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [−1 7 19] jPh;T: (𝑥, 𝑦) = ( , 3)
1
68
10 −2 14 2
𝑥 7 19 3 15000 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)3𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 11, 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 9, 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 25
−1 1 3 3 −1
𝑋 = 𝐴 𝐵 ⟹ [𝑦] = [−1 7 19] [ 1000 ]
68 ∆= |2 −1 2 | = 3(−2 − 6) − 3(4 − 8) − 1(6 + 4) = −24 + 12 − 10 = −22
𝑧 10 −2 14 4000
7 19 3 15 4 3 2
1000 11 3 −1
= [−1 7 19] [ 1 ] ∆𝑥 = | 9 −1 2 | = 11(−2 − 6) − 3(18 − 50) − 1(27 + 25) = −88 + 96 − 52 = −44
68
10 −2 14 4 25 3 2
105 + 19 + 12 3 11 −1
1000
= [ −15 + 7 + 76 ] ∆ 𝑦 = |2 9 2 | = 3(18 − 50) − 11(4 − 8) − 1(50 − 36) = −96 + 44 − 14 = −66
68
150 − 2 + 56 4 25 2
136 3 3 11
1000 ∆𝑧 = |2 −1 9 | = 3(−25 − 27) − 3(50 − 36) + 11(6 + 4) = −156 − 42 + 110 = −88
= [ 68 ]
68 4 3 25
204 ∆ −44 ∆𝑦 −66 ∆ −88
𝑥 2000 𝑥= 𝑥= =2 ;𝑦= = = 3 ;𝑧 = 𝑧 = =4
∆ −22 ∆ −22 ∆ −22
⟹ [𝑦] = [1000] jPh;T : (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (2,3,4)
𝑧 3000 3 4 2 1 2 1 2 5 4
A, B kw;Wk; C nghUl;fspd; XuyF tpiy KiwNa &. 2000, 1000 kw;Wk; 3000 (𝑖𝑣) − − − 1 = 0, + + − 2 = 0, − − + 1 = 0
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
MFk;. 1 1 1
= 𝑎, = 𝑏, = 𝑐 vd;f.
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
⟹ 3𝑎 − 4𝑏 − 2𝑐 = 1 → (1), 𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑐 = 2 → (2), 2𝑎 − 5𝑏 − 4𝑐 = −1 → (3) vdpy; mth; vj;jid Nfs;tpfSf;Fr; rhpahf gjpy; mspj;jpUg;ghh;?
3 −4 −2 (fpuhkhpd; tpjpiag; gad;gLj;jp ,f;fzf;ifj; jPh;f;fTk;)
∆= |1 2 1 | = 3(−8 + 5) − (−4)(−4 − 2) − 2(−5 − 4) = −9 − 24 + 18 = −15 rhpahf tpilaspj;j Nfs;tpfspd; vz;zpf;if 𝑥 kw;Wk; jtwhf
2 −5 −4 tpilaspj;j Nfs;tpfspd; vz;zpf;if 𝑦 vd;f.
1 −4 −2
∆𝑎 = | 2 2 1 | = 1(−8 + 5) − (−4)(−8 + 1) − 2(−10 + 2) = −3 − 28 + 16 = −15 nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tptug;gb,
−1 −5 −4 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 100 → (1)
3 1 −2 1
𝑥 − 𝑦 = 80 ⟹ 4𝑥 − 𝑦 = 320 → (2)
∆ 𝑏 = |1 2 1 | = 3(−8 + 1) − 1(−4 − 2) − 2(−1 − 4) = −21 + 6 + 10 = −5 4
2 −1 −4 1 1
∆= | | = −1 − 4 = −5
3 −4 1 4 −1
∆𝑐 = |1 2 2 | = 3(−2 + 10) − (−4)(−1 − 4) + 1(−5 − 4) = 24 − 20 − 9 = −5 100 1
∆𝑥 = | | = −100 − 320 = −420
2 −5 −1 320 −1
∆𝑎 −15 1 1 100
𝑎= = =1⟹𝑥= =1 ∆𝑦 = | | = 320 − 400 = −80
∆ −15 𝑎 4 320
∆𝑏 −5 1 1 ∆𝑦
𝑏= = = ⟹𝑦= =3 𝑥= 𝑥=
∆ −420
= 84 ; 𝑦= =
−80
= 16
∆ −15 3 𝑏
∆𝑐 −5 1 1 ∆ −5 ∆ −5
𝑐= = = ⟹𝑧= =3 rhpahf tpilaspj;j Nfs;tpfspd; vz;zpf;if = 84
∆ −15 3 𝑐
jPh;T : (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (1,3,3) jtwhf tpilaspj;j Nfs;tpfspd; vz;zpf;if = 16
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 = 3, 2𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 + 4𝑥3 = 17, 𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = 7 vd;w 3.Ntjpahsh; xUthplk; 50% mkpyj;jd;ik nfhz;l xU fiurYk; kw;Wk;
Nehpar; rkd;ghLfspd; njhFg;ig jPh;f;fTk;. 25% mkpyj;jd;ik nfhz;l kw;nwhU fiurYk; cs;sJ. mth; 10 ypl;lh;
1 −1 0 fiurypy; 40% mkpyj;jd;ik cs;sthW xU fiuriy cUthf;f
∆= |2 3 4| = 1(6 − 4) − (−1)(4 − 0) + 0 = 2 + 4 = 6 ,Utiff; fiury;fs; xt;nthd;wpYk; vj;jid ypl;lh; Nrh;f;f Ntz;Lk;?
0 1 2 (fpuhkhpd; tpjpiag; gad;gLj;jp ,f;fzf;ifj; jPh;f;fTk;)
3 −1 0 50% mkpyj;jd;ik nfhz;l fiurypd; msT 𝑥 kw;Wk; 25% mkpyj;jd;ik
∆1 = |17 3 4| = 3(6 − 4) − (−1)(34 − 28) + 0 = 6 + 6 = 12
nfhz;l fiurypd; msT 𝑦 vd;f.
7 1 2
1 3 0 nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tptug;gb,
∆2 = |2 17 4| = 1(34 − 28) − 3(4 − 0) + 0 = 6 − 12 = −6 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10 → (1)
0 7 2 50 25 40
1 −1 3 50% (𝑥) + 25% ( 𝑦) = 40% (10) ⟹ 𝑥+ 𝑦= (10)
100 100 100
∆3 = |2 3 17| = 1(21 − 17) − (−1)(14 − 0) + 3(2 − 0) = 4 + 14 + 6 = 24 ⟹ 50𝑥 + 25𝑦 = 400 → (2)
0 1 7 1 1
∆ 12 ∆ −6 ∆ 24 ∆= | | = 25 − 50 = −25
𝑥1 = 1 = = 2 ; 𝑥2 = 2 = = −1 ;𝑥3 = 3 = = 4 50 25
∆ 6 ∆ 6 ∆ 6 10 1
jPh;T : (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) = (2, −1,4) ∆𝑥 = | | = 250 − 400 = −150
400 25
2. xU Nghl;bj; Njh;tpy; xt;nthU rhpahd tpilf;Fk; xU kjpg;ngz; 1 100
1 ∆𝑦 = | | = 400 − 500 = −100
toq;fg;gLfpwJ. xt;nthu jtwhd tpilf;Fk; kjpg;ngz; Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ. 50 400
4 ∆ −150 ∆𝑦 −100
xU khzth; 100 Nfs;tpfSf;Fg; gjpyspj;J 80 kjpg;ngz;fs; ngWfpwhh; 𝑥= 𝑥= =6 ; 𝑦= = =4
∆ −25 ∆ −25
50% mkpyj;jd;ik nfhz;l fiurypd; msT= 6 ypl;lh;. tilfspd; tpiy &.250. mf;FLk;gj;jpdhplk; &.350 ,Ue;jJ kw;Wk; mth;fs;
25% mkpyj;jd;ik nfhz;l fiurypd; msT= 4 ypl;lh;. %d;W Njhirfs; MW ,l;ypfs; kw;Wk; MW tilfs; rhg;gpll;dh;.
mf;FLk;gj;jpdh; rhg;gpl;l nrytpw;fhd njhifia mth;fsplkpUe;j
4.xU kPd; njhl;bia gk;G 𝐴 kw;Wk; gk;G 𝐵 vd;gd xd;whfr; Nrh;eJ
; 10 gzj;ijf; nfhz;L nrYj;j KbAkh? (ckJ tpilia fpuhkhpd; tpjpf;
epkplq;fspy; ePiu epug;Gk;. gk;G 𝐵 MdJ epiu cs;Ns my;yJ ntspNa nfhz;L ep&gp)
xNu Ntfj;jpy; mDg;g ,aYk;. Vjph;ghuhjtpjkhf gk;G 𝐵 MdJ epiu xU Njhir xU ,l;yp kw;Wk; xU tilapd; tpiy KiwNa &.x, y kw;Wk; z
ntspNa mDg;gpdhy; njhl;b epuk;g 30 epkplq;fs; MFk; vdpy; xt;nthU vd;f.
gk;Gk; njhl;bia jdpj;jdpahf epuk;g vt;tsT fhyk; vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;? nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tptug;gb,
(fpuhkhpd; tpjpiag; gad;gLj;jp jPh;f;fTk;)
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 150 → (1)
gk;G 𝐴 MdJ ePiu cs;Ns nrYj;j vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; fhymsT 𝑥 kw;Wk;
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 200,÷ 2 ⟹ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 100 → (2)
gk;G 𝐵 MdJ ePiu cs;Ns nrYj;j/ntspNaw;w vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;
5𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 250 → (3)
fhymsT 𝑦 vd;f. 2 3 2
1
gk;G 𝐴 MdJ 1 epkplj;jpy; nrYj;jpa ePhpd; msT= ∆= |1 1 2| = 2(2 − 8) − 3(2 − 10) + 2(4 − 5) = −12 + 24 − 2 = 10
𝑥
1 5 4 2
gk;G 𝐴 MdJ 1 epkplj;jpy; ntspNaw;wpa ePhpd; msT= 150 3 2
𝑦
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tptug;gb, ∆𝑥 = |100 1 2| = 150(2 − 8) − 3(200 − 500) + 2(400 − 250)
1 1 1 1 1 1 250 4 2
+ = → (1) ; − = → (2) = −900 + 900 + 300 = 300
𝑥 𝑦 10 𝑥 𝑦 30
1 1 2 150 2
= 𝑎 , = 𝑏 vd;f. ∆𝑦 = |1 100 2| = 2(200 − 500) − 150(2 − 10) + 2(250 − 500)
𝑥 𝑦
(1) ⟹ 𝑎 + 𝑏 =
1 5 250 2
⟹ 10𝑎 + 10𝑏 = 1 → (3) = −600 + 1200 − 500 = 100
10
1 2 3 150
(2) ⟹ 𝑎 − 𝑏 = ⟹ 30𝑎 − 30𝑏 = 1 → (4)
30 ∆𝑧 = |1 1 100| = 2(250 − 400) − 3(250 − 500) + 150(4 − 5)
rkd; (3), (4) −Ij; jPh;f;f, 5 4 250
10 10 −300 + 750 − 150 = 300
∆= | | = −300 − 300 = −600 ∆ 300 ∆𝑦 100 ∆ 300
30 −30 𝑥= 𝑥= = 30 ; 𝑦 = = = 10 ;𝑧 = 𝑧 = = 30
1 10 ∆ 10 ∆ 10 ∆ 10
∆𝑎 = | | = −30 − 10 = −40 3 Njhirfs; 6 ,l;ypfs; kw;Wk; 4 tilfspd; tpiy = 3𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 6𝑧
1 −30
10 1 = 3(30) + 6(10) + 6(30) = 90 + 60 + 180 = 330 < 350
∆𝑏 = | | = 10 − 30 = −20
30 1 vdNt rhg;gpl;l nrytpw;fhd njhifia mth;fsplkpUe;j gzj;ijf;
∆ −40 1 ∆ −20 1 1 1 nfhz;L nrYj;j KbAk;.
𝑎= 𝑎= = ;𝑏 = 𝑏 = = ⟹ 𝑥 = = 15 , 𝑦 = = 30
∆ −600 15 ∆ −600 30 𝑎 𝑏
gk;G 𝐴 MdJ vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; fhymsT= 15 epkplq;fs;. 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟐𝟔 T20 Ml;lnkhd;wpy; filrp Xthpy; 1 ge;J kl;LNk tPrg;gl
Ntz;ba epiyapy; nrd;id R+g;gh; fpq;]; mzpahdJ 6 ud;fs; (Xl;lq;fs;)
gk;G 𝐵 MdJ vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; fhymsT= 30 epkplq;fs;. ngw;why; kl;LNk ntw;wp ngUk; epiyapy; ,Ue;jJ. filrp ge;J
5.xU FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s %d;W egh;fs; ,uT czT rhg;gpl Xh; kl;ilaUf;F tPrg;gl;lJ. mth; mjid kpf cauk; nry;YkhW mbf;fpwhh;.
cztfj;jpw;Fr; nrd;wdh;. ,U Njhirfs; %d;W ,l;ypfs; kw;Wk; ,U ge;jhdJ nrq;Fj;J jsj;jpy; nrd;w ghij mj;jsj;jpy; 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
tilfspd; tpiy &.150. ,U Njhirfs; ,U ,l;ypfs; kw;Wk; ehd;F
tilfspd; tpiy &.200. [e;J Njhirfs; ehd;F ,l;ypfs; kw;Wk; ,uz;L vd;w rkd;ghl;bd;gb cs;sJ. ge;jhdJ (10,8), (20,16), (40,22) vd;w
Gs;spfs; topahfr; nry;fpwJ vdpy; nrd;id R+g;gh; fpq;]; mzpahdJ
Ml;lj;ij ntd;wjh vd;gij KbT nra;ayhkh? cdJ tpilapid fpuhkh; 2 −2 3 2 1 2 −1 3
tpjpiaf; nfhz;L epahag;gLj;Jf. (vy;yh njhiyTfSk; kPl;lh; mstpy; [𝐴|𝐵] = (1 2 −1|3) ~ (2 −2 3 |2) 𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅2
cs;sd. ge;J nrd;w ghij jskhdJ kpfj;njhiytpy; cs;s vy;iyf; 3 −1 2 1 3 −1 2 1
Nfhl;bid (70,0) vd;w Gs;spapy; re;jpf;Fk;) 1 2 −1 3 𝑅 → 𝑅 − 2𝑅
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 ~ (0 −6 5 |−4) 2 2 1
𝑅 → 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1
(10,8) ⟹ 100𝑎 + 10𝑏 + 𝑐 = 8 → (1) 0 −7 5 −8 3
(20,16) ⟹ 400𝑎 + 20𝑏 + 𝑐 = 16 → (2) 1 2 −1 3
(40,22) ⟹ 1600𝑎 + 40𝑏 + 𝑐 = 22 → (3) ~ (0 −6 5 | −4 ) 𝑅3 → 6𝑅3 − 7𝑅2
100 10 1 1 1 1 0 0 −5 −20
∆= | 400 20 1| = 100 × 10 | 4 2 1| ⟹ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3 → (1) ; −6𝑦 + 5𝑧 = −4 → (2); −5𝑧 = −20 ⟹ 𝑧 = 4
1600 40 1 16 4 1 𝑧 = 4 vdpy;(2) ⟹ −6𝑦 + 5(4) = −4 ⟹ −6𝑦 + 20 = −4
= 1000[1(2 − 4) − 1(4 − 16) + 1(16 − 32)] = 1000[−2 + 12 − 16] = −6000 ⟹ −6𝑦 = −24 ⟹ 𝑦 = 4
8 10 1 4 1 1 𝑦 = 16, 𝑧 = 4 vdpy; (1) ⟹ 𝑥 + 2(4) − 4 = 3 ⟹ 𝑥 + 8 − 4 = 3 ⟹ 𝑥 = −1
∆𝑎 = |16 20 1| = 2 × 10 | 8 2 1| = 20[4(2 − 4) − 1(8 − 11) + 1(32 − 22)]
jPh;T: (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (−1,4,4)
22 40 1 11 4 1
= 20[−8 + 3 + 10] = 100 (𝑖𝑖)2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 22, 3𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 27, −𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2
100 8 1 1 4 1 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 22 ,÷ 2 ⟹ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 11
∆𝑏 = | 400 16 1| = 100 × 2 | 4 8 1| 1 2 3 11 1 2 3 11 𝑅 → 𝑅 − 3𝑅
1600 22 1 16 11 1 [𝐴|𝐵] = ( 3 8 5|27) ~ (0 2 −4|−6) 2 2 1
= 200[1(8 − 11) − 4(4 − 16) + 1(44 − 128)] = 200[−3 + 48 − 84] = −7800 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 𝑅1
−1 1 2 2 0 3 5 13
100 10 8 1 1 4 1 2 3 11
∆𝑐 = | 400 20 16| = 100 × 10 × 2 | 4 2 8 |
~ (0 2 −4|−6) 𝑅3 → 2𝑅3 − 3𝑅2
1600 40 22 16 4 11
= 2000 1 22 − 32 − 1 44 − 128 + 4(16 − 32)] = 2000[−10 + 84 − 64] = 20000
[ ( ) ( ) 0 0 22 44
∆𝑎 100 1 ∆𝑏 −7800 13 𝑐 20000 10 ⟹ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 11 → (1) ; 2𝑦 − 4𝑧 = −6 → (2) ; 22𝑧 = 44 ⟹ 𝑧 = 2
𝑎= = =− ;𝑏 = = = ;𝑐 = = =− 𝑧 = 2 vdpy; (2) ⟹ 2𝑦 − 4(2) = −6 ⟹ 2𝑦 = −6 + 8 ⟹ 2𝑦 = 2 ⟹ 𝑦 = 1
∆ −6000 60 ∆ −6000 10 ∆ −6000 3
1 2 13 10
∴ ge;J nrd;w ghijapd; rkd;ghL 𝑦 = − 𝑥 + 𝑥− 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 2 vdpy; (1) ⟹ 𝑥 + 2(1) + 3(2) = 11 ⟹ 𝑥 + 8 = 11 ⟹ 𝑥 = 3
60 10 3
1 13 10 4900 910 10 jPh;T: (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (3,1,2)
𝑥 = 70 ⟹ 𝑦 = − (70)2
+ (70) − = − + − =6
60 10 3 60 10 3 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟐𝟕 gpd;tUk; Nehpar; rkd;ghLfspd; njhFg;ig fh];]pad;
vdNt ge;jhdJ vy;iyf;Nfhl;bw;F Neh; Nkyhf 6 kP cauj;jpy; kw;Wk;
vy;iyf;Nfhl;bw;F mUfpy; cs;s tPuuhy; vfpwp Fjpj;J gpbf;f Kad;whYk; ePf;fy; Kiwapy; jPh;f;fTk;:: 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 25, 𝑥 + 5 + 7𝑧 = 13, 2𝑥 + 9𝑦 + 𝑧 =
ge;ij gpbf;f ,ayhJ. vdNt nrd;id R+g;gh; fpq;]; mzpahdJ Ml;lj;ij 1
ntd;wJ. 2. 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐-I 𝑥 + 3, 𝑥 − 5 kw;Wk; 𝑥 − 1 −My; tFf;Fk;NghJ kPjpahdJ
fh];]pad; ePf;fy; Kiw 21, 61 kw;Wk; 9 vdpy; 𝑎, 𝑏 kw;Wk; c-If; fhz;f.. (fh];]pad; ePf;fy; Kiwia
gapw;rp 1.5 cgNahfpf;fTk;)
1.gpd;tUk; Nehpar; rkd;ghLfspd; njhFg;ig fh];]pad; ePf;fy; Kiwapy; 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 vd;f.
jPh;f;fTk;: 𝑝(−3) = 21 ⟹= 𝑎(−3)2 + 𝑏(−3) + 𝑐 = 21 ⟹ 9𝑎 − 3𝑏 + 𝑐 = 21 → (1)
(𝑖)2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3, 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1 𝑝(5) = 61 ⟹= 𝑎(5)2 + 𝑏(5) + 𝑐 = 61 ⟹ 25𝑎 + 5𝑏 + 𝑐 = 61 → (2)
𝑝(1) = 9 ⟹= 𝑎(1)2 + 𝑏(1) + 𝑐 = 9 ⟹ 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 9 → (3) ⟹÷ 2, −4𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 40000 → (3)
9 −3 1 21 1 1 1 9 1 1 1 65000 1 1 1 65000
[𝐴|𝐵] = (25 5 1|61) ~ (25 5 1|61) 𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅3 [𝐴|𝐵] = (3 4 5|250000) ~ (0 1 2|55000) 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 3𝑅1
1 1 1 9 9 −3 1 21 0 −4 5 40000 0 −4 5 40000
1 1 1 9 𝑅 → 𝑅2 − 25𝑅1 1 1 1 65000
~ (0 −20 −24|−164) 2 ~ (0 1 2 | 55000 ) 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 4𝑅2
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 9𝑅1
0 −12 −8 −60 0 0 13 260000
1 1 1 9 𝑅2 → (− 1) 𝑅2 ⟹ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 65000 → (1) ; 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 55000 → (2) ;
4
~ (0 5 6| 41 ) 1
13𝑧 = 260000 ⟹ 𝑧 = 20000
0 3 2 −15 𝑅3 → (− 4) 𝑅3 𝑧 = 20000 vdpy;
1 1 1 9 (2) ⟹ 𝑦 + 2(20000) = 55000 ⟹ 𝑦 = 55000 − 40000 ⟹ 𝑦 = 15000
~ (0 5 6 | 41 ) 𝑅3 → 5𝑅3 − 3𝑅2 𝑦 = 15000, 𝑧 = 20000 vdpy; (1) ⟹ 𝑥 + 15000 + 20000 = 65000
0 0 −8 −48 ⟹ 𝑥 = 65000 − 35000 ⟹ 𝑥 = 30000
⟹ 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 9 → (1) ; 5𝑏 + 6𝑐 = 41 → (2) ; −8𝑐 = −48 ⟹ 𝑐 = 6 %d;W gj;jpuq;fspy; KjyPL nra;ag;gl;l njhif KiwNa &.30,000, 15,000
𝑐 = 6 vdpy; (2) ⟹ 5𝑏 + 6(6) = 41 ⟹ 5𝑏 = 41 − 36 ⟹ 5𝑏 = 5 ⟹ 𝑏 = 1 kw;Wk; 20,000.
𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = 6 vdpy; (1) ⟹ 𝑎 + 1 + 6 = 9 ⟹ 𝑎 + 7 = 9 ⟹ 𝑎 = 2 4. xU rpWtd; 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 vd;w ghijapy; (−6,8), (−2, −12) kw;Wk;
jPh;T: (𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐) = (2,1,6) (3,8) vDk; Gs;spfs; topahf nry;fpwhd;. 𝑃(7,60) vd;w Gs;spapy; cs;s
3. xU njhif &.65,000 Mz;bw;F KiwNa 6%, 8% kw;Wk; 10% vd;w tl;b mtDila ez;gid re;jpf;f tpUk;Gfpwhd;. mtd; mtDila ez;gid
tPjj;jpy; %d;W gj;jpuq;fspy; KjyPL nra;ag;gLfpwJ. nkhj;j Mz;L re;jpg;ghdh?(fh]; ePf;fy; Kiwia gad;gLj;Jf)
tUkhdk; &.5,000.%d;whtJ gj;jpuj;jpy; fpilf;Fk; tUkhdkhdJ 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
,uz;lhtJ gj;jpuj;jpy; fpilf;Fk; tUkhdj;ij tpl &.800 mjpfk; vdpy; (−6,8) ⟹ 8 = 𝑎(−6)2 + 𝑏(−6) + 𝑐 ⟹ 36𝑎 − 6𝑏 + 𝑐 = 8 → (1)
xt;nthU gj;jpuj;jpYk; KjyPL nra;ag;gl;l njhifiaf; fhz;f.(fh]; (−2, −12) ⟹ −12 = 𝑎(−2)2 + 𝑏(−2) + 𝑐 ⟹ 4𝑎 − 2𝑏 + 𝑐 = −12 → (2)
ePf;fy; Kiwia gad;gLj;Jf)
(3,8) ⟹ 8 = 𝑎(3)2 + 𝑏(3) + 𝑐 ⟹ 9𝑎 + 3𝑏 + 𝑐 = 8 → (3)
%d;W gj;jpuq;fspy; KjyPL nra;ag;gl;l njhif KiwNa &. x, y kw;Wk; z 36 −6 1 8 36 −6 1 8
vd;f. 𝑅 → 9𝑅2 − 𝑅1
[𝐴|𝐵] = ( 4 −2 1|−12) ~ ( 0 −12 8|−116) 2
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tptug;gb, 𝑅3 → 4𝑅3 − 𝑅1
9 3 1 8 0 18 3 24
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 65000 → (1) 36 −6 1 8 𝑅2 → (1) 𝑅2
nkhj;j Mz;L tUkhdk; = &.5,000⟹ 6% ( 𝑥) + 8% ( 𝑦) + 10% (𝑧) = 5000 ~ ( 0 −6 4|−58) 2
6 8 10 1
⟹
100
𝑥+
100
𝑦+
100
𝑧 = 5000 ⟹ 6𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 500000 0 6 1 8 𝑅3 → (3) 𝑅3
⟹÷ 2, 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 250000 → (2) 36 −6 1 8
%d;whtJ gj;jpuj;jpy; fpilf;Fk; tUkhdk;= ,uz;lhtJ gj;jpuj;jpy; ~ ( 0 −6 4|−58) 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 𝑅2
fpilf;Fk; tUkhdk + &.800 0 0 5 −50
10 8 ⟹ 36𝑎 − 6𝑏 + 𝑐 = 8 → (1) ; −6𝑏 + 4𝑐 = −58 → (2) ; 5𝑐 = −50 ⟹ 𝑐 = −10
⟹ 10% (𝑧) = 8% ( 𝑦) + 800 ⟹ 𝑧= 𝑦 + 800 𝑐 = −10 vdpy; (2) ⟹ −6𝑏 + 4(−10) = −58 ⟹ −6𝑏 − 40 = −58
100 100
10 8𝑦+80000
⟹ 𝑧= ⟹ 10𝑧 = 8𝑦 + 80000 ⟹ −8𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 80000 ⟹ −6𝑏 = −58 + 40 ⟹ −6𝑏 = −18 ⟹ 𝑏 = 3
100 100
𝑏 = 3, 𝑐 = −10 vdpy; (1) ⟹ 36𝑎 − 6(3) − 10 = 8 ⟹ 36𝑎 − 18 − 10 = 8 1 −1 2 2
⟹ 36𝑎 = 8 + 28 ⟹ 36𝑎 = 36 ⟹ 𝑎 = 1 ~ (0 3 0 | 3 ) 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2
jPh;T: (𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐) = (1,3, −10) ⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 10 0 0 −7 −7
filrp rkhd mzpahdJ VWgb tbtpy; cs;sJ. 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) = 3 = 𝜌(𝐴) ⟹
𝑥 = 7 ⟹ 𝑦 = (7)2 + 3(7) − 10 = 49 + 21 − 10 = 60 ⟹ 𝑦 = 60 rkd;ghLfspd; njhFg;ghdJ xUq;fikT cilaJ, xNu xU jPh;T cz;L.
Gs;sp 𝑃(7,60) MdJ 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 10 vDk; rkd;ghl;il epiwT nra;fpwJ. 1 −1 2 𝑥 2
vdNt mr;rpWtd; mtdJ ez;gid 𝑃(7,60) –y; re;jpg;ghd;. 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⟹ (0 3 0 ) (𝑦) = ( 3 )
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟐𝟖 xU uhf;nfl;bd; Nky; Nehf;fpa Ntfk; t Neuj;jpy; 0 0 −7 𝑧 −7
Njhuhakhf 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑡 2 + 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑐 vd;wthW cs;sJ. ,q;F 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 100 kw;Wk; 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2 → (1)
a, b, c vd;gd khwpypfs;. uhf;nfl;bd; Ntfk; 𝑡 = 3, 𝑡 = 6 kw;Wk; 𝑡 = 9 ⟹ 3𝑦 = 3 ⟹ 𝑦 = 1
tpdhbfspy; KiwNa 64, 133 kw;Wk; 208 iky;fs;/tpdhb vdpy; t=15 −7𝑧 = −7 ⟹ 𝑧 = 1
tpdhbapy; mjd; Ntfj;ijf; fhz;f. (fh];]pad; ePf;fy; Kiwia 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 1 vdpy; (1) ⟹ 𝑥 − 1 + 2 = 2 ⟹ 𝑥 = 1
jPh;T: (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (1,1,1)
cgNahfpf;fTk;)
mrkgbj;jhd Nehpar; rkd;ghLfis juKiwapy; jPh;j;jy; 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟐𝟗 gpd;tUk; Nehpar; rkd;ghLfspd; njhFg;G xUq;fikT
 𝜌(𝐴) = 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) = 3 vdpy; rkd;ghLfspd; njhFg;ghdJ xUq;fikT cilajh vd;gij Muha;f. xUq;fikT cilajhapd; mtw;iwj; jPh;f;f:𝑥 +
cilaJ, xNu xU jPh;T cz;L. 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3, 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1, 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 3, 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 1 = 0
 𝜌(𝐴) = 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) = 2 vdpy; rkd;ghLfspd; njhFg;ghdJ xUq;fikT (𝑖𝑖)3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2, 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1, 7𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 5
cilaJ, vz;zw;w jPh;Tfs; cz;L. 3 1 1 𝑥 2
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⟹ [1 −3 2] [ ] = [1] 𝑦
 𝜌(𝐴) = 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) = 1 vdpy; rkd;ghLfspd; njhFg;ghdJ xUq;fikT
cilaJ, vz;zw;w jPh;Tfs; cz;L. 7 −1 4 𝑧 5
3 1 12 1 −3 2 1
 𝜌(𝐴) ≠ 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) vdpy; rkd;ghLfspd; njhFg;ghdJ xUq;fikT tphpTgLj;jg;gl;l mzp [𝐴|𝐵] = (1 −3 2|1) ~ (3 1 1|2) 𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅2
mw;wJ, jPh;T ,y;iy. 7 −1 4 5 7 −1 4 5
gapw;rp 1.6 1 −3 2 1 𝑅 → 𝑅 − 3𝑅
1.gpd;tUk; rkd;ghLfspd; njhFg;G xUq;fikT cilajh vd;gij Muha;f. ~ (0 10 −5 |−1) 2 2 1
𝑅 → 𝑅3 − 7𝑅1
xUq;fikT cilajhapd; mtw;iwj; jPh;f;f: 0 20 −10 −2 3
(𝑖)𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 7, 4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4 1 −3 2 1
1 −1 2 𝑥 2 ~ (0 10 −5|−1) 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅2
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⟹ [2 1 4] [ ] = [7] 𝑦 0 0 0 0
4 −1 1 𝑧 4 filrp rkhd mzpahdJ VWgb tbtpy; cs;sJ. 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) = 2 = 𝜌(𝐴) ⟹
1 −1 2 2 rkd;ghLfspd; njhFg;ghdJ xUq;fikT cilaJ, vz;zw;w jPh;Tfs;
tphpTgLj;jg;gl;l mzp [𝐴|𝐵] = (2 1 4|7) cz;L.
4 −1 1 4 1 −3 2 𝑥 1
1 −1 2 2 𝑅 → 𝑅 − 2𝑅 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⟹ (0 10 −5) (𝑦) = (−1)
~ (0 3 0 | 3 ) 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 4𝑅1 0 0 0 𝑧 0
0 3 −7 −4 3 3 1
𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1 → (1) 2 −1 1 𝑥 2
⟹ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⟹ [6 −3 3] [𝑦] = [6]
10𝑦 − 5𝑧 = −1 → (2)
𝑧 = 𝑡 vdpy; (2) ⟹ 10𝑦 − 5𝑡 = −1 ⟹ 10𝑦 = 5𝑡 − 1 ⟹ 𝑦 =
1
(5𝑡 − 1) 4 −2 2 𝑧 4
10 2 −1 1 2
1 1
𝑦= (5𝑡 − 1), 𝑧 = 𝑡 vdpy; (1) ⟹ 𝑥 − 3 (5𝑡 − 1) + 2𝑡 = 1 tphpTgLj;jg;gl;l mzp [𝐴|𝐵] = (6 −3 3|6)
10 10
1 10−20𝑡+15𝑡−3 1 4 −2 2 4
⟹ 𝑥 = 1 − 2𝑡 + 3 (5𝑡 − 1) = = (7 − 5𝑡) 2 −1 1 2 𝑅 → 𝑅 − 3𝑅
10 10 10
1
jPh;T: (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = ( (7 − 5𝑡),
1
(5𝑡 − 1), 𝑡) ; 𝑡 ∈ 𝑅 ~ (0 0 0|0) 2 2 1
𝑅 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅1
10 10 0 0 00 3
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟑𝟎 gpd;tUk; Nehpar; rkd;ghLfspd; njhFg;G xUq;fikT filrp rkhd mzpahdJ VWgb tbtpy; cs;sJ. 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) = 1, 𝜌(𝐴) =
cilajh vd;gij Muha;f. xUq;fikT cilajhapd; mtw;iwj; 1 ⟹ rkd;ghLfspd; njhFg;ghdJ xUq;fikT cilaJ, vz;zw;w jPh;Tfs;
jPh;f;f:4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 8, 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = −1, 15𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 9𝑧 = 21 cz;L.
