juk; 12>13 ngsjpftpay;

Nfhskhdp

njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;)
 juk; 12>13

1.4.2 Nfhskhdp

A. gpujhd / epiyf;Fj;J mstpil

B. tl;l mstpil
C. eLf;fhy;
D. epiyahd fhy;
E. FLkp

NfhskhdpahdJ td; i kahd jputpaj; j pdhyhd rkgf; f Kf; N fhzp xd; w pd; cr; r pfspy;
nghUe;jf;$bajhd %d;W ru;trkdhd epiyahd fhy;fisf; nfhz;lJ.

,f; fhy; f spd; Edpfs; cz; l hf; F k; Kf; N fhzpapd; Rw; W tl; l ikaj; j pD}lhf rP u hd
GupAila jpUF xd;W nry;fpd;wJ. ,J eLf;fhy; vdg;gLk;.

eLf;fhYld; xU tl;l mstpil fpilahfg; nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

tl;l mstpilf;F mUfpy; mjw;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf epiyf;Fj;J mstpil

nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

epiyf; Fj;J mstpilapy; jpUfpd; /tl;l mstpilapd; KOr; Row;rpapd; vz;z pf;i fiaAk;
tl;l mstpilapy; vQ;rpa Rw;wpd; gpd;dj;ijAk; mstplyhk;.

xU KOr;Row;rp

njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;)
juk; 12>13

,opntz;zpf;if

tl;l mstpil 50 gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; fUtpfspy; tl;l mstpilapd; /jpUfpd;

xU KOr; Row;rpapd; NghJ eLf;fhy; 1 mm Gupapilj; J}uj;jpw;$lhf mirAk;
2

50 gpupTfspy; Roy eLf;fhy; mirAk; J}uk; = 1/2 mm

/ 1gpupTf;$lhf tl;l mstpil Roy eLf;fhy; 1/ 2 1

mirAk; J}uk;  50  100 mm
 0.01mm

tl;l mstpil 100 gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; fUtpfspy; Gupapilj;J}uk; 1 mm

Mf ,Uf;Fk;. ,jd; ,opntz;zpf;ifAk; 0.01mm MFk;.

NtW rpy fUtpfspy; tl;l mstpil 200 gpupTfshfTk; Gupapilj;J}uk; 1 mm MfTk;

,Uf;Fk;. ,jd; ,opntz;z;f;if 0.005mm MFk;.

G+r;rpa tOitj;Jzpjy;

fz;zhbj; jl;nlhd;wpd; kPJ Nfhskhdpia itj;J eLf;fhiyg; gjpj;J/ cau;j;jp

fz;zhbj; jl;Lld; eLf;fhypd; KidAk; tpk;gj;jpd; KidAk; njhlr; nra;AkhW
nrg;gQ;nra;ag;gLk;. ,e;epiyia eLf;fhypd; Mbtpk;gk; Nky; fz;zhbj; jl;by; Njhd;Wk;
,t; tpk;g EdpAk; eLf;fhypd; EdpAk; xd;iwnahd;Wk; njhLtjd; %yk; mwpe;J
nfhs;syhk;.

,e;epiyapy; tl;l mstpilapd; G+r;rpak; epiyf;Fj;J mstpilapd; G+r;rpaj;Jld;

Note :
,q;F jsthb gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy Vnddpy; jsthbf;F jbg;G ,Ug;gjdhYk; ,urg;
G+r;rpy; njwpf;Fk; tpk;gk; gpufhrkhf njuptjdhYk; Nkw;gug;gpy; nghUe;Jif mtjhdpg;gJ
fbdkhFk;.

njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;)
juk; 12>13

Neu;g;g+r;rpa tO

Nfhskhdpapd; ehd;F fhy;fSk; fz;zhbj;jl;il njhl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ glj;jpy;

fhl;bathW Nfhskhdpapd; tl;l mstpilapd; xU gpupT epiyf;Fj;J mstpilAld;
nghUe;jpapUg;gpd; fUtp Neu;g;g+r;rpatO cilajhff; fUjg;gLk;.

