ngsjpftpay;

mstPl;L cgfuzq;fs;
(epWj;jw; fbfhuk;> Kr;rl;lj;juhR>
tpw;wuhR> ,yj;jpudpay; juhR)
 juk; - 12,13

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;: 1.4.3

Neuk; msj;jy;

r h j h u z N k i r f ; f b f h u j ; j p y ; m s tp i l 1 - 1 2 k z pj ; j p ah y q ; fs; t i u m st p i l
Fwpf; f g; g l; b Uf; F k; . ,jd; ,opT thrpg; G mjhtJ thrpg; G j; jpUj; j k; 1 s MFk; . ,jpy;
kzpj;jpahyf; fk;gp> epkplf; fk;gp> nrf;fd; fk;gp Mfpad fhzg;gLk;.
rhjhuzkhf Ma;T$lj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; epWj;jy; fbfhuj;jpy; 0 - 60 gpupTfshf mstpil
1
gpupf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,jd; ,opT mstPL /3 s MFk;.
1
Mdhy; rpytw;wpy; /5 s MFk;.
,q;F epkplf; fk;gp> nrf;fd; fk;gp Mfpad fhzg;gLk;.

nrf;fd; fk;gp

epkplf; fk;gp

A B epWj;jw; fbfhuk; nraw;gl Muk;gpf;Fk;.

B A Fwpj;j fzj;jpy; epWj;jg;Lk;.
C - g+r;rpa thrpg;Gf;F nfhz;LtUk; nek;G

njhFg;G :- jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud; Mrpupau; - ngsjpftpay; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nt.wkzd; Mrpupau; - jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk; (fpsp/,uhkehjGuk; Nkw;F m.j.f.gh)
 juk; - 12,13

rhjhuz kzpf;$l;by; ,y;yhj rpy tpNrl trjpfs;

 epidj;jTld; epWj;j KbAk;.

 epWj;jpa ,lj;jpypUe;J Muk;gpf;f KbAk;.
 epidj;jTld; g+r;rpa thrpg;gpw;F nfhz;L tuyhk;.

epWj;jw; fbfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp thrpg;G vLg;gjw;F Kd;du;

gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fisf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
,af;fj;ij epWj;Jk; nek;G>
epWj;jpa ,lj;jpypUe;J Muk;gpf;Fk; nek;G>
g+r;rpa thrpg;gpw;Ff; nfhz;L tUk; nek;G
Mfpatw;iwf; ,dq;fz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

fUtpf;F g+r;rpa tO ,Ug;gpd; mJ

thrpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. g+r;rpa tO
vdg;gLtJ nrf;fd; fk;gp g+r;rpa
mstpilAld; nghUe;jhik MFk;.

fhl;bAld; Mbtpk;gk; kiwAkhW fz;

,Uf;Fk; NghJ thrpg;G vLf;fg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;.

epWj;jw; fbfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp Neuk; msf;Fk; NghJ njupe;jpUf;f

Ntz;bait.

fbfhuj;ij nraw;gLj;j
nraw;gLj;jj; epidg;gjw;Fk;
nraw;gLj;jJtjw;Fk;
J}z;Ltjw;Fk; mJ ,ilapy; Neujhkjk;
nraw;gLtjw;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;glyhk;. (,J
Neu jhkjk; Vw;glyhk;. fhz;Nghd; tO) ,J
,J ntt;NtW ntt;NtW
fbfhuq;fSf;F mtjhdpfSf;F
NtWglyhk;. NtWgLk;.
(epWj;jw; fbfhuk;
jahupf;fg;gLk;
El;gKiwiag;
ngWj;jJ.)
$Ljyhd Neuk; msf;fg;gLkplj;J
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tOf;fs; jtpu;f;fg;gLk;.

njhFg;G :- jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud; Mrpupau; - ngsjpftpay; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nt.wkzd; Mrpupau; - jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk; (fpsp/,uhkehjGuk; Nkw;F m.j.f.gh)
 juk; - 12,13

,yf;f epWj;jw; fbfhuk;

kpy;yp nrf;fd;
kzpj;jpahyk;
10 ms = s
epkplk;
nrf;fd;

rhjhuzkhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,yf;f epWj;jw; fbfhuk; 10 ms ,opT thrpg;G

cilajhf ,Uf;Fk;.