(𝑖𝑖𝑖)2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5, 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1, 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 4 2 −1 1 𝑥 2
2 2 1 𝑥 5 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⟹ (0 0 0) (𝑦) = (0)
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⟹ [1 −1 1] [𝑦] = [1] 0 0 0 𝑧 0
3 1 2 𝑧 4 ⟹ 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2
2 2 15 y=s kw;Wk; z=t vd Nkw;fhZk; rkd;ghl;by; gpujpapLf,
tphpTgLj;jg;gl;l mzp [𝐴|𝐵] = (1 −1 1|1) 1
2𝑥 − 𝑠 + 𝑡 = 2 ⟹ 2𝑥 = 𝑠 − 𝑡 + 2 ⟹ 𝑥 = (𝑠 − 𝑡 + 2)
3 1 24 2
1
1 −1 1 1 jPh;T: (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = ( (𝑠 − 𝑡 + 2), 𝑠, 𝑡) ; 𝑠, 𝑡 ∈ 𝑅
2
~ (2 2 1|5) 𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅2
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟑𝟏 gpd;tUk; Nehpar; rkd;ghLfspd; njhFg;G xUq;fikT
3 1 24
1 −1 1 1 𝑅 → 𝑅 − 2𝑅 cilajh vd;gij Muha;f. xUq;fikT cilajhapd; mtw;iwj; jPh;f;f:𝑥 −
~ (0 4 −1|3) 2 2 1 𝑦 + 𝑧 = −9, 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −18, 3𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 27 = 0
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1
0 4 −1 1 2. k-d; vk;kjpg;GfSf;F gpd;tUk; rkd;ghl;Lj; njhFg;G 𝑘𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1, 𝑥 −
1 −1 1 1 2𝑘𝑦 + 𝑧 = −2, 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑘𝑧 = 1 (i) ahnjhU jPh;Tk; ngw;wpuhJ (ii) xNu xU
~ (0 4 −1| 3 ) 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2 jPh;itg; ngw;wpUf;Fk; (iii) vz;zpf;ifaw;w jPh;Tfisg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;
0 0 0 −2 vd;gjid Muha;f.
filrp rkhd mzpahdJ VWgb tbtpy; cs;sJ. 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) = 3, 𝜌(𝐴) = 2 ⟹ 𝑘 −2 1 𝑥 1
𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) ≠ 𝜌(𝐴), rkd;ghLfspd; njhFg;ghdJ xUq;fikT mw;wJ, jPh;T 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⟹ [1 −2𝑘 1] [𝑦] = [−2]
,y;iy. 1 −2 𝑘 𝑧 1
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐 gpd;tUk; Nehpar; rkd;ghLfspd; njhFg;G xUq;fikT 𝑘 −2 1 1
cilajh vd;gij Muha;f. xUq;fikT cilajhapd; mtw;iwj; jPh;f;f:𝑥 − tphpTgLj;jg;gl;l mzp [𝐴|𝐵] = (1 −2𝑘 1|−2)
𝑦 + 𝑧 = −9, 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4, 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6, 4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 7 1 −2 𝑘 1
(𝑖𝑣)2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2, 6𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 6, 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 4 1 −2 𝑘 1
~ (1 −2𝑘 1|−2) 𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅3
𝑘 −2 1 1
1 −2 𝑘 1 𝑅 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 𝜇, 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 5 vd;w rkd;ghLfs; (i) ahnjhU jPh;Tk; ngw;wpuhJ (ii) xNu
~ (0 2 − 2𝑘 1 − 𝑘 | −3 ) 2 xU jPh;itg; ngw;wpUf;Fk; (iii) vz;zpf;ifaw;w jPhT ; fisg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;
𝑅 → 𝑅3 − 𝑘𝑅1
0 2𝑘 − 2 1 − 𝑘 2 1 − 𝑘 3 vd;gjid Muha;f.
1 −2 𝑘 1 1 2 1 𝑥 7
~ (0 2(1 − 𝑘) 1 − 𝑘 | −3 ) 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 𝑅2 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⟹ [1 1 𝜆 ] [𝑦] = [𝜇]
0 0 2 − 𝑘 − 𝑘 2 −𝑘 − 2 1 3 −5 𝑧 5
1 −2 𝑘 1 1 2 1 7
~ (0 2(1 − 𝑘) 1−𝑘 | −3 ) tphpTgLj;jg;gl;l mzp [𝐴|𝐵] = (1 1 𝜆 |𝜇)
0 0 (𝑘 + 2)(1 − 𝑘) −(𝑘 + 2) 1 3 −5 5
(i) 𝑘 = 1, 𝑘 ≠ −2 vdpy; 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) = 3, 𝜌(𝐴) = 1 ⟹ 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) ≠ 𝜌(𝐴), 1 2 1 7
rkd;ghLfspd; njhFg;ghdJ xUq;fikT mw;wJ, jPh;T ,y;iy. ~ (1 3 −5|5) 𝑅2 ↔ 𝑅3
(ii) 𝑘 ≠ 1, 𝑘 ≠ −2 vdpy; 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) = 3 = 𝜌(𝐴), rkd;ghLfspd; 1 1 𝜆 𝜇
njhFg;ghdJ xUq;fikT cilaJ, xNu xU jPh;T cz;L. 1 2 1 7
𝑅 →𝑅 −𝑅
(iii) 𝑘 = −2, 𝑘 ≠ 1 vdpy; 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) = 2 = 𝜌(𝐴), rkd;ghLfspd; ~ (0 1 −6 | −2 ) 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1
njhFg;ghdJ xUq;fikT cilaJ, vz;zw;w jPhT ; fs; cz;L. 0 −1 𝜆 − 1 𝜇 − 7 3 3 1
1 2 1 7
3. 𝜆 , 𝜇 −,d; vk;kjpg;GfSf;F 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 9, 7𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 8, 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + ~ (0 1 −6 | −2 ) 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 𝑅2
𝜆𝑧 = 𝜇 (i) ahnjhU jPh;Tk; ngw;wpuhJ (ii) xNu xU jPh;itg; ngw;wpUf;Fk; (iii) 0 0 𝜆−7 𝜇−9
vz;zpf;ifaw;w jPh;Tfisg; ngw;wpUf;Fk; vd;gjid Muha;f. (i) 𝜆 = 7, 𝜇 ≠ 9 vdpy; 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) = 3, 𝜌(𝐴) = 2 ⟹ 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) ≠ 𝜌(𝐴),
2 3 5 𝑥 9
rkd;ghLfspd; njhFg;ghdJ xUq;fikT mw;wJ, jPh;T ,y;iy.
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⟹ [7 3 −5] [𝑦] = [8]
(ii) 𝜆 ≠ 7, 𝜇 ≠ 9 vdpy; 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) = 3 = 𝜌(𝐴), rkd;ghLfspd; njhFg;ghdJ
2 3 𝜆 𝑧 𝜇
2 3 5 9 xUq;fikT cilaJ, xNu xU jPh;T cz;L.
tphpTgLj;jg;gl;l mzp [𝐴|𝐵] = (7 3 −5|8) (iii) 𝜆 = 7, 𝜇 = 9 vdpy; 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) = 2 = 𝜌(𝐴), rkd;ghLfspd;
2 3 𝜆 𝜇 njhFg;ghdJ xUq;fikT cilaJ, vz;zw;w jPhT ; fs; cz;L.
2 3 5 9
𝑅 → 2𝑅2 − 7𝑅1
~ (0 −15 −25 |− − 9) 2 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑎, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 𝑏, 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 𝑐 vd;w
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1 Nehpar; rkd;ghLfspd; njhFg;gpd; jPh;Tfs; xU rhuhkhwpf; FLk;gkhf
0 0 𝜆−5 𝜇−9
(i) 𝜆 = 5, 𝜇 ≠ 9 vdpy; 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) = 3, 𝜌(𝐴) = 2 ⟹ 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) ≠ 𝜌(𝐴), ,Ug;gjw;F a, b kw;Wk; c-y; cUthFk; epge;jidiaf; fhz;f.
rkd;ghLfspd; njhFg;ghdJ xUq;fikT mw;wJ, jPh;T ,y;iy. 1 1 1 𝑥 𝑎
(ii) 𝜆 ≠ 5, 𝜇 ≠ 9 vdpy;𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) = 3 = 𝜌(𝐴), rkd;ghLfspd; njhFg;ghdJ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⟹ [1 2 3] [𝑦] = [𝑏 ]
xUq;fikT cilaJ, xNu xU jPh;T cz;L. 3 5 7 𝑧 𝑐
1 1 1𝑎
(iii) 𝜆 = 5, 𝜇 = 9 vdpy; 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) = 2 = 𝜌(𝐴), rkd;ghLfspd;
tphpTgLj;jg;gl;l mzp [𝐴|𝐵] = (1 2 3|𝑏 )
njhFg;ghdJ xUq;fikT cilaJ, vz;zw;w jPhT ; fs; cz;L.
3 5 7𝑐
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟑𝟒 𝜆 , 𝜇 −,d; vk;kjpg;GfSf;F 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 7, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 =
1 1 1 𝑎 𝑅 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 ⟹ 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) = 2 = 𝜌(𝐴) , rkd;ghLfspd; njhFg;ghdJ xUq;fikT cilaJ,
~ (0 1 2| 𝑏 − 𝑎 ) 2 ntspg;gilaw;w jPh;Tfs; cz;L.
𝑅 → 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1
0 2 4 𝑐 − 3𝑎 3 3 2 7 𝑥 0 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 0 → (1)
1 1 1 𝑎 𝐴𝑋 = 𝑂 ⟹ (0 −17 −34) ( ) = (0) ⟹ 𝑦
~ (0 1 2| 𝑏−𝑎 ) 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅2 𝑧 −17𝑦 − 34𝑧 = 0 → (2)
0 0 0 0
(𝑐
0 0 0 − 3𝑎) − 2(𝑏 − 𝑎) z=t vdpy; (2) ⟹ −17𝑦 − 34𝑡 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦 = −2𝑡
1 1 1 𝑎 𝑦 = −2𝑡, 𝑧 = 𝑡 vdpy; (1) ⟹ 3𝑥 + 2(−2𝑡) + 7𝑡 = 0 ⟹ 3𝑥 = −3𝑡 ⟹ 𝑥 = −𝑡
~ (0 1 2| 𝑏 − 𝑎 ) jPh;T : (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (−𝑡, −2𝑡, 𝑡); 𝑡 ∈ 𝑅
0 0 0 𝑐 − 2𝑏 − 𝑎
rkd;ghLfspd; njhFg;gpd; jPh;Tfs; xU rhuhkhwpf; FLk;gkhf ,Ug;gjdhy;, 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟑𝟔 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0, 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 0, 𝑥 − 11𝑦 + 14𝑧 = 0 vd;w
rkd;ghl;Lj; njhFg;igj; jPh;f;fTk;.
𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) = 𝜌(𝐴) = 2. vdNt %d;whtJ epiu KOtJk; G+r;rpakhf ,Uf;f
1(𝑖𝑖)2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0, 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0, 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0
Ntz;Lk;, vdNt ,q;F 𝑐 − 2𝑏 − 𝑎 = 0 ⟹ 𝑐 = 𝑎 + 2𝑏 2 3 −1 𝑥 0
rkgbj;jhd Nehpar; rkd;ghLfis juKiwapy; jPh;j;jy; 𝐴𝑋 = 𝑂 ⟹ [1 −1 −2] [𝑦] = [0]
 𝜌(𝐴) = 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) = 3 vdpy; rkd;ghLfspd; njhFg;ghdJ
3 1 3 𝑧 0
xUq;fikT cilaJ, ntspg;gilj; jPh;T cz;L. (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 2 3 −1 0
(0,0,0) tphpTgLj;jg;gl;l mzp [𝐴|𝑂] = (1 −1 −2|0)
 𝜌(𝐴) = 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) = 2 vdpy; rkd;ghLfspd; njhFg;ghdJ 3 1 3 0
xUq;fikT cilaJ, ntspg;gilaw;w jPh;Tfs; cz;L. 1 −1 −2 0
 rkd;ghLfspd; njhFg;ghdJ ntspg;gilaw;w jPh;Tfis ~ (2 3 −1|0) 𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅2
ngw;wpUe;jhy; nfOf;fspd; mzpapd; mzpf;Nfhit kjpg;G 3 1 3 0
G+r;rpak; MFk;. 1 −1 −2 0 𝑅 → 𝑅 − 2𝑅
gapw;rp 1.7 ~ (0 5 3 |0) 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 3𝑅1
1.gpd;tUk; rkg;gbj;jhd Nehpar; rkd;ghl;Lj; njhFg;igj; jPh;f;fTk;: 0 4 9 0 3 3 1
(𝑖)3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 0, 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0, 5𝑥 + 9𝑦 + 23𝑧 = 0 1 −1 −2 0
3 2 7 𝑥 0 ~ (0 5 3 |0) 𝑅3 → 5𝑅3 − 4𝑅2
𝑦
𝐴𝑋 = 𝑂 ⟹ [4 −3 −2] [ ] = [0] 0 0 33 0
⟹ 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]) = 3 = 𝜌(𝐴) , rkd;ghLfspd; njhFg;ghdJ xUq;fikT cilaJ,
5 9 23 𝑧 0
3 2 7 0 ntspg;gilj; jPh;T cz;L. (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (0,0,0)
tphpTgLj;jg;gl;l mzp [𝐴|𝑂] = (4 −3 −2|0) 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟑𝟓 gpd;tUk; rkd;ghl;Lj; njhFg;igj; jPh;f;fTk; : 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 =
5 9 23 0 0, 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 0, 7𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 12𝑧 = 0
3 2 7 0 𝑅 → 3𝑅 − 4𝑅 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟑𝟕 gpd;tUk; njhFg;igj; jPh;f;fTk;: 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0, 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 +
~ (0 −17 −34|0) 2 2 1
𝑅 → 3𝑅3 − 5𝑅1 𝑧 = 0, 3𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 0, 6𝑥 − 9𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 0
0 17 34 0 3
3 2 7 0 2. 𝛌-tpd; vk;kjpg;gpw;F 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0, 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = 0, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0vd;w
~ (0 −17 −34|0) 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 𝑅2 njhFg;gpw;F (i) ntspg;gilj; jPh;T (ii) ntspg;gilaw;w jPh;T fpilf;Fk;.
0 0 0 0
1 1 3 𝑥 0 ⟹ (3𝜆 − 2)(3𝜆 − 11)2 = 0 ⟹ λ =
2
,λ =
11
𝐴𝑋 = 𝑂 ⟹ [4 3 𝜆] [𝑦] = [0] 3 3
2 1 2 𝑧 0 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟒𝟎 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 0, 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 0, 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑟𝑧 = 0 vd;w
1 1 30 rkd;ghLfspd; njhFg;G ntspg;gilaw;w jPh;T ngw;Ws;sJ kw;Wk; 𝑝 ≠ 𝑎, 𝑞 ≠
𝑝 𝑞 𝑟
tphpTgLj;jg;gl;l mzp [𝐴|𝑂] = (4 3 𝜆|0) 𝑏, 𝑟 ≠ 𝑐, vdpy; + + = 2 vd epWTf.
𝑝−𝑎 𝑞−𝑏 𝑟−𝑐
2 1 20 rkd;ghLfspd; njhFg;ghdJ ntspg;gilaw;w jPh;Tfis ngw;wpUe;jhy;
1 1 30
nfOf;fspd; mzpapd; mzpf;Nfhit kjpg;G G+r;rpak; MFk;.
~ (2 1 2|0) 𝑅2 ↔ 𝑅3 𝑝 𝑏 𝑐
4 3 𝜆0 |𝑎 𝑞 𝑐 | = 0
1 1 3 0 𝑅 → 𝑅 − 2𝑅
~ (0 −1 −4 |0) 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 4𝑅1 𝑎 𝑏 𝑟
𝑝 𝑏 𝑐
0 −1 𝜆 − 12 0 3 3 1
𝑅 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1
1 1 3 0 ⟹ |𝑎 − 𝑝 𝑞 − 𝑏 0 |=0 ( 2 )
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
~ (0 −1 −4 |0) 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2 𝑎−𝑝 0 𝑟−𝑐
0 0 𝜆−8 0 𝑝 𝑏 𝑐
(i) 𝜆 ≠ 8 vdpy;⟹ 𝜌(𝐴) = 𝜌([𝐴|𝑂)]) = 3, njhFg;ghdJ xUq;fikT cilaJ, ⟹ |−(𝑝 − 𝑎) 𝑞 − 𝑏 0 |=0
ntspg;gilj; jPh;it ngw;wpUf;Fk;. (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (0,0,0) −(𝑝 − 𝑎) 0 𝑟−𝑐
(ii) 𝜆 = 8 vdpy;⟹ 𝜌(𝐴) = 𝜌([𝐴|𝑂)]) = 2, njhFg;ghdJ xUq;fikT cilaJ, 𝑝 𝑞 𝑟
ntspg;gilaw;w jPhi ; t ngw;wpUf;Fk;. 𝑝−𝑎 𝑞−𝑏 𝑟−𝑐
⟹ (𝑝 − 𝑎)(𝑞 − 𝑏)(𝑟 − 𝑐) | −1 1 0 |=0
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟑𝟖 gpd;tUk; njhFg;ghdJ ntspg;gilaw;w jPh;T
ngw;wpUf;Fkhapd; 𝛌-d; kjpg;G fhz;f.(3𝜆 − 8)𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0, 3𝑥 + −1 0 1
𝑝 𝑞 𝑟
(3𝜆 − 8)𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0, 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 + (3𝜆 − 8)𝑧 = 0 . 𝑝−𝑎 𝑞−𝑏 𝑟−𝑐
rkd;ghLfspd; njhFg;ghdJ ntspg;gilaw;w jPh;Tfis ngw;wpUe;jhy; ⟹ | −1 1 0 |=0
nfOf;fspd; mzpapd; mzpf;Nfhit kjpg;G G+r;rpak; MFk;. −1 0 1𝑟
3𝜆 − 8 3 3 𝑝 𝑞
⟹ + + =0
| 3 3𝜆 − 8 3 |=0 𝑝 𝑞−(𝑞−𝑏) 𝑟−(𝑟−𝑐) 𝑝 𝑞 𝑟
3 3 3𝜆 − 8 ⟹ + + =0 ⟹ + + −1−1 =0
𝑝−𝑎 𝑞−𝑏 𝑟−𝑐 𝑝−𝑎 𝑞−𝑏 𝑟−𝑐
3𝜆 − 2 3𝜆 − 2 3𝜆 − 2 𝑝 𝑞 𝑟
⟹| 3 3𝜆 − 8 3 | = 0 (𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 ) ⟹ + + =2
3 3 3𝜆 − 8 3.fh];]a P d; ePf;fy; Kiwia gad;gLj;jp 𝐶2 𝐻6 + 𝑂2 → 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2 vd;w
1 1 1 Ntjpapay; vjph;tpidr; rkd;ghl;il rkepiyg;gLj;Jf.
⟹ (3𝜆 − 2) |3 3𝜆 − 8 3 |=0 𝐶2 𝐻6 + 𝑂2 → 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2 ⟹ 𝑥1 𝐶2 𝐻6 + 𝑥2 𝑂2 → 𝑥3 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝑥4 𝐶𝑂2 → (1)
3 3 3𝜆 − 8 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
1 1 1 𝑅 → 𝑅 − 3𝑅
⟹ (3𝜆 − 2) |0 3𝜆 − 11 0 | = 0 (𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 3𝑅1 )
C H O C H O → C H O C H O
0 0 3𝜆 − 11 3 3 1 2 6 0 0 0 2 0 2 1 1 0 2
𝐶1 topNa tphpTgLj;j, ,UGwKkk; cs;s fhh;gd; mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 cld;
Nrh;j;J rkd;gLj;j, 2.fyg;ngz;fs;
2𝑥1 + 0𝑥2 = 0𝑥3 + 1𝑥4 ⟹ 2𝑥1 + 0𝑥2 − 0𝑥3 − 1𝑥4 = 0 → (2) fw;gid myF 𝐢 –d; mLf;Ffs;
,UGwKkk; cs;s i`l;u[d; mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4  𝑖 = −1, 𝑖 = −𝑖, 𝑖 4 = 1
2 3
cld; Nrh;j;J rkd;gLj;j,  tFj;jy; tpjpKiw : 𝑛 = 4(𝑞) + 𝑟

6𝑥1 + 0𝑥2 = 2𝑥3 + 0𝑥4 ⟹ 6𝑥1 + 0𝑥2 − 2𝑥3 − 0𝑥4 = 0  𝑖 𝑛 = (𝑖)4𝑞+𝑟 = (𝑖)4𝑞 (𝑖)𝑟 = (𝑖 4 )𝑞 (𝑖)𝑟
÷ 2 ⟹ 3𝑥1 + 0𝑥2 − 𝑥3 − 0𝑥4 = 0 → (3)  𝑟 = 0 ⟹ 𝑖 𝑛 = 1 ; 𝑟 = 1 ⟹ 𝑖 𝑛 = 𝑖; 𝑟 = 2 ⟹ 𝑖 𝑛 = −1; 𝑟 = 3 ⟹ 𝑖 𝑛 = −𝑖
,UGwKkk; cs;s Mf;]p[d; mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4  √𝑎𝑏 = √𝑎√𝑏 vd;gJ a, b Mfpatw;wpy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; xd;whtJ
cld; Nrh;j;J rkd;gLj;j, Fiwaw;wjhf ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk cz;ik.
0𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 = 1𝑥3 + 2𝑥4 ⟹ 0𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 − 1𝑥3 − 2𝑥4 = 0 → (4)  𝑦 ∈ 𝑅 −f;F 𝑦 2 > 0
2 0 0 −1 0 gapw;rp 2.1
(2), (3), (4)-ypUe;J [𝐴|𝑂] = (3 0 −1 0 |0) Gpd;tUtdtw;iw RUf;Ff:
0 2 −1 −2 0 1.𝑖 1947 + 𝑖 1950
2 0 0 −1 0
~ (0 0 −2 3 |0) ~𝑅2 → 2𝑅2 − 3𝑅1 1947 ÷ 4 = 4(486) + 3 ; 1950 = 4(487) + 2
0 2 −1 −2 0 𝑖 1947 + 𝑖 1950 = (𝑖 4 )486 (𝑖)3 + (𝑖 4 )487 (𝑖)2 = −𝑖 − 1 = −1 − 𝑖
2 0 0 −1 0 2.𝑖 1948 − 𝑖 −1869
~ (0 2 −1 −2|0) 𝑅2 ↔ 𝑅3 1948 ÷ 4 = 4(487) + 0 ; 1869 ÷ 4 = 4(467) + 1
0 0 −2 3 0 1 1 1
𝑖 1948 − 𝑖 −1869 = 𝑖 1948 − 1869 = (𝑖 4 )487 (𝑖)0 − (𝑖 4)467 1 = 1 − = 1 − ( × )
1 −𝑖
𝜌(𝐴) = 𝜌([𝐴|𝑂)]) = 3 < 4, rkd;ghLfspd; njhFg;ghdJ xUq;fikT 𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 −𝑖
cilaJ, vz;zw;w jPh;Tfs; cz;L. −𝑖
= 1 − ( 2 ) = 1 + 𝑖 (∵ −𝑖 2 = 1)
2𝑥1 − 1𝑥4 = 0 → (5) ; 2𝑥2 − 𝑥3 − 2𝑥4 = 0 → (6) ; −2𝑥3 + 3𝑥4 = 0 → (7) −𝑖
12 𝑛
𝑥4 = 𝑡 vdpy; (5) ⟹ 2𝑥1 − 𝑡 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥1 =
𝑡 3.∑𝑛=1 𝑖
2
3𝑡 ∑12 𝑛 1 2 3 4 5 6
𝑛=1 𝑖 = 𝑖 + 𝑖 + 𝑖 + 𝑖 + 𝑖 + 𝑖 + 𝑖 + +𝑖 + 𝑖 + 𝑖
7 8 9 10
+ 𝑖 11 + 𝑖 12
𝑥4 = 𝑡 vdpy; (7) ⟹ −2𝑥3 + 3𝑥4 = 0 ⟹ −2𝑥3 + 3𝑡 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥3 = = 𝑖 1 + 𝑖 2 + 𝑖 3 + 𝑖 4 + 𝑖 4 𝑖 + (𝑖 2 )3 + (𝑖 2 )3 𝑖 + (𝑖 2 )4 + (𝑖 3 )3 + (𝑖 2 )5 + (𝑖 2 )5 𝑖 + (𝑖 2 )6
2
3𝑡 3𝑡 7𝑡
𝑥3 = , 𝑥4 = 𝑡 vdpy;(6) ⟹ 2𝑥2 − − 2𝑡 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥2 = =𝑖−1−𝑖+1+𝑖−1−𝑖+1+𝑖−1−𝑖+1
2 2 4
𝑡 7𝑡 3𝑡 =0
(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 ) = ( , , , 𝑡) 1
2 4 2 4.𝑖 59 + 59
𝑡 = 4 vdpy; 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 ) = (2,7,6,4)
( 𝑖
59 ÷ 4 = 4(14) + 3
rkepiyg;gLj;jg;gl;l Ntjpapay; vjph;tpidr; rkd;ghL (1) ⟹ 2𝐶2 𝐻6 + 7𝑂2 → 1 1 1 1 𝑖 𝑖
6𝐻2 𝑂 + 4𝐶𝑂2 𝑖 59 + 59 = (𝑖 4 )14 𝑖 3 + (𝑖 4)14 3 = −𝑖 + = 𝑖 + = −𝑖 + = 𝑖 − 𝑖 = 0
𝑖 𝑖 −𝑖 −𝑖 𝑖 1
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟏. 𝟑𝟖 fh];]a P d; ePf;fy; Kiwia gad;gLj;jp gpd;tUk; 2 3 4 2000
5.𝑖. 𝑖 . 𝑖 . 𝑖 … . . 𝑖
Ntjpapay; vjph;tpidr; rkd;ghl;il rkepiyg;gLj;Jf : 𝐶5 𝐻8 + 𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑂2 + = 𝑖 (1+2+3…..+2000)
𝐻2 𝑂 2000×2001
=𝑖 2 = 𝑖 1000×2001 = 𝑖 1000 . 𝑖 2001
= (𝑖 4 )250 (𝑖 4 )500 𝑖 1 (∵ 2001 ÷ 4 = 4(500) + 1)
= 1.1. 𝑖 = 𝑖 𝑧𝑤 = (5 − 2𝑖)(−1 + 3𝑖) = [(5)(−1) − (−2)(3)] + 𝑖[(5)(3) + (−2)(−1)]
6.∑10
𝑛=1 𝑖
𝑛+50 = [−5 + 6] + 𝑖[15 + 2] = 1 + 17𝑖
∑10
𝑛=1 𝑖
𝑛+50
= 𝑖 51 + 𝑖 52 + 𝑖 53 + ⋯ + 𝑖 60 (𝑣)𝑧 = (5 − 2𝑖) = 25 − 20𝑖 + 4𝑖 2 = 25 − 20𝑖 − 4 = 21 − 20𝑖
2 2
=𝑖 50 (𝑖 1
+ 𝑖 + 𝑖 + 𝑖 4 + 𝑖 5 + 𝑖 6 + 𝑖 7 + 𝑖 8 + 𝑖 9 + 𝑖 10 )
2 3 2𝑧𝑤 = 2(5 − 2𝑖 )(−1 + 3𝑖) = 2[1 + 17𝑖] ((𝑖𝑣)-,y; ,Ue;J)
= (𝑖 4 )12 𝑖 2 (𝑖 − 1 − 𝑖 + 1 + 𝑖 − 1 − 𝑖 + 1 + 𝑖 − 1) 2𝑧𝑤 = 2 + 34𝑖
= −1(𝑖 − 1) = 1 − 𝑖 𝑤 2 = (−1 + 3𝑖)2 = 1 − 6𝑖 + 9𝑖 2 = 1 − 6𝑖 − 9 = −8 − 6𝑖
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟏 fPo;f;fhz;gitfis RUf;Ff: 𝑧 2 + 2𝑧𝑤 + 𝑤 2 = 21 − 20𝑖 + 2 + 34𝑖 − 8 − 6𝑖 = 15 + 8𝑖
(i) i7 (ii)i1729 (iii)i−1924 + i2018 (iv) ∑102 n 2 3 4 40 (𝑣𝑖)(𝑧 + 𝑤)2 = (4 + 𝑖)2 ((𝑖)-,y; ,Ue;J)
n=1 i (v)i. i . i . i … . . i
fyg;G vz;fs; = 16 + 8𝑖 + 𝑖 2 = 16 + 8𝑖 − 1 = 15 + 8𝑖
 xU fyg;ngz;zpd; nrt;tf tbtk; : xU fyg;ngz;zpd; nrt;tf 2. 𝑧 = 2 + 3𝑖 vdf;nfhz;L fPo;f;fhZk; fyg;ngz;fis Mh;fz;l; jsj;jpy;
tbtk; vd;gJ 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅 MFk;. 𝑥 vd;gJ fyg;ngz;zpd; Fwpf;f.
nka;gg ; Fjp kw;Wk; 𝑦 vd;gJ fw;gidg; gFjp. (𝑖)𝑧, 𝑖𝑧 kw;Wk; 𝑧 + 𝑖𝑧 (𝑖𝑖)𝑧, −𝑖𝑧 kw;Wk; 𝑧 − 𝑖𝑧
 ,uz;L fyg;ngz;fs; 𝑧1 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏kw;Wk; 𝑧2 = 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 Mfpait rkkhf (𝑖)𝑧 = 2 + 3𝑖 = (2,3)
,Uf;fj; NjitahdJk; NghJkhdJkhd epge;jid 𝑅𝑒(𝑧1 ) = 𝑅𝑒(𝑧2 ) 𝑖𝑧 = 𝑖(2 + 3𝑖) = 2𝑖 + 3𝑖 2 = −3 + 2𝑖 = (−3,2)
kw;Wk; 𝐼𝑚(𝑧1 ) = 𝐼𝑚(𝑧2 ) MFk;.( 𝑎 = 𝑐 kw;Wk; 𝑏 = 𝑑 ) 𝑧 + 𝑖𝑧 = 2 + 3𝑖 + 𝑖(2 + 3𝑖) = 2 + 3𝑖 − 3 + 2𝑖 = −1 + 5𝑖 = (−1,5)
 fyg;ngz;zpd; jpirapypg; ngUf;fk; : 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 kw;Wk; 𝑘 ∈ 𝑅 vdpy;
𝑘𝑧 = 𝑘(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦𝑖
 fyg;ngz;fspd; $l;ly; : 𝑧1 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏, 𝑧2 = 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 vdpy; 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 =
(𝑎 + 𝑐) + 𝑖(𝑏 + 𝑑)
 fyg;ngz;fspd; fopj;jy; : 𝑧1 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏, 𝑧2 = 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 vdpy; 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 =
(𝑎 − 𝑐) + 𝑖(𝑏 − 𝑑)
 fyg;ngz;fspd; ngUf;fy; : 𝑧1 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏, 𝑧2 = 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 vdpy; 𝑧1 𝑧2 =
(𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑) + 𝑖(𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐) (𝑖)𝑧 = 2 + 3𝑖 = (2,3)
 nghJthf ve;j fyg;ngz; 𝑧 −IAk; njhlh;r;rpahf 𝑖 −My; −𝑖𝑧 = −𝑖(2 + 3𝑖 ) = −2𝑖 − 3𝑖 2 = 3 − 2𝑖 = (3, −2)
ngUf;Ftjhy; njhlh;r;rpahf 900 fbfhu vjph;jpirapy; Mjpia 𝑧 − 𝑖𝑧 = 2 + 3𝑖 − 𝑖(2 + 3𝑖) = 2 + 3𝑖 + 3 − 2𝑖 = 5 + 𝑖 = (5,1)
nghUj;J Row;wg;gLk;
gapw;rp 2.2
1.𝑧 = 5 − 2𝑖 kw;Wk; 𝑤 = −1 + 3𝑖 vdf;nfhz;L fPo;f;fhz;gitfspd;
kjpg;Gfisf; fhz;f.
(𝑖)𝑧 + 𝑤 (𝑖𝑖)𝑧 − 𝑖𝑤 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)2𝑧 + 3𝑤 (𝑖𝑣)𝑧𝑤 (𝑣)𝑧 2 + 2𝑧𝑤 + 𝑤 2 (𝑣𝑖)(𝑧 + 𝑤)2
(𝑖)𝑧 + 𝑤 = 5 − 2𝑖 − 1 + 3𝑖 = 4 + 𝑖 3. (3 − 𝑖)𝑥 − (2 − 𝑖)𝑦 + 2𝑖 + 5 kw;Wk; 2𝑥 + (−1 + 2𝑖)𝑦 + 3 + 2𝑖 Mfpa
(𝑖𝑖)𝑧 − 𝑖𝑤 = 5 − 2𝑖 − 𝑖(−1 + 3𝑖) = 5 − 2𝑖 + 𝑖 − 3𝑖 2 = 5 − 2𝑖 + 𝑖 + 3 = 8 − 𝑖 fyg;ngz;fs; rkk; vdpy; 𝑥 kw;Wk; 𝑦 −d; kjpg;Gfisf; fhz;f.