Neug;g+r;rpa tO = nghUe;Jk; gpupT x ,opntz;zpf;if

= 5 x 0.01
= +0.05mm

kiwg;g+r;rpa tO

Nfhskhdpapd; ehd;F fhy;fSk; fz;zhbj;jl;il njhl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ glj;jpy;

fhl;bathW Nfhskhdpapd; tl;l mstpilapd; xU gpupT epiyf;Fj;J mstpilAld;
nghUe;jpapUg;gpd; fUtp kiwg;g+r;rpatO cilajhff; fUjg;gLk;.

kiwg;g+r;rpa tO = (tl;l mstpilg; gpupTfs; - nghUe;Jk; gpupTfs;) x ,opntz;zpf;if

= (50 - 48) x 0.01
= -0.02mm

NOTE
Nfhskhdpapy; g+r;rpa tO ,Ug;gpDk; ,jidg; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ nghJthf ,U
thrpg;Gf;fspd; tpj;jpahrk; fzpf;fg;gLtjhy; g+r;rpa tOitf; fzpf;f Ntz;ba
mtrpakpy;iy.

thrpg;G vLf;Fk; NghJ gpd;dbg;G tOit(Back lash error) jtpu;g;gjw;F vg;NghJk; jpUF
xNu jpirapy; Row;wg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;)
juk; 12>13

thrpg;G vLf;fg;gLk; NghJ epiyf;Fj;J mstpilapd; g+r;rpaf; Fwpf;F Nky; vLf;fg;gLk;

thrpg; G f; f s; Neu; (+) vdTk; mjw; F f; fP o ; vLf; f g; g Lk; thrpg; G f; f s; kiw( -) vdTk;
nfhs;sg;gLk;.

Nfhskhdp %d;W fhy;fspy; jhq;fg;gLtjd; Nehf;fk;

1. cWjpr; rkepiyiag; Ngzy;.
2. %d;W Gs;spfspD}L xU jsk;(fpil) nry;Yk;.

gad;ghLfs;

1. ehzaf;Fw;wp Nghd;w rpwpa nghUl;fspd; jbg;G

2. jl;bYs;s Jthuj;jpd; rpW Mok;. Eg: CD
3. NfhsNkw;gug;Gfspd; tistpdhiu Jzpjy;.
4. rpy cNyhff; Nfhy;fspy; Vw;gLk; mm tupirapyhd rpwpa khw;wq;fis mstply;.

njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;)
juk; 12>13

Nfhskhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp NfhsNkw;gug;gpd; tistpdhiuia Jzpjy;.

NfhskhdpahdJ fz; z hbj; jl; nlhd; w pd; kP J itf; fg; gl; L mjd; eLf; fhiyg; gjpj;J
fz;zhbj;jl;il kl;Lkl;lhfj; njhLkhW nrg;gQ;nra;ag;gLk;. ,e;epiyapy; Nfhskhdpapd;
Muk;g thrpg;G Fwpf;fg;gLk;.

gpd;du; jug;gl;l tisNkw;gug;gpd; kPJ Nfhskhdpia itj;J eLf;fhiy cau;j;jp ehd;F

fhy;fSk; NfhsNkw;gug;i g njhLkhW nrg;gQ; nra; a g;gLk; . ,e; epiyapy; Nfhskhdpapd;
thrpg;G Fwpf;fg;gLk;.

Nfhskhdpapd; ,U thrpg;Gf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd tpj;jpahrk; eLf;fhy; cau;e;j cauk;

h ,idj; jUk;.

nfhs;if

njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;)
juk; 12>13

Nfj;jpu fzpjj;jpd;gb

x  x  h( 2 R  h)
x 2  2 Rh  h 2
2 Rh  x 2  h 2
x2 h
R 
2h 2

a
cos 30 o  2
x
3 a
2 2x
a
x
3
2
 a 
 
h
R
3

2h 2
2
a h
R 
6h 2

NOTE
Nfhskhdpapd; ghjq;fis jhnshd;wpy; gjpj;J Fw;Wf;fspd; milahsq;fisg; ngw;W
mLj;jLj;j Gs;spfSf;fpilg;gl;l J}uj;ij Ntzpau; ,Lf;Fkhdpiaf; nfhz;L mse;J a
apd; ruhrupg;ngWkhdk; fzpf;fg;gLk;.

ghlrhiy Ma;T$lj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Nfhskhdpapd; tPr;R (–7mm) - (+7mm)

njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;)
juk; 12>13

cjhuzq;fs;

thrpg;G = 2.00mm + (23 x 0.01) mm

= +2.23mm

thrpg;G = 0 + (34 x 0.01mm)

= +0.34mm

thrpg;G = - *3.50mm + (50 - 35) x 0.01mm+

= - 3.65mm

,U thrpg;Gf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd tpj;jpahrk;?