Kf;Nfhy; juhR (Triple beam balance)

cNyhf Nkil/jl;L Nkyjpf fhe;jj;
jzpj;jy; njhFjp
tOf;Fk; epiwfs; rl;lq;fs;
fhl;b

cNyhf ,izg;G
g+r;rpak; epiwg;Gs;spfs;
nrg;gk; Pointer ( at zero)
nra;Ak; jpUF.

jpz;k thu; cNyhf mb

cNyhf jhq;fp %bfs;>
Ra xOq;F jhq;fpfs; El;g
Royr;Rg;Gs;sp.

njhFg;G :- jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud; Mrpupau; - ngsjpftpay; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nt.wkzd; Mrpupau; - jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk; (fpsp/,uhkehjGuk; Nkw;F m.j.f.gh)
 juk; - 12,13

,jpy; %d;W Nfhy;fSk; 0 - 10 g, 0 - 500 g, 0 - 100g tiu msT Nfhblg;gl;Ls;sJ.

nrg;gQ;nra;ag;gLk;
Kiw

 juhR mr;Rg;gw;wp RahjPdkhf miraf;$bajhf ,Uj;jiy cWjpg;gLj;jy;.

 vy; y hj; jpzpT XbfSk; Muk; g j; j py; rl; l q; f spy; g+r; r paf; Fwpf; F vjpNu ,Uj; j y;
Ntz;Lk;.

 g+r; r pak; rupnra; A k; jpUif nrg; g Q; nra; t jd; %yk; fhl; b g+r; r paf; Fwpf; F vjpNu
nfhz;L tug;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

 ,J tpirj;jpUg;gf; Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb nraw;gLk; juhR MFk;. ,jidg; gad;gLj;jp 2610 g

tiu mstplyhk;. ,jdhy; msf;ff;$ba Mff;Fiwe;j epiw 0.1g MFk;.

 ,jpy; 1000 g Mff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l epiwg;gbapd; cz;ikj;jpzpT 295g mstPl;bw;Fk;> 500g

Mff; Fwpf;fg;gl;l epiwg;gbapd; cz;ikj;jpzpT 147.5g mstPl;bw;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

njhFg;G :- jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud; Mrpupau; - ngsjpftpay; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nt.wkzd; Mrpupau; - jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk; (fpsp/,uhkehjGuk; Nkw;F m.j.f.gh)
 juk; - 12,13

nghUspd; jpzpnthd;iw msj;jy;

 juhRj; jl; b y; jpzpT msf; f Ntz; b a nghUis itj; J jpzpT Xl; b fis jFe; j thW
efu;j;jp fhl;bahdJ g+r;rpaf; Fwpf;F vjpNu nfhz;L tug;gLk;.

 ,e; e piyapy; jpzpT Xbfs; epw; F k; ,lj; j py; thrpg; G vLf; f g; g l; L mtw; w pd; ngWkjpfs;
$l;lg;gl;L jpzpT mstplg;gLk;.

cjhuzk;

thrpg;G = 300 + 70 + 3.3 = 373.3g

Note
rpw pa ehz ak ; xd; w pd; j pz pT msf; f Ntz ; L k hapd; mt; thw hd gy
ehzaq;fspd; jpzpT msf;fg;gl;L ruhrupj; jpzpT mwpag;gLk;.

rpy nghUl;fs; juhRj; jl;Lld; ,urhadj; jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jyhk; ,jdhy;

jl;L ghjpg;gila tha;g;Gs;sJ. ,jidj; jtpu;f;f fz;zhbg; ghj;jpunkhd;wpy;
gjhu;j;jj;ij ,l;L msf;f Ntz;Lk;.

jpzpT msf;fg;gL Kd; fhl;b g+r;rpaf; Fwpapd; ,Ugf;fKk; rkdhf miya

Ntz; L k; . mt; t hW miyahJ ,Ug; g pd; g+r;r pak; rupnra; Ak; jpUfpd; %yk;
nrg;gQ;nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

njhFg;G :- jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud; Mrpupau; - ngsjpftpay; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nt.wkzd; Mrpupau; - jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk; (fpsp/,uhkehjGuk; Nkw;F m.j.f.gh)
 juk; - 12,13

,q; F ru; t rkdhd ,U epiwg; g bfis Jyhtpd; Kd; J}f; F tjd; %yk;
2000g ,idAk; rl;lq;fspy; jpzpT Xbfis KOtJkhf efu;j;Jtjd; %yk;
610g ,idAk; (10g + 500g + 100g = 610g) Mf nkhj;jkhf 2610g ,id
cr;rkhf mstplyhk;.

thrpg;G vLf;fg;gLk; NghJ fhw;W tPRkhapd; juhrpd; nrk;ik ghjpf;fg;gLk;.

