fjpu;j;njhopw;ghl;L gpupe;jopif tpjp

ahNjDk; fzj;jpy; fjpu;jn ; jhopw;ghl;L %yf khjpupnahd;wpd; gpupe;jopif tPjkhdJ

mf;fzj;jpy; mk;khjpupapy; fhzg;gLk; fjpu;jn
; jhopw;ghl;L fUf;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;F
Neu;tpfpj rkdhFk;.

Fwpj;j xU fzj;jpy; fjpu;j;njhopw;ghl;L %yfj;jpy; cs;s fUf;fspd; vz;zpf;if N

vd;f.
fjpu;j;njhopw;ghl;bd; myF:
ngf;fuy; (Bq) or fpAup (Ci)
1 Bq = 1 fjpu;g;G /s
,q;F  MdJ Nja;T khwpyp vdg;gLk;. 1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 fjpu;g;G/ s

Muk;gj;jpy; cs;s fUf;fspd; vz;zpf;if No ck;> Neuj;jpy; vQ;rpAs;s fUf;fspd;

vz;zpf;if N ck; vdpd;>

miu MAs; fhyk;

xU fjpu;j;njhopw;ghl;L khjpupapd; Muk;gf; fUf;fspd; vz;zpf;if rup miuthrp

Mtjw;F vLf;Fk; fhyk; miu MAl; fhyk; T  1

2
vdg;gLk;.

fjpu;jn
; jhopw;ghl;L %yfq;fSf;F miu MAl; fhyk; khwpypahFk;.

N  Noet 2e
T1
2

No T1
 Noe 2
2 ln(2)
T1  
1 T1 2 
e 2
2

cau;ju tpQ;Qhd gpupTf;fhd jD\; ntspaPL - ngsjpftpay; tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk; - 20 -

01. fjpu;jn
; jhopw;ghl;L %yfk; xd;wpd; khjpupapd; ehd;fpy; xU gFjp fUf;fs; 12 s ,d;
gpd;du; vQ;rpapUe;jJ vdpd; mf;fjpu;j;njhopw;ghl;L %yfj;jpd; miutho;Tf;fhyk;
ahJ?

02. xU fjpu;j;njhopw;ghl;L khjpupapy; Muk;gj;jpy; 8.0 x 1022 mZf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

mjd; miutho;Tf; fhyk; 2 ehl;fshFk;. 16 ehl;fspd; gpd;du; vQ;rpapUf;Fk;
mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if ahJ?

03. fjpu;jn
; jhopw;ghl;L %yfk; xd;wpd; miutho;Tf;fhyk; 40 epkplq;fshFk;. mjd;
Muk;g fjpuj ; jhopw;ghl;L tPjk; epkplj;jpw;F 1000 fjpug
; n ; ;Gf;fshFk;. mj; njhopw;ghL
epkplj;jpw;F 125 fjpu;gG; f;fshf khWtjw;F vLf;Fk; fhyk; ahJ?

04. xU fjpu;j;njhopw;ghl;L khjpupapd; njhopw;ghlhdJ 15 ehl;fspy; mjd; Muk;gg;

ngWkjpapd; 1 8 klq;fhfpaJ vdpd; mk;khjpupapd; miutho;Tf; fhyk; ahJ?

05. 100 g jpzpTila fjpuj ; jhopw;ghl;L khjpupapd; miutho;Tf;fhyk; 4 tUlq;fshFk;.

; n
16 tUlq;fspy; mk;khjpupapd; vd;d jpzpT Nja;tile;jpUf;Fk;?

06. 100 g jpzpTila fjpuj ; jhopw;ghl;L khjpupapd; miutho;Tf;fhyk; 10 ehl;fshFk;.

; n
5 ehl;fspy; mk;khjpupapd; vd;d jpzpT vQ;rpapUf;Fk;?