(𝑖𝑖𝑖)2𝑧 + 3𝑤 = 2(5 − 2𝑖 ) + 3(−1 + 3𝑖) = 10 − 4𝑖 − 3 + 9𝑖 = 7 + 5𝑖 𝑧1 = (3 − 𝑖)𝑥 − (2 − 𝑖)𝑦 + 2𝑖 + 5
(𝑖𝑣) 𝑧1 𝑧2 = (𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑) + 𝑖(𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐); 𝑎 = 5, 𝑏 = −2, 𝑐 = −1, 𝑑 = 3 = 3𝑥 − 𝑥𝑖 − 2𝑦 + 𝑦𝑖 + 2𝑖 + 5
= (3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5) + 𝑖(−𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2)  Fyg;ngz;fs; mLf;Ff;Fwp tpjpfis epiwT nra;Ak;:
𝑧2 = 2𝑥 + (−1 + 2𝑖)𝑦 + 3 + 2𝑖 𝑧𝑚
(𝑖)𝑧 𝑚 𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑧 𝑚+𝑛 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑛 = 𝑧 𝑚−𝑛
𝑧
= 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑖 + 3 + 2𝑖
(𝑖𝑖𝑖)(𝑧 𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑧 𝑚 𝑧 𝑛 (𝑖𝑣)(𝑧1 𝑧2 )𝑚 = 𝑧1 𝑚 𝑧2 𝑚
= (2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3) + 𝑖(2𝑦 + 2)
gapw;rp 2.3
juT : 𝑧1 = 𝑧2 ⟹ (3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5) + 𝑖(−𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2) = (2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3) + 𝑖(2𝑦 + 2)
1.𝑧1 = 1 − 3𝑖, 𝑧2 = −4𝑖 kw;Wk; 𝑧3 = 5 vdpy; fPo;f;fhz;gitfis epWTf.
,UGwKk; nka; kw;Wk; fw;gid gFjpfis rkd;gLj;j,
(𝑖)(𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ) + 𝑧3 = 𝑧1 + (𝑧2 + 𝑧3 ) (𝑖𝑖)(𝑧1 𝑧2 )𝑧3 = 𝑧1 (𝑧2 𝑧2 )
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5 = 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3 −𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2 = 2𝑦 + 2
(𝑖)(𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ) + 𝑧3 = (1 − 3𝑖 − 4𝑖) + 5 = 1 − 7𝑖 + 5 = 6 − 7𝑖 → (1)
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3 = 0 −𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2 − 2𝑦 − 2 = 0
𝑧1 + (𝑧2 + 𝑧3 ) = 1 − 3𝑖 + (−4𝑖 + 5) = 1 − 3𝑖 − 4𝑖 + 5 = 6 − 7𝑖 → (2)
𝑥 − 𝑦 = −2 → (1) −𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 → (2)
(1) , (2) ,y; ,Ue;J, (𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ) + 𝑧3 = 𝑧1 + (𝑧2 + 𝑧3 )
(1) + (2) ⟹ −2𝑦 = −2 ⟹ 𝑦 = 1
(𝑖𝑖)(𝑧1 𝑧2 )𝑧3 = [(1 − 3𝑖)(−4𝑖)]5 = (−4𝑖 + 12𝑖 2 )5
𝑦 = −1 vd rkd; (1)-y; gpujpapLf ⟹ 𝑥 − 1 = −2 ⟹ 𝑥 = −1 = (−4𝑖 − 12)5 = −60 − 20𝑖 → (1)
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟐 (2 + 𝑖)𝑥 + (1 − 𝑖)𝑦 + 2𝑖 − 3 kw;Wk; 𝑥 + (−1 + 2𝑖)𝑦 + 1 + 𝑖 𝑧1 (𝑧2 𝑧2 ) = (1 − 3𝑖)[(−4𝑖)(5)] = (1 − 3𝑖)[−20𝑖]
Mfpa fyg;ngz;fs; rkk; vdpy; 𝑥 kw;Wk; 𝑦 −d; kjpg;Gfisf; fhz;f. = −20𝑖 + 60𝑖 2 = −60 − 20𝑖 → (2)
fyg;ngz;fspd; gz;Gfs; (1) , (2) ,y; ,Ue;J, (𝑧1 𝑧2 )𝑧3 = 𝑧1 (𝑧2 𝑧2 )
$l;liyg; nghUj;J fyg;ngz;fspd; gz;Gfs; : 2. 𝑧1 = 3, 𝑧2 = −7𝑖 kw;Wk; 𝑧3 = 5 + 4𝑖 vdpy; fPo;f;fhz;gitfis epWTf.
I. milTg; gz;G :∀ 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 ∈ ℂ , (𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ) ∈ ℂ (𝑖)𝑧1 . (𝑧2 + 𝑧3 ) = 𝑧1 𝑧2 + 𝑧1 𝑧3 (𝑖𝑖)(𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ). 𝑧3 = 𝑧1 𝑧3 + 𝑧2 𝑧3
II. ghpkhw;Wg; gz;G :∀ 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 ∈ ℂ, 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧2 + 𝑧1 (𝑖)𝑧1 . (𝑧2 + 𝑧3 ) = 3(−7𝑖 + 5 + 4𝑖) = 3(5 − 3𝑖) = 15 − 9𝑖 → (1)
III. Nrh;g;Gg; gz;G :∀ 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 , 𝑧3 ∈ ℂ, (𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ) + 𝑧3 = 𝑧1 + (𝑧2 + 𝑧3 ) 𝑧1 𝑧2 + 𝑧1 𝑧3 = (3)(−7𝑖) + (3)(5 + 4𝑖) = −21𝑖 + 15 + 12𝑖 = 15 − 9𝑖 → (2)
IV. $l;ly; rkdp :∀ 𝑧 ∈ ℂ, 𝑧 + 0 = 0 + 𝑧 = 𝑧 ⟹ 0 = 0 + 0𝑖 vd;gJ $l;ly; (1) , (2) ,y; ,Ue;J, 𝑧1 . (𝑧2 + 𝑧3 ) = 𝑧1 𝑧2 + 𝑧1 𝑧3
rkdp MFk;.
(𝑖𝑖)(𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ). 𝑧3 = (3 − 7𝑖)(5 + 4𝑖)
V. $l;ly; Neh;khW :∀ 𝑧 ∈ ℂ , − 𝑧 ∈ ℂ ⋺ 𝑧 + (−𝑧) = (−𝑧) + 𝑧 = 0 ∈ ℂ vd;;gJ
$l;ly; Neh;khW MFk;. = 15 + 12𝑖 − 35𝑖 − 28𝑖 2 = 15 + 12𝑖 − 35𝑖 + 28 = 43 − 23𝑖 → (1)
ngUf;fiyg;; nghUj;J fyg;ngz;fspd; gz;Gfs; : 𝑧1 𝑧3 + 𝑧2 𝑧3 = (3)(5 + 4𝑖) + (−7𝑖)(5 + 4𝑖)
I. milTg; gz;G: ∀ 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 ∈ ℂ , (𝑧1 . 𝑧2 ) ∈ ℂ = 15 + 12𝑖 − 35𝑖 − 28𝑖 2 = 15 + 12𝑖 − 35𝑖 + 28 = 43 − 23𝑖 → (2)
II. ghpkhw;Wg; gz;G: ∀ 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 ∈ ℂ, 𝑧1 . 𝑧2 = 𝑧2 . 𝑧1 (1) , (2) ,y; ,Ue;J, (𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ). 𝑧3 = 𝑧1 𝑧3 + 𝑧2 𝑧3
III. Nrh;g;Gg; gz;G: ∀ 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 , 𝑧3 ∈ ℂ, (𝑧1 . 𝑧2 ). 𝑧3 = 𝑧1 . (𝑧2 . 𝑧3 ) 3. 𝑧1 = 2 + 5𝑖, 𝑧2 = −3 − 4𝑖 kw;Wk; 𝑧3 = 1 + 𝑖 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 kw;Wk; 𝑧3 Mfpatw;wpd;
VI. ngUf;fy; rkdp: ∀ 𝑧 ∈ ℂ, 𝑧. 1 = 1. 𝑧 = 𝑧 ⟹ 1 = 1 + 0𝑖 vd;gJ ngUf;fy; $l;ly; kw;Wk; ngUf;fy; Neh;khWfisf; fhz;f.
rkdp MFk;. 𝑧1 = 2 + 5𝑖 –d; $l;ly; Neh;khW −𝑧1 = −2 − 5𝑖 MFk;.
1 1 1
VII. ngUf;fy;; Neh;khW: ∀ 𝑧 ∈ ℂ ∃ 𝑧 ∈ ℂ ⋺ 𝑧. = . 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖0 ∈ ℂ , 𝑠𝑜
1 𝑧2 = −3 − 4𝑖 –d; $l;ly; Neh;khW - 𝑧2 = 3 + 4𝑖 MFk;.
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧3 = 1 + 𝑖 –d; $l;ly; Neh;khW −𝑧3 = −1 − 𝑖 MFk;.
vd;gJ ngUf;fy; Neh;khW MFk;. x y
𝑥 𝑦 z = x + iy –d; ngUf;fy;; Neh;khW z −1 = ( 2 2) + i (− 2 2)
 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 vdpy; ngUf;fy; Neh;khW 𝑧 −1 = ( 2 2) + 𝑖 (− 2 2) x +y x +y
𝑥 +𝑦 𝑥 +𝑦 2 5 2 5
−1
 Gq;fPl;L tpjp : ∀ 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 , 𝑧3 ∈ ℂ, (𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ). 𝑧3 = 𝑧1 𝑧3 + 𝑧2 𝑧3 (or) 𝑧1 = 2 + 5𝑖 –d; ngUf;fy;; Neh;khW z1 =( ) + i (− 22+52) = 29 − 29 𝑖
22 +52
∀ 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 , 𝑧3 ∈ ℂ , 𝑧1 . (𝑧2 + 𝑧3 ) = 𝑧1 𝑧2 + 𝑧1 𝑧3
𝑧2 = −3 − 4𝑖 –d; ngUf;fy;; Neh;khW 𝑧2 −1 = ((−3)2
−3
) + i (− (−3)2+(−4)2)
−4 + iy) = 𝑖(𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦) = 𝑖𝑥 − 𝑖 2 𝑦 = 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑥
(𝑖𝑖)𝑖𝑧̅ = 𝑖(x̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
+(−4)2
3 4 ∴ 𝑅𝑒(𝑖𝑧̅) = 𝑅𝑒(−𝑦 + 𝑖𝑥) = 𝑦
=− + 𝑖 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)3𝑧 + 4𝑧̅ − 4𝑖 = 3(x + iy) + 4x̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
+ iy − 4𝑖 = 3𝑥 + 3𝑦𝑖 + 4(𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦) − 4𝑖
25 25
1 1 1 1 = 3𝑥 + 3𝑦𝑖 + 4𝑥 − 4𝑦𝑖 − 4𝑖 = 7𝑥 − 𝑦𝑖 − 4𝑖 = 7𝑥 + 𝑖(−𝑦 − 4)
𝑧3 = 1 + 𝑖 –d; ngUf;fy;; Neh;khW z −1 = ( 2 2 ) + i (− 2 2) = − 𝑖
1 +1 1 +1 2 2
xU fyg;ngz;zpd; ,izf; fyg;ngz; ∴ 𝐼𝑚(3𝑧 + 4𝑧̅ − 4𝑖) = 𝐼𝑚(7𝑥 + 𝑖(−𝑦 − 4)) = −𝑦 − 4
z
 z = x + iy vd;w fyg;ngz;zpd; ,izf; fyg;ngz; z̅ = x − iy MFk;. 3. 𝑧1 = 2 − 𝑖 kw;Wk; 𝑧2 = −4 + 3𝑖 vdpy; 𝑧1 𝑧2 kw;Wk; 1 –d; Neh;kiwf; fhz;f.
z2
 𝑧𝑧̅ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑧1 𝑧2 = (2 − 𝑖 )(−4 + 3𝑖) = (−8 + 3) + 𝑖(6 + 4) = −5 + 10𝑖
z 𝑎+𝑖𝑏 𝑎𝑐+𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑐−𝑎𝑑
 1= = [ 2 2] + 𝑖 [ 2 2] (∵ 𝑧1 𝑧2 = (𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑) + 𝑖(𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐))
z2 𝑐+𝑖𝑑 𝑐 +𝑑 𝑐 +𝑑 x y −5 10
,izf; fyg;ngz;zpd; gz;Gfs;: 𝑧1 𝑧2 −d; Neh;khW= ( 2 2) + i (− 2 2) = ((−5)2 2 ) + i (− (−5)2 2)
x +y x +y +10 +10
 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
z1 + z2 = z̅1 + z̅2  Im(z) =
z−z̅
=
−5
−
10
𝑖=−
1
−
2
𝑖
2i
 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
z1 − z2 = z̅1 − z̅2 ̅̅̅̅̅̅
125 125 25 25
 (z ̅ n
n ) = (z) z1
=
2−𝑖
= [(−4)2
−8−3
] + 𝑖 [(−4)2
6−4
]=−
11 2
+ 𝑖
 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
z1 . z2 = z̅1 . z̅2 z2 −4+3𝑖 +32 +32 25 25
̅̅̅̅̅
z ̅̅̅
z
 z xU nka; vz; vd ,Ue;jhy;, ,Ue;jhy; z1 𝑎+𝑖𝑏 𝑎𝑐+𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑐−𝑎𝑑
 ( 1) = ̅̅̅1 , z2 ≠ 0 kl;LNk z = z̅ (∵ = =[ ]+𝑖[ ])
z2 z2 z2 𝑐+𝑖𝑑 𝑐 2 +𝑑 2 𝑐 2 +𝑑 2
 Re(z) =
z+z̅  z xU KOtJk; fw;gid vz; vd z1 x y
− d; Neh;khW= ( ) + i (− x2 +y2)
2 ,Ue;jhy; ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk z = −z̅ z2 x2 +y2
 z̿ = z −11⁄25 −2⁄25
=( 2 2 ) + i (− 2 2 )
gapw;rp 2.4 (−11⁄25) +(−2⁄25) (−11⁄25) +(−2⁄25)
1.fPo;f;fhz;gtw;iw nrt;tf tbtpy; vOJf: 11 2 11 2
=− 125 + 125 𝑖=− + 𝑖
10−5𝑖 25× 25× 5 5
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(𝑖)(5 + 9𝑖) + (2 − 4𝑖) (𝑖𝑖) (𝑖𝑖𝑖)3𝑖̅+ 1 625 625
6+2𝑖 2−𝑖 1 1 1
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 4. fyg;ngz;fs; 𝑢, 𝑣 kw;Wk; 𝑤 Mfpait = + vd;wthW
(𝑖)(5 + 9𝑖) + (2 − 4𝑖) = 5 + 9𝑖 + 2 − 4𝑖 = 5 − 9𝑖 + 2 + 4𝑖 = 7 − 5𝑖 𝑢 𝑣 𝑤
10−5𝑖 10−5𝑖 6−2𝑖 60−20𝑖−30𝑖+10𝑖 2 njhlh;GgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. 𝑣 = 3 − 4𝑖 kw;Wk; 𝑤 = 4 + 3𝑖 vdpy; 𝑢 −I nrt;tf
(𝑖𝑖 ) = × = tbtpy; vOJf.
6+2𝑖 6+2𝑖 6−2𝑖 62 +22
60−50𝑖−10 50−50𝑖 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 1
= = = − 𝑖 = + ⟹ = +
40 40 4 4 𝑢 𝑣 𝑤 𝑢 3−4𝑖 4+3𝑖
1 1 2+𝑖 2+𝑖 2 1 1 3+4𝑖 1 4−3𝑖
̅+
(𝑖𝑖𝑖)3𝑖 = −3𝑖 + × = −3𝑖 + = −3𝑖 + + 𝑖 =( × ) + (4+3𝑖 × 4−3𝑖 )
2−𝑖 2−𝑖 2+𝑖 22 +12 5 5 3−4𝑖 3+4𝑖
2 −15𝑖+𝑖 2 14 3+4𝑖 4−3𝑖
= + = − 𝑖 = +
5 5 5 5 32 +4 2 4 2 +32
1 1 7+𝑖
2. z = x + iy vdpy;fPo;f;fhz;gitfspd; nrt;tf tbtpidf; fhz;f. = (3 + 4𝑖 + 4 − 3𝑖) ⟹ =
1 25 𝑢 25
(𝑖)𝑅𝑒 ( ) (𝑖𝑖)𝑅𝑒(𝑖𝑧̅) (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝐼𝑚(3𝑧 + 4𝑧̅ − 4𝑖) 25 25 7−𝑖 25(7−𝑖) 25(7−𝑖) 7−𝑖 7 1
𝑧 𝑢= = × = 2 2 = = = − 𝑖
1 1 x−iy x−iy 𝑥 𝑦 1 𝑥 7+𝑖 7+𝑖 7−𝑖 7 +1 50 2 2 2
(𝑖) = × = = − 𝑖 ⟹ 𝑅𝑒 ( ) = 2 2 (or) 5.fPo;f;fhZk; gz;Gfis epWTf :
𝑧 x+iy x−iy 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑥 +𝑦
1 −1 ) 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 (i) z xU nka; vz; vd ,Ue;jhy;, ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk z = z̅
∴ 𝑅𝑒 ( ) = 𝑅𝑒(𝑧 = 𝑅𝑒 ( − 𝑖)=
𝑧 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
z+z̅ z−z̅ 19−7𝑖 19−7𝑖 9−𝑖 171−19𝑖−63𝑖+7𝑖 2 164−82𝑖 82(2−𝑖)
(𝑖𝑖)Re(z) = kw;Wk; (𝑖𝑖𝑖)Im(z) = (𝑖𝑖) = × = = = =2−𝑖
2 2i 9+𝑖 9+𝑖 9−𝑖 92 +12 82 82
(i)z xU nka; vdpy; ⟹ z = x + 0i 20−5𝑖 20−5𝑖 7+6𝑖 140+120𝑖−35𝑖−30𝑖 2 170+85𝑖
= × = = = 2+𝑖
z̅ = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑥 + 0𝑖 = 𝑥 − 0𝑖 = 𝑥 ⟹ z xU nka; vz; vd ,Ue;jhy;, ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk 7−6𝑖 7−6𝑖 7+6𝑖 72 +62 85
19−7𝑖 12 20−5𝑖 12
z = z̅ 𝑧=(
9+𝑖
) + ( 7−6𝑖 ) = (2 − 𝑖)12 − (2 + 𝑖)12
(𝑖𝑖) 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 ; 𝑅𝑒(𝑧) = 𝑥 → (1) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑧̅ = (2 − 𝑖)12 − (2 + 𝑖)12 = (2 − 𝑖)12 − ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(2 + 𝑖)12 = (2 + 𝑖)12 − (2 − 𝑖)12 = 𝑧
⟹ 𝑧̅ = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 19−7𝑖 12 20−5𝑖 12
𝑧+𝑧̅ ∴( ) +( ) vd;gJ nka; vz;.
𝑧 + 𝑧̅ = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 = 2𝑥 ⟹ = 𝑥 → (2) 9+𝑖 7−6𝑖
2 10 10
z+z̅
(1) , (2) ,y; ,Ue;J, Re(z) = 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟖 epWTf: (𝑖)(2 + 𝑖 √3) + (2 − 𝑖 √3) xU nka; vz; kw;Wk;
2
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 ; 𝐼𝑚(𝑧) = 𝑦 → (1) 19+9𝑖𝑖 15 8+𝑖 15
(𝑖𝑖) ( ) −( ) xU KOtJk; fw;gid vz;.
5−3𝑖 1+2𝑖
⟹ 𝑧̅ = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 3+4𝑖
𝑧−𝑧̅ 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟑 −I x + iy tbtpy; vOJf. ,jpypUe;J nka; kw;Wk;
𝑧 − 𝑧̅ = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 2𝑦𝑖 ⟹ = 𝑦 → (2) 5−12𝑖
2𝑖 fw;gid gFjpfisf; fhz;f.
z−z̅
(1) , (2) ,y; ,Ue;J, Im(z) = z1 𝑎+𝑖𝑏 𝑎𝑐+𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑐−𝑎𝑑
𝑛
2i = =[ ]+𝑖[ ]
z2 𝑐+𝑖𝑑 𝑐 2 +𝑑 2 𝑐 2 +𝑑 2
6. (√3 + 𝑖) MdJ 𝑛 −d; ve;j kPr;rpW kpif KO vz; kjpg;GfSf;F
3+4𝑖 15−48 20+36 −33+56𝑖 33 56
(𝑖)nka; (𝑖𝑖)KOtJk; fw;gid vz;fshf ,Uf;Fk;? =[ ]+𝑖[ ]= =− + 𝑖
5−12𝑖 52 +(−12)2 52 +(−12)2 169 169 169
3 33 56
(√3 + 𝑖) = 3√3 + 9𝑖 − 3√3 − 𝑖 = 8𝑖 nka; gFjp = − , fw;gidg; gFjp =
169 169
6 3 2
(√3 + 𝑖) = ((√3 + 𝑖) ) = (8𝑖)2 = −64 1+𝑖 3 1−𝑖 3
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟒 ( ) − ( ) −I nrt;tf tbtpy; RUf;Ff.
𝑛 1−𝑖 1+𝑖
(𝑖) 𝑛 = 6 vdpy; (√3 + 𝑖) nka;ahFk;. 1+𝑖 1−1 1+1 2𝑖
=[ ]+𝑖[ ] == =𝑖
𝑛 1−𝑖 12 +(−1)2 12 +(−1)2 2
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑛 = 3 vdpy; (√3 + 𝑖) KOtJk; fw;gid MFk;. 1−𝑖 1+𝑖 −1
10 10 =( ) = −𝑖
7.gpd;tUtdtw;iw epWTf: (𝑖)(2 + 𝑖√3) − (2 − 𝑖√3) vd;gJ KOtJk; 1+𝑖 1−𝑖
1+𝑖 3 1−𝑖 3
fw;gid. (1−𝑖) − (1+𝑖 ) = (𝑖)3 − (−𝑖)3 = −𝑖 − 𝑖 = −2𝑖
19−7𝑖 12 20−5𝑖 12 𝑧+3 1+4𝑖
(𝑖𝑖) ( ) +( ) vd;gJ nka; vz;. 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟓 = vdpy; fyg;ngz; 𝑧 −I nrt;tf tbtpy; fhz;f.
9+𝑖 7−6𝑖 𝑧−5𝑖 2
10 10 𝑧+3 1+4𝑖
(𝑖) 𝑧 = (2 + 𝑖√3) − (2 − 𝑖√3) = ⟹ 2(𝑧 + 3) = (1 + 4𝑖)(𝑧 − 5𝑖)
𝑧−5𝑖 2
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
10 10 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
10 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
10 ⟹ 2𝑧 + 6 = 𝑧 − 5𝑖 + 4𝑧𝑖 − 20𝑖 2
𝑧̅ = (2 + 𝑖√3) − (2 − 𝑖√3) = (2 + 𝑖√3) − (2 − 𝑖√3)
10 10 10 10 ⟹ 2𝑧 − 𝑧 − 4𝑧𝑖 = −5𝑖 + 20 − 6
= (2̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
+ 𝑖√3) − (2 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
− 𝑖√3) = (2 − 𝑖 √3) − (2 + 𝑖 √3) ⟹ 𝑧 − 4𝑧𝑖 = 14 − 5𝑖
10 10 ⟹ 𝑧(1 − 4𝑖) = 14 − 5𝑖
= − {(2 + 𝑖 √3) − (2 − 𝑖 √3) } = −𝑧
14−5𝑖 z1 𝑎+𝑖𝑏 𝑎𝑐+𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑐−𝑎𝑑
10 10 ⟹𝑧= = =[ ]+𝑖[ ]
∴ (2 + 𝑖 √3) − (2 − 𝑖 √3) vd;gJ KOtJk; fw;gid.. 1−4𝑖 z2 𝑐+𝑖𝑑 𝑐 2 +𝑑 2 𝑐 2 +𝑑 2
14+20 −5+56 34 51 gapw;rp 2.5
=[ ]+𝑖[ ]= +𝑖 = 2 + 3𝑖
12 +(−4)2 12 +(−4)2 17 17
z 1.fPo;f;fhZk; fyg;ngz;fspd; kl;L kjpg;gpidf; fhz;f.
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟔 𝑧1 = 3 − 2𝑖 kw;Wk; 𝑧2 = 6 + 4𝑖 vdpy; 1 − I nrt;tf tbtpy; 2𝑖 2−𝑖 1−2𝑖
z2 (𝑖) (𝑖𝑖) + (𝑖𝑖𝑖)(1 − 𝑖)10 (𝑖𝑣)2𝑖(3 − 4𝑖)(4 − 3𝑖)
fhz;f. 3+4𝑖 1+𝑖 1−𝑖
z1 3−2𝑖 3−2𝑖 6−4𝑖 18−12𝑖−12𝑖−8 10−24𝑖 2(5−12𝑖) 5−12𝑖 |𝑧| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
= = × = 2 2
= = =
z2 6+4𝑖 6+4𝑖 6−4𝑖 6 +4 52 52 26
−1 2𝑖 |2𝑖| √02 +22 √4 2
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟕 𝑧 = (2 + 3𝑖)(1 − 𝑖) vdpy; 𝑧 − If; fhz;f. (𝑖) | | = |3+4𝑖| = = =
3+4𝑖 √32 +4 2 √25 5
𝑧 = (2 + 3𝑖)(1 − 𝑖) = 2 − 2𝑖 + 3𝑖 − 3𝑖 2 = 2 + 𝑖 + 3 = 5 + 𝑖
𝒙 𝒚 𝟓 1 5 1
𝑧 −1 = ( 𝟐 𝟐) + 𝒊 (− 𝟐 𝟐) = ( 𝟐 𝟐) + i (− 2 2) = − i (𝑖𝑖) |
2−𝑖
+
1−2𝑖
|=|
(1−𝑖)(2−𝑖)+(1+𝑖)(1−2𝑖)
|=|
2−𝑖−2𝑖+𝑖 2 +1−2𝑖+𝑖−2𝑖 2
|
𝒙 +𝒚 𝒙 +𝒚 𝟓 +𝟏 5 +1 26 26
1+𝑖 1−𝑖 (1+𝑖)(1−𝑖) 12 +12
xU fyg;ngz;zpd; kl;L kjpg;G 2−𝑖−2𝑖−1+1−2𝑖+2 4−4𝑖
=| |=| | = |2 − 2𝑖| = √22 + 22 = √8 = 2√2
 𝑧 = x + iy vdpy; 𝑧 −d; kl;L kjpg;G |𝑧| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 MFk;. 2 2
10 10
 𝑧𝑧̅ = |𝑧|2 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)|(1 − 𝑖)10 | = |1 − 𝑖| = (√12 + 12 ) = √2 = 25 = 32
10
 fyg;ngz;zpd; kl;Lf;fhd gz;Gfs;: (𝑖𝑣)|2𝑖(3 − 4𝑖)(4 − 3𝑖)| = |2𝑖||3 − 4𝑖||4 − 3𝑖| = √02 + 22 √32 + 42 √42 + 32
 |𝑍| = |𝑍̅| = √4√25√25 = 2.5.5 = 50
 |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 | ≤ |𝑧1 | + |𝑧2 | ( Kf;Nfhzr; rkdpyp )
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟗 𝑧1 = 3 + 4𝑖 , 𝑧2 = 5 − 12𝑖 kw;Wk; 𝑧3 = 6 + 8𝑖 vdpy;
 |𝑧1 − 𝑧2 | ≥ |𝑧1 | − |𝑧2 |
|𝑧1 |, |𝑧2 |, |𝑧3 |, |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 |, |𝑧2 − 𝑧3 | kw;Wk; |𝑧1 + 𝑧3 | Mfpatw;wpd; kjpg;Gfisf;
 |𝑧1 𝑧2 | = |𝑧1 ||𝑧2 | fhz;f.
𝑧 |𝑧 |
 | 1| = |𝑧1 | , 𝑧2 ≠ 0 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟏𝟎 fPo;f;fhz;gitfspd; kjpg;Gfisf; fhz;f:
𝑧2 2
2+𝑖 𝑖(2+𝑖)3
 |𝑧 𝑛 | = |𝑧|𝑛 , 𝑛 xU KO vz;.. (𝑖) | | (𝑖𝑖)|̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(1 + 𝑖)(2 + 3𝑖)(4𝑖 − 3)| (𝑖𝑖𝑖) | |
−1+2𝑖 (1+𝑖)2
 𝑅𝑒(𝑧) ≤ |𝑧|
2. 𝑧1 kw;Wk; 𝑧2 vd;w VNjDk; ,U fyg;ngz;fSf;F |𝑧1 | = |𝑧2 | = 1 kw;Wk;
 𝐼𝑚(𝑧) ≤ |𝑧| 𝑧 +𝑧
 ||𝑧1 | − |𝑧2 || ≤ |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 | ≤ |𝑧1 | + |𝑧2 | 𝑧1 𝑧2 ≠ −1 vdpy; 1 2 Xh; nka; vz; vdf;fhl;Lf.
1+𝑧1 𝑧2
 𝑧1 kw;Wk; 𝑧2 Mfpa ,U fyg;ngz;fSf;F ,ilNaahd J}uk; |𝑧1 − 𝑧2 | juT : |𝑧1 | = |𝑧2 | = 1
1
(or) √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2 |𝑧1 | = 1 ⟹ |𝑧1 |2 = 1 ⟹ 𝑧1 𝑧̅1 = 1 ⟹ 𝑧̅1 =
𝑧1
 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 vDk; fyg;ngz;zpd; th;f;f%yk; fhz;gjw;fhd #j;jpuk; : 1
,JNghyNt 𝑧̅2 = .
|𝑧|+𝑎 𝑏 |𝑧|−𝑎 𝑧2
√𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = ± (√ 2
+ 𝑖 |𝑏| √
2
), 𝑤=
𝑧1 +𝑧2
vd;f.
1+𝑧1 𝑧2
𝑏 1 1 𝑧1 +𝑧2
 b Fiw vz; vdpy; = −1, x kw;Wk; y Mfpait ntt;NtW ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑧 +𝑧 ̅̅̅+𝑧
𝑧 ̅̅̅ ̅̅̅+𝑧
𝑧 ̅̅̅ +
𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧1 +𝑧2
|𝑏| ̅ = ( 1 2 ) = ̅ 1̅̅̅̅̅̅
⟹𝑤 2
= 1̅̅̅𝑧̅̅̅
2
= 1 1 = 1+𝑧1 𝑧2 = =𝑤
FwpAilait. 1+𝑧 𝑧 1+𝑧 𝑧 1 21+𝑧 1 2 1 2 1+ 1+𝑧1 𝑧2
𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧1 𝑧2
𝑏
 b kpif vz; vdpy; |𝑏|
= 1, x kw;Wk; y Mfpait xNu 𝑤
̅ = 𝑤. vdNt 𝑤 xU nka; vz;.
3. 10 − 8𝑖, 11 + 6𝑖 Mfpa Gs;spfspy; vg;Gs;sp 1 + 𝑖 −f;F kpf mUfhikapy;
FwpAilait.
,Uf;Fk;?
𝑧1 kw;Wk; 𝑧2 −f;F ,ilNa cs;s J}uk;= √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2 (1),y; ,Ue;J⟹ −2|𝑧| ≤ |𝑧|2 − 2
𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖, 𝑧1 = 10 − 8𝑖 ⟹ 2 ≤ |𝑧|2 + 2|𝑧|
𝑧 𝑧1 = √(1 − 10)2 + (1 + 8)2 = √81 + 81 = √162 = √2 × 81 = 9√2 ⟹ 3 ≤ |𝑧|2 + 2|𝑧| + 1 ( ,UGwKk; 1-I $l;Lf )
𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖, 𝑧2 = 11 + 6𝑖 ⟹ 3 ≤ (|𝑧| + 1)2
⟹ √3 ≤ |𝑧| + 1 ( ,UGwKk; th;f;f%yk; fhz)
𝑧 𝑧2 = √(1 − 11)2 + (1 − 6)2 = √100 + 125 = √125 = √5 × 25 = 5√5
5√5 < 9√2 .vdNt 11 + 6𝑖 MdJ 1 + 𝑖 −f;F kpf mUfhikapy; ,Uf;Fk;. ⟹ (√3 − 1) ≤ |𝑧| → (2)
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟏𝟏 𝑖, −2 + 𝑖 kw;Wk; 3 Mfpatw;wpy; ve;j fyg;ngz; MjpapypUe;J (1),y; ,Ue;J⟹ |𝑧|2 − 2 ≤ 2|𝑧|
mjpf njhiytpy; cs;sJ? ⟹ |𝑧|2 − 2|𝑧| ≤ 2
4.|𝑧| = 3 vdpy; 7 ≤ |𝑧 + 6 − 8𝑖| ≤ 13 vdf;fhl;Lf. ⟹ |𝑧|2 − 2|𝑧| + 1 ≤ 3 (,UGwKk; 1-I $l;Lf)
𝑧1 = 𝑧 kw;Wk; 𝑧2 = 6 − 8𝑖 vd;f. ⟹ (|𝑧| − 1)2 ≤ 3
||𝑧1 | − |𝑧2 || ≤ |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 | ≤ |𝑧1 | + |𝑧2 | ⟹ |𝑧| − 1 ≤ √3 (,UGwKk; th;f;f%yk; fhz)
⟹ |3 − √62 + 82 | ≤ |𝑧 + 6 − 8𝑖| ≤ 3 + √62 + 82 ⟹ |𝑧| ≤ (√3 + 1) → (3)
⟹ |3 − √100| ≤ |𝑧 + 6 − 8𝑖| ≤ 3 + √100 (2) , (3),y; ,Ue;J, √3 − 1 ≤ |𝑧| ≤ √3 + 1
⟹ |3 − 10| ≤ |𝑧 + 6 − 8𝑖| ≤ 3 + 10
vdNt |𝑧| −d; kPr;rpW kw;Wk; kPg;ngU kjpg;Gfs; √3 + 1 kw;Wk; √3 − 1 MFk;.
