Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Page 1
,e;jpa murpayikg;G
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,e;jpa murpayikg;G
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,e;jpa murpayikg;G
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,e;jpa murpayikg;G
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,e;jpa murpayikg;G
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,e;jpa murpayikg;G
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,e;jpa murpayikg;G
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,e;jpa murpayikg;G
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,e;jpa murpayikg;G
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,e;jpa murpayikg;G
mnkhpf;fh Kfg;Giu
mbg;gil chpikfs;
ePjpg; Gzuha;T
ePjpgjpfs; gjtp ePf;fk;
jdpj;J ,aq;Fk; ePjpkd;wk;
,q;fpyhe;J ghuhSkd;w Kiw>gpujk ke;jphp>rl;lk; ,aw;Wk;
Kiw
rl;lj;jpd; top Ml;rp>xw;iwf; FbAhpik
mah;yhe;J muRf;F topfhl;Lk; newpKiwfs;
FbauRj; jiythpd; Njh;jy; Kiw
,uh[;a rigf;F 12 cWg;gpdh; epakdk;
fdlh kj;jpapy; typikAld; $ba $l;lhl;rp Kiw
mjpfhug; gfph;T kw;Wk; kj;jpa murplk; vQ;rpa
mjpfhuq;fs;
njd; M‡g;hpf;fh rl;ljpUj;j Kiw
u\;ah mbg;gilf; flikfs;
M];jpNuypah nghJg;gl;bay;>kj;jpa khepy cwTfs;
n[h;kdp mtruepiy gpufldj;jpd; NghJ mbg;gil
chpikfs; ,ilePf;fk;
[g;ghd; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Njhw;wKk;> eilKiwAk;
,e;jpa murpayikg;G $l;lhl;rp Kiw> MSeh; gjtp>
rl;lk;> 1935 (%d;wpy; neUf;fb fhy epiy
,uz;L gq;F ,jpypUe;J
vLf;fg;gl;lJ)
Page 11
KfTiu
KfTiu Kfg;Giu:
,e;jpa kf;fshfpa ehk;> ,e;jpahit
xU ,iwahz;ik kpf;f> rkjh;kk;
rhh;ej
; > kjr;rhh;gw;w> kf;fshl;rp>
FbauR mikf;fTk;> mjd; Fbkf;fs;
midtUf;Fk;
r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay; ePjp
(JUSTICE) fpilf;fTk;
rpe;jidapy; rpe;jidia
ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy;> ek;gpf;ifapy;>
gw;WWjpapy; kw;Wk; topghl;by;
Rje;jpuKk; (LIBERTY)>
jFjp epiyapy; kw;Wk; tha;g;gpy;
rkj;Jtk; (EQUALITY)> cWjpahf
midtUf;Fk; fpilf;fr; nra;aTk;>
jdp xUthpd; khz;Gf;Fk;>
rNfhjuj;Jtj;ij (FRATERNITY)
midthplj;jpy; tsh;f;fTk;> ehl;bd;
Kfg;Giu vd;gJ ,aw;wg;gl;l xw;Wikf;Fk;> xUikghl;Lf;Fk;
rl;lj;ij mwpKfk; nra;J cWjpaspf;Fk;
itf;Fk; gFjpahFk;. tpOkpa KiwikAs;s cWjp
Kjd;Kjypy; Kfg;Giuia G+z;L> 1949 etk;gh; 26-k; ehshfpa
murpayikg;gpy; toq;fpa ehL ,d;W ek;Kila murpayikg;G
mnkhpf;fh. mjid njhlh;e;J eph;za rigapy;> <q;fpjdhy;>
,e;jpah kw;Wk; gy ehLfs; ,t;turpayikg;ig Vw;W rl;lkhf
toq;fpaJ. ,aw;wp ekf;F ehNk toq;fpf;
nfhs;fpNwhk;.
Page 1
KfTiu
Page 2
KfTiu
Page 3
KfTiu
r%fj;Jtk; (Socialism)
,J Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpw;Fk;
jdpegUf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jUk;
nfhs;iff;Fk; vjpuhdjhFk;. ,J
cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; tpdpNahf
cupikfis r%fk; KOtjpw;Fk;
nghJthdjhf khw;wf;$Lk;
jj;Jtk; MFk;.
rkj;Jtk;> midtUf;Fk; eytho;T>
kw;Wk; midtUf;Fk; rktha;g;G
Nghd;w ,ay;Gfis nfhz;l
r%fj;jpid mikf;f ,k;Kiw
toptFf;Fk;.
r%fj;Jtk; jdJ Nehf;fj;ij
murpd; %yk; epiwNtw;Wk;. muNr
nghJeydpd; gpujpepjpahFk;.
Page 4
murpayikg;gpd; rpwg;Gf; $Wfs;
1. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; 2. gy;NtW %yq;fspypUe;J
rpwg;Gf; $Wfs; vLj;jhsg;gl;l murpayikg;G:
Page 2
murpayikg;gpd; rpwg;Gf; $Wfs;
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murpayikg;gpd; rpwg;Gf; $Wfs;
Page 4
A+dpaDk; mjd; Ml;rpg;gFjpAk;
A+dpaDk; mjd; Ml;rpg; ruj;J 2. Gjpa khepyj;ijr; Nrh;j;jy;
gFjpfSk; (ruj;J 1-4) my;yJ epWTjy; :
Page 2
A+dpaDk; mjd; Ml;rpg;gFjpAk;
Page 3
A+dpaDk; mjd; Ml;rpg;gFjpAk;
Page 4
A+dpaDk; mjd; Ml;rpg;gFjpAk;
Page 5
A+dpaDk; mjd; Ml;rpg;gFjpAk;
Page 6
A+dpaDk; mjd; Ml;rpg;gFjpAk;
Page 7
A+dpaDk; mjd; Ml;rpg;gFjpAk;
\py;yhq;
F[uhj; 1960 F[uhj; mfkjhghj;
,khr;ryg; 1971 ,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk; rpk;yh
gpuNjrk;
[k;K kw;Wk; 1957 [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh; =efh; kw;Wk; [k;K
fh\;kPh;
fh;ehlfk; 1884 fh;ehlfk; ngq;f@h;
Nfush 1956 Nfush kw;Wk; yl;rj;jPTfs; vh;zhFsk;
kj;jpa 1956 kj;jpagpuNjrk; [gy;g+h; Maq;fs;
gpuNjrk;
nrd;id 1862 jkpo;ehL kw;Wk; ghz;br;Nrhp nrd;id
xbrh1 1948 xbrh fl;lhf;
ghl;dh 1916 gPfhh; ghl;dh (Mak; uhQ;rp)
Page 8
mbg;gil chpikfs; kw;Wk; muR
newpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfs;
,J gFjp 3 y; mike;Js;sJ. gphpT 4. ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jpd;
12 Kjy; 35 tiu mbg;gil fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fs; cs;s midj;J
chpikfs; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. mjpfhu mikg;Gfs;
mbg;gil chpikfs; kPWk;nghOJ ruj;J (13): mbg;gil
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F vLj;Jr; chpikfSf;F Kuzhf cs;s
nry;yyhk;. rl;lq;fs; midj;Jk; ,y;yhj
mbg;gil chpikfs; murpayikg; epiynad ,g;gphptpd; %yk;
-gpd; Jhz;fs; Nghd;wJ vd;W gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
$wpath; - mk;Ngj;fhh; mjhtJ cah;ej
P pkd;wq;fs; kw;Wk;
,J eilKiwf;F tUk;nghOJ 7 cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpy; ePjpg;Gduha;T
chpikfis ngw;wpUe;jJ. nra;tjw;F tifnra;fpwJ.
jw;nghOJ nrhj;Jhpik (44tJ
rl;ljpUj;jk;> 1978) ePf;fg;gl;L MW 1. rkj;Jt chpik (ruj;J 14 Kjy; 18
chpikfis nfhz;Ls;sJ. tiu):
ruj;J 300A- ,d; fPo; rhjhuz ruj;J (14):
rl;l chpikahf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rl;lj;jpd; Kd; rkj;Jtk;. rl;lNk
ruj;J (12): muR vd;gjid Kjd;ikahdJ xUtd; ve;j
tpsf;FfpwJ. ,jd;gb muR epiyapy; ,Ue;jhYk; rl;lj;jpw;F
vd;gJ Nkw;gl;ltdy;y. ,J ,q;fpyhe;jp
1. ,e;jpa murhq;fk; kw;Wk; -ypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ.
ghuhSkd;wk; rl;lj;jpd; rkghJfhg;G
2. khepy murhq;fk; kw;Wk; mnkhpf;fhtpypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ.
rl;lkd;wk; xNu khjphpahd #o;epiyapy;
3. ,e;jpa vy;iyf;Fs; cs;s midtiuAk; xNu khjphpahf
midj;J cs;Sh; mikg;Gfs; elj;j Ntz;Lk;. rpwg;G chpikfs;
toq;FtJ ,U NtWgl;l
mikg;GfspilNa ,Uf;fyhk;.
