ngsjPftpay;

1.4 mstPl;L tOf;fs;

juk; - 12> 13

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 1.4

mstPl;L tOf;fs;

xU ngsjpff; fzpafj; j pd; mstP l; bd; jpUj; j j; j d; i k mg; ngsjpff; fzpaj; i j mstpLk;

egupYk; mstpLk; fUtpapYk; jq; f pAs; s J. vdNt xU ngsjpff; fzpaj; j pd; jpUj; j khd

mstPl;Lg; ngWkjpia ngWjy; fbdk;. mstPl;bYs;s ,e;epr;rakw;w jd;ik tO vdg;gLk;.

tOf;fspd; tiffs;

1. g+r;rpa tO
xu; mstPl;L cgfuzj;jpy; ntt;NtW mstPLfs;
Fwpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,jpy; mtw;wpd; g+r;rpaq;fs; xj;J
nghUe;jhikahy; Vw;gLfpd;w tO MFk;.

2. nghwpKiw tO
FiwghLs;s mstPl;L cgfuzj;jpy; Vw;gLfpd;w tOthFk;.
Eg. nkJthfTk; XLk; epWj;jw;fbfhuk;.

3. xUik tO / khwpyp tO
xu; mstPl;L cgfuzj;jhy; mstPL vLf;Fk; NghJ xNu msthd tO
jpUk;gj;jpUk;g njhlu;e;J tUNkahdhy; mJ xUik tO vdg;gLk;.

4. ntspf;fhuzpfshy; Vw;gLk; tO
ntspf;fhuzpfspd; jhf;fj;jhy; mstPl;by; Vw;gLfpd;w tOthFk;.
Eg: ntg;gepiy> fhw;W> mOf;fk; Nghd;wtw;wpd; ghjpg;Gf;fs;.

vOkhw;W tO Random Errors.

xu; mtjhdp Fwpj; j xU ngsjpff; fzpaj; J f; F ntt; N tW ngWkjpfis jpUk; g j;
jpUk;g mstPl;L ngWk;NghJ Vw;gLfpd;w tOthFk;.
gupNrhjid nra;gtu; jpwikAs;stuhf cs;s re;ju;g;gj;jpy; vOe;jkhd tOf;fs; Fiwtil-
Ak;.
jug;gl;l fzpaj;jpd; gy thrpg;Gf;fis vLj;J mtw;wpd; ruhrupiag; ngw;W vOe;jkhd
tOitf; Fiwf;fyhk;.
xU ngsjpff; fzpak; N jlitfs; msf;fg;gl;lJ vd;f.
mtw;wpd; ngWkjpfs; a1, a2 - - - - - - , aN
ruhrupg; ngWkjp a = a1 + a2 + a3 + - - - - - + aN

njhFg;G : jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud;> Mrpupau; - ,urhadtpay;> (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up - aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU Nt.jNd];Fkhu;> Mrpupau; - j.njh.njh> (ah/fe;jNuhil jkpo;f;fe;ijah tpj;jpahrhiy)

juk; - 12> 13

cgfuz tO
,J mstP l ; b d; NghJ Vw; g Lfpd; w ngsjpf tOthFk; . ,q; F mstP l ; b d; NghJ Vw; g Lk;
cau;tOthdJ mt; msTj;jpl;lj;jpd; ,opntz;zpf;ifahFk;.
cjhuhzkhf xU kPw;wu; msTr;rl;lj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp xU Fwpg;gpl;l ePsk; msf;fg;gLk; NghJ
Vw;gLk; tO ±1mm MFk;.
,JNt kPw;wu; msTr;rl;lj;jpd; cgfuz tO vdg;gLfpwJ.
x vd;gJ xu; mstPlhf ,Ug;gpd; MdJ cgfuz tOthFk;.
Nfhypd; ePsk; = ( 50.3 ± 0.1 ) cm
= ( 530 ± 1 ) mm

thrpg;G tO
gpd;d tO
x vd;gJ xU ngsjpff; fzpaj;jpd; mstPlhfTk; x vd;gJ mstPl;by; cs;s tOthfTk;
,Ug;gpd;
gpd;dtO = MFk;.
= (tO) ,opntz;zpf;if
thrpg;G

rjtPj tO

rjtPj tO = My; jug;gLk;

cjhuzkhf rP ypq; xd; w pd; cauk; xU Fwpj; j msTr; rl; lj;j hy; mspf; fg; g l; l NghJ thrpg;G
(3.125 ± 0.001)m MFk;.
cUis xd;wpd; cauk; mNj msTr;rl;lj; jhy; msf; fg;gl;l NghJ thrpg;G. (0.075 ± 0.001)m
MFk;.