07. fjpu;jn
; jhopw;ghl;L %yfk; xd;wpd; xU ehs; Kbtpy; mjd; 90 % vQ;rpapUe;jJ.
,uz;L ehl;fspd; Kbtpy; vd;d rjtPjk; vQ;rpapUf;Fk;?

fhgd; Njjpaply;

fhgd; Njjpaply; vd;gJ mfo;Tfspd; NghJ fz;Lgpbf;fg;gLk; jhtu> tpyq;Fg; gFjpfspd;

taij fjpu;j;njhopw;ghl;Lf; fhgdpd; ,ay;Gfisg; gad;gLj;jpj; JzpAk; KiwahFk;.

fhgdhdJ fhgd; - 12 ( 126 C ) rkjhdpahfNt gutyhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdpDk;

kpff; Fiwe;jstpy; fhgd; - 14 ( 146 C ) rkjhdpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Gtpia Nehf;fp mz;lntspapypUe;J tUk;> mjpf Ntfj;jpy; nry;Yk; Vw;wk; ngw;w

Jzpf;iffs; mz;lf;fjpu;fs; MFk;. ,t; mz;lf;fjpu;fspdhNyNa fhgd; - 14 ( 146 C )
rkjhdpfs; cUthfpd;wd. ,it cau; ce;jj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

mz;lf;fjpuf; s; mjhtJ Vw;wk; ngw;w Jzpf;iffs; tspkz;ly thATld; NkhJtjhy;

epAj;jpud;fisAk; NtW mbg;gilahd gy Jzpf;iffisAk; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. mt;thW

cau;ju tpQ;Qhd gpupTf;fhd jD\; ntspaPL - ngsjpftpay; tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk; - 21 -

Njhd;Wk; epAj;jpud;fs; tspkz;lyj;jpYs;s iejurDld; NkhJtjhy; fhgd; - 14
( 146 C ) rkjhdpfs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. mjd; gpd;du; mit tspkz;lyj;jpy; cs;s
xl; r prd; fSld; Nru; e ;J fhgdPn uhf;i rl;l hf tspkz;l yj;jpy; Nru;e ;J gpd; d u;
jhtuq;fspD}lhf tpyq;FfSf;F NrUk;.

fhgd; - 14 ( 146 C ) rkjhdpfspd; miutho;Tf;fhyk; Vwj;jhs 5730 Mz;LfshFk;.

vdNt jhtuq;fspd;> tpyq;Ffspd; clypy; cs;s fhgd; - 14 ( 146 C ) rkjhdpfs; kpf
nkJthfNt Njq;tilAk;. vdpDk; capUs;s jhtuq;fspYk;> tpyq;FfspYk; czT
%yKk;> tsp %yKk; fhgd; - 14 ( 146 C ) rkjhdpfs; clypDs; GFfpd;wd. vdNt
mtw;wpy; mlq;fpAs;s fhgd; - 12 ( 126 C ) ,w;Fk; fhgd; - 14 ( 146 C ) ,w;Fk; ,ilapyhd
tpfpjk; mz;zsthf khwhjpUf;Fk;.
12
C
mz;zsthf
6
14
 1.3  10 12
6 C

vdpDk; tpyq;Ffs;> jhtuq;fs; ,we;j gpd;du; fhgd; - 14 ( 146 C ) ,d; vz;zpf;if

Fiwtjdhy; fhgd; - 12 ( 126 C ) ,w;Fk; fhgd; - 14 ( 146 C ) ,w;Fk; ,ilapyhd tpfpjk;
gbg;gbahf FiwtilAk;. mfo;tpd; NghJ fpilj;j nghUspd; ,t;tpfpjj;ij
mstpLtjd; %yk; mjd; taij Jzpayhk;.

01. mfo;nthd;wpd; NghJ ngwg;gl;l vYk;G xd;wpy; fhzg;gLk; fhgd; - 14 ( 146 C ) ,d;
jpzpT 5.0 g MFk;. mt;ntYk;gpy; Muk;gj;jpy; ,Ue;j fhgdpd; jpzpT 80.0 g vdj;
jug;gbd;> mt;ntYk;gpd; taJ ahJ? fhgd; - 14 ,d; miutho;Tf; fhyk; 5730
Mz;LfshFk;.