⟹ |−7| ≤ |𝑧 + 6 − 8𝑖| ≤ 13
7.𝑧1 , 𝑧2 kw;Wk; 𝑧3 vd;w %d;W fyg;ngz;fs;|𝑧1 | = 1, |𝑧2 | = 2, |𝑧3 | = 3 kw;Wk;
⟹ 7 ≤ |𝑧 + 6 − 8𝑖| ≤ 13
|𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 | = 1 vd;wthW cs;sJ vdpy; |9𝑧1 𝑧2 + 4𝑧1 𝑧3 + 𝑧2 𝑧3 | = 6 vd
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟏𝟑 |𝑧| = 2 vdpy; 3 ≤ |𝑧 + 3 + 4𝑖| ≤ 7 vdf;fhl;Lf. epWTf.
5.|𝑧| = 1 vdpy; 2 ≤ |𝑧 2 − 3| ≤ 4 vdf;fhl;Lf. |𝑧1 | = 1 ⟹ |𝑧1 |2 = 1 ⟹ 𝑧1 𝑧̅1 = 1 ⟹ 𝑧1 =
1
∵ 𝑧𝑧̅ = |𝑧|2
𝑧1 = 𝑧 2 kw;Wk; 𝑧2 = −3 vd;f. ̅̅̅
𝑧 1
4
||𝑧1 | − |𝑧2 || ≤ |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 | ≤ |𝑧1 | + |𝑧2 | |𝑧2 | = 2 ⟹ |𝑧2 |2 = 4 ⟹ 𝑧2 𝑧̅2 = 4 ⟹ 𝑧2 = ̅̅̅
𝑧2
⟹ ||𝑧|2 − |−3|| ≤ |𝑧 2 − 3| ≤ |𝑧|2 + |−3| |𝑧3 | = 3 ⟹ |𝑧3 |2 = 9 ⟹ 𝑧3 𝑧̅3 = 9 ⟹ 𝑧3 = ̅̅̅
9
𝑧3
⟹ |12 − 3| ≤ |𝑧 2 − 3| ≤ 12 + 3 1 4 9
⟹ |−2| ≤ |𝑧 2 − 3| ≤ 4 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 = ̅̅̅ + ̅̅̅ + ̅̅̅
𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3
⟹ 2 ≤ |𝑧 2 − 3| ≤ 4 ⟹ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 =
̅̅̅𝑧
𝑧 2 ̅̅̅+4𝑧
3 ̅̅̅𝑧
1 ̅̅̅+9𝑧
3 ̅̅̅𝑧
1 ̅̅̅
2
2 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3
6.|𝑧 − | = 2 vdpy; |𝑧| −d; kPr;rpW kw;Wk; kPg;ngU kjpg;Gfs; √3 + 1 kw;Wk; ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅𝑧
𝑧2 ̅̅̅+4𝑧 ̅̅̅𝑧
1 ̅̅̅+9𝑧
̅̅̅𝑧
1 ̅̅̅
𝑧 3 3 2
⟹ |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 | = | ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
|
√3 − 1 vd epWTf. 𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
|𝑧
̅̅̅𝑧
2 ̅̅̅+4𝑧
3 ̅̅̅𝑧̅
1 3 +9𝑧 ̅̅̅𝑧 2|
1 ̅̅̅
2 2
|𝑧 − | = 2 ⟹ 2 = |𝑧 − | ≥ ||𝑧| − | ||
2 ⟹ |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 | = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
|𝑧
̅̅̅𝑧
1 ̅̅̅𝑧 3|
2 ̅̅̅
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 |9𝑧1 𝑧2 +4𝑧1 𝑧3 +𝑧2 𝑧3 |
2 2 ⟹ |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 | = ∵ z̿ = z
⟹ ||𝑧| − | || ≤ 2 ⟹ −2 ≤ |𝑧| − | | ≤ 2 ∵ |𝑥 − 𝑎| ≤ 𝑟 ⟹ −𝑟 ≤ 𝑥 − 𝑎 ≤ 𝑟 |𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3 |
𝑧 𝑧 |9𝑧1 𝑧2 +4𝑧1 𝑧3 +𝑧2 𝑧3 |
2 |𝑧|2 −2 ⟹ |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 | = ∵ |𝑧1 𝑧2 | = |𝑧1 ||𝑧2 |
⟹ −2 ≤ |𝑧| − |𝑧| ≤ 2 ⟹ −2 ≤ |𝑧|
≤ 2 ⟹ −2|𝑧| ≤ |𝑧|2 − 2 ≤ 2|𝑧| → (1) |𝑧1 ||𝑧2 ||𝑧3 |
|9𝑧 𝑧 +4𝑧 𝑧 +𝑧 𝑧 |
⟹1= 1 2 1 3 2 3 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 vd;f.z= (𝑎, 𝑏) ⟹ |𝑧| = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
1.2.3
⟹ |9𝑧1 𝑧2 + 4𝑧1 𝑧3 + 𝑧2 𝑧3 | = 6
𝑖𝑧 = 𝑖(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏) = 𝑖𝑎 + 𝑖 2 𝑏 = −𝑏 + 𝑖𝑎 ⟹ |𝑖𝑧| = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = |𝑧|
(OR) 𝑧 + 𝑖𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 − 𝑏 + 𝑖𝑎 = (𝑎 − 𝑏) + 𝑖(𝑎 + 𝑏)
|𝑧1 | = 1 ⟹ |𝑧1 |2 = 1 ⟹ 𝑧1 𝑧̅1 = 1 ∵ 𝑧𝑧̅ = |𝑧|2 |𝑧 + 𝑖𝑧| = √(𝑎 − 𝑏)2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = √2(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )
|𝑧2 | = 2 ⟹ |𝑧2 |2 = 4 ⟹ 𝑧2 𝑧̅2 = 4 |𝑧|𝟐 + |𝑖𝑧|𝟐 = 𝟐(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) = |𝑧 + 𝑖𝑧|𝟐
|𝑧3 | = 3 ⟹ |𝑧3 |2 = 9 ⟹ 𝑧3 𝑧̅3 = 9 ∴ ,U rkgf;f nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzj;ij mikf;Fk;.
|9𝑧1 𝑧2 + 4𝑧1 𝑧3 + 𝑧2 𝑧3 | = |𝑧3 𝑧̅3 𝑧1 𝑧2 + 𝑧2 𝑧̅2 𝑧1 𝑧3 + 𝑧1 𝑧̅1 𝑧2 𝑧3 | Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; gug;G = 50 sq. units
1
= |(𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3 )(𝑧̅1 + 𝑧̅2 + 𝑧̅3 )| ⟹ |𝑧|. |𝑧| = 50
2
= |𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3 ||𝑧̅1 + 𝑧̅2 + 𝑧̅3 | ⟹ |𝑧|2 = 100
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
= |𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3 ||𝑧 1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 | ⟹ |𝑧| = 10
= |𝑧1 ||𝑧2 ||𝑧3 ||𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 | 1 √3 1 √3
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟏𝟒 1, − + 𝑖 kw;Wk; − − 𝑖 vd;w Gs;spfs; xU rkgf;f
= 1.2.3.1 2 2 2 2
=6 Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; Kidg;Gs;spfshf mikAk; vd epWTf.
1 √3 1 √3
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟏𝟐 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 kw;Wk; 𝑧3 Mfpa fyg;ngz;fs; |𝑧1 | = |𝑧2 | = |𝑧3 | = 𝑧1 = 1, 𝑧2 = − + 𝑖 kw;Wk; 𝑧3 = − − 𝑖
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
|𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 | = 1 vd;wthW ,Ue;jhy;; | + + | −d; kjpg;igf; fhz;f. Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; gf;fq;fspd; ePsq;fs;,
𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3
2
1 √3 3 √3 3 2 √3 9 3 12
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟏𝟓 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 kw;Wk; 𝑧3 vd;w fyg;ngz;fs; |𝑧1 | = |𝑧2 | = |𝑧3 | = 𝑟 > |𝑧1 − 𝑧2 | = |1 − (− + 𝑖 )| =| −𝑖 | = √ ( ) + ( ) = √ + = √ = √3
𝑧 𝑧 +𝑧 𝑧 +𝑧 𝑧 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4
0 kw;Wk; 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 ≠ 0 vdTk; ,Ue;jhy; | 1 2 2 3 3 1| = 𝑟vd epWTf. 2
𝑧1 +𝑧2 +𝑧3 1 √3 1 √3 1 √3 1 √3 2√3
𝑟2 |𝑧2 − 𝑧3 | = |(− + 𝑖 ) − (− − 𝑖 )| = |− + 𝑖 + + 𝑖 | = √ ( ) = √3
|𝑧1 | = 𝑟 ⟹ |𝑧1 |2 = 𝑟 2 ⟹ 𝑧1 𝑧̅1 = 𝑟 2 ⟹ 𝑧1 = ∵ 𝑧𝑧̅ = |𝑧|2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
̅̅̅ 𝑧1 2
𝑟2 1 √3 3 √3 3 2 √3 9 3
|𝑧2 | = 𝑟 ⟹ |𝑧2 |2 = 𝑟 2 ⟹ 𝑧2 𝑧̅2 = 𝑟 2 ⟹ 𝑧2 = |𝑧3 − 𝑧1 | = |(− − 𝑖 ) − 1| = |− − 𝑖 | = √ ( ) + ( ) = √ + = √3
̅̅̅
𝑧2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4
𝑟2 %d;W gf;fq;fspd; ePsq;fs; rkk;, vdNt xU rkgf;f Kf;Nfhzj;jpd;
|𝑧3 | = 𝑟 ⟹ |𝑧3 |2 = 𝑟 2 ⟹ 𝑧3 𝑧̅3 = 𝑟 2 ⟹ 𝑧3 =
̅̅̅ 𝑧3 Kidg;Gs;spfshf mikAk;.
𝑟2 𝑟2 𝑟2 ̅̅̅𝑧
𝑧 ̅̅̅+𝑧 ̅̅̅𝑧̅̅̅+𝑧
̅̅̅𝑧̅̅̅
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 = ̅̅̅ + ̅̅̅ + ̅̅̅ = 𝑟 2 ( 2 3 1 3
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
1 2
) 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟏𝟖 𝑧 = 3 + 2𝑖 vdf;nfhz;L 𝑧, 𝑖𝑧 kw;Wk; 𝑧 + 𝑖𝑧 Mfpatw;iw
𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3 𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
|𝑧
Mh;fz;l; jsj;jpy; Fwpf;f. ,f;fyg;ngz;fs; Xh; ,U rkgf;f nrq;Nfhz
̅̅̅𝑧
𝑧 ̅̅̅+𝑧̅̅̅𝑧
1 ̅̅̅+𝑧
3 ̅̅̅𝑧1 ̅̅̅ ̅̅̅𝑧̅̅̅+𝑧̅̅̅𝑧
1 ̅̅̅+𝑧
3 ̅̅̅𝑧 2|
1 ̅̅̅ |𝑧1 𝑧2 +𝑧2 𝑧3 +𝑧3 𝑧1 |
⟹ |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 | = |𝑟 2 | | 2 3 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 2
| = 𝑟 2 2 3|𝑧̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ |
= 𝑟2 |𝑧1 ||𝑧2 ||𝑧3 |
Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; gf;fq;fshf mikAk; vd epWTf.
𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3 1 𝑧2 𝑧3
𝑧 = 3 + 2𝑖 = 𝐴(3,2)
|𝑧1 𝑧2 +𝑧2 𝑧3 +𝑧3 𝑧1 | |𝑧1 𝑧2 +𝑧2 𝑧3 +𝑧3 𝑧1 | 𝑖𝑧 = 𝑖(3 + 2𝑖) = −2 + 3𝑖 = 𝐵(−2,3)
⟹ |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 | = 𝑟 2 ⟹ |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 | = 𝑧 + 𝑖𝑧 = 3 + 2𝑖 − 2 + 3𝑖 = 1 + 5𝑖 = 𝐶(1,5)
𝑟.𝑟.𝑟 𝑟
𝑧1 𝑧2 +𝑧2 𝑧3 +𝑧3 𝑧1 Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; gf;fq;fspd; ePsq;fs;,
⟹| |=𝑟
𝑧1 +𝑧2 +𝑧3
8. 𝑧, 𝑖𝑧 kw;Wk; 𝑧 + 𝑖𝑧 Mfpatw;iw Kidg;Gs;spfshff; nfhz;L mikf;fg;gLk; 𝐴𝐵 = √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2 = √(3 + 2)2 + (2 − 3)2 = √25 + 1 = √26
Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; gug;G 50 rJu myFfs; vdpy; |𝑧| −d; kjpg;gpidf; fhz;f. 𝐵𝐶 = √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2 = √(−2 − 1)2 + (3 − 5)2 = √9 + 4 = √13
𝐶𝐴 = √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2 = √(1 − 3)2 + (5 − 2)2 = √4 + 9 = √13 10−6 8 10+6
√−6 + 8𝑖 = ± (√ +𝑖 √ ) = ±(√2 + 𝑖√8) = ±(√2 + 𝑖2√2)
𝐴𝐵2 = 26 , 𝐵𝐶 2 = 13, 𝐶𝐴2 = 13 2 8 2
(𝑖)𝐵𝐶 = 𝐶𝐴 = √13 kw;Wk; (𝑖𝑖)𝐵𝐶 2 + 𝐶𝐴2 = 13 + 13 = 26 = 𝐴𝐵2 . vdNt (𝑖𝑖𝑖) − 5 − 12𝑖 4

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s Gs;spfs; ,U rkgf;f nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; 𝑎 = −5, 𝑏 = −12, |𝑧| = √52 + 122 = √169 = 13
gf;fq;fshf mikAk;.
13−5 −12 13+5
9. 𝑧 3 + 2𝑧̅ = 0 vd;w rkd;ghl;bw;F Ie;J jPh;Tfs; ,Uf;Fk; vd epWTf. √−5 − 12𝑖 = ± (√
2
+𝑖
12
√
2
) = ±(√4 − 𝑖 √9) = ±(2 − 3𝑖)
𝑧 3 + 2𝑧̅ = 0
⟹ 𝑧 3 = −2𝑧̅ 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟏𝟕 Find the square root of 6 + 8𝑖
⟹ |𝑧 3 | = |−2||𝑧̅| fyg;ngz;fspd; tbtpay; kw;Wk; epakg;ghij
 XU jsj;jpy; epiyahd Gs;spf;Fk; efUk; Gs;spf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l J}uk;
⟹ |𝑧 3 | = 2|𝑧| vg;nghOJk; khwpypahf ,Uf;FkhW efUk; Gs;spapd; epakg;ghij xU
⟹ |𝑧|3 − 2|𝑧| = 0 tl;lk; MFk;. epiyahd Gs;sp tl;lj;jpd; ikak; kw;Wk; khwpyp
⟹ |𝑧|(|𝑧|2 − 2) = 0 njhiyT tl;lj;jpd; Muk; MFk;.
 fyg;ngz; tbtpy; tl;lj;jpd; rkd;ghL: |𝑧 − 𝑧0 | = 𝑟.
⟹ |𝑧| = 0 ⟹ 𝑧 = 0 vd;gJ xU jPh;T, |𝑧|2 − 2 = 0 ⟹ 𝑧𝑧̅ − 2 = 0 ⟹ 𝑧̅ = 2
𝑧  |𝑧 − 𝑧0 | < 𝑟 MdJ tl;lj;jpd; cs;gFjpapy; cs;s Gs;spfisf;
2 Fwpf;fpwJ.
𝑧̅ = vd 𝑧 3 + 2𝑧̅ = 0 ,y; gpujpapLf,
𝑧
2
 |𝑧 − 𝑧0 | > 𝑟 MdJ tl;lj;jpd; ntspg;gFjpapy; cs;s Gs;spfisf;
⟹ 𝑧 + 2 ( ) = 0 ⟹ 𝑧 4 + 4 = 0 ,jw;F ehd;F jPh;Tfs; ,Uf;Fk;.
3
Fwpf;fpwJ..
𝑧
3
vdNt 𝑧 + 2𝑧̅ = 0 −f;F Ie;J jPh;Tfs; ,Uf;Fk;.  𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 vd;gJ Mjpia ikakhfTk; 𝑟 myF Muk; nfhz;l
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟏𝟔 𝑧 2 = 𝑧̅ vd;w rkd;ghl;bw;F ehd;F %yq;fs; ,Uf;Fk; vd tl;lj;jpd; rkd;ghL MFk;.
epWTf.  Muk; 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
10.fPo;f;fhz;gitfspd; th;f;f%yk; fhz;f : a+ib 𝑎𝑐+𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑐−𝑎𝑑
 z= vdpy; Re(Z) = kw;Wk; Im(Z) =
𝑐+𝑖𝑑 𝑐 2 +𝑑 2 𝑐 2 +𝑑 2
(𝑖)4 + 3𝑖 (𝑖𝑖) − 6 + 8𝑖 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) − 5 − 12𝑖.
gapw;rp 2.6
𝑧−4𝑖
|𝑧| + 𝑎 𝑏 |𝑧| − 𝑎 1.𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 vd;w VNjDk; xU fyg;ngz; | | = 1 vDkhW mike;jhy;
√𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = ± (√ +𝑖 √ ) 𝑧+4𝑖
2 |𝑏| 2 𝑧 −d; epakg;ghij nka; mr;R vdf;fhl;Lf.
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
(𝑖)4 + 3𝑖 𝑧−4𝑖
| | = 1 ⟹ |𝑧 − 4𝑖| = |𝑧 + 4𝑖|
𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = 3, |𝑧| = √42 + 32 = √25 = 5 𝑧+4𝑖
⟹ |𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 4𝑖| = |𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 4𝑖|
5+4 3 5−4 3 1
√4 + 3𝑖 = ± (√ +𝑖 √ ) = ±( +𝑖 ) ⟹ |𝑥 + 𝑖(𝑦 − 4)| = |𝑥 + 𝑖(𝑦 + 4)|
2 3 2 √2 √2
⟹ √𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 4)2 = √𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 4)2
(𝑖𝑖) − 6 + 8𝑖
,UGwKk; th;f;fg;gLj;j,
𝑎 = −6, 𝑏 = 8, |𝑧| = √62 + 82 = √100 = 10
⟹ 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 4)2 = 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 4)2
⟹ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 + 16 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 8𝑦 + 16
⟹ 8𝑦 = 0 ⟹𝑥+𝑦 =0
1
⟹𝑦=0 (𝑖𝑣)𝑧̅ = 𝑧 −1 ⟹ 𝑧̅ = ⟹ 𝑧𝑧̅ = 1 ⟹ (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦) = 1 ⟹ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1
𝑧
∴ 𝑧 −d; epakg;ghij nka; mr;R MFk;.
2𝑧+1
4.gpd;tUk; rkd;ghLfs; tl;lj;ij Fwpf;fpwJ vdf;fhl;Lf. NkYk; ,jd;
2.𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 vd;w VNjDk; xU fyg;ngz; 𝐼𝑚 ( ) = 0 vDkhW mike;jhy; ikak; kw;Wk; Muj;ijf; fhz;f. (𝑖)|𝑧 − 2 − 𝑖| = 3 (𝑖𝑖)|2𝑧 + 2 − 4𝑖| = 2
𝑖𝑧+1
𝑧 −d; epakg;ghij 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0 vdf;fhl;Lf. (𝑖𝑖𝑖)|3𝑧 − 6 + 12𝑖| = 8
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 tl;lj;jpd; rkd;ghL : |𝑧 − 𝑧0 | = 𝑟
2𝑧+1 2(𝑥+𝑖𝑦)+1 (2𝑥+1)+𝑖2𝑦 𝑏𝑐−𝑎𝑑
= = Im(Z) = (𝑖)|𝑧 − 2 − 𝑖| = 3 ⟹ |𝑧 − (2 + 𝑖)| = 3
𝑖𝑧+1 𝑖(𝑥+𝑖𝑦)+1 (1−𝑦)+𝑖𝑥 𝑐 2 +𝑑 2
ikak; = 2 + 𝑖 = (2,1) ; Muk; = 3 myFfs;
Here 𝑎 = 2𝑥 + 1 , 𝑏 = 2𝑦, 𝑐 = 1 − 𝑦, 𝑑 = 𝑥 (𝑖𝑖)|2𝑧 + 2 − 4𝑖| = 2 ⟹ 2 |𝑧 + 1 − 2𝑖| = 2 ⟹ |𝑧 − (−1 + 2𝑖)| = 1
2𝑧+1 2𝑦(1−𝑦)−𝑥(2𝑥+1)
𝐼𝑚 ( )=0⟹ (1−𝑦)2 +𝑥 2
= 0 ⟹ 2𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 = 0 ikak; = −1 + 2𝑖 = (−1,2) ; Muk; = 1myF
𝑖𝑧+1
8
⟹ 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)|3𝑧 − 6 + 12𝑖| = 8 ⟹ 3|𝑧 − 2 + 4𝑖| = 8 ⟹ |𝑧 − (2 − 4𝑖)| =
3
3.gpd;tUk; rkd;ghLfspy; 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 −d; epakg;ghijia fhh;l;Brpad; tbtpy; ikak; = 2 − 4𝑖 = (2, −4) ; Muk; = myFfs;
8
fhz;f. (𝑖)[𝑅𝑒(𝑖𝑧)]2 = 3 (𝑖𝑖)𝐼𝑚[(1 − 𝑖)𝑧 + 1] = 0 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)|𝑧 + 𝑖| = |𝑧 − 1| 3
(𝑖𝑣)𝑧̅ = 𝑧 −1 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟏𝟗 |3𝑧 − 5 + 𝑖| = 4 vd;w rkd;ghL tl;lj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ

vdf;fhl;Lf. ,jd; ikak; kw;Wk; Muj;ijf; fhz;f.
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
(𝑖)𝑖𝑧 = 𝑖(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑥 5. gpd;tUk; rkd;ghLfspy; 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − d; epakg;ghijia fhh;l;Brpad;
[𝑅𝑒(𝑖𝑧)]2 = 3 tbtpy; fhz;f. (𝑖)|𝑧 − 4| = 16 (𝑖𝑖)|𝑧 − 4|2 − |𝑧 − 1|2 = 16
⟹ [𝑅𝑒(𝑦 − 𝑖𝑥 )]2 = 3 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
(𝑖)|𝑧 − 4| = 16 ⟹ |𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 4| = 16
⟹ 𝑦2 = 3
(𝑖𝑖)(1 − 𝑖)𝑧 + 1 = (1 − 𝑖)(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) + 1 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 𝑖𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 ⟹ |(𝑥 − 4) + 𝑖𝑦| = 16
= (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1) + 𝑖(𝑦 − 𝑥) ⟹ √(𝑥 − 4)2 + 𝑦 2 = 16
𝐼𝑚[(1 − 𝑖)𝑧 + 1] = 0 ,UGwKk; th;f;fg;gLj;j,
⟹ 𝐼𝑚[(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1) + 𝑖(𝑦 − 𝑥)] = 0 ⟹ (𝑥 − 4)2 + 𝑦 2 = 162
⟹ 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 0 (𝑜𝑟)𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 16 + 𝑦 2 = 256
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) |𝑧 + 𝑖| = |𝑧 − 1| ⟹ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 − 240 = 0
⟹ |𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑖| = |𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 1| (𝑖𝑖)|𝑧 − 4|2 − |𝑧 − 1|2 = 16 ⟹ |𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 4|2 − |𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 1|2 = 16
⟹ |𝑥 + 𝑖(𝑦 + 1)| = |(𝑥 − 1) + 𝑖𝑦| ⟹ |(𝑥 − 4) + 𝑖𝑦|2 − |(𝑥 − 1) + 𝑖𝑦|2 = 16
2 2
⟹ √(𝑥)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = √(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦)2 ⟹ (√(𝑥 − 4)2 + 𝑦 2 ) − √(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑦 2 = 16
,UGwKk; th;f;fg;gLj;j, ⟹ (𝑥 − 4)2 + 𝑦 2 − [(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑦 2 ] = 16
⟹ (𝑥)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦)2 ⟹ 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 16 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1 − 𝑦 2 = 16
⟹ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 2 ⟹ −6𝑥 − 1 = 0
⟹ 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 6𝑥 + 1 = 0
1
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟐𝟏 gpd;tUk; rkd;ghLfspy; epakg;ghijia fhh;l;Brpad; tbtpy;  𝑧 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃) ⟹ 𝑧 −1 = (cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝜃)
𝑟
fhz;f. (𝑖)|𝑧| = |𝑧 − 𝑖| (𝑖𝑖)|2𝑧 − 3 − 𝑖| = 3  I𝑧1 = 𝑟1 (cos 𝜃1 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃1 ), 𝑧2 = 𝑟2 (cos 𝜃2 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃2 ) vdpy;
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟐𝟎 |𝑧 + 2 − 𝑖| < 2 vd;gJ xU tl;lj;jpd; cs;gFjpapy; cs;s 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 [cos(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) + 𝑖 sin(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 )]
Gs;spfisf; Fwpf;Fk; vd fhl;Lf. mt;tl;ljpd; ikak; kw;Wk; Muj;ijf;
fhz;f.  𝑧1 = 𝑟1 (cos 𝜃1 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃1 ), 𝑧2 = 𝑟2 (cos 𝜃2 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃2 ) vdpy;
𝑧1 𝑟
|𝑧 + 2 − 𝑖| = 2 vdf;nfhs;f.⟹ |𝑧 − (−2 + 𝑖)| = 2. = 1 [cos(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 ) + 𝑖 sin(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 )]
𝑧2 𝑟2
ikak; = −2 + 𝑖 = (−2,1) ; Muk; = 2 myFfs;  rpy gaDs;s JUt tbtq;fs; :
∴ |𝑧 + 2 − 𝑖| < 2 vd;gJ xU tl;lj;jpd; cs;gFjpapy; cs;s Gs;spfisf; 1 = 𝑐𝑖𝑠(0) ; −1 = 𝑐𝑖𝑠(𝜋) ; 𝑖 = 𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( ) ; −𝑖 = 𝑐𝑖𝑠 (− )
𝜋 𝜋
Fwpf;Fk;. 2 2
𝑚1 −𝑚2
fyg;G vz;fspd; JUt tbtk; kw;Wk; A+yhpd; tbtk;  𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑚1 ) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑚2 ) =
1+𝑚1 𝑚2
 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 −d; Jut tbtk 𝑧 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃) (𝑜𝑟) 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝜃 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟐𝟐 gpd;tUk; fyg;ngz;fSf;F kl;L kw;wk; tPr;R Mfpatw;iwf;
 kl;L 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 fhz;f. (𝑖)√3 + 𝑖 (𝑖𝑖) − √3 + 𝑖 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) − √3 − 𝑖 (𝑖𝑣)√3 − 𝑖
𝑦
 𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) (𝑖)√3 + 𝑖
𝑥
𝜃 = 𝛼 ; 𝑖𝑓(+, +) 𝜃 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐼𝑠𝑡 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 2
𝜃 = 𝜋 − 𝛼 ; 𝑖𝑓(−, +) 𝜃 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 2𝑛𝑑 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 kl;L 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = √√3 + 12 = √4 = 2
 tPr;R arg 𝑧 = 𝜃 ; 𝑦 1 𝜋
𝜃 = −𝜋 + 𝛼 ; 𝑖𝑓(−, −) 𝜃 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 3𝑟𝑑 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 | | = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 | | =
𝑥 √3 6
{ 𝜃 = −𝛼 ; 𝑖𝑓(+, −) 𝜃 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 4𝑡ℎ 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 √3 + 𝑖 ⟹ (+, +) , vdNt tPr;rhdJ Kjy; fhy;gFjpapy; mikAk;.
 arg 𝑧 = 𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧 + 2𝑛𝜋 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝑧. 𝜃=𝛼⟹𝜃=
𝜋
 tPr;rpd; gz;Gfs; : 6
 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧1 𝑧2 ) = 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧1 ) + 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧2 ) (𝑖𝑖) − √3 + 𝑖
𝑧 2
 𝑎𝑟𝑔 ( 1 ) = 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧1 ) − 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧2 ) kl;L 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = √(−√3) + 12 = √4 = 2
𝑧2
𝑛)
 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧 = 𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑧 𝑦 1 𝜋
𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 | | =
 rpy Kjd;ik tPr;Rfs; kw;Wk; nghJ tPr;Rfs;: 𝑥 − 3 √ 6
𝑧 1 𝑖 −1 −𝑖 −√3 + 𝑖 ⟹ (−, +), vdNt tPr;rhdJ ,uz;lhtJ fhy;gFjpapy; mikAk;.
𝜋 5𝜋
𝜃 =𝜋−𝛼 ⟹𝜃 =𝜋− =
6 6
𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧 0 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) − √3 − 𝑖
−
2 2 2
kl;L 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = √(−√3) + (−1)2 = √4 = 2
𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑧 2𝑛𝜋 𝜋 2𝑛𝜋 + 𝜋 𝜋 𝑦 −1 𝜋
2𝑛𝜋 + 2𝑛𝜋 − 𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 | | =
2 2 𝑥 − 3 √ 6
𝑖𝜃 𝑖𝜃
 A+yhpd; tbtk;: 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 ; 𝑒 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 −√3 − 𝑖 ⟹ (−, −), vdNt tPr;rhdJ %d;whtJ fhy;gFjpapy; mikAk;.
 JUt tbtpd; gz;Gfs;: 𝜋
𝜃 = −𝜋 + 𝛼 ⟹ 𝜃 = −𝜋 + = −
5𝜋
6 6
(𝑖𝑣)√3 − 𝑖 𝑦 −√3 1 𝜋
𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 | | = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 | | = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 | | =
𝑥 3 √3 6
2 𝜋
kl;L 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 = √√3 + (−1)2 = √4 = 2 (+, −), vdNt tPr;rhdJ ehd;fhtJ fhy;gFjpapy; mikAk;⟹ 𝜃 = −𝛼 = −
6
𝑦 −1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝛼= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 | | = (1) ⟹ 3 − 𝑖 √3 = 2√3𝑐𝑖𝑠 (− ) = 2√3𝑐𝑖𝑠 (2𝑘𝜋 − ) , 𝑘 ∈ 𝑧
𝑥 √3 6 6 6
√3 − 𝑖 ⟹ (+, −), vdNt tPr;rhdJ ehd;fhtJ fhy;gFjpapy; mikAk;. (𝑖𝑖𝑖) − 2 − 𝑖2 = 𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠(𝜃) → (1)
𝜋 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = √(−2)2 + (−2)2 = √4 + 4 = √2 × 4 = 2√2
𝜃 = −𝛼 ⟹ 𝜃 = −
6 𝑦 −2 𝜋
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟐𝟒 𝑧 =
−2
vdpy; Kjd;ik tPr;R 𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧 −If; fhz;f. 𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 | | = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 |− | =
𝑥 2 4
1+𝑖 √3
−2 (−, −), vdNt tPr;rhdJ %d;whtJ fhy;gFjpapy; mikAk; ⟹ 𝜃 = −𝜋 + 𝛼 =
𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑧 = 𝑎𝑟𝑔 ( ) = 𝑎𝑟𝑔(−2) − 𝑎𝑟𝑔(1 + 𝑖 √3) → (1) 𝜋 3𝜋
1+𝑖 √3 −𝜋 + = −
𝑦 0 4 4
𝑎𝑟𝑔(−2) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 | |
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 | | = 0 (1) ⟹ −2 − 𝑖2 = 2√2𝑐𝑖𝑠 (−
3𝜋 3𝜋
𝑥 −2
4
) = 2√2𝑐𝑖𝑠 (2𝑘𝜋 − 4
),𝑘 ∈ 𝑧
−2 ⟹ (−, +), vdNt tPr;rhdJ ,uz;lhtJ fhy;gFjpapy; mikAk;. 𝑖−1
𝜃 =𝜋−𝛼 ⟹𝜃 =𝜋−0=𝜋 (𝑖𝑣) 𝜋 𝜋
cos +𝑖 sin
3 3
𝑦 √3 𝜋
𝑎𝑟𝑔(1 + 𝑖 √3) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 | | = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 | | = 𝑖 − 1 = −1 + 𝑖 = 𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠(𝜃) → (1)
𝑥 1 3
1 + 𝑖√3 ⟹ (+, +) , vdNt tPr;rhdJ Kjy; fhy;gFjpapy; mikAk;. 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = √(−1)2 + (1)2 = √2
𝜋 𝑦 1 𝜋
𝜃=𝛼⟹𝜃= 𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 | | = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 | | =
3 𝑥 −1 4
(1) ⟹ 𝑎𝑟𝑔 (
−2
)=𝜋−3=
𝜋 2𝜋 (−, +), vdNt tPr;rhdJ ,uz;lhtJ fhy;gFjpapy; mikAk;⟹ 𝜃 = 𝜋 − 𝛼 ⟹
1+𝑖 √ 3 3 𝜋 3𝜋
𝜃=𝜋− =
gapw;rp 2.7 4 4
3𝜋
1.fPo;f;fhZk; fyg;ngz;fspd; JUt tbtpidf; fhz;f. (1) ⟹ 𝑖 − 1 = √2𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( )
4
𝑖−1 3𝜋
(𝑖)2 + 𝑖2√3 (𝑖𝑖)3 − 𝑖 √3 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) − 2 − 𝑖2 (𝑖𝑣) 𝜋 𝜋 𝑖−1 √2𝑐𝑖𝑠( 4 ) 3𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋
cos +𝑖 sin
3 3 𝜋 𝜋 = 𝜋 = √2𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( − ) = √2𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( ) = √2𝑐𝑖𝑠 (2𝑘𝜋 + ) , 𝑘 ∈ 𝑧
cos +𝑖 sin 𝑐𝑖𝑠( 3 ) 4 3 12 12
3 3
(𝑖)2 + 𝑖2√3 = 𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠(𝜃) → (1)
2
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟐𝟑 (𝑖) − 1 − 𝑖 (𝑖𝑖)1 + 𝑖√3 vd;w fyg;ngz;fis JUt tbtpy;
𝑟= √𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 = √(2)2 + (2√3) = √4 + 12 = √16 = 4 fhz;f.
