rq;ffhyg; Nghh;Kiwfspy;

gilfSk; gilf;fyd;fSk;
Kidth; (gp.vr;.b) gl;lj;jpw;fhf kJiu fhkuhrh; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;F
mspf;fg;ngWk; Ma;Tr;RUf;fk;

Ma;thsh;
K.nry;yKj;J
(gjpT vz; : F 9544)

newpahsh;
Kidth; e.,uFNjtd;
cjtpg;;Nguhrphpah;

jkpopay; Jiw> jkpopaw;Gyk;>

kJiu fhkuhrh; gy;fiyf;fofk;>
kJiu – 21.

mf;Nlhgh; - 2019
 Ma;Tr; RUf;fk;

Ma;T Kd;Diu

xU gilg;gpw;Fk; gilg;ghsDf;Fk; gpd;Gyk; vd;gJ

,d;wpaikahjJ. xU gilg;G KOikahd gilg;ghf> ntw;wpfukhd
gilg;ghf mika mjd; tbtk;> mjd; fUj;J> mjd; eil> mjd;
nghJikj;jd;ik> mjd; gd;Kfj;jd;ik> mjd; ,yf;fpaj;jd;ik
Nghd;w gy;NtW fUj;jhly;fs; fhuzq;fshf mikfpd;wd.
,f;fhuzq;fs; tYg;ngw;W mg;gilg;G vf;fhyj;jpw;Fk; rKjhaj;jpd;
Kd;Ndhb ,yf;fpakhfTk; mike;J rpwf;fpd;wd. jkpopd; gjpndz;
Nkw;fzf;F E}y;fs; vdg;gLk; rq;f,yf;fpakhdJ> jd; fhyr;R+oypy;
epd;Wnfhz;L> ,d;iwa rKjhaj;jpd; newpfhl;L ,yf;fpakhfTk;>
Kd;Ndhb ,yf;fpakhfTk; mike;J rpwf;fpd;wd. mtw;wpy;
,lk;ngw;Ws;s gy;NtW fUj;jpay;fs; jkpopy; gy Gjpa ,yf;fpa tif
cUthff; fhuzkhfTk; mike;Js;sd. Ntl;ilr;r%fk;>
,df;FOr;r%fk; njhlq;fp NguuRfs; mikag;ngw;w gy;NtW fhy
tuyhWfis vLj;Jiuf;Fk; jkpoh;fspd; tuyhw;W MtzkhfTk;
rq;f,yf;fpak; jpfo;fpd;wd.

gz;ilj;jkpoh; tho;tpy; nghpJk; Ngrg;gl;l mfk;> Gwk; vdg;gLk;

fhjYk; tPuKk;jhd; ,d;iwa ,yf;fpaq;fspYk;> Clfq;fspYk;$lg;
NgR nghUshf ,Uf;fpd;wd. jkpoh;fspd; tPuj;jpd; milahskhfg;
Gwtho;f;ifiaNa vy;yh epiyapYk; cah;j;jpg; NgRfpd;Nwhk;.
Gwtho;f;if vdg;gLk; tPuepiy czh;Tfs; mfj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj Njhw;wk;
ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mftho;tpYs;s jdf;fhd xd;iw kw;wth;fs;
mgfhpf;f Kw;gLk; epiyapypUe;J jd;idf; fhj;Jf;nfhs;sNt
Gwtho;f;if vd;w Nghhpay; mwpT Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd. vdNt>
kdpjuhfg; gpwe;j vtUk; ,ay;ghfg; Nghiu tpUk;Gtjpy;iy.
kdpjh;fspd; kdjpy; jw;fhg;Gf;fhf Vw;gl;l tPuepiy czh;Tfspd;
ntspg;ghLfs; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; kw;wth;fis mlf;Fk; vz;zj;jpw;Fk;
MSk; epiyf;Fk; nfhz;LNrh;j;jd. epyk;> tsk;> ,dk;> nkhop> rkak;>
gz;ghL Nghd;w vz;zw;w fhuzq;fshy; kdpj rKjhak; Nghhpay;
rpe;jidfis jiyKiwfs; fle;Jk; vLj;Jr; nry;fpd;wdh;. ,g;Nghh;

1
epfo;Tfspy; jq;fs; cly; typikia kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jhky;> gy;NtW
cj;jpKiwfisAk; ifahz;Ls;sdh;. typik> Mw;wy;> ntw;wp> rpwg;G>
Gfo; Mfpa midj;Jk; ntWk; cly; typikapdhNyh> nghUs;
tsj;jpdhNyh> gilfs;> gilf;fyd;fs; gy ngw;wpUe;jjpdhNyh kl;Lk;
tUtjpy;iy> khwhf kdj;jpl;gk;> kjpEl;gk;> eph;thfj;jpwd;> murikg;G
Kiwfs;> ew;gapw;rpahsh;fs;> ey;ywk; kPJ ehl;lk; nfhz;lth;fs;> ,lk;>
fhyj;jpw;F Vw;wthW vz;zpr; nray;gLk; Mw;wYilath;fisg;
ngw;wpUj;jy; Mfpa fhuzq;fshy; tUtjhFk;.