thrpg; G vLf; fg; g l; l gpd; du; Xbfis Muk; g epiyf; F nfhz; L te; J juhRj;
jl; L f; F fP O s; s jz; b y; ,wg; g u; nrUfpia nghUj; j p juhR mirahjthW
ghJfhj;J itj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

cjhuzk; 1

thrpg;G = 300 + 30 + 4.4 = 334.4 g

cjhuzk; 2

thrpg;G = 300 + 30 + 6.8 = 336.8 g

njhFg;G :- jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud; Mrpupau; - ngsjpftpay; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nt.wkzd; Mrpupau; - jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk; (fpsp/,uhkehjGuk; Nkw;F m.j.f.gh)
 juk; - 12,13

tpw;wuhR
g+r;rpa
nrg;gQ;nra;Ak;
jpUF

rhjhuzkhf Ma;T$lj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w

fhl;b
tpw;wuhrpd; tPr;R 0 - 2 kg MFk;. ,jid ,yFthf
gad;gLj;jyhk;. mj;Jld; Neubahf thrpg;igg;
ngwyhk;. nghUl;fspd; jpzpT> mlu;j;jp msf;fg;
mstpil gad;gLk;.

Note
,jpy; g+r; r patO ,Ug; g pd; mjpYs; s Riuia mirj; J / mstpilia
mirj;J rupnra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

epiyf; F j; j hfj; njhq; f tplg; g l; L nghUs; Xa; T f; F te; j gpd; thrpg; G

vLf; f g; g ly; Ntz; L k; . mj; J ld; thrpg; G vLf; f g; g Lk; NghJ nghUs; NtW
gug;Gf;fSld; njhLifapy; ,Uf;ff;$lhJ.

jpUj;jk; Fiwthd msT KiwahFk;.

thrpg;G GtpaPu;g;G Mu;KLfYld; NtWgLk;.

njhq;f tplg;gLk; jpzpT ePl;rpf;F Neu;tpfpjrkd; Vfgupkhz mstpil

njhFg;G :- jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud; Mrpupau; - ngsjpftpay; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nt.wkzd; Mrpupau; - jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk; (fpsp/,uhkehjGuk; Nkw;F m.j.f.gh)
 juk; - 12,13

Jyhj; juhrpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nfhs;if

mg ms g
Jyhf;Nfhy; fpilepiyapy; rkepiyapy; cs;s NghJ.
O

Gaq;fspd; ePsk; rkdw;W ,Uf;Fk; NghJ

mg m1g mg
I m2g II

I ,y; (1);

II ,y; (2);

njhFg;G :- jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud; Mrpupau; - ngsjpftpay; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nt.wkzd; Mrpupau; - jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk; (fpsp/,uhkehjGuk; Nkw;F m.j.f.gh)
 juk; - 12,13

tpQ;Qhd ,yj;jpudpay; juhR (Electronic Balance)

 nghUnshd;wpd; epiwia mstpLtjw;F ,t;tifj; juhRfs; tpfhuf; fzpr;rp vDk; czup-

fisf; nfhz;l Rikf;fyk; xd;iwg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

 tpfhu mstpL fUtp nky;ypajhFk; ,J <u;f;fg;gLk; NghJ my;yJ mKf;fg;gLk; NghJ mjd;
jil khw;wkilAk;.

 tpfhuf; fzpr;rpnahd;iw cNyhfr; rl;lnkhd;wpy; /jl;nlhd;wpy; nghUj;jp mr;rl;lk; / jl;L

tisAk; NghJ tpfhuf;fzpr;rpapd; jilkhWk;. ,jd; NghJ Rikf;fyk; tpfhuf; fzpr; rpapy;
cz;lhf;fg;gLk; ,j;jil khw;wj;ij mstplf;$ba kpd;Ndhl;lkhf khWfpd;wJ. ,jpypUe;J
rl;lj;ij tisTwr; nra;j jifg;G tpiria mstpl KbAk;.

 tpfhuf; fzpr;rpapy; cz;lhf;fg;gLk; jilkhw;wk; rpwpanjdpDk;

Rikf;fyj;jpYs;s ,yj;jpudpay; ghfq;fs; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij tpupayhf;fp mj;jil khw;wj;ij
cz;lhf;Fk; jifg;gpd; gUkid / Rikapd; gUkid (tpir) mstplf;$ba jpwid cila-
jhf;Ffpd;wJ.