𝑦 2√3 𝜋 2.gpd;tUtdtw;iw nrt;tf tbtpy; vOJf.
𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 | | = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 | | = 𝜋
cos −𝑖 sin
𝜋
𝑥 2 3 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 6 6
𝜋 (𝑖) (cos + 𝑖 sin ) (cos + 𝑖 sin ) (𝑖𝑖)
(+, +) , vdNt tPr;rhdJ Kjy; fhy;gFjpapy; mikAk; ⟹ 𝜃 = 𝛼 = 6 6 12 12 𝜋 𝜋
2(cos 3 +𝑖 sin 3 )
3
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(1) ⟹ 2 + 𝑖2√3 = 4𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( ) = 4𝑐𝑖𝑠 (2𝑘𝜋 + ) , 𝑘 ∈ 𝑧 (𝑖) (cos + 𝑖 sin ) (cos + 𝑖 sin ) = cis ( ) + cis ( )
3 3 6 6 12 12 6 12
𝜋 𝜋
(𝑖𝑖)3 − 𝑖 √3 = 𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠(𝜃) → (1) = cis ( + )
6 12
2 3𝜋 𝜋
𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = √(3)2 + (−√3) = √9 + 3 = √4 × 3 = 2√3 = cis ( ) = 𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( )
12 4
𝜋 𝜋 𝑏
= cos + 𝑖 sin ⟹ ∑𝑛𝑟=1 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑎𝑏𝑟𝑟 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑎) + 2𝑘𝜋, 𝑘𝜖𝑍
4 4
1 1 1+𝑧
= +𝑖 4. = cos 2𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 2𝜃 vdpy; 𝑧 = 𝑖 tan 𝜃 vd epWTf.
√2 √2 1−𝑧
𝜋
cos −𝑖 sin
𝜋 1+𝑧
(𝑖𝑖) 6 6 = cos 2𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 2𝜃
𝜋 𝜋 1−𝑧
2(cos 3 +𝑖 sin 3 ) 1+𝑧
1 𝜋 𝜋 1 3𝜋 1 𝜋 1 𝜋 𝜋
,UGwKk; 1-I $l;l, + 1 = (1 + cos 2𝜃) + 𝑖 sin 2𝜃
1−𝑧
= 𝑐𝑖𝑠 (− − ) = 𝑐𝑖𝑠 (− ) = 2 𝑐𝑖𝑠 (− 2 ) = 2 [cos (− 2 ) + 𝑖 sin (− 2 )] 1+𝑧+1−𝑧
2 6 3 2 6 ⟹ = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑖2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
1 𝜋 𝜋 1−𝑧
= (cos − 𝑖 sin ) 2
2 2 2 ⟹ = 2 cos 𝜃 [cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃]
1 1−𝑧
= (0 − 𝑖) ÷ 2⟹
1
= cos 𝜃 [cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃]
2
1 1−𝑧
=− 𝑖 ⟹
1
=1−𝑧
2
3 𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋 cos 𝜃[cos 𝜃+𝑖 sin 𝜃]
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟐𝟓 (cos + 𝑖 sin ) . 6 (cos + 𝑖 sin ) vd;w ngUf;fj;jpd; ⟹𝑧 =1−
1
2 3 3 6 6
cos 𝜃[cos 𝜃+𝑖 sin 𝜃]
kjpg;gpid nrt;tf tbtpy; fhz;f. 1 cos 𝜃−𝑖 sin 𝜃
9𝜋
2(cos
9𝜋
+𝑖 sin )
⟹𝑧 =1− ×
4 4 cos 𝜃[cos 𝜃+𝑖 sin 𝜃] cos 𝜃−𝑖 sin 𝜃
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟐𝟔 −3𝜋 −3𝜋 vd;w tFj;jypd; kjpg;gpid nrt;tf cos 𝜃−𝑖 sin 𝜃
4(cos( 2 )+𝑖 sin( 2 )) ⟹𝑧 =1−
cos 𝜃(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃+𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)
tbtpy; fhz;f. cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
⟹𝑧 =1−[ −𝑖 ]
3.(𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 )(𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 ) … . . (𝑥𝑛 + 𝑖𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 vdpy; cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃
(i) (𝑥12 + 𝑦12 )(𝑥22 + 𝑦22 ) … . . (𝑥𝑛2 + 𝑦𝑛2 ) = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ⟹ 𝑧 = 1 − 1 + 𝑖 tan 𝜃
𝑏 ⟹ 𝑧 = 𝑖 tan 𝜃
(ii) ∑𝑛𝑟=1 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑎𝑏𝑟𝑟) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) + 2𝑘𝜋, 𝑘𝜖𝑍 vdf;fhl;Lf.
𝑎 5. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾 = 0 vdpy;
(𝑖)(𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 )(𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 ) … . . (𝑥𝑛 + 𝑖𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 (i) 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝛾 = 3 cos(𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾)
,UGwKk; kl;L fhz, (ii)𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝛾 = 3sin(𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾) vd epWTf.
⟹ |(𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 )(𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 ) … . . (𝑥𝑛 + 𝑖𝑦𝑛 )| = |𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏| 𝑎 = 𝑐𝑖𝑠𝛼, 𝑏 = 𝑐𝑖𝑠𝛽, 𝑐 = 𝑐𝑖𝑠𝛾 vd;f.
⟹ |𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 ||𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 | … … . . |𝑥𝑛 + 𝑖𝑦𝑛 | = |𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏| 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0 vdpy; 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 = 3𝑎𝑏𝑐
⟹ √(𝑥21 + 𝑦21 )√(𝑥22 + 𝑦22 ) … . . √(𝑥2𝑛 + 𝑦2𝑛 ) = √𝑎2 + 𝑏2 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾) + 𝑖(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾) = 0
𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 = 3𝑎𝑏𝑐
,UGwKk; th;f;fg;gLj;j, ⟹ (𝑐𝑖𝑠𝛼)3 + (𝑐𝑖𝑠𝛽)3 + (𝑐𝑖𝑠𝛾)3 = 3𝑐𝑖𝑠𝛼. 𝑐𝑖𝑠𝛽. 𝑐𝑖𝑠𝛾
⟹ (𝑥12 + 𝑦12 )(𝑥22 + 𝑦22 ) … . . (𝑥𝑛2 + 𝑦𝑛2 ) = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ⟹ 𝑐𝑖𝑠(3𝛼) + 𝑐𝑖𝑠(3𝛽) + 𝑐𝑖𝑠(3𝛾) = 3𝑐𝑖𝑠(𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾)
(𝑖)(𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 )(𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 ) … . . (𝑥𝑛 + 𝑖𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 ⟹ (𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝛾) + 𝑖(𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝛾) = 3(cos(𝛼 + 𝛽 +
,UGwKk; tPr;R fhz, 𝛾)) + 𝑖3(sin(𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾))
⟹ 𝑎𝑟𝑔[(𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 )(𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 ) … . . (𝑥𝑛 + 𝑖𝑦𝑛 )] = 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏) ,UGwKk; nka; kw;Wk; fw;gidg; gFjpfis rkd;gLj;j,
𝑏
⟹ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑦𝑥11 ) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑦𝑥22 ) + ⋯ . +𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑦𝑥𝑛𝑛 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝛾 = 3 cos(𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾)
𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝛾 = 3sin(𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾)
𝑧−𝑖 𝜋
6. 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 kw;Wk; 𝑎𝑟𝑔 ( ) = vdpy; 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2 = 0  (cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝜃)𝑛 = cos 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃
vdf;fhl;Lf.
𝑧+2 4
 (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)−𝑛 = cos 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃
𝑍 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦  (cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝜃)−𝑛 = cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃
𝑧−𝑖 𝜋  sin 𝜃 + 𝑖 cos 𝜃 = 𝑖(cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝜃)
𝑎𝑟𝑔 ( ) =  fyg;ngz;zpd; 𝑛 −Mk; gb%yk; fhZk; #j;jpuk;:
𝑧+2 4
𝜋 1 1 𝜃+2𝑘𝜋
⇒ 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧 − 𝑖) − 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧 + 2) = 𝑧 ⁄𝑛 = 𝑟 ⁄𝑛 𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( ) , 𝑘 = 0,1, … . , (𝑛 − 1)
4 𝑛
𝜋  𝜔3 = 1 ⟹ 1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = 0
⇒ 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 𝑖) − 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 2) =
4  Xd;wpd; 𝑛 −Mk; gb%yq;fs; midj;jpd; $l;Lj;njhif G+r;rpak; MFk;.
𝜋
⇒ 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑖(𝑦 − 1)) − 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑥 + 2 + 𝑖𝑦) = (𝑖𝑒. , 1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 + ⋯ . +𝜔𝑛−1 = 0)
4  Xd;wpd; 𝑛 −Mk; gb%yq;fs; midj;jpd; ngUf;Fj;njhif
𝑦 − 1 𝑦 𝜋
⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = (−1)𝑛−1 . (𝑖𝑒. , 1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 + ⋯ . +𝜔𝑛−1 = (−1)𝑛−1 ) MFk;.
𝑥 𝑥+2 4  Xd;wpd; 𝑛 −Mk; gb%yq;fs; midj;Jk; ngUf;Fj;njhliu mikf;Fk;.
𝑦−1 𝑦
− 𝜋  Xd;wpd; 𝑛 −Mk; gb%yq;fs; midj;Jk; Mjpia ikakhfTk; Muk; 1
⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑥+2 =
𝑦−1 𝑦 nfhz;l tl;lj;jpd; kPJ miktJld; tl;lj;ij 𝑛 rkghfq;fshfg;
1+( × ) 4 gphpf;fpd;wJ. NkYk; ,it 𝑛 gf;fq;fs; nfhz;l gyNfhzj;ij
𝑥 𝑥+2
((𝑦 − 1))(𝑥 + 2) − 𝑥𝑦 mikf;fpd;wJ. .
𝑥(𝑥 + 2) 𝜋 gapw;rp 2.8
⇒ = tan 𝑎+𝑏𝜔+𝑐𝜔2 𝑎+𝑏𝜔+𝑐𝜔2
𝑦2 − 𝑦 4 1.𝜔 ≠ 1 vd;gJ xd;wpd; %d;whk; gb%yk; vdpy; + = −1
1+ 𝑏+𝑐𝜔+𝑎𝜔 2 𝑐+𝑎𝜔+𝑏𝜔2
𝑥(𝑥 + 2)
𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 − 𝑥 − 2 − 𝑥𝑦 vd epWTf.
𝑎+𝑏𝜔+𝑐𝜔2 𝑎+𝑏𝜔+𝑐𝜔2
(𝑥 + 2) 2
+
⟹ =1 𝑏+𝑐𝜔+𝑎𝜔 𝑐+𝑎𝜔+𝑏𝜔2
𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑦
2 𝑎+𝑏𝜔+𝑐𝜔2 𝜔 𝑎+𝑏𝜔+𝑐𝜔2 𝜔2
=( × )+( × 2)
(𝑥 + 2) 𝑏+𝑐𝜔+𝑎𝜔2 𝜔 𝑐+𝑎𝜔+𝑏𝜔2 𝜔
−𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2 𝜔(𝑎+𝑏𝜔+𝑐𝜔2 ) 𝜔2 (𝑎+𝑏𝜔+𝑐𝜔2 )
= + 𝜔3 = 1 ; 1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = 0
⟹ 2 =1 𝑎𝜔3 +𝑐𝜔2 +𝑏𝜔 𝑎𝜔3 +𝑏𝜔4 +𝑐𝜔2
𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 𝑦 𝜔(𝑎+𝑏𝜔+𝑐𝜔2 ) 𝜔2 (𝑎+𝑏𝜔+𝑐𝜔2 )
= +
⟹ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2 = 0 𝑎+𝑏𝜔+𝑐𝜔2 𝑎+𝑏𝜔+𝑐𝜔2
⟹ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2 = 0 = 𝜔 + 𝜔2
𝑧−1 𝜋 = −1
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟐𝟕 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 kw;Wk; 𝑎𝑟𝑔 ( ) = vdpy; 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 5 5
𝑧+1 2 √3 𝑖 √3 𝑖
vdf;fhl;Lf. 2. ( + ) + (2 − ) = −√3 vdf;fhl;Lf.
2 2 2
b kha;thpd; Njw;wKk; mjd; gad;ghLfSk; √3 𝑖
 b kha;thpd; Njw;wk;: nfhLf;fg;gl;l fyg;ngz; cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 kw;Wk; 𝑛 + = 𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠(𝜃) → (1)
2 2
vd;w KO vz;zpw;F (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)𝑛 = cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃. √3 1
2
3 1 2
 rpy KbTfs;: 𝑟= √𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 = √( ) + ( ) = √ + = √1 = 1
2 2 4 4
1⁄ 𝑥𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 1
𝛼=
𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 | | = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1
| 32 | =
𝜋 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) − = 2𝑖 sin(𝑚𝛼 − 𝑛𝛽) (𝑖𝑣)𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 + = 2 cos(𝑚𝛼 + 𝑛𝛽)
𝑦𝑛 𝑥𝑚 𝑥𝑚𝑦𝑛
𝑥 √ ⁄ 6 1
2
𝜋 𝑥 + = 2 cos 𝛼 ⟹ 𝑥 = 𝑥 = cos 𝛼 + 𝑖 sin 𝛼
(+, +) , vdNt tPr;rhdJ Kjy; fhy;gFjpapy; mikAk ⟹ 𝜃 = 𝛼 = 𝑥
1
6
√3 𝑖 𝜋 𝑦 + = 2 cos 𝛽 ⟹ 𝑦 = cos 𝛽 + 𝑖 sin 𝛽
𝑦
(1) ⟹ + = 𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( ) 𝑥 cos 𝛼+𝑖 sin 𝛼
2 2 6
5 5 (𝑖) = = cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) + 𝑖 sin(𝛼 − 𝛽)
√3 𝑖 𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋 𝑦 cos 𝛽+𝑖 sin 𝛽
⟹ (2 + ) = [𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( )] = 𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( ) = cos ( ) + 𝑖 sin ( ) 𝑦 𝑥 −1
2 6 6 6 6
5 =( ) = cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) − 𝑖 sin(𝛼 − 𝛽)
√3 𝑖 5𝜋 5𝜋 𝑥 𝑦
,JNghyNt, (2 − ) = cos ( ) − 𝑖 sin ( ) 𝑥 𝑦
+ = 2 cos(𝛼 − 𝛽)
2 6 6
5 5 𝑦 𝑥
√3 𝑖 √3 𝑖 5𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋
(2 + ) + (2 − ) = cos ( ) + 𝑖 sin ( ) + cos ( ) − 𝑖 sin ( ) (𝑖𝑖) 𝑥𝑦 = (cos 𝛼 + 𝑖 sin 𝛼)(cos 𝛽 + 𝑖 sin 𝛽) = cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) + 𝑖 sin(𝛼 + 𝛽)
2 2 6 6 6 6 1
5𝜋 5×180 √3 = (𝑥𝑦)−1 = cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) − 𝑖 sin(𝛼 + 𝛽)
= 2 cos ( ) = 2 cos ( ) = 2 cos 150 = −2 cos 30 = −2 × = −√3 𝑥𝑦
6 6 2 1
18
31 𝑥𝑦 − = 2𝑖 sin(𝛼 + 𝛽)
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟑𝟏 RUf;Ff: (𝑖)(1 + 𝑖) (𝑖𝑖)(−√3 + 3𝑖) 𝑥𝑦
𝜋 𝜋 10 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑥 𝑚 = (cos 𝛼 + 𝑖 sin 𝛼)𝑚 = cos 𝑚𝛼 + 𝑖 sin 𝑚𝛼
1+sin +𝑖 cos
3. ( 10
𝜋
10
𝜋 ) −d; kjpg;G fhz;f. 𝑦 𝑛 = (cos 𝛽 + 𝑖 sin 𝛽)𝑛 = cos 𝑛𝛽 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝛽
1+sin −𝑖 cos 𝑥𝑚 cos 𝑚𝛼+𝑖 sin 𝑚𝛼
10 10
𝜋 𝜋 1 𝜋 𝜋 = = cos(𝑚𝛼 − 𝑛𝛽) + 𝑖 sin(𝑚𝛼 − 𝑛𝛽)
𝑧 = sin + 𝑖 cos vd;f. ⟹ = sin − 𝑖 cos 𝑦𝑛 cos 𝑛𝛽+𝑖 sin 𝑛𝛽
10 10 𝑧 10 10
10 10 𝑦 𝑛 𝑥 𝑚 −1
𝜋
1+sin +𝑖 cos
𝜋
1+𝑧 1+𝑧 10 =( ) = cos(𝑚𝛼 − 𝑛𝛽) − 𝑖 sin(𝑚𝛼 − 𝑛𝛽)
10 10 10 𝑥𝑚 𝑦𝑛
( 𝜋 𝜋 ) =( 1 ) =( × 𝑧) =𝑧 𝑥𝑚 𝑦 𝑛
1+sin −𝑖 cos 1+ 1+𝑧
10 10 𝑧 − = 2𝑖 sin(𝑚𝛼 − 𝑛𝛽)
𝑦𝑛 𝑥𝑚
𝜋 𝜋 10 𝜋 𝜋 10
𝑧 10 = (sin + 𝑖 cos ) = [𝑖 (cos − 𝑖 sin )] (𝑖𝑣)𝑥 𝑚
= (cos 𝛼 + 𝑖 sin 𝛼)𝑚 = cos 𝑚𝛼 + 𝑖 sin 𝑚𝛼
10 10 10 10
𝜋 𝜋 𝑦 𝑛 = (cos 𝛽 + 𝑖 sin 𝛽)𝑛 = cos 𝑛𝛽 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝛽
= 𝑖 10 [cos (10 × ) − 𝑖 sin (10 × )]
10 10 𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 = (cos 𝑚𝛼 + 𝑖 sin 𝑚𝛼)(cos 𝑛𝛽 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝛽)
= −1[cos 𝜋 − 𝑖 sin 𝜋] = cos(𝑚𝛼 + 𝑛𝛽) + 𝑖 sin(𝑚𝛼 + 𝑛𝛽)
= −1(−1 − 0) 1
𝑚 𝑛
= cos(𝑚𝛼 + 𝑛𝛽) − 𝑖 sin(𝑚𝛼 + 𝑛𝛽)
=1 𝑥 𝑦
𝑚 𝑛 1
𝜋 𝜋 18 𝑥 𝑦 + = 2 cos(𝑚𝛼 + 𝑛𝛽)
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟐𝟗 RUf;Ff: (sin + 𝑖 cos ) 𝑥 𝑚𝑦 𝑛
6 6 1 1
1+cos 2𝜃+𝑖 sin 2𝜃 30 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟐𝟖 𝑧 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 vdpy; 𝑧 𝑛 + 𝑛 = 2 cos 𝑛𝜃 kw;Wk; 𝑧 𝑛 − 𝑛 =
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟑𝟎 RUf;Ff: ( ) 𝑧 𝑧
1+cos 2𝜃−𝑖 sin 2𝜃
1 1
2 sin 𝑛𝜃 vd epWTf.
4. 2 cos 𝛼 = 𝑥 + kw;Wk; 2 cos 𝛽 = 𝑦 + ,vdf;nfhz;L fPo;f;fhz;gitfis 5. 𝑧 3 + 27 = 0 vd;w rkd;ghl;ilj; jPh;f;f.
𝑥 𝑦
1 1
epWTf. 𝑧 3 + 27 = 0 ⟹ 𝑧 3 = −27 ⟹ 𝑧 = (−27) ⁄3 = (27 × −1) ⁄3
𝑥 𝑦 1 1 1 1
(𝑖) + = 2 cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) (𝑖𝑖)𝑥𝑦 − = 2𝑖 sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) 𝑧 = 3(−1) ⁄3 = 3[𝑐𝑖𝑠(𝜋)] ⁄3 = 3[𝑐𝑖𝑠(2𝑘𝜋 + 𝜋)] ⁄3 , 𝑘 = 0,1,2
𝑦 𝑥 𝑥𝑦
𝜋
= 3𝑐𝑖𝑠(2𝑘 + 1) , 𝑘 = 0,1,2
3
𝜔3 = 1 ; 1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = 0
𝜋
= 3𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( ) , 3𝑐𝑖𝑠(𝜋), 3𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( )
5𝜋 (𝑖)(1 − 𝜔 + 𝜔2 )6 + (1 + 𝜔 − 𝜔2 )6
3 3
= (−𝜔 − 𝜔)6 + (−𝜔2 − 𝜔2 )6
6. 𝜔 ≠ 1 vd;gJ xd;wpd; %g;gb %yk; vdpy; (𝑧 − 1)3 + 8 = 0 vd;w
= (−2𝜔)6 + (−2𝜔2 )6 = 26 𝜔6 + 26 𝜔12 = 64(𝜔3 )2 + 64(𝜔3 )4 = 64 + 64 = 128
rkd;ghl;bd; %yq;fs; −1, 1 − 2𝜔, 1 − 2𝜔2 vdf;fhl;Lf. 11
(𝑖𝑖)(1 + 𝜔)(1 + 𝜔2 )(1 + 𝜔4 )(1 + 𝜔8 ) … . (1 + 𝜔2 )
(𝑧 − 1)3 + 8 = 0 2 3 11
⟹ (𝑧 − 1)3 = −8 = (1 + 𝜔)(1 + 𝜔2 )(1 + 𝜔2 )(1 + 𝜔2 ) … . (1 + 𝜔2 )
(𝑧−1)3 Nkw;fhZk; njhlhpy; 12 cWg;Gfs; cs;sd,
⟹ (𝑧 − 1)3 = (−2)3 ⟹ =1
(−2)3 = (1 + 𝜔)(1 + 𝜔2 )(1 + 𝜔4 )(1 + 𝜔8 ) … . .12 cWg;Gfs;
𝑧−1 3 = [(1 + 𝜔)(1 + 𝜔2 )][(1 + 𝜔)(1 + 𝜔2 )] …. 6 cWg;Gfs;
⟹( ) =1
−2
𝑧−1 1⁄ = [(1 + 𝜔)(1 + 𝜔2 )]6
⟹ = (1) 3
= (1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 + 𝜔3 )6
−2
1
⟹ 𝑧 − 1 = −2(1) ⁄3 ⟹ 𝑧 − 1 = −2[1 (𝑜𝑟) 𝜔 (𝑜𝑟) 𝜔2 ] = (0 + 1)6
𝑧 − 1 = −2(1) ⟹ 𝑧 − 1 = −2 ⟹ 𝑧 = −1 =1
⟹ {𝑧 − 1 = −2𝜔 ⟹ 𝑧 = 1 − 2𝜔 9. 𝑧 = 2 − 2𝑖 vdpy; Mjpiag; nghUj;J 𝑧 −I Nubad;fs; fbfhu jpirf;F
𝑧 − 1 = −2𝜔2 ⟹ 𝑧 = 1 − 2𝜔2 vjph; jpirapy; Row;wpdhy; 𝑧 −d; kjpg;ig fPo;f;fhZk; 𝜃 kjpg;GfSf;F
(𝑧 − 1)3 + 8 = 0-d; rkd;ghl;L %yq;fs; −1, 1 − 2𝜔, 1 − 2𝜔2 . fhz;f.(𝑖)𝜃 =
𝜋
(𝑖𝑖)𝜃 =
2𝜋
(𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝜃 =
3𝜋
3 3 2
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟑𝟒 𝑧 3 + 8𝑖 = 0 vd;w rkd;ghl;ilj; jPh;f;f. ,q;F 𝑧 ∈ ℂ. 𝑧 = 2 − 2𝑖 = 𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠(𝜃) → (1)
1 1
Note: 𝑧 3 + 8𝑖 = 0 ⟹ 𝑧 = (−8𝑖) ⁄3 ⟹ 𝑧 = −2(𝑖) ⁄3 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = √(2)2 + (−2)2 = √4 + 4 = √4 × 2 = 2√2
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟑𝟓 √3 + 𝑖 −d; vy;yh %d;whk; gb%yq;fisAk; fhz;f. 𝑦 −2 𝜋
2𝑘𝜋 2𝑘𝜋
𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 | | = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 | | =
𝑥 2 4
7. ∑8𝑘=1 (cos + 𝑖 sin ) −d; kjpg;G fhz;f. 𝜋
9 9 (+, −), vdNt tPr;rhdJ ehd;fhtJ fhy;gFjpapy; mikAk;.⟹ 𝜃 = −𝛼 = −
Xd;wpd; 𝑛 −Mk; gb%yq;fs; midj;jpd; $l;Lj;njhif G+r;rpak; MFk;. 4
𝜋
2𝑘𝜋 2𝑘𝜋 (1) ⟹ 𝑧 = 2 − 2𝑖 = 2√2𝑐𝑖𝑠 (− )
∑8𝑘=0 (cos + 𝑖 sin ) = 0 4
9 9 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
8 2𝑘𝜋 2𝑘𝜋 (𝑖) 𝜃 = vdpy;⟹ 𝑧 = 2√2𝑐𝑖𝑠 (− ) 𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( )
⟹ 𝑐𝑖𝑠(0) + ∑𝑘=1 (cos + 𝑖 sin ) =0 3 4 3
9 9 𝜋 𝜋
8 2𝑘𝜋 2𝑘𝜋 = 2√2𝑐𝑖𝑠 (− + )
⟹ 1 + ∑𝑘=1 (cos + 𝑖 sin ) = 0 4 3
9 9 −3𝜋+4𝜋
8 2𝑘𝜋 = 2√2𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( )
⟹ ∑𝑘=1 𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( ) = −1 12
9 𝜋
8 2𝑘𝜋 2𝑘𝜋 = 2√2𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( )
⟹ ∑𝑘=1 (cos + 𝑖 sin ) = −1 12
9 9 2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
8. 𝜔 ≠ 1 vd;gJ xd;wpd; %g;gb %yk; vdpy;, gpd;tUtdtw;iw epWTf. (𝑖𝑖) 𝜃 = vdpy;⟹ 𝑧 = 2√2𝑐𝑖𝑠 (− ) 𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( )
3 4 3
(𝑖)(1 − 𝜔 + 𝜔2 )6 + (1 + 𝜔 − 𝜔2 )6 = 128 = 2√2𝑐𝑖𝑠 (− +
𝜋 2𝜋
)
11 4 3
(𝑖𝑖)(1 + 𝜔)(1 + 𝜔2 )(1 + 𝜔4 )(1 + 𝜔8 ) … . (1 + 𝜔2 ) = 1
−3𝜋+8𝜋 4
= 2√2𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( ) 𝑥 = √−1 vd;f.
12 1
5𝜋 = (−1) ⁄4
= 2√2𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( ) 1
12
3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 = (𝑐𝑖𝑠𝜋)4
(𝑖𝑖) 𝜃 = vdpy;⟹ 𝑧 = 2√2𝑐𝑖𝑠 (− ) 𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( ) 1
2 4 2
𝜋 3𝜋 = [𝑐𝑖𝑠(2𝑘𝜋 + 𝜋)]4 , 𝑘 = 0,1,2,3
= 2√2𝑐𝑖𝑠 (− + ) 𝜋
= 𝑐𝑖𝑠(2𝑘 + 1) , 𝑘 = 0,1,2,3
4 2
−𝜋+6𝜋 4
= 2√2𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( ) 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
4 = 𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( ) , 𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( ) , 𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( ) , 𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( )
5𝜋 4 4 4 4
= 2√2𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( ) = cos 45 + 𝑖 sin 45 , cos 135 + 𝑖 sin 135 , cos 225 + 𝑖 sin 225 , cos 315 + 𝑖 sin 315
4
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟑𝟔 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 kw;Wk; 𝑧3 Mfpait |𝑧| = 2 vd;w tl;lj;jpd; kPjike;j = cos 45 + 𝑖 sin 45 , cos(90 + 45) + 𝑖 sin(90 + 45) , cos(180 + 45) +
𝑖 sin(180 + 45) , cos(360 − 45) + 𝑖 sin(360 − 45)
rkgf;f Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; cr;rpg;Gs;spfs; vd;f. NkYk; 𝑧1 = 1 + 𝑖 √3 vdpy; 𝑧2
= cos 45 + 𝑖 sin 45 , − cos 45 + 𝑖 sin 45 , − cos 45 − 𝑖 sin 45 , cos 45 − 𝑖 sin 45
kw;Wk; 𝑧3 −If; fhz;f. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
|𝑧| = 2 vd;gJ ikak; (0,0) kw;Wk; Muk; 2 myF cs;s tl;lj;jpd; = + 𝑖, − + 𝑖, − − 𝑖, − 𝑖
√2 √2 √2 √2 √2 √2 √2 √2
1
rkd;ghlhFk;. 𝐴, 𝐵 kw;Wk; 𝐶 vd;gd rkgf;f Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; Kidfs; vd;f. ∴𝑥=± (1 ± 𝑖)
√2
Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; gf;fq;fs; KiwNa 𝐴𝐵, 𝐵𝐶 kw;Wk; 𝐶𝐴 Mfpait ikaj;Jld;
2𝜋 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟑𝟐 xd;wpd; %d;whk; gb%yq;fisf; fhz;f.
Vw;gLj;Jk; Nfhzk; Nubad; MFk;. 1 1
3
2𝜋 4𝜋
𝑧 3 = 1 ⟹ 𝑧 = (1) ⁄3 = [𝑐𝑖𝑠(0)] ⁄3
𝑧1 −cld;𝑧2 kw;Wk; 𝑧3 Vw;gLj;Jk; Nfhzk; kw;Wk; MFk;. 1
⟹ 𝑧 = [𝑐𝑖𝑠(2𝑘𝜋 + 0)] ⁄3 , 𝑘 = 0,1,2
3 3
𝑧1 = 1 + 𝑖√3 ⟹ 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑖𝑠 (
2𝑘𝜋
) , 𝑘 = 0,1,2
2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 3
𝑧2 = 𝑧1 𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( ) = (1 + 𝑖 √3) [cos ( ) + 𝑖 sin ( )] 2𝜋 4𝜋
3 3 3 ⟹ 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑖𝑠(0), 𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( ) , 𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( )
3 3
= (1 + 𝑖 √3)[cos(180 − 60) + 𝑖 sin(180 − 60)] 𝜋 𝜋
⟹ 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑖𝑠(0), 𝑐𝑖𝑠 (𝜋 − ) , 𝑐𝑖𝑠 (𝜋 + )
= (1 + 𝑖 √3)(− cos 60 + 𝑖 sin 60) 3 3
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= (1 + 𝑖 √3) (− +
1 √3
𝑖 ) ⟹ 𝑧 = cos 0 + 𝑖 sin 0 , cos (𝜋 − ) + 𝑖 sin (𝜋 − ) , cos (𝜋 + ) + 𝑖 sin (𝜋 + )
3 3 3 3
2 2 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= −2 ⟹ 𝑧 = 1, − cos + 𝑖 sin , − cos − 𝑖 sin
3 3 3 3
2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 1 √3 1 √3 −1+𝑖 √3 −1−𝑖 √3
𝑧3 = 𝑧2 𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( ) = −2 [cos ( ) + 𝑖 sin ( )] ⟹ 𝑧 = 1, − + 𝑖 ,− + 𝑖 ⟹ 𝑧 = 1, ,
3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
= −2[cos(180 − 60) + 𝑖 sin(180 − 60)] ∴ xd;wpd; %d;whk; gb%yq;fs; 1, 𝜔, 𝜔2 =1,
−1+𝑖 √3 −1−𝑖 √3
,
= −2(− cos 60 + 𝑖 sin 60) 2 2
1 √3 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟑𝟑 xd;wpd; ehd;fhk;; gb%yq;fisf; fhz;f.