,JNghd;W Kiwahfg; Nghhpaiy tpsf;Fk; njspthd

Gwj;jpiz ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fs; jkpo; nkhopapy; kl;LNk
,Uf;fpd;wd. mh;j;jrh];jpuk; Nghd;w gpwnkhop ,yf;fpaq;fs; Nghhpay;
Fwpj;J tpsf;fpapUe;jhYk;> mitnay;yhk; Nghhpay; Fwpj;j
tpsf;fq;fshf kl;LNk mwpag;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy;> rq;f,yf;fpaj;jpy;
,lk;ngw;Ws;s Nghhpay; gjpTfs; ahTk; gz;ilj;jkpoh; epyj;jpy;
epfo;e;j cz;ik tuyhw;Wf;F ngUk; cjhuzq;fshf jpfo;fpd;wd.
murpaypy; mikjptop Kaw;rpfs; Mw;wyw;w NghJ> mkh;Ghpe;J
fhj;Jf;nfhz;lth;fshf tPuepiyfhy kd;dh;fSk; Nte;jh;fSk;
mwpag;gLfpd;wdh;. tPuepiyf;fhy MSikfspy; mwk; Ngzpath;fs;
Mw;Wtd Mw;wpajhy; tuyhw;wpy; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. mwk;
Ngzhjth;fs; kpFjpahd Mw;wYilath;fshf mwpag;gl;lhYk;
tuyhw;wpy; FiwAilath;fshfNt $wg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,JNghd;w
rq;ffhy muRUthf;f tuyhWfspy; ,lk;ngw;w jkpo;epy kd;dh;fs;
kw;Wk; Nte;jh;fspd; tpaf;fj;jFe;j Nghhpay; Mw;wy;fisAk;>
Nghh;newpKiwfisAk;> gilfisAk;> gilf;fyd;fisAk; gw;wp thpthf
Muha;e;J tpsf;Ftjhf ,t;tha;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

Ma;Tj; jiyg;G

‘rq;ffhyg; Nghh;Kiwfspy; gilfSk; gilf;fyd;fSk;’ vd;gJ

,t;tha;tpd; jiyg;ghFk;.

Ma;Tg;nghUs;

rq;ffhyj;jpy; NfhNyhr;rpa muRfs; jq;fspd; gy;NtW gilfis

jdpj;jdpNa tFj;Jitj;J mtw;iwf; fhj;J Kiwahfg;
2
gapw;rpaspj;Jg; Nghh; elj;jpa Kiw EZfp Muhaj;jf;fdjhFk;. muR>
rKjhak;> rkak; Nghd;w Kg;ngU epiyfisr; rhh;e;jth;fs;
gilfspYk;> gilf;fyd;fspYk; epiyahd ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jpduh
vd;gjid tpsf;fp> tPuepiy czh;thy; Nkk;gl;l jkpo;r; rKjhaj;jpYk;>
gz;ghl;bYk; Nghh;epfo;thdJ ,uz;lwf; fye;jpUe;jjd; fhuzq;fis
fz;lwpe;J tpsf;Ftjhf ,t;tha;Tg; nghUs; mikfpd;wd.

Ma;T Nehf;fk;

rq;ffhy muRUthf;fr; #oypy; NghUf;Fg; nghpJk; gad;gLk;

gy;NtW gilfs; gilf;fyd;fs; gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fisAk;> Nghhpy;
mit ngw;w Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fwpj;jg; Ghpjy;fisAk; vLj;Jiug;gNjhL>
Nghuwf; Nfhl;ghLk;> Nghhpay; mZFKiwAk; vt;thW
gpd;gw;wg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gjid Muha;e;J tpsf;Ftjhf ,t;tha;tpd;
Nehf;fk; mikfpd;wd.

Ma;T vy;iy

vl;Lj;njhif> gj;Jg;ghl;il cs;slf;fpa gjpndz; Nkw;fzf;F

E}y;fs; midj;Jk; Ma;T vy;iyahf vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

Ma;T %yq;fs;

Kjd;ik Mjhuq;fs;

Jizik Mjhuq;fs;
Kjd;ik Mjhuq;fs;
vl;Lj;njhif gj;Jg;ghl;L
1. ew;wpiz 1. kJiuf;fhQ;rp
2. FWe;njhif 2. neLey;thil
3. Iq;FWE}W 3. FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L
4. gjpw;Wg;gj;J 4. gl;bdg;ghiy
5. ghpghly; 5. kiygLflhk;
6. fypj;njhif 6. jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil
7. mfehD}W 7. nghUeuhw;Wg;gil
8. GwehD}W 8. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil
9. ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil
10. Ky;iyg;ghl;L

3
Jizik Mjhuq;fs;

‘rq;ffhyg; Nghh;Kiwfspy; gilfSk; gilf;fyd;fSk;’ vd;Dk;

jiyg;gpyhd ,t;tha;tpw;F tYr;Nrh;f;Fk; gy;NtW Ma;T E}y;fSk;>
Kidth; gl;l Ma;NtLfSk;> Njrpa kw;Wk; gd;dhl;Lf; fUj;juq;ff;
fl;Liuj; jfty;fSk;> njhy;ypay; kw;Wk; mfoha;Tr; rhd;WfSk;>
,izajsk; kw;Wk; ,jopay;> Clfk; topg; ngwg;gLk; juTfSk;>
,d;dgpw Mtzq;fSk; Jizik Mjhuq;fshf vLj;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

Kd;Ndhb Ma;Tfs;

 fh.ifyhrgjp tPuepiyf;fhyj; jkpo;f;ftpij

 fh.mg;ghj;Jiu njd;dhl;Lg; Nghh;f;fsq;fs;
 b.tp.kfhypq;fk; njd;df murpay; (South Indian Polity)
 gp.rp.rf;futh;j;jp The art of war in Ancient India,
 ,uhkr;re;jpu jPl;rpjh; War in Ancient India
 Nf.V.ePyfz;l rh];jphp Sangam Literature its Cults and culture
 uh.gp.NrJg;gps;is jkpoh; gilj;jpwk;> jkpoh; tPuk;
 fjph; kfhNjtd; goe;jkpoh; tPuepiyf; fhyg;gz;ghL
 Qh.NjtNeag; ghthzh; goe;jkpoh; Ml;rp
 R.tpj;jpahde;jd; jkpoh; rhy;G
 fh.Nfhtpe;jd; gz;ilj;jkpo; Nghh;newp
 Nfh.Rg;gpukzpa gps;is jkpoh; Nghh;Kiw
 nre;Jiw Kj;J jkpoh; Nghhpay;
 #lhkzp jw;fhyj;Jg; Nghh;f;fUtpfs;
 rp.fjph;NtY rq;f,yf;fpaj;jpy; Nghh;Kiw
 jq;ffe;jrhkp Nghhpay; md;Wk; ,d;Wk;
 ,uh.rpq;fuh[h rq;f,yf;fpaj;jpy; NghUk; mikjpAk;
 Re;ju kfhypq;fk; Gwj;jpiz tpUe;J
 ng.khijad; rq;ffhy ,df;FOr; rKjhaKk;
muR cUthf;fKk;
 fp.ghz;Luq;fd; gz;ilj;jkpoh; Nghhpay; tho;f;ifAk;
jw;fhyg; Nghh; eltbf;ifAk;