rPypq;fpd; cau mstPl;by; rjtPj tO =

= 0.03%

cUisapd; cau; mstPl;by; rjtPj tO =

= 1.3%

,q;F jpUj;jj;jd;ik (Accurateness) cUisapYk; ghu;f;f rPypq;fpd; mstPl;by; mjpfkhdjhFk;.

njhFg;G : jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud;> Mrpupau; - ,urhadtpay;> (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up - aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU Nt.jNd];Fkhu;> Mrpupau; - j.njh.njh> (ah/fe;jNuhil jkpo;f;fe;ijah tpj;jpahrhiy)

juk; - 12> 13

Eg : Fwpj;j xu; mdtPL gpd;tUkhW cs;sJ. (208 ± 1)mm.

,q;F jdptO = 1mm
thrpg;G = 208 mm
gpd;dtO = = 0.0048

rjtPj tO =

nghJthf tOthdJ xU nghUSila ,yf; f j; j py; vOjg; g LtJ toikahFk; . vdNt

gpd;dtOit 0.005 vdTk;> rjtPj tOit 0.5% vdTk; vOjyhk;.

Note :
xu; mstPl;by; cs;s jpUj;jj;jd;ik / nrk;ik mjpYs;s rjtPj tOthdJ 1%
my;yJ 1% ,w;F Fiwthf ,Uj;jy; NghJkhdJ vdf; fUj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

cjhuzkhf xU kPw;wu; msTr;rl;lj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp 10 cm (100 mm) mstPL vLf;fg;gLk;

NghJ

gpd;dtO =

rjtPjtO =

njhFg;G : jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud;> Mrpupau; - ,urhadtpay;> (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up - aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU Nt.jNd];Fkhu;> Mrpupau; - j.njh.njh> (ah/fe;jNuhil jkpo;f;fe;ijah tpj;jpahrhiy)

juk; - 12> 13

vdNt kPw;wu; msTr;rl;lj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp 10 cm ,w;Fk; Fiwe;j mstPLfis vLf;Fk; NghJ

jpUj; j j; j d; i k NghJkhdjhf ,Uf; fhJ. (tYtP j k; $Lk; ) . vdNt ,j; j ifa re; j u; g; gj; jpy;

1mm ,Yk; ghu;f;f ,opntz;zpf;if Fiwe;j mstPl;Lf; fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

,e; j mbg; gilapy; tOtP j j; i j Fiwf; f Ntzpau; fUtp> efUk; EZf; F f; fhl; b > jpUF-

Ez;khdp Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

tOf;fspd; Nru;khdk;

Y,A,B vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapyhd njhlu;G tOf;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;G

Y=A+B

Y=A-B

Y=A+B

n
Y=A

Y = 1nA

Y = expA

y =anb Nghd;w ,Wjp KbTfisf; fzpj;jypd; NghJ a apYs;s tOthdJ y apd; tOtpw; ghupa

jhf; f k; nrYj; J k; . vdNt mLf; F fisAila fzpaq; f is kpfTk; jpUj; j khf mstply;

Ntz;Lk;.