 1940 ,y; KjyhtJ fk; g p tpfhuf; fzpr; r p cUthf; f g; g l; l J. Mdhy; mf; f hyg; g Fjpapy;
etP d ,yj; j pudpay; fUtpfs; gad; g hl; b w; F tUk; tiuAk; nghUl; f spd; epiwia
mstpLtjw;fhd ,yj;jpudpay; juhRfs; cUthf;fg;gltpy;iy.

 Mdhy; ,d;W rpy NjitfSf;fhf mstPLfisj; jtpu Vida epiw

mstPLfSf;F ,yj;jpudpay; juhRfs; gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

 Rikf;fyq;fs; gytpj tbtikg;gpy; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

 nghJthf ,yj;jpudpay; juhRfs; mit mstplf;$ba tPr;rpd; 0.03 - 0.25% ,w;F jpUj;jkhf
mstplf;$bad.

 ,tw; w pd; mstP L fs; Rikfs; cz; l hf; F k; tpirfspd; gUkdpy; jq; f pAs; s J. mjhtJ
mtw; w pd; jpzptpd; gUkdpy; jq; fpapUf; ftpy; i y. vdNt ,j; j uhRfspd; mstP L fs; mit
gad; gLj; j g; gLk; ,lj;j pd; GtpaP u; g; G tpirapd; gUkdpy; jq; fpapUf; Fk; . mjhtJ ,tw; w pd;
mstPLfs; jiukl;lj;jpYk; kiyg;gpuNjrj;jpYk; xNu jpzptpw;F xd;whf ,Uf;fhJ.

 rhj huz cg Nahfj; j pY s; s mNdfk hd juhRfspy; Ri kfi s i tg; g j w; F Nki l

mikg; Gila xU gFjpAk; xU Edpr; Rikf; fyq; f Sk; gad; gLj; j g; gLfpd; w d. xU Edpr;
Rikf; f yq; f s; Nkilapy; Rikapd; epiy vJthf ,Ug; g pDk; jpUj; j khd mstP L fisf;
nfhLf;ff;$bad.

 mNefkhd ,yj; j pudpay; juhRfs; mstP L fis rupghu; f ; f f; $ ba epak epiwfisf;

nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;.

njhFg;G :- jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud; Mrpupau; - ngsjpftpay; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nt.wkzd; Mrpupau; - jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk; (fpsp/,uhkehjGuk; Nkw;F m.j.f.gh)
 juk; - 12,13

tpdhf;fs;

Nfhskhdp xd;iw mUfpYs;s glk; fhl;Lfpd;wJ

,jd; tl;l mstpil 50 rk gphpTfisAk;
Ghpapilj;j}uk; ,idAk; nfhz;lJ

fUtp xd;wpd; ,opT vz;zpf;if vd;why; vd;d?

…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….

Nfhskhdpapd; ,opT vz;zpf;if vd;why; vd;d?

……………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………..

NtW rpy fUtpfspy; Ghpapilj;J}uk; MfTk; tl;l mstpilg;gphg;Gf;fs; 200 MfTk;

,Uf;Fk;. ,jd; ,opT vz;zpf;if vd;d?
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………….

Nfhskhdp %d;W fhy;fspy; jhq;fg;gl;L ,Ug;gjw;fhd ,U fhuzq;fisj; jUf.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

Nfhskhdpf;Fg; G+r;rpa tO ,Ug;gpDk; fzpg;gpy; ,t;tO vd; fUjg;gLtjpy;iy? tpsf;Ff.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

Nfhskhdp fpilahd fz;zhbj;jl;by; itf;fg;gl;L eLf;fhy; fz;zhbj;jl;il kl;Lkl;lhf

njhlr; nra;ag;gLk;. ,j; njhLifia vt;thW rhp ghh;g;gPh;?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

njhFg;G :- jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud; Mrpupau; - ngsjpftpay; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nt.wkzd; Mrpupau; - jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk; (fpsp/,uhkehjGuk; Nkw;F m.j.f.gh)
 juk; - 12,13

gFjp ( ) ,y; eLf;fhy; fz;zhbj;jl;il njhLifAw nra;jgpd; tl;l mstpilapd;

G+r;rpaf;FwpAld; nghUe;Jtjw;F tl;l mstpilia gpd;Nehf;fp 35 gphpTfs; efh;j;j
Ntz;b ,Ue;jJ vdpd;

Muk;gepiyapy; epiyf;Fj;J mstpilapy; nghUe;jpa tl;l mstpilg; gphpT vd;d?

……………………………………………………………………………………………...