4
Nkw;Fwpj;j Nghhpay; Ma;Tfs; ntt;NtW fhyg; Gyth;fshYk;
mwpQh;fshYk; mwpTWj;jg;gl;l Nghhpay; $Wfisj; jpul;b mtw;wpd;
cah;thdf; fUj;jpaiy tifg;gLj;jp toq;fpAs;sd. ek; ghujehl;Lg;
Nghhpay; tuyhw;wpYk;> cyfg; Nghhpay; tuyhw;wpYk;> jkpoh;jk;
NghhpaYf;Fg; Nghjpa ,lKk; Vw;wKk; mspf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;Dk;
nghJthd fUj;jpidAk; ,t;tha;Tfs; czh;j;jpAs;sd. vdNt>
Kiwahfg; Nghhpaiy tpsf;Fk; njspT rq;f,yf;fpaj;jpy; kl;LNk
cs;sd vd;w Kjd;ikahdf; fUj;jpid vLj;Jiuf;Fk; Kaw;rp
,t;tha;thFk;.

Ma;tpd; fUJNfhs;

xU ehl;bd; Gtpapay; mikg;Gjhd;> me;ehl;L caphpdq;fspd;

ghJfhg;gpw;F gaDilajhf mikfpd;wd. vdNt> mt;tsq;fisg;
ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; xUehl;il Ms;NthUk;> me;j
MSikf;Ff; fPo; tho;NthUk; mbg;gilg; Nghhpay; rpe;jidia
mwpe;jpUg;gJ kpf mtrpakhdjhFk;. gifth;fisj; jLf;Fk; my;yJ
jhf;Fk; goq;fhyg; Nghh;Kiwfspy; typikahdg; gilfshYk;> gy;NtW
gilf;fyd;fshYk; kl;LNk ngUk;ghd;ikahd kd;dh;fSk; Nte;jh;fSk;
jk; epyj;ijAk;> muizAk;> kf;fisAk; nrq;Nfhy; Ve;jp
gd;ndLq;fhyk; fhj;Jepw;Fk; mauhj gzpapy; jk;ik
<LgLj;jpf;nfhz;ldh;. vdNtjhd;> ‘jdJ epyj;ijAk; ,dj;ijAk;
nkhopiaAk; ghlhj ftpij vd;gnjy;yhk;> Nth;fs; ,y;yhj kuk;
Nghd;wJ vd;fpwhh; ,urpaf; ftpQh; ,u#y; fk;rNjht;.’

xU ehL jd; mfj;jhf;Fjy;fis mlf;Ftjw;Fk;>

Gwj;jhf;Fjy;fis Kwpabg;gjw;Fk; gy;NtW ghJfhg;Gg; gilfisAk;>
fhyj;jpd; Njitawpe;J Nkk;gl;lg; gy;NtW njhopy;Kiw cj;jpfNshL
cUthf;fg;gl;l jFe;j gilf;fyd;fisAk;> mjid kpfNeh;j;jpahff;
ifahsj;njhpe;j jpwikahd tPuh;fisAk;> mhpjpd; Kad;W gy;NtW
Nghhpay; jpl;lq;fis kpfEZf;fkhf tFj;J toq;Fk;
Mw;wYilath;fisAk; ngw;wpUg;gJ mtrpakhdjhFk;. vdNt> cah;e;j
Nghhpay; rpe;jidAk; nraYk;jhd; cyfmuq;fpy; xU ehl;bd;
ghJfhg;igAk; ntw;wpiaAk; jPh;khdpf;Fk; xNu msTNfhy; vdyhk;.

5
goq;fhyg; Nghh;fshy; vz;zw;w ,d;dy;fSk; tpisTfSk;>
Nghpog;GfSk;> nghUshjhu neUf;fbfSk; Vw;gl;ld. ‘tPuj;jpd; Kjy;
jFjpNa xOf;fk;jhd;’ vd;gjid mwpTWj;jg; Nghhpd; NghJ Gyth;fs;
,lk;ngw;W tho;tpd; epiyahikia murh;fSf;F mwpTWj;jpdh;> vdNt>
Nghhpay; rpe;jidia tsh;j;Jf;nfhs;tJ jw;fhg;gpw;fhdJ vd;gjid
kl;Lk; czh;e;J> mwtopapy; NfhNyhr;RtNj cyf mikjpf;Fk;>
epiyahd ,d;g tho;tpw;Fk; toptFf;Fnkd;w NgUz;ikia gy;NtW
Mjhuq;fNshL vLj;Jiug;gjhf ,t;tha;tpd; fUJNfhs; mikfpd;wd.

Ma;T mZFKiw

,t;tha;tpw;Fj; Njitahd juTfis Ma;nty;iyapy;

ml;ltizg;gLj;jg;gl;l gDty;fspypUe;J gFj;Jk;> njhFj;Jk;
$Wtjhy; ‘tpsf;fKiwj; jpwdha;Tk;’> ntt;NtW fhyr;#oypy;
Ml;rpnrYj;jpa kd;dh;fisAk;> Nte;jh;fisAk; Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;jpajhy;
‘tuyhw;WKiwj; jpwdha;Tk;’> rq;ffhy muRUthf;ff;
fUj;jpay;fisAk;> Ms;NthUf;F typAWj;jg;gl;l Nghuwq;fisAk;>
gil tiffisAk;> gilf;fyd;fisAk; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ftjhy;
“Nghhpay;Kiwj; jpwdha;Tk;” ,t;tha;T mZFKiwfshf
mikfpd;wd.