A apy; thrpg;G = 2.00mm + (49 x 0.01mm)

= + 2.49mm

B apy; thrpg;G = -*3.50mm+(50-37)x0.01mm+

= - 3.63mm

thrpg;Gfspd; tpj;jpahrk; = 2.49 - (-3.63)

= 6.12mm

njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;)
juk; 12>13

efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;b (Travelling microscope)

S2

A - EZf;Ff;fhl;b
B - ghu;itj;Jz;L
C - Nkil
D - epiyf;Fj;J Ntzpau;
E - fpil Ntzpau;
F - ePu; kl;lk;
G - cUg;ngUf;Fk; tpy;iy
H - EZf;Ff;fhl;bia fpilahf/ epiyf;Fj;jhf epiyepWj;Jk; jpUF
S1 - EZf;Ff;fhl;bia Ftpag;gLj;Jk; jpUF Fkpo;
S2 - Nkilia kl;lkhf;Fk; jpUF
S3 - epiyf;Fj;J tOf;Fk; jhilia Ez;efu;j;Jk; jpUF epiyf;Fj;J
Ez;nrg;gkhf;fp Fkpo;
S4 - fpil Ntzpaiu/ tOf;Fk; jhilia Ez;efu;j;Jk; jpUF ,il
Ez;nrg;gkhf;fp Fkpo;
S5 - fpil mirit epiyepWj;Jk; jpUF.

njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;)
juk; 12>13

,jpYs;s EZf;Ff;fhl;b fpilahfTk; epiyf;Fj;jhfTk; miraf;$bajhFk;. ,t; mirT

Ntzpau; mstpilapd; 0.01mm ,w;F jpUj;jkhf msf;fyhk;.
0

gpujhd mstpil 24mm

Ntzpau; mstpil

0
50

,jpy; 50 Ntzpau; gpupTfs; gpujhd mstpilapd; 49 gpupTld; nghUe;Jk;. gpujhd mstpil 1/2mm uPjpapy;
gpupf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

50 Ntzpau; gpupT ePsk; = 49 x 1/2 mm

1 Ntzpau; gpupT ePsk; = 49/50 x 1/2
= 49/100
,opntz;zpf;if = 0.5 - 0.49
= 0.01mm

,jidg; gad;gLj;jp mstPL vLf;Fk; NghJ ftdpf;f Ntz;bait

fUtpapd; Nkil/jsk;/Mjhuk; fpilahf tUk; tiu ,jpYs;s ePu; kl;lj;ij mtjhdpj;J

fUtpapd; ghjq; f shf cs; s jpUFfs; rup nra; a g; g ly; Ntz; L k; . (eP u ; kl; l j; j pYs; s
tspf;Fkpop kj;jpf;F nfhz;L tug;gly; Ntz;Lk;)

EZf; F f; f hl; b apd; FWf; F f; f k; g p fpilahfTk; epiyf; F j; j hfTk; ,Uf; F khW rup-
nra; a g; g ly; Ntz; L k; . gpd; FWf; F f; f k; g p njspthf njupAk; t iu EZf; F f; f hl; b apd;
ghu;itj;Jz;bid Kd;gpd; mirj;J nrg;gQ;nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

NOTE
rpy fUtpfspy; 10-6m tiu mstplf;$bajhf ,Ug;gjhy; ,f;fUtp micrometer vdTk;
miof;fg;gLk;.

njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;)
juk; 12>13

efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;biag; gad;gLj;jp kapu;j;Jisf;Fohapd; cs;tpl;lk;>

ntsptpl;lk; msj;jy;

Kjypy; ePu;kl;lj;ij mtjhdpj;J ghjq;fshf cs;s jpUFfs; nrg;gQ;nra;ag;gl;L Nkil/

Mjhuk; fpilepiyf;F kl;lkhf;fg;gLk;. gpd; EZf;Ff;fhl;b fpilepiyf;F kl;lkhf;fg;gLk;.

fpilahd miktpw;F jpUg;gg;gl;L FWf;Ff;fk;gpfs; fpilahfTk; epiyf;Fj;jhfTk;

,Uf;FkhW rup nra;ag;gLk;. gpd;du; FWf;Ff;fk;gp njspthfj; Njhd;Wk; tiu
ghu;itj;Jz;L Kd; gpd;dhf mirj;J nrg;gQ;nra;ag;gLk;.

fpilf; FWf;Ff;fk;gp

epiyf;Fj;Jf; FWf;Ff;fk;gp

gpd;du; jug;gl;l kapu;j;Jisf; Fohapd; mr;R EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; xNu mr;rpy; ,Uf;FkhW

mjw; F Kd; g hf Vwj; j ho 5cm J}uj; j py; Fohapd; Kfk; ,Uf; f khW jhq; f papy;
nghUj;jg;gLk;.