Page 1
mbg;gil chpikfs;;
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mbg;gil chpikfs;
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mbg;gil chpikfs;
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mbg;gil chpikfs;;
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mbg;gil chpikfs;
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mbg;gil flikfs;
mbg;gil flikfs; 3. ekJ ehl;bd; ,iwahz;ik
(ruj;J 51A) xw;Wik> xUikg;ghL ,tw;iwg;
1976Mk; Mz;L 42-tJ Ngzpf;fhj;jy;
rl;ljpUj;jk; thapyhf ,e;jpa
murikg;gpy; Gjpjhf gFjp IV A 4. ekJ ehl;bd; ,iw ghJfhg;gpw;fhf
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; fPo; ruj;J mf;fiw nfhs;sy; Njit
51A Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Vw;gl;lhy; ghJfhg;Gg; gzpapy;
<LgLjy;
ruj;J 51A ,e;jpa Fbkf;fSf; -
Fhpa 11 mbg;gilf;flikfis 5. rNfhjuj;Jtj;ijAk; ey;ypzf;
vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. -fzj;ijAk; cUthf;f Kidjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
Rtuz;rpq; jiyikapyhd FO
xd;W 1976 Mk; Mz;L mikf;fg; 6. ek;Kila gz;ghL kw;Wk; gd;Kfg;
-gl;L mbg;gilf; flikfs; ghuk;ghpa fyhr;rhuj;jpd;
murpayikg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;ld. Nkd;ikia kjpj;Jg; ghJfhj;jy;
murpaikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpy; ,j;jifa Ntz;Lk;.
10 flikfs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.
7. fhLfs;> Vhpfs;> MWfs;>
1. murpaikg;Gr; rl;lq;fspd;gb tpyq;Ffs; Nghd;w ,aw;if
elj;jy; kw;Wk; NjrPafPjk;> Njrpaf; tsq;fisg; ghJfhj;jYk; juk;
-nfhb Njrpar; rpd;dq;fSf;F cah;j;jYk; Ntz;Lk;.
kjpg;G mspj;jy;
8. mwptpay; kdg;ghd;ik kdpjNeak;
2. ehl;bd; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l Ma;Tkdg;ghd;ik Mfpatw;iw
tPuh;fspd; cd;dj czh;Tfis Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.
epidj;Jg; Nghw;Wjy;
Page 1
mbg;gil flikfs;;
9. ehl;bd; nghJr;nrhj;Jf;fis
mf;fiwAld; ghJfhj;jy;>
td;Kiwiaf; iftply;
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kdpj chpikfs; gl;lak;
kdpj chpikfs; murpay; mikg;Gr; rl;lq;fs;
mbg;gil chpikfs; - gFjp III
xt;nthU kdpjUf;Fk; cs;s
(ruj;Jfs; 14 - 32)
jLf;f Kbahj gphpf;f ,ayhj
DPSP - gFjp IV (ruj;Jfs; 36 -51)
epahakhd chpikfNs kdpj
chpikfs; MFk;.
I.eh. kdpj chpik ruj;Jfs;
ruj;J 1 - rkj;Jt> Rje;jpu chpik>
kdpj chpikfis cs;slf;fpait : rNfhjuj;Jtj;Jld; nray;gly;
tujl;rid Kiw ruj;J 2 - ,d> nkhop > murpay;
gh;jh Kiw ghFghbd;wp vy;yh chpikfSk;
ghypay; td; nfhLik cz;L.
jPzl
; hik ruj;J 3 - Rje;jpukhf ghJfhg;ghf
r%f ghFghLfs; tho chpik
nfhj;jbik ruj;J 4 - ahiuAk; mbikahf
Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh; elj;j$lhJ
rhjpa kw;Wk; kj td; nfhLikfs; ruj;J 5 - ahiuAk;
kdpjhgpkhdkw;w Kiwapy;
murhq;fr; rl;lq;fs;
jz;bf;ff;$lhJ.
1829 - rjp xopg;G jpl;lk; : tpy;ypak;
ruj;J 6 - rl;lj;jpd; Kd; jdpeguhf
ngz;bq; gpuG &uh[huhk;
tho chpik
Nkhfd;uha;
I.eh. kdpj chpik Mizak;
1856 - tpjit kWkz rl;lk;
1948 Kjy; brk;gh; 10 ia kdpj
1929 - rhuhjh rl;lk;
chpik ehshf nfhz;lhb
1955 - jPz;lhik rl;lk;
tUfpwJ.
1961 - tujl;riz jLg;G rl;lk;
2001 - czTf;fhd chpik
2005 - jfty; mwpAk; chpik
2006 - Ntiytha;g;G chpik
2010 - fy;tp chpik
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kdpj chpikfs; gl;lak;
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kj;jpa muR
kj;jpa muR (ruj;J 52-151) Fiwe;jgl;rk; 50 thf;fhsh;fshy;
Page 1
kj;jpa muR
gjtpg;gpukhzk;:
FbauRj; jiythpd; mjpfhuq;fs;
FbauRj; jiytUf;Fg; gjtpg; kw;Wk; gzpfs;
gpukhzk; nra;J itg;gJ
FbauRj; jiythpd; mjpfhuq;fs;
cr;rePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjp.
fPo;fz;lthW gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mth; ,y;iynadpy; cr;r
1. eph;thf mjpfhuk;
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; %j;j ePjpgjp.
2. rl;lkd;w mjpfhuk;
3. epjp mjpfhuk;
4. ePjp mjpfhuk;
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kj;jpa muR
Page 4
kj;jpa muR
Page 5
kj;jpa muR
Page 6
kj;jpa muR
Page 7
kj;jpa muR
Page 8
kj;jpa muR
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kj;jpa muR
rk;kjpj;jhy; mJ rl;lkhFk;.
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kj;jpa muR
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kj;jpa muR
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kj;jpa muR
Page 13
kj;jpa muR
Page 14
kj;jpa muR
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kj;jpa muR
Page 17
kj;jpa muR
gjtpf;fhyk;
cWg;gpdh;fspd; gjtpf;fhyk; MW
Mz;Lfs;. ehlhSkd;wk;
,aw;wpAs;s rl;lg;gb>
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ghuhSkd;wk;
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ghuhSkd;wk;;
Page 3
ghuhSkd;wk;
jPhk
; hdk; nra;tJ kf;fsitapd;
rghehafh; Mthh;. ,tuJ KbNt $Wfs;
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ghuhSkd;wk;;
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ghuhSkd;wk;
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ghuhSkd;wk;;
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ghuhSkd;wk;
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ghuhSkd;wk;;
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khepy muR kw;Wk; rl;lkd;wk;
murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpd; gFjp VI gjtpf;fhyk; 5 Mz;LfshFk;.
ruj;J 153 - 167 Kba ruj;Jf;fs; vdpDk; FbauRj; jiyth;
khepy eph;thfpfs; gw;wp $WfpwJ. ‘tpUk;Gk; tiu” mth; gjtp
khepy eph;thfpfs; vd;gJ MSeh;> tfpf;fyhk;.
Kjyikr;rh;fs;> mikr;ruit> vdNt> MSeh; vg;NghJ
muR jiyik tof;fwpQiu Ntz;LkhdhYk; FbauRj;
MfpNahiu Fwpf;Fk;. jiytuhy; gjtp ePf;fk;
nra;ag;glyhk; my;yJ mtuhfNt
MSeh;:
gjtpia tpl;L tpyfyhk;.
khepyj;jpDila eph;thfj;Jiw
mjpfhuk; khepy MSeUf;F
jFjpfs;:
mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
xU egh; MSeuhf
mth; murpayikg;Gf;F cl;gl;L
epakpf;fg;gLtjw;F mth;
NeubahfNth mtUf;F fPo;
,e;jpaf; FbkfdhfTk;> 35 taJ
gzpGhpAk; mYtyh; thapyhfNth
epuk;gpatuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
tof;fhw;wpd;gb khepy
xt;nthU khepyj;jpw;Fk; Xh;
Kjyikr;rNuhL fye;J
MSeh; ,Ug;ghh; vd;W ruj;J 153
MNyhrid nra;tJk;>
$WfpwJ.
mk;khepyk; rhuhjtiu MSeuhf
rpy rkaq;fspy; xUtNu ,uz;L
epakpg;gJk; eilKiwapy;
my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l
cs;sJ.
khepyq;fSf;F MSeuhf
mjpfhug; gphptpidf;
epakpf;fg;glyhk;. (7tJ
nfhs;ifia kdjpw;nfhz;L
murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;jj;jpd;gb
murpayikg;G rpy epge;jid
1956).
fisAk; tpjpj;Js;sJ.
MSeiu FbauRj; jiyth;
epakdk; nra;fpwhh;. MSehpd;
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khepy muR kw;Wk; rl;lkd;wk;
mikj;jy;.
Page 4
khepy muR kw;Wk; rl;lkd;wk;;
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khepy muR kw;Wk; rl;lkd;wk;
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khepy muR kw;Wk; rl;lkd;wk;;
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khepy muR kw;Wk; rl;lkd;wk;
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khepy muR kw;Wk; rl;lkd;wk;;
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khepy muR kw;Wk; rl;lkd;wk;
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khepy muR kw;Wk; rl;lkd;wk;;
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khepy muR kw;Wk; rl;lkd;wk;
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khepy muR kw;Wk; rl;lkd;wk;;
xt;nthd;iwAk; jPhk
; hdpf;fpwJ. tfpf;fyhk;. vdNt ve;Neuj;jpYk;
mth; tpyf;fg;glyhk;.