Ma;Ntl;bd; mikg;G / Ma;tpay; gFg;Gfs;

‘rq;ffhyg; Nghh;Kiwfspy; gilfSk; gilf;fyd;fSk;’ vd;Dk;

jiyg;gpyhd ,t;tha;thdJ Kd;Diu KbTiu ePq;fyhf Ie;J
,ay;fshfg; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,ay; : 1 rq;ffhy muRUthf;fKk; gz;ilj;jkpoh; gz;ghl;L murpaYk;

,ay; : 2 rq;f,yf;fpak; Rl;Lk; Nghh;newpKiwfs;

,ay; : 3 goq;fhyg; gilfs; Fwpj;j fUj;JUthf;fk;

,ay; : 4 gz;ilj;jkpoh; Nghh;Kiwfspy; gilf;fyd;fspd; gad;ghL

,ay; : 5 Nghh;f; fhuzq;fSk; mjd; tpisTfSk; jw;fhyg; Nghh;

eltbf;iffSk;

6
,ay; 1 : rq;ffhy muRUthf;fk; vd;gJ rPW}u; kd;du;> KJFbkd;du;>
kd;du;> Nte;ju; vDk; gbepiyfisf; nfhz;ljhf mt;tpyf;fpak; top
mwpaKbfpd;wd. ,g;gbepiy tsh;r;rpfspy; ,df;FOr; r%fg;
gz;Gfisf; nfhz;ljhff; fhzg;gLk; rPW}u; kd;du;jk; r%f murikg;G
Kjd;ik ngWfpd;wd. rPW}u; kd;du;jk; Fbf;Nf cupag; gz;Gfshff;
$l;Liog;G> $l;Lz;zy;> tpUe;Njhk;gy;> eLfy; topghL> Nte;JtpL
njhopy;> jz;zil ngWjy;> tPuj;Jld; tpsq;Fjy; Nghd;w murpay;
$Wfs; gy rq;fg;gDty;fspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. epyk;> Nghu;Kiw>
Nghupd; Nehf;fk;> ts;sy; jd;ik> topghl;LKiw> cilikepiy> Gytu;
kd;du; cwTepiy> jiytu; Fbkf;fs; cwTepiy vd;Dk; gy;NtW
epiyfs; mjpy; mlq;Fk;.

,df;FO tho;f;ifKiw mope;J epyTilikahf khWk;

fhyfl;lj;ijAk;> muRUthf;f epiyfspy; tiuaiwf;Fl;gl;l
epyg;gFjpfisAk; FbNaw;wq;fisAk; mjw;Fupa nrhj;Jupik>
mtw;iwg; ghJfhf;Fk; tiffs; Nghd;w fUj;jpay;fisAk;
rq;f,yf;fpak; gjpTnra;Js;sd. ,df;FO tho;TKiw mope;J mjd;
vr;rq;fs; khwptUk; rKjhaj;jpd; njhlh;r;rpahf gz;ilj;jkpoh;f s;
mikj;Jf;nfhz;l muRUthf;fj;jpd; gbepiy tsh;r;rpfisAk;
njhlh;e;J Vw;gl;l muR kw;Wk; r%f epiyg;ghLfisAk; mwpQh;fs;
gyhpd; fUj;Jf;fNshL Muha;tjhf ‘rq;ffhy muRUthf;fKk;
gz;ilj;jkpoh; gz;ghl;L murpaYk;’ vd;Dk; ,t;tpay;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

,ay; 2 : njhy;fhg;gpag; Gwj;jpizf; fUj;jpay;fshd ntl;rp> tQ;rp>

copiQ> Jk;ig> thif> ghlhz;> iff;fpis Mfpa jpizfs;
rq;f,yf;fpaj;jpy; Nghhpay; rhh;e;J gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. kdpj,dk;
,aw;ifNahL elj;jpa Nghh; ehfhpf tsh;r;rpf;Fk; gz;ghl;L
Kjph;r;rpf;Fk; tpj;jpl;Ls;sd. tPuj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; kf;fspdk;
jq;fSf;Fs; epfo;j;jpa Nghh;fs; tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gkpf;fjhff;
fUjg;gLfpd;wd. xU kdpjdpd; mbg;gilj; Njitfs; mtdhYk; mtd;
rhh;e;j r%fj;jhYk; muR> kw;Wk; Ml;rpahsh;fshYk; epiwT nra;ag;gl
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;epiy epiwNtwhj #oypy; Xh; murd; kw;nwhU ehl;bd;
tsq;fisg; gwpj;Jj; jd; ehl;L kf;fspd; Njitfis epiwT nra;tJ

7
njhy;fhg;gpah; fhyj;jpypUe;NjAs;s tof;fkhFk;. njhy;fhg;gpak; vd;gJ
fw;gid epiyapy; epd;W xU rKjhaj;ij cUthf;ftpy;iy.
njhy;fhg;gpaf; fUj;jpaNyhL njhlh;Gilar; rq;ffhy fhy
murpaYf;Fk; NghUf;Fk; tPuNk mbg;gilf; fhuzkhf mike;Js;sd.
vdNtjhd;> GwnthOf;fk; vd;whNy NghUk; Nghhpd; ntw;wpahy;
cz;lhFk; GfOk; vd;w fUj;JUthf;fk; Njhd;wpw;W.

goq;fhyj;jpy; fsg;Nghh;> Kw;Wifg;Nghh; vd;w ,Uepiyfspy;