= −2 (− + 𝑖 ) 1 1
2 2 𝑧 4 = 1 ⟹ 𝑧 = (1) ⁄4 = [𝑐𝑖𝑠(0)] ⁄4
= 1 − 𝑖 √3 1
4 1 ⟹ 𝑧 = [𝑐𝑖𝑠(2𝑘𝜋 + 0)] ⁄4 , 𝑘 = 0,1,2,3
10. √−1 −d; kjpg;Gfs; ± (1 ± 𝑖) vd epWTf. 2𝑘𝜋
√2 ⟹ 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( ) , 𝑘 = 0,1,2,3
4
2𝜋
⟹ 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑖𝑠(0), 𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( ) , 𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( ) , 𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( )
4𝜋 6𝜋
z1 . z2 = (𝑎
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
+ 𝑖𝑏)(𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑)
4 4 4 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝜋 3𝜋 = (𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑) + 𝑖(𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐)
⟹ 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑖𝑠(0), 𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( ) , 𝑐𝑖𝑠(𝜋), 𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( ) = (𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑) − 𝑖(𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐) → (1)
2 2
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
⟹ 𝑧 = cos 0 + 𝑖 sin 0 , cos ( ) + 𝑖 sin ( ) , cos(𝜋) + 𝑖 sin(𝜋) , cos ( ) + 𝑖 sin ( ) z̅1 . z̅2 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏. ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑
2 2 2 2
⟹ 𝑧 = 1, 𝑖, −1, −𝑖 = (𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏)(𝑐 − 𝑖𝑑)
∴ xd;wpd; ehd;fhk;; gb%yq;fs; 1, 𝜔, 𝜔2 , 𝜔3 = 1, 𝑖, −1, −𝑖. = (𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑) − 𝑖(𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐) → (2)
(1) ,(2) ,y; ,Ue;J, ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ z1 . z2 = z̅1 . z̅2 .
1.G+[;[pakw;w ve;j xU fyg;ngz; 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 −f;Fk; ngUf;fy; Neh;khwhdJ
𝒙 𝒚 4. 𝐳 xU KOtJk; fw;gid vz; vd ,Ue;jhy; ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk 𝐳 = −𝐳̅ vd
𝒛−𝟏 = ( ) + 𝒊 (− 𝒙𝟐+𝒚𝟐) MFk; vd epWTf. epWTf.
𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐
ep&gzk;: ep&gzk;:
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 −d; Neh;khW 𝑧 −1 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 vd;f. 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 ⟹ 𝑧̅ = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
𝑧𝑧 −1 = 1 ⟹ (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)(𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣) = 1 𝑧 = −𝑧̅ ⟺ 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = −(𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)
⟹ (𝑥𝑢 − 𝑦𝑣) + 𝑖(𝑥𝑣 + 𝑦𝑢) = 1 + 𝑖0 ⟺ 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = −𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
,UGwKk; nka; kw;Wk; fw;gidg; gFjpfis rkd;gLj;j, ⟺ 2𝑥 = 0
𝑥𝑢 − 𝑦𝑣 = 1 → (1) ; 𝑥𝑣 + 𝑦𝑢 = 0 → (2) ⟺𝑥=0
𝑥 −𝑦 1 −𝑦 𝑥 1 ⟺ 𝑧 KOtJk; fw;gid MFk;.
∆= |𝑦 𝑥 | = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ; ∆𝑢 = | | = 𝑥; ∆𝑣 = | | = −𝑦 5.Kf;Nfhzr; rkdpypia vOjp ep&gp. (or)
0 𝑥 𝑦 0
∆ 𝑥 ∆ −𝑦 𝒛𝟏 kw;Wk; 𝒛𝟐 vd;w VNjDk; ,U fyg;ngz;fSf;F |𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 | ≤ |𝒛𝟏 | + |𝒛𝟐 | vd
𝑢 = 𝑢 = 2 2 ;𝑣 = 𝑣 = 2 2
∆ 𝑥 +𝑦 ∆ 𝑥 +𝑦 epWTf.
𝑥 𝑦
𝑧 −1 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 ⟹ 𝑧 −1 = ( ) + 𝑖 (− 𝑥 2+𝑦2) ep&gzk;:
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
|𝑧1 + 𝑧2 |2 = (𝑧1 + 𝑧2 )(𝑧 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
1 + 𝑧2 ) (∵ 𝑧𝑧̅ = |𝑧|2 )
2.VNjDk; ,U fyg;ngz;fs; 𝒛𝟏 kw;Wk; 𝒛𝟐 −tpw;F 𝐳̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅𝟏 + 𝐳𝟐 = ̅̅̅𝐳𝟏 + ̅̅̅𝐳𝟐 vd
epWTf. = (𝑧1 + 𝑧2 )(𝑧̅1 + 𝑧̅2 ) (∵ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
z1 + z2 = z̅1 + z̅2 )
ep&gzk;: = 𝑧1 𝑧̅1 + (𝑧1 𝑧̅2 + 𝑧̅1 𝑧2 ) + 𝑧2 𝑧̅2
𝑧1 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 kw;Wk; 𝑧2 = 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 , 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ 𝑅 vd;f. = 𝑧1 𝑧̅1 + (𝑧1 𝑧̅2 + ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑧1 𝑧̅2 ) + 𝑧2 𝑧̅2 (∵ 𝑧̅̅ = 𝑧)
z1 + z2 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏) + (𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑) = |𝑧1 |2 + 2𝑅𝑒(𝑧1 𝑧̅2 ) + |𝑧2 |2 (∵ 𝑧 + 𝑧̅ = 2𝑅𝑒(𝑧))
2 2
= ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(𝑎 + 𝑐) + 𝑖(𝑏 + 𝑑) ≤ |𝑧1 | + 2|𝑧1 𝑧̅2 | + |𝑧2 | (∵ 𝑅𝑒(𝑧) ≤ |𝑧|)
2 2
= (𝑎 + 𝑐) − 𝑖(𝑏 + 𝑑) = |𝑧1 | + 2|𝑧1 ||𝑧2 | + |𝑧2 | (∵ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
z1 . z2 = z̅1 . z̅2 &|𝑧| = |𝑧̅|)
2
= (𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏) + (𝑐 − 𝑖𝑑) = (|𝑧1 | + |𝑧2 |)
= z̅1 + z̅2 ,UGwKk; th;f;gg ; Lj;j, |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 |2 ≤ |z1 | + |z2 |
3.VNjDk; ,U fyg;ngz;fs; 𝒛𝟏 kw;Wk; 𝒛𝟐 −tpw;F ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 𝐳𝟏 . 𝐳𝟐 = ̅̅̅.
𝐳𝟏 𝐳̅̅̅𝟐 , 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄, 𝒅 ∈ 6.VNjDk; ,U fyg;ngz;fs; 𝒛𝟏 kw;Wk; 𝒛𝟐 −tpw;F |𝐳𝟏 𝐳𝟐 | = |𝐳𝟏 ||𝐳𝟐 | vd
epWTf.
𝑹 vd epWTf.
ep&gzk;:
ep&gzk;:
|z1 z2 |2 = (z1 z2 )(z̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
1 z2 ) (∵ 𝑧𝑧̅ = |𝑧|2 )
𝑧1 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 kw;Wk; 𝑧2 = 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 , 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ 𝑅 vd;f.
= (z1 )(z2 )(z̅1 )(z̅2 ) (∵ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
z1 . z2 = z̅1 . z̅2 )
= (z1 𝑧̅1 )(z2 𝑧̅2 ) gy;YWg;Gf; Nfhit vdg;gLk;.
= |𝑧1 |2 |𝑧2 |2  𝑥 −d; midj;J kjpg;GfSf;Fk; gy;YWg;Gf; Nfhitr; rhh;Gfs;
,UGwKk; th;f;gg ; Lj;j, |z1 z2 | = |z1 ||z2 | tiuaWf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
𝟏  Xt;nthU G+r;rpakw;w khwpypAk; G+r;rpaj;ij gbahff; nfhz;l
7. 𝒛 = 𝒓(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽) vdpy; 𝒛−𝟏 = (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 − 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽) vd epWTf. gy;YWg;Gf; NfhitahFk;.
𝒓
ep&gzk;:  0 vDk; khwpypAk; xU gy;YWg;Gf;NfhitahFk;, ,J G+r;rpa gy;YWg;Gf;
𝑧 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃) Nfhit vdg;gLk;.
1
𝑧 −1 = =
1  gy;YWg;Gf; Nfhitapd; gb xU Fiwaw;w KO vz;zhf ,Uf;Fk;.
𝑧 𝑟(cos 𝜃+𝑖 sin 𝜃)  jiyikf; nfO G+r;rpak; nfhz;l xNu gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhit G+r;rpa
1 1 cos 𝜃−𝑖 sin 𝜃
= × gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhit kl;LNk MFk;.
𝑟 cos 𝜃+𝑖 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃−𝑖 sin 𝜃
1 cos 𝜃−𝑖 sin 𝜃  gb ,uz;L cila gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhit ,Ugbg; gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhit
= . vdg;gLk;.
𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃+𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
1
= (cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝜃)  gb %d;W cila gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhit Kg;gbg; gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhit
𝑟 vdg;gLk;.
8. 𝒛𝟏 = 𝒓𝟏 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝟏 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝟏 ), 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝟐 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝟐 ) vdpy;  gb ehd;F cila gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhit ehw;gbg; gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhit
𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐 [𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜽𝟏 + 𝜽𝟐 ) + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜽𝟏 + 𝜽𝟐 )] vd epWTf. vdg;gLk;.
ep&gzk;:  𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0vDk; ,Ugbr;rkd;ghl;bd; jPh;T fhz;gjw;fhd #j;jpuk;
z1 z2 = [𝑟1 (cos 𝜃1 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃1 )][𝑟2 (cos 𝜃2 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃2 )] 𝑥=
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
.
= 𝑟1 𝑟2 [(cos 𝜃1 cos 𝜃2 − sin 𝜃1 sin 𝜃2 ) + 𝑖(sin 𝜃1 cos 𝜃2 + cos 𝜃1 sin 𝜃2 )] 2𝑎
= 𝑟1 𝑟2 [cos(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) + 𝑖 sin(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 )]  gz;Gfhl;b ∆= 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
 ,Ugbr;rkd;ghl;bd; %yq;fspd; jd;ik :
9. 𝒛𝟏 = 𝒓𝟏 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝟏 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝟏 ), 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝟐 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝟐 ) vdpy; vd epWTf.
𝒛𝟏 𝒓  ∆> 0 vdpy; %yq;fs; nka; kw;Wk; ntt;Ntwhdit.
= 𝟏 [𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜽𝟏 − 𝜽𝟐 ) + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜽𝟏 − 𝜽𝟐 )]
𝒛𝟐 𝒓𝟐  ∆< 0 vdpy; %yq;fs; nka;aw;wit (m) fw;gid.
ep&gzk;:  ∆= 0 vdpy; %yq;fs; nka; kw;Wk; rkk;.
𝒛𝟏 𝑟1 (cos 𝜃1 +𝑖 sin 𝜃1)
=  ,Ugbr;rkd;ghl;bw;fhd tpal;lhtpd; #j;jpuk;: 𝛼, 𝛽 vd;gd %yq;fs;
𝒛𝟐 𝑟2 (cos 𝜃2 +𝑖 sin 𝜃2)
𝑟1 cos 𝜃1 +𝑖 sin 𝜃1 cos 𝜃2 −𝑖 sin 𝜃2 vdpy; 𝑥 2 − (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 + 𝛼𝛽 = 0.
= . × 𝑏
𝑟2 cos 𝜃2 +𝑖 sin 𝜃2 cos 𝜃2 −𝑖 sin 𝜃2  %yq;fspd; $l;Lg;gyd; (𝛼 + 𝛽) = −
𝑟1 (cos 𝜃1 cos 𝜃2+sin 𝜃1 sin 𝜃2 )+𝒊(sin 𝜃1 cos 𝜃2 −cos 𝜃1 sin 𝜃2 ) 𝑎
= . 𝑐
𝑟2 cos2 (θ2 )+sin2 (θ2 )  %yq;fspd; ngUf;gyd; (𝛼𝛽) =
𝑟1 𝑎
= [cos(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 ) + 𝑖 sin(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 )]  Kg;gbr; rkd;ghl;bw;fhd tpal;lhtpd; #j;jpuk;:
𝑟2
3. rkd;ghl;bay; 𝑥 3 − (∑ 1)𝑥 2 + (∑ 2)𝑥 − (∑ 3) = 0, ,q;F
𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
gy;YWg;Gf; Nfhitr; rkd;ghLfspd; mbg;gilf; $Wfs; ∑1 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = − ; ∑2 = 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = ; ∑ 3 = 𝛼𝛽𝛾 = −
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 = 0 vd;gJ gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhitr;
𝑛
 ehw;gb rkd;ghl;bw;fhd tpal;lhtpd; #j;jpuk;:
rkd;ghlhFk;.. 𝑏
∑1 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + 𝛿 = −
 jiyikf; nfO 1 vd ,Uf;Fk; gy;YWg;Gf; Nfhit jiy xw;iw 𝑎
𝑐
∑ 2 = 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛿 + 𝛿𝛼 = ⟹ 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 − 6 = 0
𝑎
𝑑 𝑖𝑖) 1,1 kw;Wk; −2
∑ 3 = 𝛼𝛽𝛾 + 𝛼𝛽𝛿 + 𝛼𝛾𝛿 + 𝛽𝛾𝛿 = −
𝑒
𝑎 𝛼 = 1, 𝛽 = 1, 𝛾 = −2 vd;f.
∑ 4 = 𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿 = ∑1 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = 1 + 1 − 2 = 0
𝑎
 𝒏 > 𝟑 vd;gjw;fhd tpal;lhtpd; #j;jpuk;: ∑2 = 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = (1 × 1) + (1 × −2) + (−2 × 1) = 1 − 2 − 2 = −3
∑3 = 𝛼𝛽𝛾 = 1 × 1 × (−2) = −2
𝑥 𝑛 − (∑ 𝛼1 ) 𝑥 𝑛−1 + (∑ 𝛼1 𝛼2 ) 𝑥 𝑛−2 − (∑ 𝛼1 𝛼2 𝛼3 ) 𝑥 𝑛−3 + ⋯ Kg;gbr; rkd;ghl;bw;fhd tpal;lhtpd; #j;jpuk;:
+ (−1)𝑛 𝛼1 𝛼2 … 𝛼𝑛 = 0 𝑥 3 − (∑ 1)𝑥 2 + (∑ 2)𝑥 − (∑ 3) = 0
gapw;rp 3.1 ⟹ 𝑥 3 − 0𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − (−2) = 0
1. xU fdr; rJug; ngl;bapd; gf;fq;fs; 1,2,3 myFfs; mjpfhpg;gjhy; ⟹ 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 2 = 0
fdr;rJug;ngl;bapd; nfhs;ssittpl 52 fd myFfs; mjpfKs;s (𝑖𝑖𝑖)2, −2 kw;Wk; 4
fdr;nrt;tfk; fpilf;fpwJ vdpy; fd nrt;tfj;jpd; nfhs;ssitf; fhz;f. 𝛼 = 2, 𝛽 = −2, 𝛾 = 4 vd;f.
fdr; rJuj;jpd; gf;fmsT 𝑥 vd;f. ∑1 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = 2 − 2 + 4 = 4
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tptug;gb, ∑2 = 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = (2 × −2) + (−2 × 4) + (4 × 2) = −4 − 8 + 8 = −4
fdr; nrt;tfj;jpd; ePsk;, mfyk; kw;Wk; cauk; KiwNa (𝑥 + 1), (𝑥 + 2) ∑3 = 𝛼𝛽𝛾 = 2 × (−2) × 4 = −16
kw;Wk; (𝑥 + 3) vd;f. Kg;gbr; rkd;ghl;bw;fhd tpal;lhtpd; #j;jpuk;:
fdr;nrt;tfj;jpd; fdmsT = fdr;rJuj;jpd; fdmsT+ 52. 𝑥 3 − (∑ 1)𝑥 2 + (∑ 2)𝑥 − (∑ 3) = 0
⟹ (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 + 3) = 𝑥 3 + 52 ⟹ 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − (−16) = 0
⟹ (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3) = 𝑥 3 + 52 [∵ (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏] ⟹ 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 16 = 0
⟹ 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 6 = 𝑥 3 + 52 3. 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4 = 0 vDk; Kg;gb rkd;ghl;bd; %yq;fs; 𝛼, 𝛽 kw;Wk; 𝛾
⟹ 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 6 − 𝑥 3 − 52 = 0 vdpy; fPo;f;fhZk; %yq;fisf; nfhz;L Kg;gb rkd;ghLfisf; fhz;f.
1 1 1
⟹ 6𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 − 46 = 0 (𝑖)2𝛼, 2𝛽, 2𝛾 (𝑖𝑖) , , (𝑖𝑖𝑖) − 𝛼, −𝛽 , − 𝛾
𝛼 𝛽 𝛾
⟹ (𝑥 − 2)(6𝑥 + 23) = 0 3 2
rkd;ghL: 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 4 = 0 ; %yq;fs; :𝛼, 𝛽 kw;Wk; 𝛾
⟹ 𝑥 = 2 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑥 = −23 (jPh;T my;y) 𝑏 2
∑1 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = − = − = −2
fdr;nrt;tfj;jpd; fdmsT = 𝑥 3 + 52 = 23 + 52 = 8 + 52 = 60 f.m. 𝑎 1
𝑐 3
2.nfhLf;fg;gl;l %yq;fisf; nfhz;L Kg;gb rkd;ghLfis cUthf;Ff ∑2 = 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = = =3
𝑎 1
(𝑖)1,2 kw;Wk; 3 𝑖𝑖) 1,1 kw;Wk; −2 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)2, −2 kw;Wk; 4 𝑑
∑3 = 𝛼𝛽𝛾 = − = − = −4
4
(𝑖)1,2 kw;Wk; 3 𝑎 1
(i) %yq;fs;:2𝛼, 2𝛽, 2𝛾
𝛼 = 1, 𝛽 = 2, 𝛾 = 3 vd;f.
∑1 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6 ∑1 = 2𝛼 + 2𝛽 + 2𝛾 = 2(𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾) = 2(−2) = −4
∑2 = 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = (1 × 2) + (2 × 3) + (3 × 1) = 2 + 6 + 3 = 11 ∑2 = (2𝛼)(2𝛽) + (2𝛽)(2𝛾) + (2𝛾)(2𝛼) = 4(𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼) = 4(3) = 12
∑3 = 𝛼𝛽𝛾 = 1 × 2 × 3 = 6 ∑3 = (2𝛼)(2𝛽)(2𝛾) = 8(𝛼𝛽𝛾) = 8 × (−4) = −32
Kg;gbr; rkd;ghl;bw;fhd tpal;lhtpd; #j;jpuk;:
𝑥 3 − (∑ 𝛼)𝑥 2 + (∑ 𝛼𝛽)𝑥 − (∑ 𝛼𝛽𝛾) = 0 𝑥 3 − (∑ 1)𝑥 2 + (∑ 2)𝑥 − (∑ 3) = 0
⟹ 𝑥 3 − (−4)𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − (−32) = 0 ⟹
𝛼 2 +1
=
10
⟹ 3𝛼 2 − 10𝛼 + 3 = 0 ⟹ (𝛼 − 3)(3𝛼 − 1) = 0 ⟹ 𝛼 = 3 (𝑜𝑟)
1
⟹ 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 32 = 0 𝛼 3 3
1 1 1 1 1
(ii) %yq;fs;: , ,
𝛼 𝛽 𝛾
𝛼 = 3 (𝑜𝑟) vdpy; (1) ⟹ 𝛽 = (𝑜𝑟)3
3 3
1 1 1 𝛼𝛽+𝛽𝛾+𝛾𝛼 3 1
∑1 = + + = =− vdNt %yq;fs; = 3, , 2
𝛼 𝛽 𝛾 𝛼𝛽𝛾 4 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 𝛼+𝛽+𝛾 −2 1 4 3 2
∑2 = ( × ) + ( × ) + ( × ) = + + = = = 5. 2𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 3 = 0 vDk; rkd;ghl;bd; %yq;fspd; th;f;fq;fspd;
𝛼 𝛽 𝛽 𝛾 𝛾 𝛼 𝛼𝛽 𝛽𝛾 𝛾𝛼 𝛼𝛽𝛾 −2 2 $Ljy; fhz;f.
1 1 1 1 1
∑3 = × × =
𝛼 𝛽 𝛾 𝛼𝛽𝛾
=−
4
rkd;ghL∶ 2𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 − 3 = 0 ; %yq;fs; :𝛼, 𝛽 kw;Wk; 𝛾
Kg;gbr; rkd;ghl;bw;fhd tpal;lhtpd; #j;jpuk;: 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = −8, 𝑐 = 6, 𝑑 = 0, 𝑒 = −3
𝑏 −8
𝑥 3 − (∑ 1)𝑥 2 + (∑ 2)𝑥 − (∑ 3) = 0 ∑1 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + 𝛿 = − = − = 4
3 1 1 𝑎 2
3 2 𝑐 6
⟹ 𝑥 − (− ) 𝑥 + 𝑥 − (− ) = 0 ∑2 = 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛼𝛿 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛽𝛿 + 𝛾𝛼 = = = 3
4 2 4 𝑎 2
3 2
⟹ 4𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1 = 0 2 2 2 2 2
(𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + 𝛿) = 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + 𝛿 − 2 ∑ 𝛼𝛽
(iii) %yq;fs;: −𝛼, −𝛽 , − 𝛾 ⟹ 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 + 𝛾 2 + 𝛿 2 = (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + 𝛿)2 − 2 ∑ 𝛼𝛽
∑1 = −(𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾) = − (−2) = 2 ⟹ 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 + 𝛾 2 + 𝛿 2 = (4)2 − 2(3) = 16 − 6 = 10
∑2 = (−𝛼)(−𝛽) + (−𝛽)(−𝛾) + (−𝛾)(−𝛼) = 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = 3 𝐸𝑋𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 3.4 𝑎𝑥 4 + 𝑏𝑥 3 + 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 = 0 vDk; rkd;ghl;bd; %yq;fspd;
∑3 = (−𝛼)(−𝛽)(−𝛾) = −(𝛼𝛽𝛾) = −(−4) = 4 th;f;fq;fspd; $Ljy; fhz;f. ,q;F 𝑎 ≠ 0 MFk;.
6. 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 + 24 = 0 vDk; rkd;ghl;bd; ,U %yq;fs; 3: 2 vd;w
𝑥 3 − (∑ 1)𝑥 2 + (∑ 2)𝑥 − ∑ 3 = 0 tpfpjj;jpy; mike;jhy; rkd;ghl;ilf; fhz;f.
⟹ 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 = 0 rkd;ghL∶ 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 + 24 = 0 ; %yq;fs; :𝛼, 𝛽 kw;Wk; 𝛾
4. 3𝑥 3 − 16𝑥 2 + 23𝑥 − 6 = 0 vDk; rkd;ghl;bd; ,U %yq;fspd; ngUf;fy; 1 ,U %yq;fs; 3: 2 vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; mike;Js;sjhy;, 𝛼, 𝛽 = 3𝑝 , 𝛾 = 2𝑝
vdpy; rkd;ghl;bid jPh;f;f. 𝑏 −9
rkd;ghL:3𝑥 3 − 16𝑥 2 + 23𝑥 − 6 = 0 ; %yq;fs; :𝛼, 𝛽 kw;Wk; 𝛾 ∑1 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + 𝛿 = − = − = 9 ⟹ 𝛼 + 3𝑝 + 2𝑝 = 9
𝑎 1
1 ⟹ 𝛼 = 9 − 5𝑝 → (1)
,U %yq;fspd; ngUf;fy; 1⟹ 𝛼𝛽 = 1 ⟹ 𝛽 = → (1)
𝛼 𝑐 14
𝑏 −16 16 16 ∑2 = 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = = ⟹ 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = 14
∑1 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = − = − = ⟹𝛼+𝛽+𝛾 = → (2) 𝑎 1
𝑎 3 3 3
𝑐 23 23 ⟹ (9 − 5𝑝)3𝑝 + (3𝑝)(2𝑝) + (2𝑝)(9 − 5𝑝) = 14
∑2 = 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = = ⟹ 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = → (3) ⟹ 27𝑝 − 15𝑝2 + 6𝑝2 + 18𝑝 − 10𝑝2 − 14 = 0
𝑎 3 3
𝑑 −6
∑3 = 𝛼𝛽𝛾 = − = − = 2 ⟹ 𝛼𝛽𝛾 = 2 → (4) ⟹ −19𝑝2 + 45𝑝 − 14 = 0
𝑎 3
(1) , (4) ,y; ,Ue;J,⟹ (1)𝛾 = 2 ⟹ 𝛾 = 2 ⟹ 19𝑝2 − 45𝑝 + 14 = 0
16 10
⟹ 19𝑝2 − 38𝑝 − 7𝑝 + 14 = 0
(2) ⟹ 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 2 = ⟹𝛼+𝛽 = ⟹ 19𝑝(𝑝 − 2) − 7(𝑝 − 2) = 0
3 3
1 10 ⟹ (𝑝 − 2)(19𝑝 − 7) = 0
⟹𝛼+ = ( (1),y; ,Ue;J) 7
𝛼 3
⟹ 𝑝 = 2 (𝑜𝑟) (jPh;T my;y)
19
vdNt %yq;fs; 9 − 5𝑝, 3𝑝, 2𝑝 = −1,6,4. ⟹ 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 20 = 0
7. 𝛼, 𝛽 kw;Wk; 𝛾 Mfpad 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0 vDk; gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhit 𝑝
𝛼 9. 𝑙𝑥 2 + 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛 = 0 vDk; rkd;ghl;bd; %yq;fs; 𝑝 kw;Wk; 𝑞 vdpy; √ +
rkd;ghl;bd; %yq;fshf ,Ug;gpd;, nfOf;fs; thapyhf ∑ −d; kjpg;igf; 𝑞
𝛽𝛾
fhz;f. 𝑞 𝑛
√𝑝 + √ 𝑙 = 0 vdf;fhl;Lf.
rkd;ghL∶ 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0 ; %yq;fs; :𝛼, 𝛽 kw;Wk; 𝛾 𝑛 𝑛
∑1 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = −
𝑏 𝑝+𝑞 =− ; 𝑝𝑞 =
𝑙 𝑙
𝑎
𝑐 𝑝 𝑞 √ 𝑛 √ 𝑝 𝑞 √𝑛 𝑝+𝑞 √𝑛 −𝑛⁄𝑙 √𝑛 √𝑛 √𝑛
∑2 = 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = √𝑞 + √𝑝 + √ 𝑙 = 𝑞 + 𝑝 + = + = + =− + =0
𝑎 √ √ √𝑙 √𝑝𝑞 √𝑙 √𝑙 √𝑙 √𝑙
𝑑 √𝑛⁄𝑙
∑3 = 𝛼𝛽𝛾 = −
𝑎
𝑏 2 𝑐
10. 𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 0 kw;Wk; 𝑥 2 + 𝑝′ 𝑥 + 𝑞 ′ = 0 Mfpa ,U rkd;ghLfSf;Fk;
𝛼 𝛼 𝛽 𝛾 𝛼 2 +𝛽 2 +𝛾2 (𝛼+𝛽+𝛾)2 −2 ∑ 𝛼𝛽 (− ) −2( ) 𝑝𝑞 ′−𝑝′ 𝑞 𝑞−𝑞 ′
∑1 = ∑ = + + = = = 𝑎
𝑑
𝑎
xU nghJthd %yk; ,Ug;gpd;, mk;%yk; my;yJ ′ MFk;
𝛽𝛾 𝛽𝛾 𝛼𝛾 𝛼𝛽 𝛼𝛽𝛾 𝛼𝛽𝛾 − 𝑞−𝑞 ′ 𝑝 −𝑝
𝑎
𝑏2 2𝑐 𝑎 vdf;fhl;Lf.
=( − ) (− 𝑑) 𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 0 kw;Wk 𝑥 2 + 𝑝′ 𝑥 + 𝑞 ′ = 0 Mfpa ,U rkd;ghLfSf;Fk; xU
𝑎2 𝑎
𝑏2 −2𝑎𝑐 𝑎 nghJthd %yk; 𝛼 vd;f.
=( ) (− 𝑑)
𝑎2 vdNt 𝛼 2 + 𝑝𝛼 + 𝑞 = 0 → (1) ; 𝛼 2 + 𝑝′ 𝛼 + 𝑞 ′ = 0 → (2)
2𝑎𝑐−𝑏2
= rkd; (1),(2) −I FWf;Fg; ngUf;fy; Kiwapy; jPh;f;f,
𝑎𝑑
𝐸𝑋𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 3.3 𝛼, 𝛽 kw;Wk; 𝛾 vd;gd 𝑥 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0 vDk; rkd;ghl;bd; 3 2 α2 α 1
1 𝑝 𝑞 1 𝑝
%yq;fshf ,Ue;jhy;, nfOf;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ∑ − d; kjpg;igf; fhz;f.
𝛽𝛾 𝑝′ 𝑞 ′ 1 𝑝′
4 3 2
8. 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 kw;Wk; 𝛿 Mfpad 2𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 7𝑥 + +8 = 0 vDk; gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhit 𝛼2 𝛼 1
⟹ = =
rkd;ghl;bd; %yq;fs; vdpy;, 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + 𝛿 kw;Wk; 𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿 Mfpatw;wpid 𝑝𝑞 ′ −𝑝′ 𝑞 𝑞−𝑞 ′ 𝑝′ −𝑝
%yq;fshfTk; KO vz;fis nfOf;fshfTk; nfhz;l Xh; ,Ugb 𝛼2 𝛼 𝛼 1
⟹ = (or) =
rkd;ghl;ilf; fhz;f. 𝑝𝑞 ′ −𝑝′ 𝑞 𝑞−𝑞 ′ 𝑞−𝑞 ′ 𝑝′ −𝑝
𝑝𝑞 ′ −𝑝′ 𝑞 𝑞−𝑞 ′
rkd;ghL∶ 2𝑥 4 + 5𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + +8 = 0 ; %yq;fs; : . 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 kw;Wk; 𝛿 ⟹𝛼 = (or) 𝛼 =
𝑞−𝑞 ′ 𝑝′ −𝑝
𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 5, 𝑐 = −7, 𝑑 = 0, 𝑒 = 8 11.xU vz;iz mjd; fd%yj;NjhL $l;bdhy; 6 fpilf;fpwJ vdpy; me;j
𝑏 5
∑1 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + 𝛿 = − = − vz;izf; fhZk; topia fzpjtpay; fzf;fhf khw;Wf.
𝑎 2
∑4 = 𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿 = = = 4
𝑒 8 Njitahd vz; 𝑥 vd;f.
𝑎 2 nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tptug;gb,
5 3
%yq;fspd; $l;Lg;gyd; = − + 4 = 3 3
𝑥 + √𝑥 = 6 ⟹ √𝑥 = 6 − 𝑥
2 2
5
%yq;fspd; ngUf;fw;gyd; = (− ) 4 = −10 ,UGwKk; 3-d; mLf;fhf khw;Wf, 𝑥 = (6 − 𝑥)3
2
Njitahd ,Ugbr;rkd;ghL: ⟹ 𝑥 = (6)3 − 3(6)2 𝑥 + 3(6)𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3
3 ⟹ 𝑥 = 216 − 108𝑥 + 18𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3
𝑥 2 −(%.$.g) 𝑥 +(%.ng.g) = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 2 − ( ) 𝑥 + (−10) = 0
2 ⟹ 𝑥 3 − 18𝑥 2 + 109𝑥 − 216 = 0
12.12 kP cauKs;s xU kuk; ,U gFjpfshf Kwpe;Js;sJ. Kwpe;j ,lk; 3 169
⟹ 𝑥 2 − (− ) 𝑥 + ( ) = 0
4 4
tiu ,Uf;Fk; fPo;g;gFjp, cilg;gpd; Nkw;gFjpapd; ePsj;jpd; fd%yk; MFk;. 2
,e;jj; jftiy fPo;g;gFjpapd; ePsk; fhZk; tifapy; fzpjtpay; fzf;fhf ⟹ 4𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 169 = 0
3 2
khw;Wf. 𝐸𝑋𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 3.5 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 vd;w Kg;gbr; rkd;ghl;bd; %yq;fs;
Kwpe;j gFjpapd; ePsk; 𝑥 vd;f. vdNt fPo;gg ; Fjpapd; ePsk; = 𝑥 . 𝑝: 𝑞: 𝑟 vDk; tpfpjj;jpy; mika epge;jidiaf; fhz;f.
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tptug;gb, 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 12 ⟹ 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 12 = 0
3 %yq;fs; 𝑝: 𝑞: 𝑟 vDk; tpfpjj;jpy; mike;Js;sjhy;, %yq;fs; 𝑝𝜆, 𝑞𝜆, 𝑟𝝀 vd;f.