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khepy muR kw;Wk; rl;lkd;wk;
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khepy muR kw;Wk; rl;lkd;wk;;
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khepy muR kw;Wk; rl;lkd;wk;
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khepy muR kw;Wk; rl;lkd;wk;;
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khepy muR kw;Wk; rl;lkd;wk;;
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khepy muR kw;Wk; rl;lkd;wk;;
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khepy muR kw;Wk; rl;lkd;wk;
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khepy muR kw;Wk; rl;lkd;wk;;
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khepy muR kw;Wk; rl;lkd;wk;
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khepy muR kw;Wk; rl;lkd;wk;;
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khepy muR kw;Wk; rl;lkd;wk;
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khepy muR kw;Wk; rl;lkd;wk;;
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khepy muR kw;Wk; rl;lkd;wk;
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[k;K fh\;kPhpd; mjpfhu epiy
Page 1
[k;K fh\;kPhpd; mjpfhu epiy
Page 2
[k;K fh\;kPhpd; mjpfhuepiy
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[k;K fh\;kPhpd; mjpfhu epiy
Page 4
cs;shl;rp kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL
,JNt khepy murpd; euk;G nghJthf ,Uf;Fk; Jiwfshtd.
kz;lykhFk;. nghJ eph;thfk;> cs;Jiw> epjp>
,J khepy murpd; gy Jiwfis Rfhjhuk;> tUtha;> tdj;Jiw>
cs;slf;fpaJ. fy;tpj;jpl;lk;> rpiw> Ntshz;ik>
,j;Jiwfs; murpay; mikr;rh; gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pak;> njhopyhsh;
-fshYk;> eph;thfj;jpd; nrayh; kw;Wk; Ntiytha;g;G> nghJg;gzp>
-fshYk; jiyik $l;LwT> njhopy;> Ruq;fk; kw;Wk;
tfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. tphptpjpg;G> ePh;ghrdk;>
khepy jiyik nrayfj;jpd; kpd;rhutl;lk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J>
jiyth; jiyik nrayh; Mthh;. tpsk;guk; kw;Wk; jfty;> cs;ehl;L
xU nrayh;> xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L muR> rptpy; rg;is];> tPl;Ltrjp
jiyth;fspd; jiyth; Mthh;. kw;Wk; r%f tho;T.
tof;fkhf xU nrayh; %j;j
I.V.v];. mjpfhhpahf ,Ug;ghh;. Copah;fs; (Personnel)
Mdhy; nghJg;gzpj;Jiwf;F xU jiyikr; nrayfj;Jiw
kl;Lk; jiyikg;nghwpahsh; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F epakpf;fg;gl;l
jiytuhf ,Ug;ghh;. Copah;fisf; nfhz;lJ. jiyikr;
xU nrayh; khepy muRf;fhd nrayf mYtyh;fspd; mLf;F
nrayh; Mthh;. mth; jdpg;gl;l xU Kiw gpd;tUkhW.
mikr;rUf;fhd nrayh; Mthh;. nrayh;
rpwg;G nrayh; my;yJ $Ljy;
mikg;G (Organisation) nrayh;
jiyik nrayf Jiwfspd; ,izr;nrayh;
vz;zpf;if khepyj;jpw;F khepyk; Jizr;nrayh;
NtWgLk;. fPo;r; nrayh;
midj;J khepyq;fspYk; cjtpr; nrayh;
Page 1
cs;shl;rp kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL
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cs;shl;rp kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL
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cs;shl;rp kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL
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cs;shl;rp kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL
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cs;shl;rp kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL
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cs;shl;rp kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL
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cs;shl;rp kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL
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cs;shl;rp kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL
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cs;shl;rp kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL
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cs;shl;rp kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL
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cs;shl;rp kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL
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cs;shl;rp kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL
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cs;shl;rp kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL
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cs;shl;rp kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL
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cs;shl;rp kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL
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cs;shl;rp kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL
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cs;shl;rp kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL
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cs;shl;rp kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL
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cs;shl;rp kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL
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cs;shl;rp kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL
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cs;shl;rp kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL
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cs;shl;rp kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL
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ePjpj;Jiw
,e;jpa ePjpj;Jiw
eph;thfk; kw;Wk; rl;l mjpfhuq;fs;
kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;fpilNa
gfph;ej
; spf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ Nghy;
my;yhky; ,e;jpa ePjpj;Jiwapd;
mjpfhuq;fs; xNu khjphpahd
xUq;fpize;j mjpfhuq;fshFk;.
Muk;gj;jpy; cr;r ePjp kd;wj;jpy;
khepyj;jpy; cs;s %d;W xU jiyik ePjpgjpAk;> 7
mq;fq;fspy; ePjpj;JiwNa ePjpgjpfSk; ,Ue;jdh;.
murpay; mikg;gpd;gb
jw;NghJ cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpy; xU
Kjd;ikahdjhFk;.
jiyik ePjpgjpAk; 30 kw;w
murpayikg;gpd; jiyikj; ePjpgjpfSk; cs;sdh;
jd;ikia fhg;ghw;Wtjw;fhf
cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd;
kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRf;fpil
vz;zpf;ifia $l;lNth
-Naahd my;yJ khepy
Fiwf;fNth ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F
muRf;fpilNaahd gpur;rpidfis
mjpfhuk; cz;L.
jPhj
; ;J itf;f xU Rje;jpukhd
FbauRj; jiyth; cr;r
ghugl;rkw;w mjpfhuKila
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F jw;fhypf
mikg;G Njit.
ePjpgjpfis epakpf;fyhk;.
cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; %j;j ePjpgjp
cr;rePjpkd;wk;
,e;jpahtpd; jiyik ePjpgjpahf
(The Supreme court )
epakpf;fg;gLthh;.
,J 124 ypUe;J 147 tiuapyhd
cr;r ePjpkd;w jiyik kw;Wk;
tpjpfspy; ,e;jpa ePjpj;Jiw
cr;r ePjpkd;w %j;j ePjpgjpfSld;
rk;ge;jkhd cld;gbf;iffis
fye;jhNyhrpj;jgpd;dh; FbauRj;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
jiyth; cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis
epakpg;ghh;.
Page 1
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ePjpj;Jiw
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ePjpj;Jiw
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ePjpj;Jiw
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ePjpj;Jiw
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ePjpj;Jiw
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ePjpj;Jiw
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ePjpj;Jiw
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ePjpj;Jiw
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ePjpj;Jiw
mjpfhuq;fs;
mikg;G
,e;jpa vy;iyf;Fs; ve;j
ePjpkd;wj;jpYk; thjplyhk;. cah;ej
P pkd;wk; xt;nthd;Wk; xU
jiyik ePjpgjpiaAk; FbauRj;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U
jiyth; eph;zapf;fpd;w
mitfspYk; thf;Fhpikapd;wp
vz;zpf;ifapy; kw;w ePjpgjp
fye;J nfhs;syhk;.
-fisAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,jdhy;
ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;f;Fhpa
cah;ej
P pkd;w ePjpgjpfspd;
rYif> ghJfhg;Gfisg; ngwyhk;.
vz;zpf;ifia murpayikg;G
ghuhSkd;w FOf;fspYk; fye;J
tiuaWf;ftpy;iy vd;gJ
nfhs;syhk;.
GydhFk;.
jw;NghJ
Nf.Nf.NtZNfhghy;
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ePjpj;Jiw
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ePjpj;Jiw
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ePjpj;Jiw
3. FbauRj; jiythpd;
fUj;Jg;gb Gfo;ngw;w [{hpahf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
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ePjpj;Jiw
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ePjpj;Jiw
eph;thfj; jPh;g;ghaq;fs;
cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis Njh;T
42tJ murpayikg;G jpUg;Gr;rl;lk;
nra;Ak; cah;ePjpkd;wq;fspd; jiyik
1976d; %yk; ruj;J 323A & 323 B
ePjpgjpfs;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 323A
,e;j mikg;G cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp
tpjpapd;gb kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy
xUtiu mtUila gzp %g;ig
nghJg;gzpfspy; epakpf;fg;gLk;.
nghWj;J cah;ej
P pkd;w jiyik
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ePjpj;Jiw
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ePjpj;Jiw
jPhg
; ;G toq;Ffpd;wdh;. ,jdhy; njhlug;gLtjhy; ,it nghJey
mth;fs; fbd Nehf;fk; tof;Ffs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.
cilath;fshf khWfpwhh;fs;.
,k;khjphpahd tof;FfSf;fhf
nghJey tof;F
xU fbjk; vOJtjd; %yNk cr;r
nghJthf xU rl;lk; jdJ
ePjpkd;wj;ij mZfyhk;. ,e;jj;
chpikfisg; ghjpj;Jtpl;ljhff;
jPhg
; ;Gf;Fg; gpd;dh; nghJeyd;
$wp mr;rl;lk; murpayikg;Gf;F
ehLk; Fbkf;fSk;> r%f
KuzhdJ vd;W ghjpf;fg;gl;l
mikg;GfSk; jd;dhh;t
egNu ePjpkd;wj;jpy; kDjhf;fy;
epWtdq;fSk; nghJkf;fspd;
nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
eyDf;fhf ePjpkd;wq;fspy;
Mdhy; ‘ePjpgjpfs; ,lkhw;w
epthuzk; NjLk; tha;gG
;
tof;fpy;”; jPh;g;gspf;f cr;rePjp
cUthdJ.
kd;wk; xU tp\aj;jpy; xUtUf;F
Neubahf njhlh;G ,y;yhtpl;lhYk; ePjpj;Jiwapd; nray;ghL
Nghjpa mf;fiw ,Ue;jhNyNa ehl;bd; kw;w mq;fq;fSf;F
ruj;J 226d;gb cah;ej
P pkd;wj;ij toq;fg; gl;Ls;s flikfis
mZfyhk; vd;Wk; tWik mit rhptu epiwNtw;WkhW
cjtpapd;ik ,ayhik my;yJ nra;Ak; ePjpj;Jiwapd; nray;ghL
r%f hPjpahfNth nghUshjhu kpfTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. kf;fs;
hPjpahfNth gpd;jq;fpa epiyik eyid fUj;jpy; nfhs;shky;
Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; ve;j xU nghWg;gw;w Kiwapy; eilngWk;
egUk; my;yJ gphptpdUk; jdJ eph;thfj;jpd; kPJ ePjpj;Jiw jdJ
mbg;gil chpikfs; kPwg;gLtij mjpfhuj;ij gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
vjph;j;J ePjpkd;wk; nrd;W eph;thfk; kw;Wk; rl;lk; ,aw;Wk;
tof;fhl Kbahj epiyapy; rig Mfpa ,U mq;fq;fspd;
mth;fSf;fhf NtW vtNuDk; Gwf;fzpg;ghy; xU ehl;bd;
cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;F eph;thfk; ghjpf;fg;gl$lhJ.
njhluyhk; vd;W jPh;gg
; spj;jJ. ,jid cr;r ePjpkd;wk; rkPg
fhyq;fspy; typAWj;jp
,k;khjphpahd tof;Ffs; tUfpd;wJ.
nghJeyDf;fhf kw;wth;fshy;
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ePjpj;Jiw
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kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muR cWTfs;;
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kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muR cWTfs;;
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kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muR cWTfs;;
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kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muR cWTfs;;
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neUf;fb epiy gpufldk;
mtruepiy gpufldk; mLj;j 6 khjj;jpw;F njhlh;e;J
nraypy; ,Uf;Fk;.