Nghuhw;wiy ntspg;gLj;j GwtPL (ghriw) mikj;J ngUk; Nghhpid
Nkw;nfhz;ldh;. mtw;iwg; NghUf;F Kd;> NghUf;Fg; gpd; vd
tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. NghUf;F Kd; epfo;Tfshf epkpj;jk; ghh;j;jy;>
ew;nrhy; Nfl;ly;> Kuriwe;J mwptpj;jy;> g+Nfhs;tpoh elj;Jjy;>
gilg;gphptpw;F Vw;wthW gy;NtW tPuh;fisr; Nrh;j;jy;> NghUf;FKd;
J}Jtiu mDg;Gjy;> Nghh;f;fsk; Nehf;fp gil mzptFg;G elj;Jjy;>
ghriw mikj;J xw;wwpjy;> epfuhdth;fNshL kl;Lk; NghhpLjy;>
tPukuzj;ij Gfo;e;Jiuj;jy;> tpOg;Gz; ngw;wtiu cah;Tnkhopahy;
Nte;jh; MWjy; gLj;Jjy;> ehy;tifg; gilfisr; rpwg;gpj;jy;> Nghh;
mwj;ijf; fhg;ghw;Wjy;> ,irf;fUtpfNshL fiyQh; Gyth; gyUk;
,lk;ngWjy; Nghd;w gy;NtW Nghh;Kd; eltbf;iffs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd. NghUf;Fg; gpd; epfo;Tfshf> ntw;wp Mh;g;ghpg;G>
gifthpd; nghUs; fth;jy;> ntd;Nwhhpd; mjpfhuk; ntspg;gLj;Jjy;>
Njhw;wth;fis rpiwg;gLj;Jjy;> gifehl;L tsk; rpijj;jy;>
jpiwg;nghUs; ngWjy;> gifth;fisAk; kjpj;njhOFjy;> tPuh;fSf;Fk;
fiyQh;fSf;Fk; nfhilaspj;Jr; rpwg;Gr;nra;jy;> fsNts;tp nra;J
nfhw;wit topghl;bid Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; kw;Wk;> Njhy;tpAw;w ehl;L
kz;izAk; kf;fisAk; rhh;e;j gjpTfisAk;> Gwepfo;Tfspy;
ngz;fspd; r%fkjpg;gpid Muha;jy; Nghd;w Nghhpd; gpd;epfo;TfisAk;>
Nghuwf; Nfhl;ghLfisAk;> Nghhpay; mZFKiwapidAk; Muha;e;J
tpsf;Ftjhf ‘rq;f,yf;fpak; Rl;Lk; Nghh;newpKiwfs;’ vd;Dk;
,t;tpay; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

,ay; 3 : xU ehl;bd; epyg;gug;igAk; ePh;g;gug;igAk; nghWj;Nj

me;ehl;bd; epyg;gil kw;Wk; flw;gilapd; typik mikAk;. xU ehl;L
kf;fSila rKjhak;> murpay;> nghUshjhuk; Mfpait me;ehl;bd;

8
tho;tplj;jpw;F Vw;g mikfpd;wd. kiy> fly;> fhL> MW> rkntsp
Mfpa ,lq;fspy; thOk; gy;NtW caphpdq;fspd; tho;tplk; vd;gJ
,g;Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; mJ mike;jpUf;Fk; epyg;gFjp> ePh;g;gFjp
Mfpatw;NwhL epytopfs;> ePh;topfs; Nghd;w midj;ijAk;
cs;slf;fpajhf mike;jpUf;Fk;. ,d;iwa cyfehLfs; mJ
mike;jpUf;Fk; ,lk;> jl;gntl;g epiy Nghd;w mbg;gilf;
fhuzq;fspdhNyNa ty;yuRfshf tsh;e;J epw;gJk;> gpd;jq;fpa
ehLfshf milahsg;gLj;jg; gLtijAk; mwpaKbfpd;wd. vdNt>
me;je;j ehLfspd; Gtpapay; ghJfhg;gpw;F vf;fhuzpfs; gaidAk;
ghJfhg;igAk; jUk; vd;gjid me;ehl;L gilj;Jiwapdh; fl;lhak;
mwpe;jpUf;fNtz;Lk;.

,j;jifa Nkk;gl;l rpe;jidia mwpe;jpUe;j md;iwaj;

jkpoh;fs; muRepiyfspy; ghJfhg;Gf; fUjp gy;NtW gilj;Jiwapdiu
mikj;J Ml;rpnrYj;jpAs;sdh;. jiug;giliag; nghWj;jtiu jhf;Fk;
Nghh;> jLf;Fk; Nghh; Mfpa ,Uepiyfis vjph;nfhs;s fhyhl;gil>
fspw;Wg;gil> Fjpiug;gil> Njh;g;gil vd;w ehw;gilaikg;igAk;>
gpd;dhspy; flw;gilaikg;igAk; cUthf;fp ,ltpay;GfSf;F Vw;gg;
Nghh;Kiw cj;jpfisf; ifahz;Ls;sdh;. Nghh;f;fsk; Nehf;fp
mzptFj;Jr; nry;Yk; ehw;gilapd; cWg;Gfis J}rpg;gil>
$iog;gil> Fkhpg;gil vd;w gphpTfshf rq;f,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. jw;fhyj;jpy; ehlhSk; jiyikiaAk;> ew;gz;Gila
tpUe;jpdiuAk; tuNtw;fg; gil mzptFg;igg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.
,t;tof;fq;fs; kughh;e;j gilapd; ePlr
; pnadyhk;. ,d;iwa fhyj;jpy;
Kg;gilapy; tPuh;fisr; Nrh;gg
; jw;F vOj;Jj;jpwd;> nray;jpwd;>
cly;jpwd; Nghd;w jFjpfNshL fsj;jpw;Fr; nry;YKd; fLikahd
gapw;rpAk; mspf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,k;Kiwapy; gapw;rpngw;w tPud; epiwe;j
Nghh;j;njhopy; jFjpiag; ngw;wpUe;jhy;jhd; mt;tPud; jf;fjUzj;jpy;
jpwk;glr; nrayhw;w KbAk; vd;gJ njspT.