02. Muk;g fhyj;jpy; ngwg;gl;l rhk;gypy;> jw;fhyj;jpYs;s mNj tif rhk;gypy;

cs;s fhgd; - 14 ,d; 12.5% ,Ug;gjhf mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. fhgd; - 14 ,d;
miutho;Tf; fhyk; 5730 Mz;LfshFnkdpd; Muk;g fhyj;J rhk;gy; vj;jid
Mz;LfSf;F Kd;du; cUthfpapUf;Fk;?

03. njho;nghUs; mfo;tpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl; vYk;G xd;wpYs;s fhgd; - 12 ( 126 C )

,w;Fk; fhgd; - 14 ( 146 C ) ,w;Fk; ,ilapyhd tpfpjj;jpw;Fk; mNj tifahd
jw;fhyj;jpy; cs;s vYk;gpYs;s fhgd; - 12 ( 126 C ) ,w;Fk; fhgd; - 14 ( 146 C ) ,w;Fk;
,ilapyhd tpfpjj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd tpfpjk; 1 : 8 MFk;. fhgd; - 14 ,d;
miutho;Tf; fhyk; 5730 Mz;LfshFnkdpd; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l vYk;gpd; taJ
ahJ?

cau;ju tpQ;Qhd gpupTf;fhd jD\; ntspaPL - ngsjpftpay; tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk; - 22 -

fjpu;g;ig msf;Fk; myFfs;

ahjhapDk; xU rl;nghUspdhy; (nghUs; my;yJ mq;fpfs;) cwpQ;rg;gLk; fjpu;gG;

rf;jpia mjhtJ Cl;il (dose) msg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; myF fpNu (Gray) (G)
vdg;gLk;.

XuyF jpzptpdhy; cwpQ;rg;gLk; fjpu;g;G rf;jpapd; (E) msT fjpu;gg

; pd; Cl;L (D)
vdg;gLk;.
E
D
m
myF : Gy
1 Gy = 1 J kg-1

fjpu;gg
; pd; Cl;bd; tpisthf capu;g;nghUs;fSf;F Vw;gLk; ghjpg;ig fjpu;g;gpd; gypj
Cl;L %yk; Jzpayhk;. mjd; myF rPtu;w; (Sievert) (Sv) MFk;.

fjpu;gg
; pd; gypj Cl;L = Q fhuzp x cwpQ;rg;gl;l fjpu;g;gpd; Cl;L

Q fhuzpahdJ fjpu;gg
; pd; jd;ikapd; kPJ jq;fpAs;sJ.

mZj;jpzptyF / Atomic mass unit (amu or u)

mZtpd; jpzpit mstpl mZj;jpzptyF gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. xU mZj;jpzpT

myF (1 U or 1 amu) vd;gJ 12 1
C ,d; jpzptpd; 12 gq;if Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
12
C ,d; jpzpT = 1.992647 x 10-26 kg
1.992647  10 26
1 mZj;jpzptyF =
12
= 1.660539 x 10-27 kg

Id;];ild; ,d; jpzpT - rf;jp njhlu;G %yk; xU mZj;jpzptyFf;F rktYthd

rf;jpia Jzpayhk;.
E = mC2
= 1.660539 x 10-27 x (2.9979 x 108)2
= 1.49239 x 10-10 J
1.49239  10 10
1 eV = 1.6022 x 10-19 J E =
1.6022  10 19
= 931.5 x 106 eV
= 931.5 MeV
Note:
xU njhFjp rf;jpia cwpQR
; k; NghJ mjd; jpzpT mjpfupf;fpdw
; J. rf;jpia ntsptpLk;
NghJ jpzpT Fiwfpd;wJ.

cau;ju tpQ;Qhd gpupTf;fhd jD\; ntspaPL - ngsjpftpay; tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk; - 23 -

gpizg;G rf;jp / Binding Energy

mZtpd; fU GNuhj;jpud;fspdJk; epAj;jpud;fspdJk; Nru;fi

; fahf ,Ue;jhYk; mtw;wpd;
jpzpTfspd; $l;Lj;njhifapYk; ghu;f;f mZf;fUtpd; jpzpT Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;.
,j; jpzpTf; FiwT mZ cUthf;fg;gLk; NghJ gad;gl;l mjpAau; rf;jpia toq;f
gad;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;jifa xU mZtpd; jpzpit cUthf;fg; gad;gl;l rf;jp gpizg;Gr;
rf;jp vdg;gLk;.

mZtpd; nkhj;j gpizg;Gr; rf;jpia E  mC2 I gad;gLj;jp Jzpayhk;. ,k;nkhj;j

gpizg;Gr; rf;jpia nkhj;j epA+f;fpypNahd;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapdhy; tFf;Fk; NghJ
xU epA+f;fpypNahdpw;fhd ruhrup gpizg;G rf;jpia Jzpayhk;.