𝑎 a
𝐸𝑋𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 3.1 17𝑥 2 + 43𝑥 − 73 = 0 vDk; ,Ugbr; rkd;ghl;bd; %yq;fs; ∑ 1 = 𝑝𝜆 + 𝑞𝜆 + 𝑟𝝀 = − ⟹ λ(p + q + r) = −a ⟹ λ = − → (1)
1 p+q+r
𝛼 kw;Wk; 𝛽 vdpy; 𝛼 + 2 kw;Wk; 𝛽 + 2 vd;gtw;iw %yq;fshff; nfhz;l xU 𝑐 3
∑3 = (𝑝𝜆)(𝑞𝜆)(𝑟𝝀) = − ⟹ 𝝀 𝑝𝑞𝑟 = −𝑐 ⟹ 𝝀 = − 3 𝑐
→ (2)
,Ugbr;rkd;ghl;il cUthf;fTk;. 1 𝑝𝑞𝑟
43 73 a 3 𝑐
𝛼+𝛽 =− ; 𝛼𝛽 = − (1) −I (2),y; gpujpapLf ⟹ (− ) = − 𝑝𝑞𝑟
17 17 p+q+r
43 25
%yq;fspd; $l;Lg;gyd; = 𝛼 + 2 + 𝛽 + 2 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 4 = − + 4 = 𝑎3 𝑐
17 17 ⟹ − (p+q+r)3 = −
𝑝𝑞𝑟
%yq;fspd; ngUf;fw;gyd; = (𝛼 + 2)(𝛽 + 2) = 𝛼𝛽 + 2𝛼 + 2𝛽 + 4
⟹ 𝑝𝑞𝑟𝑎 = 𝑐(p + q + r)3
3
= 𝛼𝛽 + 2(𝛼 + 𝛽) + 4
73 43 𝐸𝑋𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 3.6 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 vDk; Kg;gbr; rkd;ghl;bd; %yq;fspd;
= − + 2 (− ) + 4 th;f;fq;fisf; %yq;fshff; nfhz;l xU rkd;ghl;il cUthf;Ff.
17 17
=
−73−86
+4 rkd;ghL: 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 ; %yq;fs;: 𝛼, 𝛽 kw;Wk; 𝛾
17 𝑎
−159+68 ∑1 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = − = −𝑎
= 1
𝑏
17
91 ∑2 = 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = = 𝑏
=− 𝑐
1
17
∑3 = 𝛼𝛽𝛾 = − = −𝑐
Njitahd ,Ugbr;rkd;ghL: 𝑥 2 −(%.$.g) 𝑥 +(%.ng.g) = 0 1
25 91 %yq;fs;: 𝛼 2 , 𝛽 , 𝛾 2
2
⟹ 𝑥 2 − ( ) 𝑥 + (− ) = 0
17 17 ∑1 = 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 + 𝛾 2 = (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾)2 − 2(𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼) = 𝑎2 − 2𝑏
⟹ 17𝑥 2 − 25𝑥 − 91 = 0 ∑2 = 𝛼 2 𝛽 2 + 𝛽 2 𝛾 2 + 𝛾 2 𝛼 2 = (𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼)2 − 2𝛼𝛽𝛾(𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾)
𝐸𝑋𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 3.2 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 13 = 0 vDk; ,Ugbr; rkd;ghl;bd; %yq;fs; = 𝑏 2 − 2(−𝑐)(−𝑎) = 𝑏 2 − 2𝑐𝑎
𝛼 kw;Wk; 𝛽 vdpy; 𝛼 2 kw;Wk; 𝛽 2 Mfpatw;iw %yq;fshff; nfhz;l xU ∑3 = 𝛼 2 𝛽 2 𝛾 2 = (𝛼𝛽𝛾)2 = (−𝑐)2 = 𝑐 2
,Ugbr;rkd;ghl;il cUthf;fTk;. Kg;gbr; rkd;ghl;bw;fhd tpal;lhtpd; #j;jpuk;:
7 13
𝛼+𝛽 = ; 𝛼𝛽 = 𝑥 3 − (∑ 1)𝑥 2 + (∑ 2)𝑥 − (∑ 3) = 0
2 2
7 2 13 𝑥 3 − (𝑎2 − 2𝑏 )𝑥 2 + (𝑏2 − 2𝑐𝑎)𝑥 − 𝑐 2 = 0
%yq;fspd; $l;Lg;gyd = 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 = (𝛼 + 𝛽)2 − 2𝛼𝛽 = ( ) − 2 ( ) 𝐸𝑋𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 3.7 𝑝 vd;gJ xU nka;naz; vdpy;, 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑝𝑥 + 𝑝 + 2 = 0 cDk;
2 2
49 3
= − 13 = − rkd;ghl;bd; %yq;fspd; jd;ikia 𝑝 −d; mbg;gilapy; Muha;f.
4 4
13 2 169 gz;Gfhl;b ∆= 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
%yq;fspd; ngUf;fw;gyd; = 𝛼 2 𝛽2 = ( 𝛼𝛽)2 = ( ) = = (4𝑝)2 − 4(4)(𝑝 + 2)
2 4
2
Njitahd ,Ugbr;rkd;ghL: 𝑥 −(%.$.g) 𝑥 +(%.ng.g) = 0 = 16𝑝2 − 16𝑝 − 32
= 16(𝑝2 − 𝑝 − 2) 𝐸𝑋𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 3.8 2 − √3𝑖 − I %ykhff; nfhz;l Fiwe;jgl;r gbAld;
= 16(𝑝 + 1)(𝑝 − 2) tpfpjKW nfOf;fSila Xh; gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhitr; rkd;ghl;ilf; fhz;f.
−1 < 𝑝 < 2 vdpy; ∆< 0, vdNt %yq;fs; fw;gid MFk;. 𝐸𝑋𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 3.9 2 − √3 − I %ykhff; nfhz;l Fiwe;jgl;r gbAld;
𝑝 = −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑝 = 2 vdpy; ∆= 0, vdNt %yq;fs; nka; kw;Wk; rkk; MFk;. tpfpjKW nfOf;fSila Xh; gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhitr; rkd;ghl;ilf; fhz;f.
−∞ < 𝑝 < −1 𝑜𝑟 2 < 𝑝 < ∞ vdpy; ∆> 0, vdNt %yq;fs; nka; kw;Wk; 3. 2𝑖 + 3 − I %ykhff; nfhz;l Fiwe;jgl;r gbAld; tpfpjKW
ntt;Ntwhdit MFk;. nfOf;fSila Xh; gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhitr; rkd;ghl;ilf; fhz;f.
Gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhitr; rkd;ghLfspd; nfOf;fspd; gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; %yq;fspd; xU %yk; 𝛼 = 3 + 2𝑖 vdpy; kw;nwhU %yk; 𝛽 = 3 − 2𝑖 MFk;.
gz;Gfs; 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 3 + 2𝑖 + 3 − 2𝑖 = 6
 ,izf; fyg;ngz; %yj; Njw;wk;: nka;naz; nfOf;fSila xU 𝛼𝛽 = (3 + 2𝑖)(3 − 2𝑖) = 9 + 4 = 13
gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhit rkd;ghl;bw;F 𝑧0 xU fyg;ngz; %yk; vdpy;, mjd; ∴ Njitahd rkd;ghL∶ 𝑥 2 − (𝛼 + 𝛽 )𝑥 + (𝛼𝛽) = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 13 = 0
,izf; fyg;ngz; 𝑧̅0 −k; %ykhf ,Uf;Fk;. 4. √5 − √3 − I %ykhff; nfhz;l Fiwe;jgl;r gbAld; tpfpjKW
 fyg;ngz; %yq;fs; Nrhb %yq;fshfj;jhd; mikAk;. vdNt nfOf;fSila Xh; gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhitr; rkd;ghl;ilf; fhz;f.
%yq;fs; nka; kw;Wk;
xU %yk; √5 − √3. ⟹ 𝑥 = √5 − √3
 Xh; ,Ugbr; rkd;ghl;bd; xU %yk; 𝑝 + √𝑞 vdpy; 𝑝 − √𝑞 vd;gJk; xU
%yk;. ⟹ 𝑥 + √3 = √5
2 2
 √𝑝 + √𝑞 vd;gJ tpfpjKW vz;fis nfOf;fshff; nfhz;l xU ,UGwKk; th;f;fg;gLj;j, (𝑥 + √3) = √5
gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhit rkd;ghl;bd; %yk; vdpy; √𝑝 − √𝑞, − √𝑝 + √𝑞 ⟹ 𝑥 2 + 2√3𝑥 + 3 = 5
kw;Wk; −√𝑝 − √𝑞 MfpaitAk; %yq;fshFk;. ⟹ 𝑥 2 − 2 = 2√3𝑥
2
gapw;rp 3.2 ,UGwKk; th;f;fg;gLj;j, (𝑥 2 − 2)2 = (2√3𝑥)
2
1.𝑘 vd;gJ nka;naz; vdpy; 2𝑥 + 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0 vDk; gy;YWg;Gf; Nfhitr; ⟹ 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2 + 4 = 12𝑥 2
rkd;ghl;bd; %yq;fspd; ,ay;ig, 𝑘 topahf Muha;f. ⟹ 𝑥 4 − 16𝑥 2 + 4 = 0
𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 𝑘, 𝑐 = 𝑘 (OR)
∆= 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 𝑘 2 − 8𝑘 = 𝑘(𝑘 − 8) xU %yk; 𝛼 = √5 − √3
𝑘 <0 vdpy; ∆> 0 , vdNt %yq;fs; nka; MFk;. ∴ kw;w %yq;fs; 𝛽 = √5 + √3 , 𝛾 = −√5 + √3 , 𝛿 = −√5 − √3
𝑘 = 0 , 𝑘 = 8 vdpy;∆= 0, vdNt %yq;fs; nka; kw;Wk; rkk; MFk;. 𝛼 + 𝛽 = √5 − √3 + √5 + √3 = 2√5
0 < 𝑘 <8 vdpy; ∆< 0, vdNt %yq;fs; fw;gid MFk;. 𝛼𝛽 = (√5 − √3)(√5 + √3) = 5 − 3 = 2
𝑘 >8 vdpy; ∆> 0, vdNt %yq;fs; nka; kw;Wk; ntt;Ntwhdit MFk;. ∴ xU Nfhit: 𝑥 2 − (𝛼 + 𝛽 )𝑥 + (𝛼𝛽)
2. 2 + √3𝑖 −I %ykhff; nfhz;l Fiwe;jgl;r gbAld; tpfpjKW ⟹ 𝑥 2 − 2√5𝑥 + 2
nfOf;fSila Xh; gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhitr; rkd;ghl;ilf; fhz;f.
𝛾 + 𝛿 == −√5 + √3 − √5 − √3 = −2√5
xU %yk; 𝛼 = 2 + √3𝑖 vdpy; kw;nwhU %yk; 𝛽 = 2 − √3𝑖 MFk;.
𝛾𝛿 = (= −√5 + √3)(−√5 − √3) = −(3 − 5) = 2
𝛼 + 𝛽 = 2 + √3𝑖 + 2 − √3𝑖 = 4
∴ kw;nwhU Nfhit: 𝑥 2 − (𝛾 + 𝛿 )𝑥 + (𝛾𝛿)
𝛼𝛽 = (2 + √3𝑖)(2 − √3𝑖) = 4 + 3 = 7
⟹ 𝑥 2 + 2√5𝑥 + 2 = 0
∴ Njitahd rkd;ghL: 𝑥 2 − (𝛼 + 𝛽 )𝑥 + (𝛼𝛽) = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 7 = 0
2
∴ Njitahd rkd;ghL∶ (𝑥 2 − 2√5𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 + 2√5𝑥 + 2) = 0 2 √2 √2 √2 2
2
fhuzpfspd; ngUf;fy; = (𝑥 −
3
) (𝑥 2 + ) = (𝑥 2 )2 − ( 3) = 𝑥4 −
√ √3 √ 3
⟹ (𝑥 2 + 2)2 − (2√5𝑥) = 0 ⟹ 3𝑥 − 2 = 0 4
⟹ 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 2 + 4 − 20𝑥 2 = 0 2
𝐸𝑋𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 3.11 2𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 7 = 0 vd;w rkd;ghl;bw;F 𝑥 −d; ve;j nka;naz;
⟹ 𝑥 4 − 16𝑥 2 + 4 = 0 kjpg;Gk; jPh;itj; juhJ vdf;fhl;Lf.
5.xU Neh;f;NfhLk; xU gutisaKk; ,U Gs;spfSf;F Nkw;gl;L ntl;bf; 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = −6, 𝑐 = 7
nfhs;shJ vd;gjid ep&gpf;f. ∆= 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = (−6)2 − 4(2)(7) = 36 − 56 = −20 < 0
Neh;f;Nfhl;bd; rkd;ghL: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 → (1) ∴ vdNt %yq;fs; fw;gid MFk;.
Gutisaj;jpd; rkd;ghL: 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 → (2) 𝐸𝑋𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 3.12 𝑥 2 + 2(𝑘 + 2)𝑥 + 9𝑘 = 0 vDk; rkd;ghl;bd; %yq;fs; rkk;
(1), (2) ,y; ,Ue;J⟹ (𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐)2 = 4𝑎𝑥 vdpy;, 𝑘 kjpg;G fhz;f.
⟹ 𝑚2 𝑥 2 + 2𝑚𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 2𝑘 + 4, 𝑐 = 9𝑘
⟹ 𝑚2 𝑥 2 + 2𝑚𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐 2 − 4𝑎𝑥 = 0 ∆= 0 ( ∵%yq;fs; rkk;)
⟹ 𝑚2 𝑥 2 + (2𝑚𝑐 − 4𝑎)𝑥 + 𝑐 2 = 0 ⟹ 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0
,J xU ,Ugbr; rkd;ghL. ,jw;F ,uz;L jPh;Tfs; kl;LNk cz;L.vdNt
xU Neh;f;NfhLk; xU gutisaKk; ,U Gs;spfSf;F Nkw;gl;L ntl;bf; ⟹ (2𝑘 + 4)2 − 4(1)(9𝑘) = 0
nfhs;shJ. ⟹ 4𝑘 2 + 16𝑘 + 16 − 36𝑘 = 0
𝐸𝑋𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 3.14 xU tl;lj;ij xU NfhL ,U Gs;spfSf;F Nkw;gl;L ⟹ 4𝑘 2 − 20𝑘 + 16 = 0
ntl;bf; nfhs;shJ vd;gjid ep&gpf;f. ⟹ 𝑘 2 − 5𝑘 + 4 = 0 ⟹ (𝑘 − 1)(𝑘 − 4) = 0 ⟹ 𝑘 = 1 𝑜𝑟 4
Tl;lj;jpd; rkd;ghL: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 → (1) 𝐸𝑋𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 3.13 p, q, r Mfpait tpfpjKW vz;fs; vdpy; 𝑥 2 − 2𝑝𝑥 + 𝑝2 −
Neh;f;Nfhl;bd; rkd;ghL∶ 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 → (2) 𝑞 2 + 2𝑞𝑟 − 𝑟 2 = 0 vDk; rkd;ghl;bd; %yq;fs; tpfpjKW vz;fshFk;
(1), (2) ,y; ,Ue;J ⟹ 𝑥 2 + (𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐)2 = 𝑟 2 vdf;fhl;Lf.
⟹ 𝑥 2 + 𝑚2 𝑥 2 + 2𝑚𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐 2 = 𝑟 2 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −2𝑝, 𝑐 = 𝑝2 − 𝑞 2 + 2𝑞𝑟 − 𝑟 2
⟹ (1 + 𝑚2 )𝑥 2 + 2𝑚𝑐𝑥 + (𝑐 2 − 𝑟 2 ) = 0 ∆= 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = (−2𝑝)2 − 4(1)(𝑝2 − 𝑞 2 + 2𝑞𝑟 − 𝑟 2 )
,J xU ,Ugbr; rkd;ghL. ,jw;F ,uz;L jPh;Tfs; kl;LNk cz;L. vdNt = 4𝑝2 − 4𝑝2 + 4𝑞 2 − 8𝑞𝑟 + 4𝑟 2
xU tl;lj;ij xU NfhL ,U Gs;spfSf;F Nkw;gl;L ntl;bf; nfhs;shJ = 4𝑞 2 − 8𝑞𝑟 + 4𝑟 2
√ 2 = 4(𝑞2 − 2𝑞𝑟 + 𝑟 2 )
𝐸𝑋𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 3.10 √ −xU %ykhfTk; KOf;fis nfOf;fshfTk; nfhz;l
√3 = [2(𝑞 − 𝑟)]2 xU KOth;f;fk; MFk;..
xU gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhitr; rkd;ghl;ilf; fhz;f. vdNt %yq;fs; tpfpjKW vz;fshFk;
√ 2 √ 2 √ 2 cah;gb gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhitr; rkd;ghLfspd; %yq;fs;
xU %yk; √ . vdNt (𝑥 − √ ) vd;gJ xU fhuzp.(𝑥 + √ ) vd;gJ  fw;gid %yq;fs; my;yJ KUL %yq;fs;:
3 √ 3 √ 3 √
kw;nwhU fhuzp. i. nka;naz; nfOf;fSila xU ehw;gb gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhit
2 rkd;ghl;bd; xU %yk; 𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽 vdpy; 𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽 kw;nwhU %ykhFk;.
2 2 √2 √2
fhuzpfspd; ngUf;fy; = (𝑥 − √√ ) (𝑥 + √√ ) =𝑥 −2
(√ 3) = 𝑥2 − ii. vdNt[𝑥 − (𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽)] kw;Wk; [𝑥 − (𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽)] vd;gd gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhit
√3 √3 √ √3
rkd;ghl;bd; fhuzpfshFk;.
√2 √2
(𝑥 2 − ) vd;gJ xU fhuzp. (𝑥 2 + ) vd;gJ kw;nwhU fhuzp. iii. [𝑥 − (𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽)][𝑥 − (𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽)] = 𝑥 2 − 2𝛼𝛽𝑥 + 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2
√3 √3
ngUf;Fj;njhifAk; fhuzpahFk;. 9𝑥 3 − 36𝑥 2 + 44𝑥 − 16 = 0 −d; %yq;fs; (𝑎 − 𝑑), 𝑎, (𝑎 + 𝑑) vd;f.
iv. gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhit rkd;ghl;bid 𝑥 2 − 2𝛼𝛽𝑥 + 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 −My; 𝑏
∑1 = 𝑎 − 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 = − = −
−36
= 4 ⟹ 3𝑎 = 4 ⟹ 𝑎 =
4
tFj;jhy; <thdJ ,Ugb gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhit fpilf;Fk;. 𝑎 9 3
v. ,Ugb gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhitia jPh;f;f kPjp fhuzpfs; fpilf;Fk;. 9 −36 44 −16
4
 ,ul;ilg;gil mLf;Ffs; kl;Lk; nfhz;l gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhit 3
0 12 −32 16
rkd;ghLfs; : 9 −24 12 0
1 2
i. 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 vd gpujpapl;L 𝑦 −I khwpahf cila rkd;ghl;bid jPh;f;f. <T = (9𝑥 − 24𝑥 + 12)
3
ii. 𝑦 −d; kjpg;Gfis 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 −y; gpujpapl;L gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhit = 3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 4
rkd;ghl;bd; %yq;fisf; fhz Ntz;Lk;. = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 4
 midj;J cWg;Gfspd; nfOf;fspd; $Ljy; 0 vdpy; gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhit = 3𝑥(𝑥 − 2) − 2(𝑥 − 2)
rkd;ghl;bd; xU %yk; 1 MFk;. = (𝑥 − 2)(3𝑥 − 2)
 xw;iwg;gb cWg;Gfspd; nfOf;fspd; $Ljy; ,ul;ilg;gb cWg;Gfspd; (𝑥 − 2)(3𝑥 − 2) = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 = 2,
2
nfOf;fspd; $LjYf;F rkk; vdpy; gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhit rkd;ghl;bd; 2 4
3
4 2
xU %yk; −1 MFk;. vdNt %yq;fs; = , , 2. (m) 2, , .
3 3 3 3
 gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhit rkd;ghl;bd; %yq;fs; $l;Lj;njhlhpy; cs;sd 𝐸𝑋𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 3.22 𝑥 − 6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 24 = 0 vd;w rkd;ghl;bd; %yq;fs;
3
vdpy; mk;%yq;fs; … . , (𝑎 − 𝑑), 𝑎, (𝑎 + 𝑑), … .. MFk;. $l;Lj;njhlh; Kiwahf cs;sJ vd mwpag;gLfpwJ. rkd;ghl;bd;
 gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhit rkd;ghl;bd; %yq;fs; ngUf;Fj;;njhlhpy; cs;sd %yq;fisf; fhz;f.
𝑎
vdpy; mk;%yq;fs; … . , ( ) , 𝑎, (𝑎𝑟), … .. MFk;. 3.3𝑥 3 − 26𝑥 2 + 52𝑥 − 24 = 0 −d; %yq;fs; ngUf;Fj;;njhlhpy; mike;jit
𝑟
vdpy; rkd;ghl;ilj; jPh;f;f
 gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhit rkd;ghl;bd; %yq;fs; ,irj;;njhlhpy; cs;sd 𝑎
1 1 1 3𝑥 3 − 26𝑥 2 + 52𝑥 − 24 = 0 −d; %yq;fs; ( ) , 𝑎, (𝑎𝑟) vd;f.
vdpy; mk;%yq;fs; … . , ( ) , , ( ) , … .. MFk;. 𝑟
𝑎−𝑑 𝑎 𝑎+𝑑 𝑎 𝑑 −24
gapw;rp 3.3 ∑3 = ( ) 𝑎(𝑎𝑟) = − = − = 8 ⟹ 𝑎3 = 2 ⟹ 𝑎 = 2 3
𝑟 𝑎 3
3 2
1. 2𝑥 − 𝑥 − 18𝑥 + 9 = 0 vDk; Kg;gb gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhit rkd;ghl;bd; 3 −26 52 −24
%yq;fspy; ,uz;bd; $l;Lj;njhif G+r;rpankdpy; rkd;ghl;bd; jPh;t fhz;f. 2 0 6 −40 24
2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 9 = 0 −d; %yq;fs; 𝛼, −𝛼, 𝛽 vd;f. 3 −20 12 0
𝑏 −1
∑1 = 𝛼 − 𝛼 + 𝛽 = − = − = ⟹ 𝛽 =
1 1 <T = 3𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 12
𝑎 2 2
𝑐
2
18
= 3𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 12
∑2 = 𝛼(−𝛼) + (−𝛼)(𝛽) + (𝛽)(𝛼) = =− = 3𝑥(𝑥 − 6) − 2(𝑥 − 6)
𝑎 2
⟹ −𝛼 2 − 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛼𝛽 = −9 = (𝑥 − 6)(3𝑥 − 2)
2
⟹ 𝛼2 = 9 (𝑥 − 6)(3𝑥 − 2) = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 = 6, .
3
⟹ 𝛼 = ±3 2 2
1 vdNt %yq;fs; = , 2, 6. (m) 6,2, ,
vdNt %yq;fs; 3, −3, MFk;. 3 3
3 2
3 2
2 4. 2𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0 vDk; rkd;ghl;bd; xU %yk; kw;w ,U
2. 9𝑥 − 36𝑥 + 44𝑥 − 16 = 0 −d; %yq;fs; $l;Lj;njhlhpy; mike;jit %yq;fspd; $Ljypd; ,Uklq;F vdpy; 𝑘 −d; kjpg;igf; fhz;f. NkYk;
vdpy; rkd;ghl;ilj; jPh;f;f rkd;ghl;ilj; jPh;f;f.
rkd;ghL: 2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0 𝐸𝑋𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 3.15 2 + 𝑖 kw;Wk; 3 − √2 Mfpait 𝑥 6 − 13𝑥 5 + 62𝑥 4 − 126𝑥 3 +
%yq;fs;: 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 65𝑥 2 + 127𝑥 − 140 = 0 vDk; rkd;ghl;bd; %yq;fs; vdpy; midj;J
𝛼 = 2(𝛽 + 𝛾) → (1) %yq;fisAk; fhz;f.
𝑏 −6
∑1 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = − = − = 3 6.gpd;tUk; Kg;gb rkd;ghLfisj; jPh;f;f.
𝑎 2
⟹𝛼+𝛽+𝛾 =3 (𝑖) 2𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 = 3 (𝑖𝑖)8𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 3 = 0
⟹ 2𝛼 + 2(𝛽 + 𝛾) = 6 (𝑖) 2𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 = 3 ⟹ 2𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 3 = 0
midj;J cWg;Gfspd; nfOf;fspd; $Ljy; = 2 − 9 + 10 − 3 = 0
⟹ 2𝛼 + 𝛼 = 6 ⟹ 3𝛼 = 6 ⟹ 𝛼 = 2
2 −6 3 𝑘 ∴ (𝑥 − 1) xU fhuzp.
2 0 4 −4 −2 2 −9 10 −3
1 0 2 −7 3
2 −2 −1 0
∵ 𝛼 = 2 vd;gJ xU %yk;, vdNt 𝑘 − 2 = 0 ⟹ 𝑘 = 2 2 −7 3 0
<T = 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 3
<T = 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1 = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 3
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 −(−2)±√(−2)2 −4(2)(−1) 2±√4+8 2±2√3 1±√3 1+√3 1−√3
𝑥= = = = = = , = 𝑥(2𝑥 − 1) − 3(2𝑥 − 1)
2𝑎 2(2) 4 4 2 2 2
1+√3 1−√3 = (𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 − 1)
vdNt %yq;fs;= 2, , . ⟹ 𝑥 = 3,
1
2 2
2
5.1 + 2𝑖 kw;Wk; √3 Mfpait 𝑥 − 3𝑥 5 − 5𝑥 4 + 22𝑥 3 − 39𝑥 2 − 39𝑥 + 135
6 1
vdNt %yq;fs; = 1,3, .
vd;w gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhitapd; G+r;rpaq;fs; vdpy; midj;J 2
G+r;rpakhf;fpfisAk; fz;lwpf. (𝑖𝑖)8𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 3 = 0
1 + 2𝑖 kw;Wk; √3 Mfpait g+r;rpaq;fs; vdNt 1 − 2𝑖 kw;Wk; −√3 MfpaitAk; xw;iwg;gb cWg;Gfspd; nfOf;fspd; $Ljy;= 8 − 7 = 1
G+r;rpaq;fs; MFk;. ,ul;ilg;gb cWg;Gfspd; nfOf;fspd; $Ljy; = −2 + 3 = 1
𝑥 = 1 + 2𝑖 ⟹ 𝑥 − 1 = 2𝑖 ∴ (𝑥 + 1) xU fhuzp.
⟹ (𝑥 − 1)2 = (2𝑖)2 8 −2 −7 3
⟹ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = −4 −1 0 −8 10 −3
⟹ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5 = 0 8 −10 3 0
𝑥 = √3 ⟹ 𝑥 2 = 3 ⟹ 𝑥 2 − 3 = 0 <T = 8𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 3
𝑥 6 − 3𝑥 5 − 5𝑥 4 + 22𝑥 3 − 39𝑥 2 − 39𝑥 + 135 ≡ (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 2 − 3)(𝑥 2 + = 8𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 3
𝑝𝑥 − 9) = 4𝑥(2𝑥 − 1) − 3(2𝑥 − 1)
,UGwKk; 𝑥 −d; nfOf;fis rkd;gLj;j, −39 = −54 − 15𝑝 ⟹ 𝑝 = −1 = (4𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 − 1)
3 1
vdNt, 𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥 − 9 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 9 , solving 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 9 = 0. 𝑥= ,
4 2
1 3
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 −(−1)±√(−1)2 −4(1)(−9) 1±√1+36 1±√37 1+√37 1−√37 vdNt %yq;fs; = −1, , .
𝑥= = = = = , 2 4
2𝑎 2(1) 2 2 2 2 3 2
1+√37 1−√37 𝐸𝑋𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 3.17 𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 33𝑥 + 35 = 0 vd;w rkd;ghl;ilj; jPh;f;f.
vdNt %yq;fs; = 1 + 2𝑖, 1 − 2𝑖, √3, −√3, , . 𝐸𝑋𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 3.18 2𝑥 3 + 11𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 18 = 0 vd;w rkd;ghl;ilj; jPh;f;f.
2 2
7. 𝑥 4 − 14𝑥 2 + 45 = 0 vDk; rkd;ghl;ilj; jPh;f;f. 𝑎
∑3 = ( ) 𝑎(𝑎𝑟) = − ⟹ 𝑎3 = − → (3)
𝑑 𝑑
𝑟 𝑎 𝑎
𝑥 2 = 𝑦 → (1) vd;f. 𝑐 𝑎 𝑐
𝑥 4 − 14𝑥 2 + 45 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦 2 − 14𝑦 + 45 = 0 (2) ÷ (1) ⟹ 𝑎 = ( ) (− ) ⟹ 𝑎 = − → (4)
𝑎 𝑏 𝑏
⟹ 𝑦 2 − 9𝑦 − 5𝑦 + 45 = 0 (4) −I (3),y; gpujpapLf,
⟹ 𝑦(𝑦 − 9 ) − 5(𝑦 − 9 ) = 0 𝑐 3 𝑑 𝑐3 𝑑
⟹ (− ) = − ⟹ − 3 = − ⟹ 𝑎𝑐 3 = 𝑑𝑏 3
⟹ (𝑦 − 5)(𝑦 − 9 ) = 0 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
⟹ 𝑦 = 5,9 𝐸𝑋𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 3.21 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0 − d; %yq;fs; ,irj;
𝑦 = 5,9 vd rkd; (1) ,y; gpujpapLf, njhlh;Kiwapy; cs;sd vdpy; 9𝑝𝑞𝑟 = 27𝑟 3 + 2𝑝 vd ep&gpf;f. ,q;F
⟹ 𝑥 2 = 5 ; 𝑥 2 = 9 ⟹ 𝑥 = ±√5 ; 𝑥 = ±3 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟 ≠ 0 vd;f.
%yq;fs; ,irj; njhlh;Kiwapy; cs;sjdhy; mtw;wpd; ngUf;fy;
vdNt %yq;fs; = −3,3, −√5, √5 . jiyfPopfs; $l;Lj; njhlh;Kiwapy; ,Uf;Fk;.
𝐸𝑋𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 3.16 𝑥 4 − 9𝑥 2 + 20 = 0 vDk; rkd;ghl;ilj; jPh;f;f. 1 3 1 2 1 1 𝑝 𝑞
(𝑥) + 𝑝 (𝑥) + 𝑞 (𝑥) + 𝑟 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0
𝐸𝑋𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 3.19 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0 −d; %yq;fs; $l;Lj; njhlh;Kiwap;y;
,Ug;gjw;fhd epge;jidiag; ngWf. (×)𝑥 3 ⟹ 𝑟𝑥 3 + 𝑞𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥 + 1 = 0
𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0 −d; %yq;fs; (𝑎 − 𝑑), 𝑎, (𝑎 + 𝑑) vd;f. 𝑟𝑥 3 + 𝑞𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥 + 1 = 0 − d; %yq;fs; (𝑎 − 𝑑), 𝑎, (𝑎 + 𝑑) vd;f.
𝑏 𝑏 −𝑞 −𝑞 −𝑞
∑ 1 = 𝑎 − 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 = − = −𝑝 ∑1 = 𝑎 − 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 = − = − ⟹ 3𝑎 = ⟹𝑎=
𝑎 𝑎 𝑟 𝑟 3𝑟
𝑝 −𝑞 3 2
⟹ 3𝑎 = −𝑝 ⟹ 𝑎 = − 𝑎= vd;gJ 𝑟𝑥 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑝𝑥 + 1 = 0 −d; %ykhjyhy;,
3 3𝑟
𝑝 −𝑞 3 −𝑞 2 −𝑞
𝑎 = − vd;gJ 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0 −d; %ykhjyhy;,
2
⟹ 𝑟( ) +𝑞( ) +𝑝( )+1 = 0
3 3𝑟 3𝑟 3𝑟
𝑝 3 𝑝 2 𝑝 𝑟𝑞 3 𝑞3 𝑝𝑞
⟹ (− ) + 𝑝 (− ) + 𝑞 (− ) + 𝑟 = 0 ⟹− 3
+ − +1=0
3 3 3 27𝑟 9𝑟 2 3𝑟
𝑝3 𝑝2 𝑝𝑞 𝑞3 𝑞3 𝑝𝑞
⟹− +𝑝( )− +𝑟 =0 ⟹− 2+ 2− +1
27 9 3 27𝑟 9𝑟 3𝑟
𝑝3 𝑝3 𝑝𝑞 (×)27𝑟 2 ⟹ −𝑞 3 + 3𝑞 3 − 9𝑝𝑞𝑟 + 27𝑟 2 = 0
⟹− + +𝑟 =
27 9 3 ⟹ 9𝑝𝑞𝑟 = 2𝑞 3 + 27𝑟 2
(×) 27 ⟹ −𝑝 + 3𝑝3 + 27𝑟 = 9𝑝𝑞
3
gFjp fhuzpgLj;jg;gl;l gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhitfs;
⟹ 9𝑝𝑞 = 2𝑝3 + 27𝑟  (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)(𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑)(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞)(𝑟𝑥 + 𝑠) + 𝑘 = 0, 𝑘 ≠ 0 vDk; tiff;F khw;wp
𝐸𝑋𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 3.20 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0 vDk; rkd;ghl;bd; %yq;fs; vOjf;$ba (𝛼𝑥 2 + 𝛽𝑥 + 𝜆)(𝛼𝑥 2 + 𝛽𝑥 + 𝜇) + 𝑘 = 0
ngUf;Fj; njhlh;Kiwapy; ,Ug;gjw;fhd epge;jidiaf; fhz;f.,q;F  (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏
𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 ≠ 0 vdf;nfhs;f.