vdNt> gil vd;gjd; nrhw;nghUs; tpsf;fk;> giltPuh;fspd;

nrk;khe;jg; gz;Gfs;> kughh;e;j gilfspd; gad;fs;> Nghh;g;gapw;rpapd;
Nehf;fk; Mfpait Fwpj;Jk; ,t;tpaypy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
Nghh;f;fhyq;fspy; #oYf;Nfw;gTk;> Njitf;fUjpAk; jpul;lg;gLk;

9
gilfs; Fwpj;Jk;> mitahw;Wk; Copf;fhy mstpidg; nghWj;Jk;
%yg;gil> $ypg;gil> Jizg;gil> ehl;Lg;gil> fhl;Lg;gil> Fbg;gil>
gifg;gil> Ntisg;gil> tzpfh; gil> mfg;gil vd
tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt> ,it Fwpj;j tpsf;fq;fisAk;>
Ghpjy;fisAk; vLj;Jiug;gjhf ‘goq;fhyg; gilfs; Fwpj;j
fUj;JUthf;fk;’ vd;Dk; ,t;tpay; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

,ay; 4 : ,aw;if #o;e;j ,e;epytsj;ijAk;> ePh;tsj;ijAk;> cah;e;j

vr;rpe;jidiaAk; nraiyAk; fz;Lgpbg;igAk; fhyj;jhy; mopatplhky;
ghJfhf;ff;$ba xU nray; ‘ghJfhg;G’ vd;w MAjkhFk;. ,aw;ifapd;
NguoptpypUe;J jd;idf; fhj;Jnfhs;s kdpjh;fs; ,d;Wtiu
Mapukhapuk; topfisf; ifahs;fpd;wdh;. Mdhy;> kdpjh;fSf;Fs;;
typikkpf;f kdpjh;fisAk;> cyf ehLfSf;Fs; typikkpf;f
ehLfisAk; mlf;fp Ms;tjw;fhfj;jhd; vz;zw;w Nghh;f;fUtpfSk;>
typikAs;s tPuh;fSk; xU ehl;bd; ghJfhg;Gg; gilapy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
ngWfpd;wdh;. xU ,dk; kz;zpy; MNuhf;fpakhf tho;tjw;fhd #oiy
mikj;Jj;jUk; flik ehlhSk; Nte;jh;f;FhpajhFk;. muR
mikg;Gfspy; ,lk;ngWfpd;w gy;NtW ghJfhg;G typikiag; nghWj;Nj
mJ mikAk;. jdpg;gil mikg;G Vw;glhj Mepiu ftUk;
njhlf;ffhyj;jpypUe;J> gilfs; gy;fpg; ngUfpa ,d;iwa muRUthf;f
fhyk; tiu gy;NtW gilf;fyd;fis fhyj;jpw;Nfw;wthW njhopy;El;g
cj;jpfshy; cUthf;fp> mjidj; jpwikahff; ifahsg; gapw;rpngw;w
tPuh;fisAila ehNl tuyhw;wpy; ,d;Wtiu epiyj;jpUf;fpd;wd.
vdNtjhd;> ‘Nghh;f;fUtpfs; khwyhk; Nghh;fs; khWtjpy;iy’ vd;w
rpe;jid r%f murpay; tuyhw;wpy; jtph;f;fKbahj ,lj;jpy;
,Uf;fpd;wd.

rq;ffhyj;jpy; jhf;Fk; my;yJ jLf;Fk; gilf;fyd;fshfg;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;l ngUk; ghiwfs;> $h;ikahd fw;fs;> fij> fk;G>
fj;jp> tpy; mk;G> ths;> kO> Nty;> <l;b> mlhh;> mhpths;> Nflak;>
ftrk;> fr;ir> jpfphp> fzpr;rp> etpak;> FWk;gpb> rf;fuk;> rq;fpyp> ftz;
Nghd;w Ik;gJf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Nghh;ff
; UtpfSk;> jlhhp> Jb> Njh;> gjiy>
giw> kj;jsk;> KuR> aho;> KoT Nghd;w Nghhpid Cf;Ftpf;Fk; Nghh;
,irf;fUtpfSk; mtw;wpd; gy;NtW tiffSk;> gphpTfSk; Fwpj;J

10
rq;f,yf;fpak; ed;F tpsf;Ffpd;wd. ,it Kjd;ikf; fUtpfs;
vd;Wk;> Jizikf; fUtpfs; vd;Wk; ,Uepiyfspy; tifg;gLj;jg;
gLfpd;wd. Nghhpy; nghpJk; gad;gLk; ,f;fUtpfspd; nray;> jpwk;>
tbtk; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;L va; fUtpfs;> vwp fUtpfs;> ntl;Lf;
fUtpfs;> Fj;Jf; fUtpfs;> njhiy,yf;F fUtpfs;> ,il,yf;Ff;
fUtpfs;> mZf;fg; Nghh;f;fUtpfs;> jhf;Fk; fUtpfs;> jw;fhg;Gf;
fUtpfs;> muz; fhg;Gf; fUtpfs;> thapw;fhg;Gf; fUtpfs; Mfpa
ngah;fspy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd vdTk; mwpaKbfpd;wd.

mf;fUtpfs; ngUk;ghYk; ,Uk;ghy; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. gilf;fyd;

vd;gJ Mjpapy; kf;fs; grpiag; Nghf;f Ntl;ilahbg; gpioj;J
te;jjhy; NtlUf;Fk;> gpw;fhy muRUthf;fr; #oypy; gy;NtW
ghJfhg;Gf; fUjpg; Nghhpl Ntz;bapUe;jjhy; tPuUf;Fk; mbg;gilj;
Njitahf ,Ue;jd. Ntlh;> tPuh; vd;w ,UNtW njhopypd;
ntw;wpnad;gJ fUtpfspd; jd;ikapidAk;> mtw;iw mth;fs;
ifahSe;jpwikiaAk; nghUj;jjhapUe;jd. gilf;fyd;fis
cUthf;Ftjpy; gz;ilj;jkpoh;fs; fhl;ba ngUtpUg;gj;ijAk;> mtw;iw
mth;fs; ifahs;tjw;F gilfshf mzpjpuz;l mwpTKjph;r;rpiaAk;
Muha;e;J vLj;Jiug;gjhf ‘gz;ilj;jkpoh; Nghh;Kiwfspy;
gilf;fyd;fspd; gad;ghL’ vd;Dk; ,t;tpay; mikfpd;wd.