01. fPypak;  4
2 He  fUtpd; gpizg;Grf;jpia fPOs;s juTfisg; gad;gLj;jpf; fhz;f.
xU fPypak; fUtpd; jpzpT = 4.001508 amu
xU GNuhj;jpudpd; jpzpT = 1.007276 amu
xU epAj;jpudpd; jpzpT = 1.008665 amu
(Ans: 28.3 MeV)
02. xl;rprd;  O16
8 fUtpd; gpizg;Grf;jpia fPOs;s juTfisg; gad;gLj;jpf; fhz;f.
xU xl;rprd; fUtpd; jpzpT = 15.99443 amu
xU GNuhj;jpudpd; jpzpT = 1.007276 amu
xU epAj;jpudpd; jpzpT = 1.008665 amu
(Ans: 123.83 MeV)

jpzpntz;Zld; gpizg;G rf;jpapd; khwy;

fUg;gpsT
fUxd;wy;

ruhrup gpizg;Grf;jp $ba epAf;fpypNahd; cau; cWjpAila epAf;fpypNahd; MFk;.

cau;ju tpQ;Qhd gpupTf;fhd jD\; ntspaPL - ngsjpftpay; tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk; - 24 -

jpzpntz; Fiwe;jitAk;> jpzpntz; $baitAk; cWjpj;jd;ik Fiwe;jitahf
fhzg;gLk;. jpzpntz; 50 ,w;F fpl;bait cWjpahd fUf;fshf ,Uf;Fk;.

epA+f;fpypNahd;fSfpilapyhd gpizg;Gtpir epA+f;fpypNahd;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l

,ilntspapy; jq;fpAs;sJ. vdNt mZntz; $ba mZf;fs; cWjpaw;wit.

03. xl;rprd; 168 O mZtpd; xU rkjhdp 178 O MFk;. mt;tZf;fs; xt;nthd;wpdJk;

gpizg;Grf;jpfis fPOs;s juTfisg; gad;gLj;jpf; fhz;f. mjpypUe;J ve;j
mZ cau; cWjpAilaJ vdf; fhz;f.
16
xU 8 O fUtpd; jpzpT = 15.99443 amu
xU 178 O fUtpd; jpzpT = 16.99913 amu
xU GNuhj;jpudpd; jpzpT = 1.007276 amu
xU epAj;jpudpd; jpzpT = 1.008665 amu

fUg;gpsTj; jhf;fk;

ghuk; $ba xU fU> ghuk; Fiwe;j ,U fUf;fshf ciljy;fUg;gpsTj; jhf;fk;

vdg;gLk;.

ANudpak; - 235 fUnthd;W epAj;jpud; xd;wpid cwpQ;Rk; NghJ mJ cwpjpaw;wJ.

mjpf cWjpahd ghuk; Fiwthd ,uz;L fUf;fshf cilAk;. ,t;thW epfof;$ba
gy fUj;jhf;fq;fs; cs;sd. rhj;jpakhd xU jhf;fk; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

235
92 U  01 n  144
56 Ba  89
36 Kr  3 0 n
1

fUg;gpsTj; jhf;fj;jpd; NghJ ngUksT rf;jp ntsptplg;gLk;. cUthFk; fUf;fspd;

nkhj;jj; jpzpT Muk;gf; fUtpd; jpzptpYk; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;. ,j;jpzpTf; Fiwtpdhy;
rf;jp tpLtpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

cau;ju tpQ;Qhd gpupTf;fhd jD\; ntspaPL - ngsjpftpay; tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk; - 25 -