gpd;du; FohapdJ Kfj;jpd; tpk;gk; FWf;Ff;fk;gpapy; njspthfj; njupAk; tiu EZf;Ff;

fhl; b apYs; s Fkpo; S1 rup nra; a g; g Lk; (Kfj; j pdJ tpk; g k; njspthf njupAkhW
Ftpag;gLj;jg;g Lk;). rpy re;j u;g;gq;fspy; Fohapd; Kfk; njspthfj; njuptjw;F mjw;F
Kd;ghf mUfpy; kpd;Fkpo; %yk; xspu;T gLj;jg;gLk;

njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;)
juk; 12>13

ghu;itg; Gyj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; tpk;gk;.

Fohapd; epiyf;Fj;j hd cs; tpl; lj;i j msg; gjw;F EZf; Ff; fhl;bapd; fpilf;FWf; Ff;
fk; gp tpk; gj; j pd; mftpl; lj; j pd; Nkw; g Fjpia njhLk; NghJ epiyf; Fj; J mstpilapy;
thrpg;G ngwg;gLk;.

mNjNghy; tpk; g j; j pd; mftpl; lj; j pd; fP o ; g ; g Fjpia njhLk; NghJk; thrpg; G ngwg; g Lk; .
,q;F ngwg;gLtJ Fohapd; Kfj;jpd; jiyfPo; tpk;gkhFk;.

nghUs; nghUs;
B

tpk;gk; tpk;gk;

Fohapd; fpilahd cs;/mf tpl; l j; i j msg; g jw; F EZf; F f; f hl; b apd; epiyf; F j; J
FWf;Ff;fk;gp gpd;tUk; epiyfspy; tpk;gj;jpd; mftpl;lj;ij njhLk; nghOJ fpilahd
mstpilapy; thrpg;G ngwg;gLk;.

C
C

D
D

njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;)
juk; 12>13

cjhuzk;

tpk;g epiy gpujhd Ntzpau; thrpg;G(mm)

mstpil mstpil

A
79 42 79 + (42x0.01) = 79.42

36 80 + (36x0.01) = 80.36
80

52 + (25x0.01) = 5 2.25
52 25
C

17 53 + (17x0.01) = 53.17
D 53

epiyf;Fj;J mftpl;lk;  80.36  79.42

 0.94 mm
fpil mftpl;lk;  53.17  52.25
 0.92mm

ruhrup mftpl;lk; 0.94  0.92 1.86

   0.93mm
2 2

,t;thW kapu;j;Jisf; Fohapd; ntsptpl;lj;ijAk; Jzpayhk;.

NOTE
,q ; F Fo ha pd; m f tp l; lk ; Fo ha p d; xU K i d ap Ny Na m sf; fg; gL tj hy; ,J
jpUj; j khdjy; y . Vnddpy; Fohapd; cs; t l; l k; Foha; topNa rP u w; W ,Uf; f yhk; .
vdNt ,ur ,ioiag; gad;gLj;jp Fohapd; mftpl;lk; jpUj;jkhff; fzpf;fg;gLk;.

njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;)
juk; 12>13

,ur ,ioiag; gad;gLj;jp kapu;j;Jisf; Fohapd; mf Miuia Jzpjy;

Kjypy; kapu;j;Jisf;Foha; J}a;ikahf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

Rj;jkhf;Fk; xOq;F Kiw

1. fhuf;fiuryhy; fOTjy;
2. mkpyf;fiuryhy; fOTjy;
3. J}a ePuhy; fOTjy;
4. cyu;j;jy; (#lhd tsp)

gpd;du; kapu;j;Jisf; FohapDs; ,urk; GFj;jg;gLk; ,jw;F ,U Kiwfisf; ifahsyhk;.

1. Fohapd; xU Kidia ,urj; j pDs; mkpo; j ; j p Fohapd; eLg; g Fjpia ntg; g Nkw; w p
tspia ntspNaw;w pa gpd; ntspKidia tpuyhy; %b eLg;gFjpia Fspu; tpf;f ,urk;
cs;nsLf;fg;gLk;.