Muk;gepiy thrpg;G vd;d?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

jpz;kf; NfhsNkw;gug;G xd;wpd; tistpdhiuia msg;gjw;F NkYs;s Nfhskhdp

gad;gLj;jg;gl;l NghJ mstpil cUtpy; cs;sthW ,Ue;jJ.

mstpil thrpg;G vd;d?

…………………………………………………………………… 20
15
10
tisT fhuzkhf jpUF efh;e;j J}uk; vd;d?
……………………………………………………………………
0

tisNkw;gug;gpd; Miu R ,idj; Jzptjw;F

mm
ckf;Fj; Njitg;gLk; Nkyjpf mstPL ahJ?
……………………………………………………………………………………………...

mt; mstPl;il vf;fUtpahy; mstpLtPh;?

……………………………………………………………………………………………...

ePh; gpd;gw;Wk; ghpNrhjidg; gbKiwfs; ahit?

……………………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………………...

gFjp ,y; ngw;w mstPl;il vdTk;> gFjp cs;s mstPl;il vdTk;

nfhz;L vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapyhd njhlh;ig vOJf.
………………………………………………………………………………………………

njhFg;G :- jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud; Mrpupau; - ngsjpftpay; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nt.wkzd; Mrpupau; - jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk; (fpsp/,uhkehjGuk; Nkw;F m.j.f.gh)
 juk; - 12,13

vdpd; gFjp ,y; ngw;w mstPl;ilAk; gad;gLj;jp ,d; ngWkjpiaf; fhz;f.

……………………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
tis Nkw;gug;gpw;Fg; gjpyhf jsthb jug;gl;bUg;gpd; ,d; ngWkhdk; ahjhf ,Uf;Fk;?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
tistpdhiuia msj;jy; jtpu ,f;fUtpapd; gad;ghLfs; ,uz;L vOJf.
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………………

gue;j gad;ghl;bw;Fg; gpd;dh; epiyf;Fj;J mstpilapy; ,Ue;J vLj;j thrpg;G rpy Nfhskhdp
fspy; mt;tsT nrk;ikahf mikahky; ,Uf;fyhk;. ,jw;Fhpa fhuzk; ahJ?
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
NkNy jug;gl;l Nfhskhdpapd; ,opntz;zpf;ifia NkYk; Fiwg;gjw;fhd xU Kiwiaj;
njhptpf;f
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
NtW xU ghpNrhjidapy; ,f;Nfhskhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp ,UNtW re;jh;g;gq;fspy; ngw;w
thrpg;Gf;fis glq;fs; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

45
0
40
(B)

0 35

(A) 30

mm mm
,y; mstPL vd;d?
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
apy; mstPL vd;d?
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
,U thrpg;Gf;fSf;fpilapyhd tpj;jpahrk; vd;d?
……………………………………………………………………………………………...

njhFg;G :- jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud; Mrpupau; - ngsjpftpay; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nt.wkzd; Mrpupau; - jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk; (fpsp/,uhkehjGuk; Nkw;F m.j.f.gh)
 juk; - 12,13

H
0
mm 25

20

Ez;khdpj; jpUFf; fzpr;rp xd;wpdJ mikg;igg; glk; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. (mstpilf;F mika

tiuag;gltpy;iy). ,J mjdJ jPjhs; mstpilapd; kPJ 50 gphpg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gJld;
,j;jPjhs; xU KO Rw;Wf;$lhf Row;wg;gLk; NghJ fhg;Giw mstpil kPJs;s xH
gphpg;G ,w;$lhf mirfpd;wJ.
,f;fUtpapd; ,opT vz;zpf;if ahJ?
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
mstPL xd;W vLf;fg;gLfpd;w NghJ ,dhy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; $W (gw;Row;rp) Kf;fpa njhopw;ghL
xd;Wf;F gad;gLfpd;wJ.
,jd; njhopw;ghL ahJ?
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
,y; Fwpg;gpl;l ,j;njhopw;ghl;il epiwNtw;Wtjpy; gw;Row;rp rhpahf
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gij vt;thW cWjpg;gLj;jtPh;?
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………………...

,j;jpUFf; fzpr;rpf;F G+r;rpa tO VjhtJ ,Ug;gpd; vt;tpjk; ePh; JzptPh;?

……………………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………………...