Ruj;J 352 - 360 :
,Jtiu 3 Kiw neUf;fbepiy
,e;jpahtpy; 3 tifahd neUf;fb
gpufldq;fs; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
epiyfs; cs;sd.
1. rPdg;Nghh; (1962-1968)
1. Njrpa neUf;fb epiy - ruj;J
2. ghfp];jhd; Mf;fpukpg;G (1971)
352
3. cs;ehl;L mikjpf;FiyT
2. khepy neUf;fb epiy - ruj;J
fhuzkhf (1975-1977)
356
3. epjp neUf;fb epiy - ruj;J neUf;fbepiy gpufldj;jhy; Vw;gLk;
360 tpisTfs;;
1. neUf;fb epiy nray;ghl;by;
1) Njrpa neUf;fb epiy - ruj;J 352: ,Uf;Fk;NghJ, khepyq;fSf;Ff;
NghhpdhNyh my;yJ ntspehl;L fl;lisapLtjw;F a+dpadpd;
Mf;fpukpg;gpdhNyh my;yJ MAj eph;thfj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; cz;L.
fpsh;r;rpapdhNyh ,e;jpahtpw;F 2. neUf;fb epiyg; gpufldk;
neUf;fb epyTtjhf FbauR nray;ghl;by; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ,
jiyth; kdepiwT khepyg;gl;baypy;
nfhs;Sk;NghJ> ,e;jpah Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk; ve;jg; nghUs;
KOikf;Nfh my;yJ VjhtJ xU Fwpj;Jk; ehlhSkd;wk; rl;lk;
gFjpf;Nfh FbauRj; jiyth; ,aw;wyhk;.
Njrpa neUf;fb epiyia 3. ruj;J 19d; fPo; cj;juthjk;
gpwg;gpf;fyhk;. Mdhy; Nfgpndl; toq;fg;gl;l mbg;gil chpikfis
mikr;ruit vOj;J tbtpy; epWj;jp itf;fyhk;. neUf;fb
FbauRj; jiytUf;F epiyapd;NghJ kf;fsitapd;
ghpe;Jiuf;fNtz;Lk;. MAs; fhyj;ij Xuhz;Lf;Ff;
Page 2
Njh;jy; kw;Wk; Njh;jy; Mizak;;
fl;rpj;jhty; jilr;rl;lk;
ghuhSkd;wk;> khepy rl;lrigfs;> Njh;jy;fs; khepy Njh;jy;
FbauRj;jiyth; kw;Wk; Jizf; Mizaq;fspdhy; elj;jg;gLk;.
FbauRj; jiythpd; gjtpfs; Njh;jy; Mizak; xU jiyik
Mfpatw;wpw;Nf cz;L vd;W ruj;J Njh;jy; MizaiuAk;> 2 Njh;jy;
324 $Wfpd;wJ. Mizah;fisAk;
thf;fhsh;fspd; jFjpfs;> thf;fhsh; cs;slf;fpapUf;Fk;.
gl;bay; jahhpj;jy;> njhFjpfis 1993 Mk; Mz;L gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l
eph;zapj;jy;> ghuhSkd;wj;jpYk;> xU mtru rl;lj;jpd; %ykhf
khepy rl;l rigfspYk; cs;s Njh;jy; Mizah;fspd;
,lq;fis xJf;fPL nra;jy;> mjpfhuq;fs;> jiyik Njh;jy;
Nghd;wtw;iw kf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jt MizaUila mjpfhuj;jpw;F
rl;lk; 1951 ifahs;fpwJ. rkkhf nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld.
ruj;J -327 kf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jt ,f;FO jiyik Njh;jy;
(Njh;jy;fis elj;Jjy; kw;Wk; Mizahpd; Nkw;ghh;itapd; fPo;
Njh;jy; kDf;fs;) tpjpfs; 1951. nray;gLk;.
FbauRj;jiyth; kw;Wk; Jizf; ,J Njh;jy;fisAk;> ,ilj;Njh;jy;
FbauRj;jiytuhy; Njh;jy; rl;lk; -fisAk; elj;Jk; kw;Wk;
1952. Nkw;ghh;itapLk;.
kf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jt rl;lk; 1950 ,J Njh;jy;fSf;fhd njhFjp
MdJ 1988 kw;Wk; 1996 Mk; -fspd; vy;iyfis eph;zapj;J>
Mz;Lfspy; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ. mitfSf;F ,lq;fis xJf;fPL
,e;jpahtpd; Njh;jy; Kiw> nra;Ak;.
,q;fpyhe;jpy; eilKiwapy; cs;s ,J Njh;jy; eilngWk; Njjpfis
Njh;jy; KiwaplkpUe;J KbT nra;Ak;. thf;Fg;gjpT
ngwg;gl;lJ. ikaq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia
khepyq;fspy; cs;s gQ;rhaj;Jf; eph;zapf;Fk; kw;Wk; KbTfis
-fs; kw;Wk; cs;shl;rpfspd; mwptpf;Fk;.
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Njh;jy; kw;Wk; Njh;jy; Mizak;;
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Njh;jy; kw;Wk; Njh;jy; Mizak;;
;
9. V.S. uhkNjtp (nray;) etk;gh; 15> 1990 brk;gh; 12> 1990
10. T.N. Nr\d; brk;gh; 12> 1990 brk;gh; 11> 1996
11. M.S. fpy; brk;gh; 12> 1996 [_d; 12> 2001
12. J.M. ypq;lh [_d; 14> 2001 Mf];l; 02> 2004
13. T.S. fpU\;z%h;j;jp Mf];l; 02> 2004 2005
14. P.P. lhz;ld; 2005 [_d; 23> 2006
15. Nfhghyrhkp [_d; 23> 2006 2009
16. etPd; rht;yh 2009 2011
17. Y.M. FNuh\p 2011 2012
18. V.S.rk;gj; 2013 – Till now
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Njh;jy; kw;Wk; Njh;jy; Mizak;;
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Njh;jy; kw;Wk; Njh;jy; Mizak;;
;
gbg;gwpT ,y;yhj thf;fhsh;fs; khepy fl;rpfspd; mq;fPfhuk;
jhq;fs; thf;fspf;f tpUk;Gk; (Recognition of State Parties)
fl;rpapd; Ntl;ghsiu njhpe;J khepy fl;rpahf mq;fPfhuk;
nfhs;sTk; Njh;jy; rpd;dk; ngWtjw;F kf;fsitj; Njh;jy;
cjTfpwJ. my;yJ rl;lrig Njh;jypy; nkhj;j
Njrpa fl;rpfSf;F ehL nry;yj;jf;f thf;Ffspy; MW
KOikf;Fkhd jq;fsJ rjtpfpj thf;FfSf;F Fiwahky;
cgNahfj;jpw;F kl;Lk; Njh;jy; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;>
rpd;dk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Fiwe;jJ ,uz;L cWg;gpdh;
khepy fl;rpfSf;F me;je;j -fisf; rl;lrigapy; nfhz;bUf;f
khepyj;jpy; my;yJ mf;fl;rp Ntz;Lk; (my;yJ) rl;lrigapy;
mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;s khepyq;fspy; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspy; %d;W
mf;fl;rp cgNahfj;jpw;fhf Njh;jy; rjtPjk; cWg;gpdh;fisf;
rpd;dk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;
gjpT nra;ag;gl;l mq;fPfhpf;fg; Fiwe;jJ %d;W cWg;gpdh;fisf;
-glhj fl;rpfs; ve;j fl;rpahYk; nfhz;bUf;f
cgNahfg;gLj;jg;glhj rpd;dq; - Ntz;Lk;. khepy fl;rpfspd;
fspy; ,Ue;J xU rpd;dj;ij mq;fPfhuj;ij ,oe;jpUe;jhy;
Njh;e;njLj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. rpd;dq;fs; xJf;fg;glhJ.
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Njh;jy; kw;Wk; Njh;jy; Mizak;;
;
kw;Wk; Jizf;FbauRj; jiyth; rjtPjj;jpw;F Nky; ngw Ntz;Lk;.