2. kapu; j ; J isf; Fohapd; xU Kidahy; ,wg; g u; Fohiag; nghUj; j p ,wg; g u; Fohapd;

kWKidia kbj;J gpd; Fohia mOj;jp tspia ntspNaw;wpa gpd; Fohapd; kWKid-
ia ,urj;jpDs; itj;J mOj;jpa Fohia jsu;j;Jk; NghJ ,urk; cs;nsLf;fg;gLk;.

gpd; d u; kapu; j ; J isf; F oha; rP u hdjh? vdg; ghu; f ; f FohapDs; ntt; N tW ,lq; f spy;
,urepuy; epiyepWj;jg;gl;L mjd; ePsk; efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;biaf; nfhz;L mstplg;gLk;.

l l l

vy;yhr; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; ,urepuypd; ePsk; l khwhj xNu ngWkjp cilaJ vdpd; Foha;
rPuhd Jis cilajhFk;.

gpd;du; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l ,ur epuypd; jpzpT(m) tpQ;Qhd ,yj;jpudpay; juhirf; nfhz;L

mstplg;gLk;.

njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;)
juk; 12>13

jpzpT = fdtsT x mlu;j;jp

m   (D )2 l  
2
D 2
m l
4
4m
D2 
l
m
D 2
l
m
Miu r 
l

nraw;ghL

efUk; EZf;Ff; fhl;biag; gad;gLj;jp ,wg;gu; Fohapd; cs;tpl;lk;> ntsptpl;lk; Jzpjy;.

cgfuzq;fs; - efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;b> ,wg;gu;Foha; jhq;fp

nfhs; i f - Ntzpau; mstpiliaf; nfhz; l cgfuznkhd; w pd; gpujhd mstpilapd; n

gFjpfs; Ntzpau; mstpilapd; N gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhapd;

kpfr;rpwpa mstPL = 1 gpujhd gpuptpd; ePsk; - 1 Ntzpau; gpuptpd; ePsk;

R
 1 x gpujhd mstpilapd; 1 gpupT ePsk;
N

nra;Kiw
jug; g l; l efUk; EZf; F f; f hl; b apd; kpfr; r pwpa mstP L fz; l wpe; J gjpag; g Lk; . efUk;
EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; gpujhd ghfq;fs; nrg;gQ;nra;ag;gLk;.

EZf; F f; f hl; b fpilahd mikTf; F jpUg; g g; g l; l gpd; mjd; Kd; j hq; f papd; cjtpAld;
jug;gl;l ,wg;gu; Foha; fpilahfg; nghUj;jg;gLk;.

g pd; du; Foha pd; Kfj; j pd; tpk; g k hdJ FW f; F f; f k; gpapy; nj spthfj; Nj hd; W k hW
EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; jpUF nrg;gQ;nra;ag;gLk;.

njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;)
juk; 12>13

H y4

y2
E

C A B D
F
y1

G y3

X3 X1 X2 X4

Fohapd; fpilahd mftpl;lj;ij msg;gjw;F EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; epiyf;Fj;Jf; FWf;Ff; fk;gp

tpk;gj;jpd; mftpl;lj;jpd; fpilg;gFjpfis (A,B) njhLk; ,U re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; fpilNtzpaupy;
thrpg;Gf;fs; ngwg;gLk;. ,Nj Nghy; ntsptpl;lj;jpd; gFjpfisj; njhLk; ,U re;ju;g;gq;fspYk;
(C,D) thrpg;Gf;fs; ngwg;gLk;.

gpd;du; mftpl;lj;jpd; Nky; gFjpfis fpilf;FWf;Ff;fk;gp njhLk; ,U re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; (E,F)

epiyf;Fj;J Ntzpaupy; thrpg;Gf;fs; ngwg;gLk;. ,NjNghy; ntsptpl;lj;jpd; gFjpfis (G,H)
njhLk; ,U re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; thrpg;Gf;fs; ngwg;gLk;.

thrpg;Gf;fSk; fzpj;jy;fSk;

mftpl;lj;jpw;fhd thrpg;Gf;fs; ntsptpl;lj;jpw;fhd thrpg;Gf;fs;

fpil x1 x2 fpil x3 x4

epiyf;Fj;J y1 y2 epiyf;Fj;J y3 y4

njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;)
juk; 12>13

mftpl;lj;jpd; ruhrup ( x 2  x1 )  ( y 2  y1 )

2
( x 4  x3 )  ( y 4  y 3 )
ntsptpl;lj;jpd; ruhrup 
2

KbT - fzpj;jy;fspd; mbg;gilapy; KbTfisf; Fwpg;gply;

fye;Jiuahly; - KbTfs; kw;Wk; tOf;fs; njhlu;ghff; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;jy;.

njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;)