𝑎
gapw;rp 3.4
𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0 − d; %yq;fs; ( ) , 𝑎, (𝑎𝑟) vd;f. 1.jPh;f;f: (𝑖)(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 + 6)(𝑥 + 4) = 504
𝑟
𝑎 𝑏 1 𝑏 (𝑖𝑖)(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1) = 16
∑1 = + 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 = − ⟹ 𝑎 ( + 1 + 𝑟) = − → (1)
𝑟 𝑎 𝑟 𝑎 (𝑖)(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 + 6)(𝑥 + 4) = 504
𝑎 𝑎 𝑐 1 𝑐
∑2 = ( ) (𝑎) + 𝑎(𝑎𝑟) + (𝑎𝑟) ( ) = ⟹ 𝑎2 ( + 1 + 𝑟) = → (2) ⟹ [(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 4)][(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 + 6)] = 504
𝑟 𝑟 𝑎 𝑟 𝑎
⟹ [𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 20][𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 42] = 504
𝑥 2 − 𝑥 = 𝑦 → (1) vd;f. ⟹𝑥=
6±√78
⟹ [𝑦 − 20][𝑦 − 42] = 504 2
6±√4×17
⟹ 𝑦 2 − 62𝑦 + 840 − 504 = 0 ⟹𝑥=
2
⟹ 𝑦 2 − 62𝑦 + 336 = 0 6±2√17
⟹ 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 − 56𝑦 + 336 = 0 ⟹𝑥=
2
⟹ 𝑦(𝑦 − 6) − 56(𝑦 − 6) = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 = 3 ± √17
⟹ (𝑦 − 6)(𝑦 − 56) = 0 vdNt %yq;fs; = 3,3, 3 + √17, 3 − √17.
⟹ 𝑦 = 6,56 2.jPh;f;f: (2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2)(2𝑥 + 3) + 20 = 0
𝑦 = 6,56 vd rkd; (1),y; gpujpapLf, ⟹ [(2𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 3)][(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2)] + 20 = 0
⟹ 𝑥2 − 𝑥 = 6 ⟹ 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 = 56 ⟹ [4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 3][𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6] + 20 = 0
⟹ 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 6 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 56 = 0 ⟹ [4(𝑥 2 + 𝑥) − 3][𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6] + 20 = 0
⟹ (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3) = 0 ⟹ (𝑥 + 7)(𝑥 − 8) = 0 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 = 𝑦 → (1) vd;f.
⟹ 𝑥 = −2,3 ⟹ 𝑥 = −7,8 ⟹ [4𝑦 − 3][𝑦 − 6] + 20 = 0
vdNt %yq;fs; = −7, −2,3,8. ⟹ 4𝑦 2 − 24𝑦 − 3𝑦 + 18 + 20 = 0
(𝑖𝑖)(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1) = 16 ⟹ 4𝑦 2 − 27𝑦 + 38 = 0
⟹ [(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 2)][(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 + 1)] = 16 ⟹ 4𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 − 19𝑦 + 38 = 0
⟹ [𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8][𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 7] = 16 ⟹ 4𝑦(𝑦 − 2) − 19(𝑦 − 2) = 0
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 = 𝑦 → (1) vd;f. ⟹ (𝑦 − 2)(4𝑦 − 19) = 0
⟹ [𝑦 + 8][𝑦 − 7] = 16 ⟹ 𝑦 = 2,
19
⟹ 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 − 56 − 16 = 0 19
4
⟹ 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 − 72 = 0 𝑦 = 2, vd rkd; (1),y; gpujpapLf,

4
19
⟹ 𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 + 9𝑦 − 72 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥2 + 𝑥 = 2 ⟹ 𝑥2 + 𝑥 =
4
⟹ 𝑦(𝑦 − 8) + 9(𝑦 − 8) = 0 ⟹ 𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 2 = 0 2
⟹ 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 19 = 0
⟹ (𝑦 − 8)(𝑦 +) = 0 ⟹ (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1) = 0 −𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
⟹ 𝑦 = 8, −9 ⟹ 𝑥 = −2,1 ⟹𝑥=
2𝑎
𝑦 = 8, −9 vd rkd; (1),y; gpujpapLf, −(4)±√(4)2 −4(4)(−19)
⟹𝑥=
⟹ 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 = 8 ⟹ 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 = −9 2(4)
−4±√320
⟹ 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 8 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 = 0 ⟹𝑥=
8
⟹𝑥=
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 ⟹ (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 3) = 0 −4±4√20
2𝑎 ⟹ 𝑥 = 3,3 ⟹𝑥=
8
−(−6)±√(−6)2 −4(1)(−8) −1±√4×5
⟹𝑥= ⟹𝑥=
2(1) 2
6±√36+32 −1±2√5
⟹𝑥= ⟹𝑥=
2 2
vdNt %yq;fs; = −2,1,
−1+2√5 −1−2√5
, . gpujpapl, nfhLf;fg;gl;l gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhit rkd;ghl;bd; gb
2 2 kjpg;gpy; ghjp gbahf xU gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhit rkd;ghl;il
𝐸𝑋𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 3.23 jPh;f;f: (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2) + 19 = 0 ngWNthk;, ,jid jPh;g;gjd; %yk; gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhit
HINT: [(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3)][(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 + 2)] + 19 = 0 rkd;ghl;bd; %yq;fisg; ngWNthk;.
𝐸𝑋𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 3.24 jPh;f;f∶ (2𝑥 − 3)(6𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 12) − 7 = 0 gapw;rp 3.5
HINT: [(2𝑥 − 3)(3𝑥 − 2)][(6𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 12)] − 7 = 0 1.gpd;tUk; rkd;ghLfisj; jPh;f;f:
$Ljy; tptuk; ,y;yhj gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhitr; rkd;ghLfs; 𝑖)𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 5 sin 𝑥 + 4 = 0 (𝑖𝑖)12𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 = 29𝑥 2 − 4
 tpfpjKW %yj;Njw;wk;: KO vz;fisf; nfOf;fshff; nfhz;l xu 𝑖)𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 5 sin 𝑥 + 4 = 0
gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhitr; rkd;ghL 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 vd;f. sin 𝑥 = 𝑦 → (1) vd;f.
(,q;F 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0 kw;Wk; 𝑎0 ≠ 0, gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhitr; rkd;ghl;bd; xU 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 5 sin 𝑥 + 4 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦 2 − 5𝑦 + 4 = 0
𝑝
%yk; (,q;F (𝑝, 𝑞) = 1) vdpy; 𝑎0 −d; fhuzp 𝑝 MfTk; 𝑎𝑛 −d; ⟹ (𝑦 − 1)(𝑦 − 4) = 0
𝑞
⟹ 𝑦 = 1,4
fhuzp 𝑞 MfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.
𝑦 = 1,4 vd rkd; (1),y; gpujpapLf,
 jiyfPop gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhit: 𝑛 −gb cs;s 𝑃(𝑥) vDk; xU
gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhit jiyfPop gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhit vdpy; fPo;f;fhZk; sin 𝑥 = 1 sin 𝑥 = 4 jPh;T ,y;iy..
𝜋
1 1 ⟹ sin 𝑥 = sin
$w;Wfspy; xd;W nka;ahFk;. (𝑖)𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛 𝑃 ( ) (𝑖𝑖)𝑃(𝑥) = −𝑥 𝑛 𝑃 ( ) 4
𝜋
𝑥 𝑥
 jiyfPop gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhitr; rkd;ghL: A polynomial equation ⟹ 𝑥 = 2𝑛𝜋 + , 𝑛 ∈ 𝑧
2
𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 = 0, (𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0) is a reciprocal equation if (𝑖𝑖)12𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 = 29𝑥 2 − 4 ⟹ 12𝑥 3 − 29𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 4 = 0
and only if one of the following two statements is true: (𝑖)𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑃(𝑥) = 12𝑥 3 − 29𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 4
𝑎1 , 𝑎𝑛−2 = 𝑎2 , … … . (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛 = −𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛−1 = −𝑎1 , 𝑎𝑛−2 = −𝑎2 , … ….vd;w 𝑃(2) = 12(2)3 − 29(2)2 + 8(2) + 4 = 96 − 116 + 16 + 4 = 116 − 116 = 0
$w;Wfspy; xd;w nka; vdpy; 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 = ∴ (𝑥 − 2) xU fhuzp.
0, (𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0) vd;w gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhitr; rkd;ghL jiyfPop 12 −29 8 4
gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhitr; rkd;ghL vdg;gLk;. 2 0 24 −10 −4
 jiyfPo; rkd;ghl;bw;F 0 xU jPh;thfhJ. 12 −5 −2 0
 Kjy; tif rhh;e;j Xh; xw;iwg; gil gb jiyfPo; rkd;ghl;bw;F <T = 12𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 2
(𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑎1 , 𝑎𝑛−2 = 𝑎2 , … … . ), 𝑥 = −1 xU jPh;thFk;. = 12𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 8𝑥 − 2 = 3𝑥(4𝑥 + 1) − 2(4𝑥 + 1) = (4𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 − 2)
1 2
 ,uz;lhk;; tif rhh;e;j Xh; xw;iwg; gil gb jiyfPo; (4𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 − 2) = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 = − ,
4 3
1 2
rkd;ghl;bw;F (𝑎𝑛 = −𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛−1 = −𝑎1 , 𝑎𝑛−2 = −𝑎2 , … … . , ) 𝑥 = 1 vdNt %yq;fs;= 2, − , .
xU jPh;thFk;. 4 3
3 2
 ,uz;lhk;; tif rhh;e;j Xh; ,ul;ilg; gil gb jiyfPo; 𝐸𝑋𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 3.25 𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 20 = 0 vDk; rkd;ghl;ilj; jPh;f;f.
rkd;ghl;bw;F (𝑎𝑛 = −𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛−1 = −𝑎1 , 𝑎𝑛−2 = −𝑎2 , … … ). ika 2.tpfpjKW %yq;fs; cs;sjh vd Muha;f.
cWg;G G+r;rpakhfj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk;. NkYk; 𝑥 = 1 kw;Wk; 𝑥 = −1 (𝑖)2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 1 = 0 (𝑖𝑖)𝑥 8 − 3𝑥 + 1 = 0
jPh;TfshFk;. (𝑖)2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 1 = 0
1 1 midj;J cWg;Gfspd; nfOf;fspd; $Ljy; = 2 − 1 − 1 = 0
 ,ul;ilg;gil jiyfPo; rkd;ghLfspy; 𝑥 + (m) 𝑥 − −I 𝑦 vdg;
𝑥 𝑥
∴ (𝑥 − 1) xU fhuzp. 𝑥 𝑎 𝑏 6𝑎
2 −1 0 −1 4.jPh;f;f: 2√ + 3√ = + .
𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑏
1 0 2 1 1 𝑥 𝑎 𝑏 6𝑎
2 1 1 0 2√ + 3√ = +
𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑏
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 −(1)±√(1)2 −4(2)(1) 2
<T = 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 ⟹ 𝑥 = = 𝑥 𝑎 𝑏 6𝑎 2
2𝑎 2(2) ,UGwKk; th;f;fg;gLj;j, (2√ + 3√ ) = ( + )
−1±√−7 −1±√7𝑖 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑏
= = (fw;gid %yq;fs;)
4 4 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑏2 36𝑎2 𝑏 6𝑎
∴ 𝑥 = 1 xU tpfpjKW %ykhFk;.. ⟹ 4 + 9 + 12√ . √ = 2
+ + 2. .
𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑏2 𝑎 𝑏
(𝑖𝑖)𝑥 8 − 3𝑥 + 1 = 0 𝑥 𝑎 𝑏2 36𝑎2
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 8 − 3𝑥 + 1. ⟹ 4 + 9 + 12 = + + 12
𝑎 𝑥 𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑝 𝑥 𝑎 𝑏2 36𝑎2
𝑎𝑛 = 1 ; 𝑎0 = 1 ⟹ 𝑝 = ±1, 𝑞 = ±1 ⟹ = ±1 ⟹4 +9 = +
𝑞 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎2 𝑏2
midj;J cWg;Gfspd; nfOf;fspd; $Ljy;= 1 − 3 + 1 ≠ 0 ⟹ 1 xU 4𝑥 2 +9𝑎2 4
𝑏 +36𝑎 4
⟹ = 2 2
𝑎𝑥 𝑎 𝑏
%yky;y.
⟹ (4𝑥 + 9𝑎 )𝑎𝑏 2 = (𝑏 4 + 36𝑎4 )𝑥
2 2
xw;iwg;gb cWg;Gfspd; nfOf;fspd; $Ljy;≠ ,ul;ilg;gb cWg;Gfspd;
⟹ 4𝑎𝑏 2 𝑥 2 + 9𝑎3 𝑏 2 = (𝑏 4 + 36𝑎4 )𝑥
nfOf;fspd; $Ljy;⟹ −1 xU %yky;y.
⟹ 4𝑎𝑏 2 𝑥 2 − (𝑏4 + 36𝑎4 )𝑥 + 9𝑎3 𝑏 2 = 0
∴ 𝑃(𝑥) −f;F tpfpjKW %yq;fs; ,y;iy.
3 −3 ⟹ 4𝑎𝑏 2 𝑥 2 − 𝑏 4 𝑥 − 36𝑎4 𝑥 + 9𝑎3 𝑏 2 = 0
3.jPh;f;f: 8𝑥 2𝑛 − 8𝑥 2𝑛 = 63 ⟹ 𝑏 2 𝑥(4𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏 2 ) − 9𝑎3 (4𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏 2 ) = 0
3
𝑦 = 𝑥 2𝑛 vd;f. ⟹ (4𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏 2 )(𝑏 2 𝑥 − 9𝑎3 ) = 0
3 −3 3 𝑏2 9𝑎3
8𝑥 2𝑛 − 8𝑥 2𝑛 = 63 ⟹ 8𝑥 2𝑛 −
8
= 63 ⟹𝑥= , 2
3 4𝑎 𝑏
8
𝑥 2𝑛 5.rkd;ghLfisj; jPh;f;f: (𝑖)6𝑥 4 − 35𝑥 3 + 62𝑥 2 − 35𝑥 + 6 = 0
⟹ 8𝑦 − = 63 (𝑖𝑖)𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 − 1 = 0
𝑦
8𝑦 2 −8 (𝑖)6𝑥 4 − 35𝑥 3 + 62𝑥 2 − 35𝑥 + 6 = 0
⟹ = 63 nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s rkd;ghlhdJ Kjy; tif rhh;e;j ,ul;ilg;gil gb
𝑦
2
⟹ 8𝑦 − 8 = 63𝑦 jiyfPo; rkd;ghlhFk;.
⟹ 8𝑦 2 − 63𝑦 − 8 = 0 rkd;ghl;bid 𝑥 2 −My; tFf;f,
35 6 1 1
⟹ 8𝑦 2 − 64𝑦 + 𝑦 − 8 = 0 6𝑥 2 − 35𝑥 + 62 − + 2 = 0 ⟹ 6 (𝑥 2 + 2) − 35 (𝑥 + ) + 62 = 0 → (1)
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
⟹ 8𝑦(𝑦 − 8) + 1(𝑦 − 8) = 0 1 1 2 1 1
⟹ (𝑦 − 8)(8𝑦 + 1) = 0 𝑦=𝑥+ ⟹ 𝑦 2 = (𝑥 + ) ⟹ 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + 2 + 2 ⟹ 𝑥 2 + 2 = 𝑦 2 − 2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1
⟹ 𝑦 = 8 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑦 = − (jPh;T ,y;iy) (1) ⟹ 6(𝑦 2 − 2 ) − 35𝑦 + 62 = 0
8
3 3 3
3
1
⟹ 6𝑦 2 − 12 − 35𝑦 + 62 = 0
𝑦=𝑥 2𝑛 ⟹𝑥 2𝑛 =8⟹𝑥 2𝑛 =2 ⟹𝑥 2𝑛 = 2 ⟹ 𝑥 = 22𝑛 ⟹ 𝑥 = 4𝑛
⟹ 6𝑦 2 − 35𝑦 + 50 = 0
⟹ 6𝑦 2 − 15𝑦 − 20𝑦 + 50 = 0
⟹ 3𝑦(2𝑦 − 5) − 10(2𝑦 − 5) = 0 vdNt %yq;fs; = −1,1,
−3+√5 −3−√5
,
5 10 2 2
⟹ (2𝑦 − 5)(3𝑦 − 10) = 0 ⟹ 𝑦 = ;𝑦 = 6. 4𝑥 − 3(2𝑥+2 ) + 25 = 0 vDk; rkd;ghl;il epiwT nra;Ak; midj;J
2 3
1 nka;naz;fisAk; fhz;f.
𝑦 −d; kjpg;Gfis 𝑦 = 𝑥 + ,y; gpujpapLf,
𝑥
10 1 10
4𝑥 − 3(2𝑥+2 ) + 25 = 0
5 1 5
𝑦= ⟹𝑥+ =
2 𝑥 2
𝑦=
3
⟹𝑥+ =
𝑥 3
⟹ (2𝑥 )2 − 3(2𝑥 22 ) + 32 = 0
𝑥 2 +1 5 𝑥 2 +1 10 ⟹ (2𝑥 )2 − 12(2𝑥 ) + 32 = 0
⟹ = ⟹ =
𝑥 2 𝑥 3 2𝑥 = 𝑦 vd;f.
2 2
⟹ 2𝑥 + 2 = 5𝑥 ⟹ 3𝑥 + 3 = 10𝑥 ⟹ (𝑦)2 − 12(𝑦) + 32 = 0
⟹ 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2 = 0 ⟹ 3𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 3 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 − 8𝑦 + 32 = 0
⟹ 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2 = 0 ⟹ 3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 𝑥 + 3 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦(𝑦 − 4) − 8(𝑦 − 4) = 0
⟹ 2𝑥(𝑥 − 2) − 1(𝑥 − 2) = 0 ⟹ 3𝑥(𝑥 − 3) − 1(𝑥 − 3) = 0 ⟹ (𝑦 − 4)(𝑦 − 8) = 0
⟹ (𝑥 − 2)(2𝑥 − 1) = 0 ⟹ (𝑥 − 3)(3𝑥 − 1) = 0 ⟹ 𝑦 = 4,8
1 1
⟹ 𝑥 = 2,
2
⟹ 𝑥 = 3,
3
𝑦 −d; kjpg;Gfis 2𝑥 = 𝑦,y; gpujpapLf,
vdNt %yq;fs;= 2, , 3, .
1 1 𝑦 = 4 ⟹ 2 𝑥 = 4 ⟹ 2 𝑥 = 22 ⟹ 𝑥 = 2
2 3
(𝑖𝑖)𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 − 1 = 0 𝑦 = 8 ⟹ 2 𝑥 = 8 ⟹ 2 𝑥 = 23 ⟹ 𝑥 = 3
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s rkd;ghlhdJ ,uz;lhk; tif rhh;e;j ,ul;ilg;gil gb vdNt %yq;fs; = 2,3.
1
jiyfPo; rkd;ghlhFk;. vdNt ,jd; %yq;fs; 1 kw;Wk; −1 MFk;. mjhtJ 7. 6𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 3 − 38𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 = 0 vDk; rkd;ghl;bd; xU jPh;T vdpy;
3
(𝑥 − 1) kw;Wk; (𝑥 + 1) fhuzpfshFk;. rkd;ghl;bd; jPh;t fhz;f.
fhuzpfspd; ngUf;fw;gyd; = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) = 𝑥 2 − 1 1
xU %yk; vdpy; kw;nwhU %yk; 3 MFk;. ,JNghyNt 𝛼 xU %yk; vdpy;
kPjp fhuzpfisg; ngw (𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 + 0𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 1) ÷ (𝑥 2 − 1) 3
1
1 3 1 kw;nwhU %yk; MFk;.
𝛼
1 0 −1 1 3 0 −3 −1 5 1 1 5 10 𝛼 2 +1 5
∑1 = ⟹ 3 + + 𝛼 + = ⟹ + =
6 3 𝛼 6 3 𝛼 6
1 0 −1 𝛼 2 +1 5 10
3 1 −3 ⟹ = −
𝛼 6 3
3 0 −3 𝛼 2 +1 5−20
⟹ =
1 0 −1 𝛼 6
𝛼 2 +1 5
1 0 −1 ⟹ =−
𝛼 2
0 ⟹ 2𝛼 2 + 2 = −5𝛼
⟹ 2𝛼 2 + 5𝛼 + 2 = 0
<T= 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 ⟹ 2𝛼 2 + 𝛼 + 4𝛼 + 2 = 0
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 −(3)±√(3)2 −4(1)(1) −3±√9−4 −3±√5 ⟹ 2𝛼(𝛼 + 2) + 1(𝛼 + 2) = 0
⟹𝑥= = = =
2𝑎 2(1) 2 2 ⟹ (𝛼 + 2)(2𝛼 + 1) = 0
1 1
⟹ 𝛼 = −2, − vdNt %yq;fs;= −1,7, .
2 7
1 1 2
vdNt %yq;fs;= −2, − , 3, . 𝐸𝑋𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 3.29 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 9 cos 𝑥 + 4 = 0 vDk; rkd;ghl;bw;F jPh;t ,Ug;gpd;
2 3
fhz;f.
𝐸𝑋𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 3.28 𝑥 4 − 10𝑥 3 + 26𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 1 = 0 vd;w rkd;ghl;ilj; jPh;f;f.
cos 𝑥 = 𝑦 → (1) vd;f.
𝐸𝑋𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 3.26 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 −d; %yq;fisf; fhz;f. 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 9 cos 𝑥 + 4 = 0 ⟹ 2𝑦 2 − 9𝑦 + 4 = 0
𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3. ⟹ 2𝑦 2 − 𝑦 − 8𝑦 + 4 = 0
3 2
⟹ 𝑦(2𝑦 − 1) − 4(2𝑦 − 1) = 0
𝑃 (− 3⁄2) = 2 (− 3⁄2) + 3 (− 3⁄2) + 2 (− 3⁄2) + 3 ⟹ (𝑦 − 4)(2𝑦 − 1) = 0
1
27 9 ⟹ 𝑦 = 4,
= 2 (− ) + 3 ( ) − 3 + 3 2
8 4 1 1
27 27 𝑦 = ⟹ cos 𝑥 = 𝑦=4
=− + 2 2
𝜋 ⟹ cos 𝑥 = 4 jPh;T ,y;iy.
4 4
=0 ⟹ cos 𝑥 = co
3
3 𝜋
∴ − xU %ykhFk;. ⟹ 𝑥 = 2𝑛𝜋 ± , 𝑛 ∈ 𝑧
2 3
3 nl];fhh;l;Nl tpjp
kw;w %yq;fisf; fhz (2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3) ÷ (− )
2  Descartes Rule: 𝑃(𝑥) vDk; nka;naz;fis nfOf;fhff; nfhz;l 𝑃(𝑥)
2 3 2 3 vDk; xU gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhitapd; kpifnaz; G+r;rpakhf;fpfspd;
− 3⁄2 0 −3 0 −3 vz;zpf;if 𝑝 kw;Wk; 𝑃(𝑥) −d; nfOf;fspd Fwp khw;wq;fspd;
2 0 2 0 vz;zpf;if 𝑠 vdpy;, 𝑠 − 𝑝 vd;gJ xU Fiwaw;w ,ul;ilg;gil KO
1
<T = [2𝑥 + 2] = 𝑥 2 + 1
2
vz;zhFk;.
2
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 −(0)±√(0)2 −4(1)(1) ±√−4 ±2𝑖  𝑃(𝑥) vDk; gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhitapd; kpif G+r;rpakhf;fpfspd; vz;zpf;if
⟹𝑥= = = = = ±𝑖 𝑃(𝑥) −,y; cs;s Fwp khw;wq;ff;F kpfhky; ,Uf;Fk;.
2𝑎 2(1) 2 2
3
vdNt %yq;fs;= − , 𝑖, −𝑖.  𝑃(𝑥) −,y; cs;s nfOf;fspd; Fwpkhw;wq;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;Fk;
2
𝑃(𝑥) −d; kpif G+r;rpakhf;fpfspd; vz;zpf;iff;Fk; cs;s tpj;jpahrk;
𝐸𝑋𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 3.27 7𝑥 − 43𝑥 2 − 43𝑥 + 7 = 0 vd;w rkd;ghl;ilj; jPh;f;f.
3
,ul;ilg;gil vz;zhFk;.
xw;iwg;gb cWg;Gfspd; nfOf;fspd; $Ljy;≠ ,ul;ilg;gb cWg;Gfspd;  𝑃(𝑥) vDk; gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhitapd; Fiwnaz; G+r;rpakhf;fpfspd;
nfOf;fspd; $Ljy;⟹ −1 xU %ykhFk;. vz;zpf;if 𝑃(−𝑥) −d; nfOf;fspd; khw;wq;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;F
kw;w %yq;fisf; fhz ( 7𝑥 3 − 43𝑥 2 − 43𝑥 + 7) ÷ −1. kpfhJ.
7 −43 −43 7  𝑃(−𝑥) −,y; cs;s nfOf;fspd; Fwpkhw;wq;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;Fk;
−1 0 −7 50 −7 𝑃(𝑥) −d; Fiwnaz; G+r;rpakhf;fpfspd; vz;zpf;iff;Fk; cs;s
7 −50 7 0 tpj;jpahrk; ,ul;ilg;gil vz;zhFk;.
<T = 7𝑥 2 − 50𝑥 + 7 = 7𝑥 2 − 49𝑥 − 𝑥 + 7 = 7𝑥(𝑥 − 7) − 1(𝑥 − 7) gapw;rp 3.6
= (𝑥 − 7)(7𝑥 − 1) 1. 9𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 2 = 0 vDk;
9 8 7 6 5
1
⟹ 𝑥 = 7, gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhit rkd;ghl;bd; mjpfgl;r rhj;jpakhd kpif vz; kw;Wk;
7
Fiwnaz; %yq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia Muha;f.
𝑃(𝑥) = 9𝑥 9 − 4𝑥 8 + 4𝑥 7 − 3𝑥 6 + 2𝑥 5 + 𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 2 3. 𝑥 9 − 5𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 + 1 = 0 vDk; rkd;ghl;bw;F Fiwe;jgl;rk; 6
𝑃(−𝑥) nka;aw;w fyg;ngz; jPh;Tfs; cz;L vdf;fhl;Lf.
= 9(−𝑥)9 − 4(−𝑥)8 + 4(−𝑥)7 − 3(−𝑥)6 + 2(−𝑥)5 + (−𝑥)3 + 7(−𝑥)2 + 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 9 − 5𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 + 1
7(−𝑥) + 2 𝑃(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)9 − 5(−𝑥)5 + 4(−𝑥)4 + 2(−𝑥)2 + 1
= −9𝑥 9 − 4𝑥 8 − 4𝑥 7 − 3𝑥 6 − 2𝑥 5 − 𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 2 = −𝑥 9 + 5𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 + 1
𝑃(𝑥) kw;Wk; 𝑃(−𝑥) −f;F KiwNa; 4 kw;Wk; 2 Kiw Fwpkhw;wq;fs; ,Ug;gjhy; 𝑃(𝑥) kw;Wk; 𝑃(−𝑥) −f;F KiwNa; 2 kw;Wk; 1 Kiw Fwpkhw;wq;fs; ,Ug;gjhy;
𝑃(𝑥) −f;F mjpfgl;rk; 4 kpifnaz; %yq;fSk; kw;Wk; mjpfgl;rk; 2 𝑃(𝑥) −f;F mjpfgl;rk; 2 kpifnaz; %yq;fSk; kw;Wk; 1 Fiwnaz;
Fiwnaz; %yq;fSk; ,Uf;Fk;. %yKk; ,Uf;Fk;.
2. 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 kw;Wk; 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 16 Mfpa gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhitfspd; mjpfgl;r nka;aw;w fyg;ngz; %yq;fspd; vz;zpf;if = 9 − (2 + 1) = 9 − 3 = 6.
rhj;jpakhd kpif vz; kw;Wk; Fiwnaz; G+r;rpakhf;fpfspd; vz;zpf;ifia vdNt 𝑃(𝑥) −f;F Fiwe;jgl;rk; 6 nka;aw;w fyg;ngz; jPh;Tfs; cz;L.
Muha;f. tistiufspd; Njhuha tiuglk; tiuf. 𝐸𝑋𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 3.30 9𝑥 9 + 2𝑥 5 − 𝑥 4 − 7𝑥 2 + 2 vDk; gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhit
𝑃(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 ); 𝑃(−𝑥) = (𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6) rkd;ghl;bw;F Fiwe;jgl;rk; 6 nka;aw;w fyg;ngz; jPh;Tfs; cz;L
𝑃(𝑥) kw;Wk; 𝑃(−𝑥) −f;F KiwNa; 2 kw;Wk; 0 Kiw Fwpkhw;wq;fs; ,Ug;gjhy; vdf;fhl;Lf.
𝑃(𝑥) −f;F mjpfgl;rk; 2 kpifnaz; %yq;fSk; kw;Wk; 0 Fiwnaz; 4. 𝑥 9 − 5𝑥 8 − 14𝑥 7 = 0 vDk; gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhit rkd;ghl;bd; kpifnaz;
%yq;fs; ,Uf;Fk;. kw;Wk; Fiwnaz; %yq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia jPh;khdpf;f.
𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 16 ; 𝑄(−𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 16 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 9 − 5𝑥 8 − 14𝑥 7
𝑄(𝑥) kw;Wk; 𝑄(−𝑥) −f;F KiwNa; 2 kw;Wk; 0 Kiw Fwpkhw;wq;fs; ,Ug;gjhy; 𝑃(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)9 − 5(−𝑥)8 − 14(−𝑥)7 = −𝑥 9 + 5𝑥 8 + 14𝑥 7
𝑃(𝑥) −f;F mjpfgl;rk; 2 kpifnaz; %yq;fSk; kw;Wk; 0 Fiwnaz; 𝑃(𝑥) kw;Wk; 𝑃(−𝑥) −f;F KiwNa; 1 kw;Wk; 1 Kiw Fwpkhw;wq;fs; ,Ug;gjhy;
%yq;fs; ,Uf;Fk;. 𝑃(𝑥) −f;F mjpfgl;rk; 1 kpifnaz; %yKk; kw;Wk; mjpfgl;rk; 1
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 Fiwnaz; %yKk; ,Uf;Fk;.
x -1 0 1 2 3 4 5. 𝑥 9 + 9𝑥 7 + 7𝑥 5 + 5𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 = 0 vDk; gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhitapd; nka;naz;
y 12 6 2 0 0 2 kw;Wk; nka;aw;w fyg;ngz; G+r;rpkhf;fpfspd; Jy;ypakhd vz;zpf;ifia
2
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 16 fz;lwpf.
x -1 0 1 2 3 4 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 9 + 9𝑥 7 + 7𝑥 5 + 5𝑥 3 + 3𝑥.
y 22 16 12 10 10 12 𝑃(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)9 + 9(−𝑥)7 + 7(−𝑥)5 + 5(−𝑥)3 + 3(−𝑥)
= −𝑥 9 − 9𝑥 7 − 7𝑥 5 − 5𝑥 3 − 3𝑥
𝑃(𝑥) kw;Wk; 𝑃(−𝑥) −f;F KiwNa; 0 kw;Wk; 0 Kiw Fwpkhw;wq;fs; ,Ug;gjhy;
𝑃(𝑥) −f;F kpifnaz; %yk; kw;Wk; Fiwnaz; %yk; ,y;iy.
𝐸𝑋𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 3.31 gpd;tUk; gy;YWg;Gf;Nfhitr; rkd;ghLfspd; %yq;fspd;
jd;ik gw;wp Muha;f: (𝑖)𝑥 2018 + 1947𝑥 1950 + 15𝑥 8 + 26𝑥 6 + 2019 (𝑖𝑖)𝑥 5 −
19𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 + 11

Xii New Syllabus Unit 1,2,3

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Xii New Syllabus Unit 1,2,3

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1.

cld; Nrh;j;J rkd;gLj;j,  tFj;jy; tpjpKiw : 𝑛 = 4(𝑞) + 𝑟

(𝑖)𝐵𝐶 = 𝐶𝐴 = √13 kw;Wk; (𝑖𝑖)𝐵𝐶 2 + 𝐶𝐴2 = 13 + 13 = 26 = 𝐴𝐵2 . vdNt (𝑖𝑖𝑖) − 5 − 12𝑖 4

(𝑖𝑣)𝑧̅ = 𝑧 −1 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐. 𝟏𝟗 |3𝑧 − 5 + 𝑖| = 4 vd;w rkd;ghL tl;lj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ

⟹ 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 − 72 = 0 𝑦 = 2, vd rkd; (1),y; gpujpapLf,

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