Njh;jy;fspy; xw;iw khw;W thf;F ,k;Kiwapd; fPo; rl;lrigapy;
Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wJ. cs;s ,lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
,k;Kiw M];jpNuypahtpy; ,ad;w msT mf;fl;rpf;F
gpujpepjpfs; rigf;fhd Njh;jypy; mspf;fg;gLk; thf;Ffspd;
gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ. tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. xw;iw
,k;Kiwapy; xU thf;fhsh; jhk; cWg;gpdh; njhFjp Kiwapy;
tpUk;Gk; vj;jid Ntl;ghshpd; rpWghd;ik fl;rpfspd; gyk;
ngah;fisAk; jq;fsJ tpUg;gg;gb rpjWtjhy; mit ,k;Kiwf;F
xNu thf;Fr; rPl;by; Fwpg;gplyhk;. jq;fsJ KO MjuitAk;
,k;Kiwapy; Kjy; tpUg;g jUfpd;wd.
thf;Ffis Fiwthfg; ngw;w Mdhy; ,k;KiwapYk; rpy
Ntl;ghshpd; vQ;rpa thf;Ffis Fiwfs; cz;L. ,k;Kiw gy
gfph;ej
; spf;f KbAk;. NkYk; murpay; fl;rpfs; cUthfTk;
Ntl;ghsh;fspd; ,uz;lhtJ $l;lzp muR mikaTk;
kw;Wk; njhlh;r;rpahd tpUg;g toptFf;Fk;.
thf;Ffis khw;wTk; ,k;Kiw kpfTk; rpf;fyhdjhfTk;
,t;thf;FfSld; fsj;jpy; cs;s vspjpy;; ifahs KbahjjhfTk;
Ntl;ghsh;fis njhlh;e;J cs;sJ. NkYk; ,k;Kiw [hjp>
itj;jpUf;fTk; ,aYk;. r%fk;> kjk; Mfpatw;wpd;
Njitahd vz;zpf;iff;F mbg;gilapyhd tpRthrj;ij
Ntl;ghsh; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; tiu NkYk; $h;ikahf;Ffpd;wJ.
,k;Kiw njhlh;r;rpahf ,k;Kiw fl;rpfs; NkYk;
eilngWk;. Jz;lhtjw;F J}z;Ljyhf
mikfpd;wJ. ,k;Kiw nghpa
tpfpjhr;rhu gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw
ehLfSf;F nghUe;jhJ.
(System of Proportional Representation)
gpuhd;]>; fphP]>; ,];Nuy;> ];ngapd;>
xU Ntl;ghsh; tpfpjhr;rhu
Rtpl;rh;yhe;J kw;Wk; M];jpNuypah
gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwapd; fPo;
Mfpa ehLfspy; ,k;Kiw
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkdpy;
gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.
mth; gjpthd Xl;Lfspy; 50
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Njh;jy; kw;Wk; Njh;jy; Mizak;;
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Njh;jy; kw;Wk; Njh;jy; Mizak;;
;
rl;lrig ,ilj;Njh;jypy; gjpdhwhtJ nghJj; Njh;jy; 2013
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,j; Njh;jypy; ghujPa [djh fl;rp
2004Mk; Mz;L ghuhSkd;w $l;lzp mjpf ,lq;fspy; ntw;wp
nghJj; Njh;jypy; ,e;jpah KOtJk;
ngw;wJ. gpujkuhf jpU. eNue;jpu
Kjd;Kjypy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
Nkhb mth;fs; gjtpNaw;whh;.
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Njh;jy; kw;Wk; Njh;jy; Mizak;;
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Njh;jy; kw;Wk; Njh;jy; Mizak;;
;
Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpd; ,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb gpd;tUk;
gzpfshFk;. mbg;gilapy; fPo; xUth; cWg;gpdh;
,J MSeuhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l jFjp ,of;fyhk;.
khepy Njh;jy; Mizaiuf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;. 1. xU cWg;gpdh; ve;j fl;rp toq;fpa
mtuJ gzpfSf;fhd epge;jid ,lj;jpd; %yk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;
-fSk;> gjtpf;fhyKk; MSeuhy; -gl;lhNuh mf;fl;rpapypUe;J
epakpf;fg;gLk;. jhdhf Kd;te;J tpyFjy;.
khepy cah;ej
P p kd;w ePjpgjpapid 2. xU cWg;gpdh; jhd; rhh;e;jpUf;Fk;
gjtp ePf;fk; nra;Ak; Kiw kw;Wk; fl;rpf; nfhwlhtpw;F vjpuhf
fhuzq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; Xl;lspj;jy;> mth; rhh;ej
; pUf;Fk;
kl;LNk khepy Njh;jy; Mizaiu fl;rp $Wk; tifapy;
gjtp ePf;fk; nra;a KbAk;. Xl;lspf;fhky; ,Ue;jij mf;fl;rp
,th; epakdk; nra;ag;gl;l gpd;dh; Xl;nlLg;G ele;j 15 ehl;fSf;Fs;
,tuJ gzpfSf;fhd epge;jid kd;dpf;fhky; ,Ue;jy;. 1992y; cr;r
-fis khw;wf; $lhJ. ePjpkd;wk; ek;gpf;if kw;Wk;
xt;nthU khepyj;jpw;Fk; xU ek;gpf;ifapy;yh jPhk
; hdk;> gz
jiyikr; nrayfk; cz;L. -kNrhjhf;fs; kw;Wk; ed;wpAiu
Mfpatw;Wf;F kl;LNk
fl;rpj;jhty; jilr;rl;lk; nfhwlhtpd; gq;F mtrpak; vd;W
Page 11
Njh;jy; kw;Wk; Njh;jy; Mizak;;
fl;rpayhtJ Nrh;ej
; hy; jFjpapof;f vdNt> ePjpg;Gudha;Tf;Fl;gl;L
khl;lhh;) rghehafh; my;yJ khepyq;fsitj;
4. fl;rpay; gpsT Vw;gLk; NghJ jiythpd; jPh;gN
; g ,WjpahdJ.
jdpNa Nghd FOtpd; Njhy;tpapd; fhuzq;fs; (Causes of
cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; Failure)
%d;wpy; xU gq;if tpl Fiwthf epakpf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh; 6 khj
,Uj;jy;. fhyj;jpw;Fs; xU murpay; fl;rpapy;
5. xU fl;rpNahL kw;nwhU fl;rp Nrh;tijg; gw;wp vJTk;
,izf;fg;gLk; NghJ ,izf;fg; $wg;gltpy;iy
-gLk; fl;rpapd; cWg;gpdh;fspy; fl;rpfspd; gphptpy; %d;wpy; xU
%d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F Ngh; gq;F kw;Wk; ,izg;gpd; %d;wpy;
,izg;gpw;F xj;Jf; gq;F Njit vd;gJ ve;j
nfhs;shjpUj;jy;. mbg;gilapy; nray;gLfpwJ vd;W
kf;fsit rghehafh; my;yJ njspthff; $wg;gltpy;iy
Jiz rghehafh; kw;Wk; tpjhd; rl;lj;jpy; Xl;ilfs; ,Ug;gjhy;
rghtpd; rghehafh; my;yJ nghpa fl;rpahf ,Ue;J nra;a
Jizrghehafh; kw;Wk; tpjhd; Kbahjij gphpe;j gpwF
ghp\j; jiyth; Nghd;Nwhh; jdJ nra;fpd;wdh;. fl;rpj;jhty;
gjtpfis tpl;Ltpl;L kPz;Lk; xUKiw nra;ifah my;yJ
jq;fsJ fl;rpfspy; ,ize;jhYk; njhlh;r;rpahd nra;ifah vd
jFjpapof;f khl;lhh;. njspthf $wg;gltpy;iy.
,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb fl;rpj;jhty; fl;rpapypUe;J gphpe;J nry;tijj;
njhlh;ghd tptfhuq;fspy; jLf;f murpay; fl;rpfs; jhdhf
rghehafh; my;yJ khepyq;fsitj; mjd; cWg;gpdh;fis
jiythpd; KbNt ,WjpahdJ. fl;rpapypUe;J ePf;Ftijg; gw;wp
,ij tprhhpf;f ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F VJk; $wg;gltpy;iy. rghehafNu
ve;j chpikAk; fpilahJ. KbntLf;ff;$ba mjpfhu
1991 etk;ghpy; murpyaikg;G Kilath;. vdNt ,e;j
mbg;gil fl;likg;ghd tptfhuj;jpw;F murpay; rhak; G+Rk;
ePjpg;Gudha;T nra;Ak; chpik tha;gG
; fs; mjpfk;.
vLf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ vd;W $wpaJ.
Page 12
murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpUj;jq;fs;
murpay;
mikg;G tUlk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l jpUj;jg;gl;l nghUs;
jpUj;j ruj;Jfs;
vz;.
15, 19, 85, 87, 174, nghJeyidf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L
341, 342, 372, 376 rkj;Jt chpik jd;Dhpik kw;Wk;
ruj;Jfs; 31A, 31B, nrhj;Jhpik Mfpait
NkYk; 9tJ tiuaWf;fg;gl;ld. epyr;rPh;jpUj;j
ml;ltizapy; rl;lj;ij ePjpkd;wq;fspy; mjpfhu
1tJ 1951
,izf;fg;gl;lJ. tuk;gpw;F cl;gl;ljhf nra;tjw;fhf
mJ 9tJ ml;ltizapy;
,izf;fg;gl;lJ. rl;lrigfspy;
$l;lj;njhlh;fs;> ePjpgjpfspd; epakdk;
kw;Wk; ,l xJf;fPL njhlh;ghd
tpjpfSk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ld.