,ay; 5 : Nghh; Ghpjy; ,aw;ifg; gz;ngd;Wk;> Nghh; vd;gJ

kdpj,dj;jpd; xU tho;tpay; $whf mike;Js;sjhfTk; nghJthff;
$Wth;. cyftuyhWfis xUKiw Gul;bdhy; mit ngUk;
Nghh;fspdhNyNa mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. vdNt> NghUk; G+rYk; r%f
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F cjTfpd;wd vd;w Nfhl;ghl;il typAWj;jp Nghh;
Ntz;Lk; vd;w nfhs;ifAilath;fshf mwpQh;fs; rpyhpd; $w;Wfs;
mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. ntspehl;L mwpQh;fshd> ePlN
; r> ngh;fr
; hd;>
vk;nghNlhfpspR> ];ngd;rh;> lhh;tpd;> V.[p.nfy;yh;> rhq;l;nr> nukpyh
jhg;gh; Nghd;Nwhh;fspd; $w;WfisAk;> v];.,uhkfpU\;zd;>
fh.Nfhtpe;jd;. fp.ghz;Luq;fd;. jq;ffe;jrhkp> b.tp.kfhypq;fk;> fjph;
kfhNjtd;> ng.khijad;> fh.mg;ghj;Jiu> v];.itahGhpg;gps;is.
Re;jukfhypq;fk;> f.ifyhrgjp> Qh.NjtNeag;ghthzh;> t.R.g.

11
khzpf;fdhh; Nghd;w gy;NtW jkpowpQh;fs; Kd;nkhope;j Nghhpay;
fUj;jpay;fs; Fwpj;Jk; ,t;tpaypy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

tPutpUg;gj;jpw;fhfTk;> kwg;gzpia epiyehl;Ltjw;fhfTk;> tUk;

gifia Kwpabg;gjw;fhfTk;> kd;DW njhopy; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhfTk;>
tskhd epyj;jpd; kPJ nfhz;l ngUtpUg;gjpw;fhfTk;> chpikg;
Nghuhl;lj;jpw;fhfTk;> jiyikj;jFjpiag; ngWtjw;fhfTk;>
kfs;kWj;jy; fhuzj;jpw;fhfTk;> vz;zw;w nghJg;nghUspd; kPJ
nfhz;l Nkhfj;jpw;fhfTk;> fy;tpawptpw; rpwe;Njhh; $Wk;
ew;nrhy;ypw;fhfTk;> fiyQh;fs; Gyth;fs; toq;Fk; ngUkpjf;
nfhw;wj;jpw;fhfTk;> jk;kpy; typikkpf;ftiu ,t;itafj;jpw;F
milahsg; gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;> jk; gilj;jpwj;jpid ehLfle;J
nty;Yk; Mw;wypy; rpwe;jnjd mwptpg;gjw;fhfTk;> xU Filapd; fPo;
jk; epyvy;iyia tphpTgLj;jp MsKw;gLtjw;fhfTk;> thhpRhpikapy;
Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;w rkurkw;w Nghhpid Nkw;nfhs;tJ Nghd;w
Kf;fpaf; fhuzq;fshYk; rq;ffhyg; Nghh;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd.
NkYk;> fiyQh;fSf;Fk; Gyth;fSf;Fk; nfhilaspj;J
FiwTw;wtjhy; gifikia tsh;j;J nghUs; jpul;Ljw;fhfTk;>
gopthq;fpg; gifKbg;gjw;fhfTk;> tPukuzj;jpdhy; tPuRth;f;fk;
ngWtjw;fhfTk;> ehl;ilf;fhf;Fk; ngUk;gzpapy; caph;Jwe;jhy;
nja;tepiyf;Fj; jhk; cah;j;jg;gLNthk; vd;w fhuzq;fSf;fhfTk;
md;iwa r%fj;jpYk; murpaypYk; Nghhpay; rpe;jid Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
ngw;Ws;sd.

jw;fhyj;jpy; Nghu;f;Fw;wq;fs; vd;gd Nghupd; rl;lq;fs; my;yJ

kuGfis kPWjy; vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mit rhjhuz kf;fisf;
nfhiy nra;tJ> mbj;Jj; Jd;GWj;JtJ> Mf;fpukpj;j ,lj;jpy; thOk;
Fbkf;fisf; fPo;j;jukhf elj;JtJ> mbik Kfhk;fSf;F kf;fis
,lk;ngau;gg
; J> Nghu;f;ifjpfisf; nfhiynra;jy;> juf;Fiwthf
elj;Jjy;> Njitapd;wpg; ngUefuq;fisAk; Cu;fisAk; mopj;jy;
Nghd;w gy tifahd Nghu;f;Fw;wq;fSk; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;. jkpo;epyj;jpy;
Ml;rpnrYj;jpa ngUNte;jh;fs; ,tw;wpy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; ,uz;L> %d;W
Fw;wq;fisNaDk; nra;jdu; vd;gjid rq;f,yf;fpaj;jpd; thapyhfj;
mwpaKbfpd;wd. mtw;iwf; fbe;Jiuf;Fk; kdg;Nghf;F

12
kpff;FiwthfNt ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. Gwk; rhh;e;j KOikahd
Ma;TfSf;F vjph;kuGf;$Wfs; jkpopyf;fpaj;jpy; rw;Wf; Fiwthfj;jhd;
,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.