njhFg;G : jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud;> Mrpupau; - ,urhadtpay;> (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up - aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU Nt.jNd];Fkhu;> Mrpupau; - j.njh.njh> (ah/fe;jNuhil jkpo;f;fe;ijah tpj;jpahrhiy)

juk; - 12> 13

mstPl;by; jpUj;jj;jd;ik / Jy;ypaj;jd;ikiaAk; El;gj;ijAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;ly;

xU Nfhypd; cd; i kahd eP s k; 4.9cm vd; f . mjid xU kP w ; w u; rl; l j; j pd; %yk; mstpLk;
NghJk; 5.0cm vDk; mstPl;ilg; ngw;why; ,t; mstPL jpUj;jj;jd;ik mw;wjhFk;. mf;Nfhiy
Nyru; f w; i w msT Nfhy; %yk; mstpLk; NghJ 4.9cm fpilf; f g; n gWk; . jw; N ghJ mstP L
jpUj;jj;jd;ik nfhz;ljhFk;.

mstPLfis kpfTk; jpUj;jj;jd;ikAld; ngWtJ kpfTk; fbdkhdjhFk;.

xu; mstP L El; g khdJ vdpd; mJ jpUj; j j; j d; i k nfhz; l jy; y . vdpDk; Xu; mstP L
njhlu;r;rpahf jpUj;jj;jd;ik nfhz;lJ vdppd; mJ El;gkhd mstPL MFk;.

xU nghUspd; cz;ikahd ntg;gepiy 500C vdpd; xU ntg;gkhzp me;j ntg;gepiyia 500c

vd mstpl;lhy; me;j ntg;gkhzp jpUj;jj;jd;ik $baJ vdf; fUjyhk;. me;j ntg;gkhzpahy;
njhlu;r;rpahf rupahd ntg;gepiyfis mstpl KbAkhapd; mJ El;gkhdJ vdf; $wyhk;.

cjhuhzkhf
xU Fspu; rhjdg; ngl;bapd; cz;i kahd ntg;gepiy 90C vd;f. xU ntg;gkhdpiaf; nfhz;L
mstpLk; NghJ 10.40c, 10.20C, 10.30C, 10.10C, 10.20C, 10.10c, 10.10c, 10.10c Mfpa thrpg;Gf;fis
jUfpd; w J vdpd; me; j ntg; g khdp jpUj; j j; j d; i k mw; w jhFk; . Vnddpy; thrpg; G f; f s;
cz;ikahd ngWkjpf;F 10C Fiwthf cs;sJ. Mdhy; midj;J thrpg;GfSf;Fk; 100C apw;F
fpl;l cs;sjhy;; me;j ntg;gkhdp El;gkhdjhFk;.

cjhuhzk; 2:
xU Nfhypd; cz;ikahd ePsk; 5.673cm vd;f. 0.1cm ,opntz;zpf;if nfhz;l msTr;rl;lj;ijg;
gad; g Lj; j p mstpLk; NghJ mjd; eP s k; 5.5cm vdTk; > 0.01cm ,opntz; z pf; i f nfhz; l
fUtpiaf; nfhz;L mstpLk; NghJ 5.48cm vdTk; mstplg;gLfpwJ vd;f.
Kjy; mstP L cz; i kg; ngWkjpf; F fpl; l cs; s jhy; vdNt mJ mjpf jpUj; j j; j d; i k
cilaJ. Mdhy; Fiwe;j El;gk; cilaJ.
,uz;lhtJ mstPlhdJ Fiwe;j jpUj;jj;jd;ikiaAk; mjpf El;gj;ijAk; nfhz;lJ.

njhFg;G : jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud;> Mrpupau; - ,urhadtpay;> (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up - aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU Nt.jNd];Fkhu;> Mrpupau; - j.njh.njh> (ah/fe;jNuhil jkpo;f;fe;ijah tpj;jpahrhiy)

juk; - 12> 13

jpUj;jj;jd;ik (nrk;ik) iaAk;> El;gj;ijAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;ly;

jpUj; j j; j d; i kAk; El;gkhdJ Mdhy; jpUj;jj;jd;ikAk;

El;gKk; mw;wJ. jpUj;jj;jd;ik mw;wJ. El;gKk; cilaJ.

cz;ikahd mstPL

ngwg;gl;l mstPL

njhFg;G : jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud;> Mrpupau; - ,urhadtpay;> (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up - aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU Nt.jNd];Fkhu;> Mrpupau; - j.njh.njh> (ah/fe;jNuhil jkpo;f;fe;ijah tpj;jpahrhiy)