2tJ 1952 ruj;J 87 ia ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; khepyq;fspd;
jpUj;jpAs;sJ. gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
Rj;jpfhpf;fg;glhj gUj;jp> czT
cw;gj;jp> fhy;eil guhkhpg;G Nghd;wit
3tJ 1954 7tJ ml;ltiz nghJ mjpfhug; gl;baYf;F
khw;wg;gl;lJ. (33-ia
khw;wpaikj;Js;sJ)
nrhj;ij ifafg;gLj;Jk; NghJ mjw;F
gjpyhf toq;fg;gl Ntz;ba e\;l
4tJ 1955 31, 31A, 305 kw;Wk; <l;bd; njhif Fwpg;gplyhk;. NkYk;
9tJ ml;ltiz e\;l <l;bd; njhif ePjpkd;wq;fspd;
jpUj;jpAs;sJ. mjpfhu tuk;gpw;F mg;ghw;gl;l ruj;J
305 jpUj;jpAs;sJ. (9-ml;ltizapd;
fPo; Gjpjhf rl;lq;fhty;)
khepyq;fspd; ngah;fs; kw;Wk;
vy;iyfs; ghjpf;Fk; tifapy;
5tJ 1955 ruj;J 3 nfhz;Ltug;glg;NghFk; rl;lj;jpd; kPJ
jpUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ khepyq;fs; jq;fs; fUj;ij njhptpf;f
fhyf;nfL eph;zapf;Fk; mjpfhuk;
FbauRj; jiytUf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ.
Page 1
murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpUj;;jq;fs;
Page 2
murpayikg;G rl;ljpUj;;jq;fs;
;
Page 3
murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpUj;;jq;fs;
Njh;jy; jPh;gg
; haq;fs; mopf;fg;gl;ld.
19tJ 1966 ruj;J 324 Njh;jy; gpur;ridfs; njhlh;ghd
tpjpfs;> cah;ej
P pkd;wj;jpw;F
xg;gilj;jJ.
20tJ 1966 ruj;J 233A khtl;l ePjpgjpfspd; epakdk;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ njhlh;ghd tpjpfs;.
21tJ 1967 8tJ ml;ltiz ,e;jp nkhop vl;lhtJ ml;ltizapy;
,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
ruj;Jfs; 244A A+dpad; gpuNjrk; Nkfyhah
22tJ 1969 kw;Wk; 271B cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk; m];]hk;
Mfpait khepyj;jpw;fhd rpy rpwg;G tpjpfs;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld mspj;jJ.
rl;lrigapy; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh;>
23tJ 1969 331, 332, 333, 334 goq;Fbapdh; kw;Wk; Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa
r%fj;jpdUf;fhd ,l xJf;fPL 1980
tiu ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ.
mbg;gil chpikfs; cs;spl;l
murpayikg;gpd; ve;j xU gFjpiaAk;
24tJ 1971 13, 368 jpUj;Jk; mjpfhuk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
31(2), 31C tpjp 39y; $wg;gl;Ls;sgb mbg;gil
25tJ 1971 Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ chpikfs; topfhl;b newpKiwfSf;F
fPohditahf itf;fg;gl;ld.
ruj;J 363A murh;fspd; rYiffs; mopf;fg;gl;ld
26tJ 1971 Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ NkYk;
291&392
ePf;fg;gl;lJ.
239B kw;Wk; 371C tlfpof;F khepyq;fspd; kW
27tJ 1971 Mfpait fl;likg;G
Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld.
ruj;J 312A ,e;jpa r%fg;gzpfspd;
28tJ 1972 Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. ruj;J cWg;gpdh;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l
314 ePf;fg;gl;lJ. rYiffs; xopf;fg;gl;ld.
Nfus khepy rl;lrigapdhy;
xd;gjhtJ ,aw;wg;gl;l epyr;rPhj
; pUj;jr;rl;lk;
29tJ 1972 ml;ltiz xg;gjhtJ ml;ltizapy;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
Page 4
murpayikg;G rl;ljpUj;;jq;fs;
;
Page 5
murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpUj;;jq;fs;
Page 6
murpayikg;G rl;ljpUj;;jq;fs;
;
Page 8
murpayikg;G rl;ljpUj;;jq;fs;
;
Page 9
murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpUj;;jq;fs;
Page 10
murpayikg;G rl;ljpUj;;jq;fs;
;
ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. cs;ehl;L fpsh;r;rpfspd;
ruj;J 356> 352 kw;Wk; mbg;gilapy; gQ;rhgpy; Njrpa
59tJ 358> 359 Mfpait neUf;fb epiyia
1988
ghjpf;fg;gl;ld. gpufldg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
ruj;J 359A tpjpfs;.
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ 3. gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpy; kl;Lk;
neUf;fb epiyapd; NghJ
thOk; chpikAk; jd;DhpikAk;
jw;fhypfkhf ePf;fg;gLk;.
cs;ehl;L mjpfhhpfshy; tpjpf;fg;gLk;
njhopy; thpapd; mjpfgl;r njhif
60tJ 1988 ruj;J 376(2) 250 &ghapypUe;J 2500 &ghahf
jpUj;jpaJ. mjpfhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
61tJ 1988 ruj;J 326 thf;FhpikngWtjw;fhd taJ tuk;G
21ypUe;J 18Mf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
kf;fsit kw;Wk; khepyrl;lrigfspd;
jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; goq;FbapdH; kw;Wk;
62tJ 1989 ruj;J 334 Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa r%fj;jpdUf;F
toq;fg;gl;l ,l xJf;fPL NkYk; 10
tUlq;fSf;F ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ.
63tJ 1989 ruj;J 356 gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpy; neUf;fb
ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ruj;J epiyapd; NghJ thOk; chpikAk;
359A ePf;fg;gl;lJ. jd;DhpikAk; jw;fhypfkhf epWj;jp
itf;fg;gl;lJ.
gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpy; FbauRj; jiyth;
Ml;rp (1987> Nk 11 Mk; ehs;
64tJ 1990 ruj;J 356 mkyhf;fg;gl;lJ). NkYk; 6
khjq;fSf;F ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ.
jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk;
65tJ 1990 ruj;J 338 goq;FbapdUf;fhd Njrpa FOtpw;F
murpayikg;G me;j];J
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
ml;ltiz IX epyr;rPhj
; pUj;jq;fs; njhlh;ghf
1990 55 rl;lq;fisr; khepyq;fspdhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l 25
66tJ Nrh;j;jJ. rl;lq;fs; 9tJ ml;ltizapy;
,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
Page 11
murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpUj;;jq;fs;
Page 12
murpayikg;G rl;ljpUj;;jq;fs;
;
Page 13
murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpUj;;jq;fs;
mUzhr;ryg;gpuNjrj;jpy; xU
gQ;rhaj;jpy; trpf;Fk; kf;fs;
83tJ 2000 ruj;J 243M midtUk; goq;Fbapduhf ,Ue;jhy;
mg;gQ;rhaj;jpy; jho;j;jg;gl;NlhUf;F
,l xJf;fPL toq;f Njitapy;iy..
ruj;J 1> 2 kw;Wk; rl;b];fh;> cj;juhQ;ry;> [hh;fz;l;
84tJ 2001 ml;ltiz I, IV. 55, Mfpa khepyq;fspd; cUthf;fk;.
81, 82, 170, 330, 332
jpUj;jg;gl;ld.
jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk;
85tJ 2001 ruj;J 16 (4A) goq;Fbapdhpd; gjtp cah;T
njhlh;ghd xJf;fPL kPz;Lk;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
21A fl;lha fy;tp 45 Foe;ijfs;
86tJ 2002 (k) Nrh;e;Js;sJ guhkhpg;G 51A ngw;Nwhh;fs; jq;fs;
Foe;ijfis gs;spf;F mDg;Gjy;
75(1A), 164(1A) 5% f;F ke;jphprig msT nkhj;j
91tJ 2003 361A, 361B cWg;gpdh;fspy; mjpfk; Nghfhky;
Nrh;eJ
; s;sJ jLj;jy;.
92tJ 2006 ehd;F nkhopfs; 8tJ ml;ltizapy;
,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
93tJ 2005 OBC 27% ,l xJf;fPL
goq;Fbapdh; mikr;riu epakpj;jy;
94tJ 2006 ruj;J 164(1) (rl;lP]f
; h;> [hh;fz;l; kj;jpagpuNjrk;>
Xbrh)
SC,ST gpuepjpj;Jtj;ij ePl;bj;jy;
kw;Wk; kf;fsit (k) khepy
rl;lkd;wj;jpy; Mq;fpNyh -
95tJ ruj;J 334 ,e;jpah;fspd; rpwg;G gpujpepj;Jtj;ij
2009
NkYk; 10 Mz;LfSf;F (2020tiu)
ePl;bj;jy;. (Art 334 )
xhpah nkhop ,dp Xbah vd
96tJ 2011 miof;fg;gLk;
$l;LwTr; rq;fSf;F murpay;
97tJ 2011 ruj;J 19 mikg;g me;j];J kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G
mspj;jy;.
$l;LwT rq;fk; tif mbg;gil
Page 14
murpayikg;G rl;ljpUj;;jq;fs;
;
Page 16
,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpd;
ml;ltizfs;
Page 1
ml;ltizfs;;
Page 2
ml;ltizfs;
murpayikg;gpy; Nrh;j;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
,e;j ml;ltizapy; VNjDk; xU rl;lj;ij
,izg;gjd; %yk; muR mjid ePjpj;
Jiwapd; Ma;tpypUe;J ghJfhf;fyhk;
10tJ fl;rpj;jhtypd; mbg;gilapy; 102 (1)kw;Wk; 191
ml;ltiz Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fs; (2) 36/B vd;w
jFjpapoe;J njhlh;ghd tpjpfs; ,J 52tJ cWg;ig Gjpjhfr;
jpUj;jr;rl;lk; 1985d; %yk; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. Nrh;j;Js;sJ.