Fz;Lg; Nghjpif xd;wpd; tpl;lj;ij mstpLtjw;F ,j;jpUfhzpf; fzpr;rp cgNahfpf;fg;gl;l

NghJ ngwg;gl;l thrpg;G NkNy jug;gl;l thpg;glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. fzpr;rpf;F G+r;rpa
tO ,y;yhJ ,Ug;gpd; Fz;Lg; Nghjpifapd; tpl;lk; ahJ?
………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………………...

njhFg;G :- jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud; Mrpupau; - ngsjpftpay; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nt.wkzd; Mrpupau; - jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk; (fpsp/,uhkehjGuk; Nkw;F m.j.f.gh)
 juk; - 12,13

NtNwhU Fz;Lg; Nghjpifapd; tpl;lj;jpw;F gy thrpg;Gf;fs; gpd;tUkhW ngwg;gl;ld.

1.534cm, 1.523cm, 1.533cm, 1.528cm, 1.535cm
,t; thrpg;Gf;fs; NtWgLtjw;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?

……………………………………………………………………………………………...
ruhrhp tpl;lj;jpw;fhd Nfhit xd;iw vOJf? (RUf;fy; mtrpakhdJ)
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
Fz;Lg; Nghjpifapd; tpl;lk; mjd; jpzpT vdpd;. mjd; mlh;j;jpf;fhd Nfhit xd;iw
vOJf.
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………………...

nky;ypa fk;gp xd;wpd; tpl;lj;ij mstpLtjw;F Ntzpah; ,Lf;fp xd;iwtpl Ez;khdpj;

jpUFf;fzpr;rp xd;W kpfg; nghUj;jkhdJ. ,jw;fhd gpukhd fhuzj;ij jUf.
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
Ez;khdpj; jpUfhzpf; fzpr;rpiag; gad;gLj;jp Rukhdpf; fk;gp xd;wpd; tpl;lj;jpw;Fhpa rpwe;j
ngWkhdk; xd;iw vt;tpjk; ePh; ngWtPh;?
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
G+r;rpa tOitj; Jzptjw;F NtnwhU Ez;khzpj; jpUFf; fzpr;rp nrg;gQ; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s xU
re;jh;g;gk; fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
G+r;rpa tOtpd; ngWkhdk; vd;d?
……………………………………………………………
G+r;rpa jpUj;jk; vd;d? 0
mm

…………………………………………………………… 45

,q;F mstPl;bd; gpd;dtO vt;thW fzpf;fg;gLk;?

…………………………………………………………….
Ez;kzpj; jpUFf; fzpr;rpiaf; nfhz;L nra;aKbahj Mdhy; Ntzpah; ,Lf;fpiaf; nfhz;L
nra;af;$ba ,uz;L mstPLfspd; ngah;fisj; jUf?

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………

njhFg;G :- jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud; Mrpupau; - ngsjpftpay; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nt.wkzd; Mrpupau; - jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk; (fpsp/,uhkehjGuk; Nkw;F m.j.f.gh)
 juk; - 12,13

rpy tif nghypj;jPd; jhspd; jbg;G Ez;kzpj;jpUFf; fzpr;rpapd; ,opT vz;zpf;ifapYk;

ghh;f;f rpwpajhFk;. Ez;kzpj; jpUFf; fzpr;rpiag; gad;gLj;jp jhs; xd;wpd; jbg;ig
kjpg;gpLtjw;fhd xU Kiwia Kd;nkhopf?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………..............................
………………………………………………………………………………………………
efUk; EZf;Ff; fhl;b xd;wpd; mikg;igg; glk; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

Mfpatw;why; Fwpf;fg;gl;ltw;iwg; ngahpLf

……………………… ……………………….

………………………. ……………………….

………………………. ……………………….

………………………. ……………………….

,jpy; MdJ ve;nje;j mikTfspy; nrg;gQ; nra;ag;gLk;

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
jpUFfs; ,d; gad;ghLfis RUf;fkhf vOJf.

…………………………….

……………………………

…………………………….

…………………………….

…………………………………...

njhFg;G :- jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud; Mrpupau; - ngsjpftpay; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nt.wkzd; Mrpupau; - jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk; (fpsp/,uhkehjGuk; Nkw;F m.j.f.gh)
 juk; - 12,13

efUk; EZf;Ff; fhl;bapy; cs;s 50 Ntzpah; gphpTfs; gpujhd mstpilapd; 49 gphpTfSld;

nghUe;Jfpd;wd. gpujhd mstpil ,y; gphpf;fg;gl;bUg;gpd; fUtpapd; ,opntz;zpf;if
vd;d?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
khztd; xUtd; ,urj;jpd; mlh;j;jpiaf; fhz;gjw;F rpwpjsT ,urj;ij
kaph;j;Jisf;Fohapy; vLj;J ,urj;jpd; ePsj;ij efUk; EZf;Ff; fhl;biag; gad;gLj;jp
mse;jhd;. mj;Jld; Fohapd; mftpl;lj;ijAk; efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;bahy; mse;jhd;.
kaph;Jisf;FohapDs; ,urj;ij vLg;gjw;F Kd;dh; khzth; nra;a Ntz;baJ ahJ?
……………………………………………………………………………………………...