rq;ffhyj; jkpoh;fs; tiuaWj;J tho;e;j Nghh;newpKiwfs;

vy;yhk; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;W fl;lhak; ,Ue;jhYk;> mjid kPwpdhy;
jFe;j jz;lid VJk; tiuaWf;fg;gltpy;iy. vdNt> ntt;NtW
fhyr;#oypy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l mwq;fSk; Nghh;newpKiwfSk;
xl;Lnkhj;j rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk; Vw;Gilajy;y. vdNt> NghUf;F
Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; epfo;e;j mwq;fSk;> mwkw;w nray;fSk; gy
rhd;Nwhh;fSf;Fk; Ma;thsh;fSf;Fk; fhye;NjhWk; fUj;Jiuf;f
,lkspj;Jf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;.

jdpkdpjf; nfhiyiaf; ,opthf vz;Zfpd;w ,f;fhyg; gz;gl;l

r%fq;fs;> kdpjg;Nguopitg; Nghu; vd;w ngaupy; tuNtw;fpd;wd.
NghUf;nfd If;fpaehLfs; rig gy;NtW tpjpfis tiuaWj;J
itj;jpUe;jNghjpYk; Nghupy; <LgLk; ve;j ehLk; mtw;iwg;
gpd;gw;Wtjpy;iy. ngUk; ty;yuRfs; ,t;Tyfj;ijg; gyKiw
mopf;ff;$ba MAjq;fs; gytw;iwj; jk;kplk; itj;Js;s mjpfhuj;jpy;
mZMAj Nrhjidfis mt;tg;NghJ muq;Nfw;wp jk;
mz;ilehLfis mr;RWj;Jfpd;wd. Nghupdhy; Vw;gLk; ehlopT
njhopyopT Kjypait mt;tf;fhyg; Nghu;f; fUtpfSf;Nfw;g
khWgLfpd;wd. NghNu ,y;yhj rKjhak; jhd; kpfTk; Nkk;gl;l
rKjhak; MFk;. mJNt> kdpjd; gz;gl;ltd; vd;gijf; fhl;L tjw;Fk;
cfe;jjhFk;. Nghu;tpjpfs;> xOq;FKiwfs; gw;wpa Ma;nty;yhk;
,Wjpapy; Nghuw;w xU r%fj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;Nf gad;glNtz;Lk;.
,j;jFjpapidg; ngWtjw;Fs; ,e;epy tsKk; ePh;tsKk; mopitr;
re;jpj;J tpLNkh vd;w mr;rj;ijj;jhd; njhlUk; cyfg; Nghh;fs;
midj;Jk; ekf;F epidTgLj;Jfpd;wd.

vdNt> Nghh;f;Fw;wq;fs; vd;gJ neLq;fhyj;jpw;F Kd;gpUe;Nj

ePbf;fpd;wd. mjd; tpisTfs; mt;tf;fhy mwpQh;fshYk;
Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. rq;ffhyg; NghhpaypypUe;J> jw;fhyg; Nghh;
eltbf;ifapid xg;gpLk; nghOJ MAjq;fSk; Fw;wq;fSk; etPd

13
tbtk; ngw;Ws;sd vd mwpaKbfpd;wd. vdNt> jw;fhyg; Nghhpay;
fz;Nzhl;lk; vd;gJ xU ehl;bd; gilj;Jiwapdh; nfhz;bUf;ff;$ba
gilfisAk;> gilf;fyd;fisAk; kl;Lk; itj;Jf;nfhz;L
KbTnra;Jtpl KbahJ. mijj;jhz;ba czTg; nghUshjhuk;>
kUj;Jtk;> fdpktsq;fs; ghJfhg;G> Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp tzpfk;> ePh;top
epytop thd;top njhopy;Kiw xg;ge;jq;fs;> mwptpay; tsh;r;rp
epiyfs;> Nkk;gl;l fy;tpj;jpl;lq;fs;> mZMAjj;jpwd;fs; Nghd;w
fhyj;jpd; GJtbtg; nghUs;fs; midj;jpd; kPjhd ed;ik> jPikia
,UNtW Nfhzq;fspy; rpe;jpj;jwpAk; jFjpapid fzpdp kakhf;fg;gl;l
,d;iwa fhyj;jpy; midtUk; mwpe;jpUg;gJ kpfTk; mtrpakhdjhFk;.
Vnddpy;> jw;fhyg; Nghh; eltbf;ifapidg; nghWj;jtiu mjpgaq;fu
Nghh; tpisTfSk; kPl;nlLf;f Kbahj Nghpog;GfSk; Vw;gLj;Jk;
mstpw;F ,d;iwa Vfhjpgj;jpa ehLfspd; Nghhpay; rpe;jid cr;rk;
ngw;wd. ,JNghd;W goq;fhyj;jpw;Fk; jw;fhyj;jpw;Fkhd NtWgl;l
gy;NtW Nghhpay; fUj;jpay;fis fz;lwpe;J tpsf;Ftjhf ‘Nghh;f;
fhuzq;fSk; mjd; tpisTfSk; jw;fhyg; Nghh; eltbf;iffSk;’
vd;Dk; ,t;tpay; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

Ma;T KbTfs;

‘rq;ffhyg; Nghh;Kiwfspy; gilfSk; gilf;fyd;fSk;’ vd;Dk;

,t;tha;thdJ> Ma;tpd; Kjd;ik Mjhuq;fs; kw;Wk; Jizik
Mjhuq;fisf; nfhz;Lk;> Ma;Ntl;bd; mikg;G Kiwf;Nfw;wthWk;
,Wjpahf Ma;T KbTfs; njhFj;Jj; jug;gl;Ls;sd. njhlh;r;rpahf>
mfu thpirg;gLj;jp Ma;Tf;F JizGhpe;j Ma;NtLfisAk;> Ma;T
E}y;fisAk; JizE}w; gl;bayhfTk;> ,ju Ma;Tj; Njly;fisAk;>
jpul;ly;fisAk; gpd;dpizg;GfshfTk; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

14