,J fl;rpj;jhty; jilr;rl;lk; vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gLk;.
ml;ltiz 1:
khepy kWrPuikg;G Mizak; 1953 y; gry; myp jiyikapy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
,e;j FOtpd; ghpe;Jiug;gb>khepy kWrPuikg;G rl;lk; 1956 k; Mz;L
,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
14 khepyq;fSk;> 6 A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;G gy
khepyq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
1.Me;jpu gpuNjrk; (1953) 2. kfhuh\;buh kw;Wk; F[uhj; (1960)
3. ehfyhe;J (1963) 4. gQ;rhg; kw;Wk; `hpahdh (1966)
5. `pkhr;ry gpuNjrk; (1971) 6. m];]hk; (1972)
7. Nkfhyah> kzpg;G+h;> jphpGuh 8. rpf;fpk; (1975)
(1972)
9. kpNrhuhk; (1986) 10. mUzhr;ry gpuNjrk; (1986)
11. Nfhth (1987) 12. rl;B];fh;> cj;jufz;l;> [hh;fz;l; (2000)
13. njyq;fhdh 2014. [_d;
Page 3
ml;ltizfs;;
Page 4
eph;thf rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;> jPh;g;ghaq;fs;
gpd;tUgit njhlh;ghd MNuhf;fpaj;jpw;F NfL tpis
Fw;wr;rhl;Lfis ftdpj;jy; -tpf;ff;$batw;iw Fiwf;fTk;
ngz;fspd; chpikia gwpj;jy; ngz;fspd; cw;gj;jpj;jpwid
ngz;fSf;F ghJfhg;G toq;Fjy; Nkk;gLj;jTk; Njitahd Nkk;ghL
kw;Wk; rkj;Jtk; Nkk;ghL Mfpa kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpj;jpwid
Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfTk; ,aw;wg;gl;l Nkk;gLj;jTk; Njitahd Nkk;ghL
rl;lq;fis mkyhf;fhky; kw;Wk; fy;tp Muha;r;rpfis
,Uj;jy;. Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;
ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd nfhLik xU khepy my;yJ A+dpad;
-fis Fiwg;gijAk; ngz;fspd; gpuNjrj;jpy; ngz;fs;
eytho;tpid cWjp nra;tijAk; tsh;r;rpiaAk; Nkk;ghl;ilAk;
ngz;fSf;F epthuzk; toq;F kjpg;gPL nra;jy;
-tijAk; Nehf;fkhf nfhz;l ngz;fs; ifjpfshf itf;fg;
nfhs;if KbTfs; topfhl;Ljy; -gl;Ls;s ,lq;fis Ma;T nra;J
-fisAk; mwpTiufisAk; Njitg;gl;lhy; vLf;fg;glNtz;ba
gpd;gw;whky; ,Uj;jy;. jPhT
; eltbf;iffis rk;ge;jg;gl;l
ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd nfhLikfs; mjpfhhpfSld;,ize;J vLj;jy;.
kw;Wk; ghugl;rk; Nghd;w ngz;fspd; mikg;ig ghjpf;ff;
gpur;ridfSf;F rpwg;G tprhuiz $ba tptfhuq;fis cs;slf;fpa
kw;Wk; Ma;T Mfpatw;iw epjp tptfhuq;fis ftdpj;jy;.
NfhUjy; NkYk; mtw;Wf;fhd ngz;fs; gw;wpAk; mth;fSf;Fz;
fhuzq;fis fz;lwpe;J mtw;iw -lhd f\;lq;fis gw;wpAk; muRf;F
rhp nra;tjw;fhd jpl;lq;fis mwpf;ifaspj;jy;.
ghpe;Jiu nra;jy;. kj;jpa murhy; ,f;FOtpw;F
ngz;fs; midj;J JiwfspYk; mDg;gg;gLk; kw;w tptfhuq;fis
gpuepjpj;Jtk; ngwTk; mth;fSf;F ftdpj;jy;
,ilA+whf ,Ug;gtw;iw fz;lwpa
-Tk; Ntiy nra;Ak; ,lj;jpy;
Page 1
eph;thf rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;> jPh;g;ghaq;fs;;
Page 2
eph;thf rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;> jPh;g;ghaq;fs;;
gzpfs;
ruf;F kw;Wk; Nrit thp (GST)
tuajPh;T
GST tpjp - 279A
thptUkhdj;ij kj;jpa - khepy
GST rl;lk; - 101
muRfSf;fpilNa
GST rl;lj;jpUj;j kNrhjh - 122
gfph;ej
; spf;fg;gLfpwJ.
GST rl;lk; eilKiwgLj;jg;gl;l
khdpak; - Art 275
ehs; 12.09.2016
,e;jpa jpus; epjpapypUe;J
GST kNrhjhit Vw;Wf;nfhz;l
khepyq;fs; toq;fg;gLk; epjp
Kjy; khepyk; m];]hk;
msit eph;zaj;jpy; 1. r%f ey
2tJ gPfhh;
jpl;lq;fs;> 2. Nghplh; Nkyhz;ik
jkpofk; 28tJ khepyk;
Page 4
eph;thf rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;> jPh;g;ghaq;fs;;
Page 5
eph;thf rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;> jPh;g;ghaq;fs;;
Kf;fpa nray;ghLfs; :
,e;j mikg;G murpDila
'rpe;jid fsQ;rpakhf"
nray;gLk;. murhq;f nfhs;if
-fis tFg;gjpYk; kw;Wk;
mf;nfhs;iffspd; rpwg;ghd
nraw;ghl;bw;fhfTk; toptif
nra;ag;gLk;.
kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfs;
jq;fsJ nfhs;iffis
tbtikg;gjw;F Njitg;gLk;
mwpTrhh;e;j kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g
Page 6
nghJ tho;tpy; Coy;> CoYf;F vjpuhd
eltbf;iffs;> kj;jpa yQ;r xopg;Gj;Jiw> Nyhf;
mjhyj;> ,e;jpa jiyikj; jzpf;if Jiwj;jiyth;
Page 1
nghJ tho;tpy; Coy;
Page 2
mbg;gil chpikfs;
Page 4
mbg;gil chpikfs;
Page 5
nghJ tho;tpy; Coy;
Page 6
mbg;gil chpikfs;
Page 7
nghJ tho;tpy; Coy;
Page 8
mbg;gil chpikfs;
Page 9
nghJ tho;tpy; Coy;
Page 10
mbg;gil chpikfs;
Page 11
jfty; mwpAk; chpikr; rl;lk;
jfty; mwpAk; chpikr; rl;lk; toq;Fk; tifapy; ,r;rl;lk;
2005 ehlhSkd;wj;jpy;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jfty; mwpAk; chpikr; rl;lk;
(kj;jpa rl;lk; - 22) 2005> mf;Nlgh; muR mjpfhhpfspd;
2005 Kjy; mkYf;F te;Js;sJ. nray;ghLfspy; ntspg;gilj;
,r;rl;lj;jpd; fPo; jkpo;ehL muR jd;ikia nfhz;L tUtijAk;>
jkpo;ehL jfty; mwpAk; chpik Coiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;JtijAk;
(fl;lzq;fs;) tpjpfs; 2005> muRj;Jiwfs; kw;Wk; epWtdq;fs;
murhiz (rpiy) vz; 989, nghJ Mfpaitfs; kf;fSf;F
(gzpahsh; - njhFjp 1 kw;Wk; rl;l fl;Lg;gl;Ls;sij
kd;wk;) Jiw ehs; 07-10-2005 cWjpnra;tijAk; ,r;rl;lk;
ntspaplg;gl;lJ. Nehf;fq;fshff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
kf;fSf;F jfty;fs;
toq;Fjw;fhd xU nray;
kj;jpa jfty; Mizak; :
njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L 2005 tbtj;ij ,r;rl;lk;
cUthf;fpAs;sJ.
Kjy; jiyik jfty;
Mizah; : th`j; `gpGy;yh
jd;dpay;ghfTk;> Nfhhpf;ifapd;
jw;Nghija jfty; Mizah;:
mbg;gilapYk; kf;fSf;Fj;
Mh;.Nf. khj;J}h;
jfty;fis toq;f Ntz;baij
muR mjpfhhpfspd; Kf;fpaf;
1. Nehf;fk; flikahf ,r;rl;lk;
[k;K fh\;kPh; khepyk; ePq;fyhf cUthf;fpAs;sJ.
ehl;bd; midj;Jg; gFjpfspYk;> kf;fSf;Fj; jfty;fs; mspg;gijj;
muR mjpfhhpfsplk; ,Ue;J jil nra;Ak; muR Mtzq;fs;
jfty;fisg; ngWk; chpikia ufrpar; rl;lk; 1923 Nghd;w
mbg;gil chpikahf kf;fSf;F Ke;ija midj;Jr; rl;lq;fs;
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jfty; mwpAk; chpikr; rl;lk;
Page 2
jfty; mwpAk; chpikr; rl;lk;
Fwpg;Gfs;> RUf;fq;fs;
Nghd;wtw;iw ngWk; chpik
my;yJ rhd;W efy;fs; ngWk;
chpik.
khjphpfs; vLf;Fk; chpik
kpd;dZ tbtj;jpy; jfty;fisg;
ngWk; chpiknghJeyd;
njhlh;Gila midj;Jj;
jfty;fisAk; ngWk; chpik
ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;Fk;>
rl;lkd;wj;jpw;Fk; jfty;fis
kWf;ff;$lhJ. ve;j ehSk;
rl;lq;fis cUthf;Fk;
mikg;GfSf;F jfty;fis
kWf;ff;$lhJ.