,jw;fhf mtDf;Fj; Njitg;gLtJ/Njitg;gLgit vit??

……………………………………………………………………………………………...
kaph;j;Jisf;FohapDs; ,urj;ij vLg;gjw;F ifahSk; Kiw ahJ?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………..............................
,ur epuypd; ePsj;ij msf;f efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;bia Ftpag;gLj;jpa ,U epiyfspd;
NghJ gpujhd mstpil Ntzpah; mstpil thrpg;Gf;fs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.?

gpujhd mstpil Ntzpah; mstpil

nghUe;Jk; gphpT
epiy 17
epiy 10
,ur epuypd; ePsk; ahJ?
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
,ur epuypd; ePsj;jpw;fhd mstPl;bd; rjtPj tO ahJ?
kaph;j;Jisf; Fohapd; cs;tpl;lj;ij msf;f efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; FWf;Ff; fk;gpia
Ftpag;gLj;j Ntz;ba epiyfis fPNo glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

fpilepiy epiyf;Fj;J epiy

njhFg;G :- jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud; Mrpupau; - ngsjpftpay; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nt.wkzd; Mrpupau; - jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk; (fpsp/,uhkehjGuk; Nkw;F m.j.f.gh)
 juk; - 12,13

,q;F mtjhdpf;fg;gLtJ epkph;e;j tpk;gkh> jiyfPo; tpk;gkh?

……………………………………………………………………………………………
fpilepiyapy;> epiyf;Fj;J epiyapy;ngw;w thrpg;Gf;fs; KiwNa 15.62mm, 17.63mm,
40.59mm, 38.60mm vdpd; kaph;j;Jisf; Fohapd; cs;tpl;lk; ,d; ngWkhdk; ahJ?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
gFjp ,y; cs;tpl;lk; Fohapd; xU KidapNyNa msf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,f;Fohapd;
cs;tpl;lk; Fohapd; ePsk; KOtJk; rPuhf cs;sJ. vd vt;thW mwpayhk;?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
,urj;jpd; mlh;j;jp fzpf;fj; Njitg;gLk; Nkyjpf mstPL ahJ? ( -vd;f )
……………………………………………………………………………………………….

,jidg; ngWtjw;F gad;glj;jg;gLk; cgfuzk; ahJ?

………………………………………………………………………………………….
,urj;jpd; mlh;j;jp ,w;fhd xU Nfhitia rhh;gpy; jUf.
………………………………………………………………………………………….
,urj;jpd; mlh;j;jpia mwpa NkNy gad;gLj;jpa Kiw nghUj;jkhdJ my;y vd;gjw;fhd xU
fhuzj;ij jUf.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
efUk; EZf;Ff; fhl;biag; gad;gLj;jp NkYs;s Kiwf;F mika ePh; ,ioiag; gad;gLj;jp
ePhpd; mlh;j;jpia Jzptjpy; cs;s ,lh;ghLfs; ,uz;L jUf.

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………
efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;b cs;tpl;lk;> ntsptpl;lk; msg;gijj; jtpu NtW vg;ghpNrhjidfspy;
nghJthfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
efUk; EZf;Ff; fhl;bapYs;s tpy;iyfs; G+Q;rzk; gpbf;fhky; fUtp Ma;T $lj;jpy; vt;thW
ghJfhg;ghf Ngzg;gLk;?
……………………………………………………………………………………………….

njhFg;G :- jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud; Mrpupau; - ngsjpftpay; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nt.wkzd; Mrpupau; - jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk; (fpsp/,uhkehjGuk; Nkw;F m.j.f.gh)
 juk; - 12,13

Q4. Fwpj;j Ntzpau; ,Lf;fp xd;wpd; jiyik mstpilapd; xU gFjpAk; (M), Ntzpau;
mstpilAk; (V) cUtpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. (mstpilf;F mika tiuag;gltpy;iy)
2 3 4 cm
M