Page 3
kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy Mizaq;fs;
,uz;L muRfisf; nfhz;l tptfhuq;fspd; kPJ ghpe;Jiufis
$l;lhl;rp Kiwapy; kj;jpa kw;Wk; mspg;gJ.
khepy muRfspd; nfhs;iffSk; ,j;jifa FOtpdhy; gzp
mtw;wpd; nrayhf;fKk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l tptfhuq;fis Ma;T
xj;jpUg;gJ kpfTk; fbdk;. nra;tJk; mtw;wpd; kPJ
$l;lhl;rpapd; myFfspilNa ghpe;Jiufis mspg;gJk; kl;LNk
xj;Jiog;igAk; xUikg; MFk;.
-ghl;bidAk; cUthf;f xU ,f;FOtpdhy; eLj;jPh;T toq;f
$l;lhl;rp kd;wj;ij mikf;f ,ayhJ. gpd;tUgth;fisf;
ruj;J 263 tif nra;fpd;wJ. nfhz;l khepyq;fspilNaahd
,t;tpjp gpd;tUk; flikfisf; FOtpid FbauRj; jiyth; 1990
nfhz;l xU FOtpid Mk; Mz;L mikj;jhh;.gpujkNu
mikj;jhy; nghJkf;fspd; eyd; ,jd; jiytuhthh;.
fhf;fg;gLk; vd;W FbauRj; khepyq;fspd; Kjyikr;rh;fSk;
jiyth; fUjpdhy; mth; rl;lrigfisf; nfhz;l A+dpad;
mj;jifa xU FOtpid gpuNjrq;fspd; Kjyikr;rh;fSk;
mikf;fyhk; vd;W $WfpwJ. kw;Wk; 6 kj;jpa Nfgpdl;
khepyq;fspilNa vOe;Js;s mikr;rh;fSk; ,jd;
gpur;ridfis tprhhpg;gJ kw;Wk; cWg;gpdh;fs;.
mjd; kPJ MNyhrid toq;FtJ. kj;jpa mikr;ruitapy; cs;s
rpy> my;yJ midj;J mikr;rh;fSk; ,f;FOtpd;
khepyq;fSNkh> my;yJ kj;jpa $l;lq;fSf;F Njitg;gl;lhy;
muRk;> xd;W my;yJ mjw;F miof;fg;gLth;.
Nkw;gl;l khepy muRfSk; tpUk;Gk; ,jd; eilKiwfs; ntspg;gil
tptfhuq;fis tpthjpg;gJ kw;Wk; -ahdjhf ,Uf;Fk;. NkYk; ,jd;
Ma;T nra;tJ. KbTfs; Vfkdjhf vLf;fg;gLk;.
rpy tptfhuq;fspd; kPJ Fwpg;ghf ,jw;F Kd; FbauRj; jiyth;
xj;Jiog;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; Njrpa cs;ehl;L murhq;f
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kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy Mizaq;fs;;
FOtpidAk; Nghf;Ftuj;J
Nkk;ghl;L FOtpidAk;
mikj;jhh;.
khepyq;fspilNaahd FOtpid
kw;w mikg;GfspypUe;J
NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;l ,jid
muRfSf;fpilNaahd FO vd;W
miof;f Ntz;Lk; vd; rh;f;fhhpah
FO ghpe;Jiu nra;jJ.
1997 [_iyapy; ,f;FOtpd;
$l;lj;jpy; 10tJ epjpf;FO $wpa
khw;W mjpfhuk; toq;Fjy;
Kiwia eilKiwg;gLj;jTk;
ruj;J 356ia cgNahfpg;gij
fbdkhf;f eltbf;iffs;
vLf;fTk; jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ.
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ngz;fSf;F mjpfhukspj;jy;
ngz;fSf;fhd Njrpaf;FO ,f;FO gpd;tUgth;fis
(National Commission for Women) cs;slf;fpaJ
ngz;fSf;fhd murpayikg;G kj;jpa murhy; epakpf;fg;gLk;
kw;Wk; rl;l ghJfhg;G jiyth; 5 cWg;gpdh;fs; rl;lk;>
eltbf;iffs; kW Ma;T njhopw;rhiy> eph;thfk;>
nra;tjw;fhf ngz;fSf;fhf ngz;fspd; jd;dhh;t mikg;Gfs;
Njrpaf;FOr;rl;lk; 1990d; fPo; eph;thfk;> nghUshjhu Nkk;ghL>
1992 Mk; mz;L [dthp khjk; Rfhjhuk;> fy;tp my;yJ r%f
ngz;fSf;fhd Njrpaf;FO xU eytho;T Nghd;w Jiwfspy;
rl;l mikg;ghf mikf;fg;gl;lJ. rpwg;ghf gzpahw;wpath;fSs;
rl;lj;jPhT
; eltbf;iffis ,Ue;J kj;jpa murhy;
ghpe;Jiu nra;tJ Fiwfis Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;L
jPhj
; ;J itf;f cjTtJ kw;Wk; epakpf;fg;gLgth;.
ngz;fis ghjpf;Fk; nfhs;if kj;jpa murhy; epakpf;fg;gLk; xU
-fspd; kPJ muRf;F MNyhrid cWg;gpdh; nrayh; ,jd; cWg;gpdh;
toq;FtJ Nghd;wit ,jd; nrayh;.
gzpfshFk;. ,r;rl;lk; ,f;FOtpw;F mjpf
,jd; Kjy; FO 1992 Mk; Mz;L mjpfhuq; fisAk; gzpfisAk;
[dthp 31 Mk; ehs; jpUkjp. toq;fpAs;sJ. NkYk; ,f;FOtpw;F
n[ae;jpgl;ehaf; jiyikapy; xU r%ftpay; ePjpkd;wj;Jf;Fhpa
mikf;fg;gl;lJ. mjpfhuq;fis toq;fpAs;sJ.
,jd; ,uz;lhtJ FO 1995
[_iyapy; Kidth; jpUkjp gzpfs; (function)
Nkhfpdp fphp mth;fs; jiyikapy; ,r;rl;lj;jpd; gpd;tUk; gzpfis
mikf;fg;gl;lJ ,f;FO Nkw;nfhs;Sk;.
murpayikg;igAk; kw;Wk; gpw
rl;lq;fspd; fPo; ngz;fSf;F
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ngz;fSf;F mjpfhukspj;jy;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ghJfhg;G
me;jkhd; nfhy;fj;jh
mk;rq;fis Ma;T nra;jy;.
epf;Nfhgh; cah;ePjpkd;wk;
1978Mk; Mz;L I.eh. rig cyf
jPTfs;
ngz;fs; Mz;lhf mwptpj;jJ.
rz;bfh; gQ;rhg; kw;Wk;
,j;jifa ghJfhg;G mk;rq;fspd;
mhpahdh
nray;ghL Fwpj;J kj;jpa muRf;F
cah;ej
P pkd;wk;
Mz;Lf;nfhU KiwNah my;yJ
jhjh; ehfh; Kk;ig cah;ePjpkd;wk;
Njitg;gLk; NghNjh mwpf;if
`Ntyp
mspj;jy;.
yl;rj;jPTfs; Nfush cah;ej
P pkd;wk;
ngz;fspd; epiyia Nkk;gLj;J
ghz;br;Nrhp nrd;id
-tjw;fhf ,g;ghJfhg;G
cah;ej
P pkd;wk;
mk;rq;fis NkYk; ed;Kiwapy;
rl;lq;fis mkyhf;fhky;
eilKiwg; gLj;Jtjw;F
,Uj;jy;.
Njitahd ghpe;Jiufs;
ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd nfhLik
mt;twpf;ifapy; $Wjy;
-fis Fiwg;gijAk; ngz;fspd;
murpayikg;Gk; kw;Wk; gpw
eytho;tpid cWjp nra;tijAk;
rl;lq;fspy; cs;s tpjpfisAk; kW
ngz;fSf;F epthuzk; toq;F
Ma;T nra;J mtw;wpd; kPjhd
-tijAk; Nehf;fkhf nfhz;l
jpUj;jq;fis ghpe;Jiuj;jy;.
nfhs;if KbTfs; topfhl;Ljy;
ngz;fs; njhlh;ghd
-fisAk; mwpTiufisAk;
murpayikg;G tpjpfisNah
gpd;gw;whky; ,Uj;jy;.
my;yJ gpw rl;lq;fis kPWtJ
ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd nfhLikfs;
njhlh;ghd tof;Ffis
kw;Wk; ghugl;rk; Nghd;w
rk;ge;jg;gl;l mjpfhhpfNshL
gpur;ridfSf;F rpwg;G tprhuiz
,ize;J vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy;
kw;Wk; Ma;T Mfpatw;iw
gpd;tUgit njhlh;ghd NfhUjy; NkYk; mtw;Wf;fhd
Fw;wr;rhl;Lfis ftdpj;jy; fhuzq;fis fz;lwpe;J mtw;iw
ngz;fspd; chpikia gwpj;jy; rhp nra;tjw;fhd jpl;lq;fis
ngz;fSf;F ghJfhg;G toq;Fjy; ghpe;Jiu nra;jy;.
kw;Wk; rkj;Jtk; Nkk;ghL Mfpa ngz;fs; midj;J JiwfspYk;
Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfTk; ,aw;wg;gl;l gpuepjpj;Jtk; ngwTk; mth;fSf;F
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ngz;fSf;F mjpfhukspj;jy;;
Page 3
ngz;fSf;F mjpfhukspj;jy;
,ilepw;wiy Fiwj;jy;
,isepiy fy;Y}hp gbg;G tiu jdy\;kp - 2008 (Conditional
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ngz;fSf;F mjpfhukspj;jy;;
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ngz;fSf;F mjpfhukspj;jy;
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