V cU (1)
5 10 15 20
0

a) (i) Ntzpau; gpupg;G xd;wpd; ePsk; vd;d?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ,jpypUe;J my;yJ NtW tpjkhf cgfuzj;jpd; ,opT vz;zpf;ifiaj; Jzpf.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Nkw;Fwpj;j Ntzpau; fUtpapy; Ntzpau; mstpilapd; 3 MtJ gpupT gpujhd
mstpilapd; 3 MtJ gpupTld; nghUe;jr; nra;ag;gbd; ,U g+r;rpaf; FwpfSf;Fk;
,ilapyhd J}uk; mm ,y; ahJ?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) ,d;DNkhu; msT fUtpapy; Ntzpaupy; cs;s n gpupTfs; gpujhd msTj;jpl;lj;jpYs;s (n-1)
gpupTfSld; nghUe;Jfpd;wd. gpujhd msTj;jpl;l xU gpupT ePsk; x myFfs; vdpd;
,f;fUtpapd; ,opntz;zpf;if vd;d?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
c) cU (1) ,y; cs;s Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpapdJ ,Lf;fpfs; Kw;whf %lg;gl;l NghJ Ntzpau;
msTj;jpl;j;jpYs;s g+r;rpak; gpujhd msTj;jpl;l g+r;rpaj;NjhL cU (2) ,y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW nghUe;jtpy;iy vdpd; fUtpapd; g+r;rpa tO vd;d?

0 1 2 cm
M

V cU (2)
0 5 10 15 20

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

njhFg;G :- jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud; Mrpupau; - ngsjpftpay; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nt.wkzd; Mrpupau; - jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk; (fpsp/,uhkehjGuk; Nkw;F m.j.f.gh)
 juk; - 12,13

d) rpy ,Lf;fpfspy; Ntzpaupy; cs;s g+r;rpak; gpujhd msTj;jpl;lj;jpYs;s g+r;rpaj;jpw;F

Kd;dhy; ,q;Nf cU (3) ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW miktjhy; tO Vw;gLk;. ,jd; g+r;rpa
tOitf; fhz;f.

0 1 2 cm
M

V cU (3)
0 5 10 15 20

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
e) cU (4) ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s mikg;ghdJ Xu;
miuf;Nfhsj;jhyhd cNyhfg;gFjp MFk;.
d1
,J Xu; miuf;Nfhs tbtpy; Md Fopiaf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. cU (1) ,y; cs;s Ntzpau;
,Lf;fpiag; gad;gLj;jpg; gpd;tUk; mstPLfis
cU (4)
d2
nrk;ikahf ngw ,Lf;fpapd; vg;gFjpiag;
gad;gLj;JtPu;.
(Gwj;jhilfs; > mfj;jhilfs;> Mok; msf;Fk; Nfhy;)
1. d1 ,id msg;gjw;F…………………………………………………………….
2. d2 ,id msg;gjw;F…………………………………………………………….

f) ,U miuf;Nfhsg; gFjpfspd; tpl;lq;fs; d1, d2 njhlu;ghf cNyhfg; gjhu;j;jq;fspd;

fdtstpw;F xU Nfhit jUf.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
g) Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpiaf; nfhz;L d1 ,d; mstPL ngwg;gLk; NghJs;s epiyia cU (5)
fhl;Lfpd;wJ vdpd; d1 ,d; ngWkjpia mm ,y; jUf.

9 10 11 cm
M

cU (5)
5 V 10 15 20
0

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

njhFg;G :- jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud; Mrpupau; - ngsjpftpay; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nt.wkzd; Mrpupau; - jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk; (fpsp/,uhkehjGuk; Nkw;F m.j.f.gh)
 juk; - 12,13

Ntzpah; ,Lf;fpiaf; nfhz;L ,d; mstPL ngwg;gLk; NghJs;s epiyia cU (6)

fhl;Lfpd;wJ. vdpd; ,d; ngWkjpia ,y; juf.

3 4 5 cm
M

cU (6)
5 V 10 15 20
0

…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
mstPl;by; cs;s gpd;d tOf;fisj; jUf.
mstPl;by; gpd;dtO : ……………………………………
mstPl;by; gpd;d tO : ………………………………..
mstPl;by; jpUj;jj;jd;ik $baJ vJ? fhuzk; jUf?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
,d; mstPl;il kpfj; jpUj;jkhf rhpghh;f;ff;$ba Ma;T $lj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU
fUtpiaj; jUf.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
jpUF Ez;khzpiaf; nfhz;L mstplKbahj Mdhy; Ntzpah; ,Lf;fpiaf; nfhz;L mstplf;
$ba Xh; mstPl;ilj; jUf?
…………………………………………………………………………………………

njhFg;G :- jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud; Mrpupau; - ngsjpftpay; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nt.wkzd; Mrpupau; - jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk; (fpsp/,uhkehjGuk; Nkw;F m.j.f.gh)