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4.

0 nrl;bghisa fz;zfp mk;kd; tUlhe;j itfhrpr;rlq;fpy; iftpidf;$Wfs;

fhz;gpaf;fiyNghd;W iftpidf;fiyAk; EZf;fkhd fiyahFk;. mjhtJ fhz;gpaf;fiyapy;


gad;gLj;jg;gLk; msTg; gpukhzk;> cUtikg;G> xOq;FKiw vd;gd iftpidf;fiyfSf;Fk;
gad;gLj;jg;;gLfpd;wd.

iftpidfis ,uz;lhk; juj;J moFf;fiy vd;gjw;Fs; mlq;fyhk;. iftpidfs; fiyAzu;r;;rpia


vOg;gf;$bad. xt;nthU iftpidg;nghUisAk; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ fiyak;rk; cilaJ vd;W nrhy;yKbAk;.
Xtpak;> rpw;gk; vd;w Ez;fiyfs; moFf;fiyfs; vd;W $Wk;NghJ ,jw;F mLj;jjhf kf;fs; kj;jpapy;
cs;sJ iftpidf;fiyfs; MFk;. ,jdhy; iftpidfs; ,uz;lhk; juj;J moFf;fiy vd;W
$wg;gLfpd;wd.(fiyf;fsQ;rpak;> njhFjp-1>1984>gf;-241).

me;jtifapy; nrl;bghisa fz;zfp mk;kd; Mya tUlhe;j itfhrpr;rlq;fpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;


mk;kd; myq;fhuk;> topghl;bl myq;fhuq;fs;> rlq;fpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghUl;fs; vd;gd
iftpidf;fiyQu;fshy; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ vd;Nw $wyhk;. Vnddpd; ,q;F rlq;F nra;Ak; fl;lhbahh; $l
fiyntspg;ghl;Lld; mk;kd; myq;fhuk;> Nkw;nfhs;tjidf;fhzyhk;. vdNt ,t;thyar;rlq;fpy;
gad;gLj;Jk; nghUl;fspd; fiyf;$WfisAk; ,dq;fhz Kaw;rpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;ltplaq;fs; gw;wpa EZf;fkhd Nehf;Nf ,tw;wpd; %yk; ntspg;gLk;
fiyf;$Wfis ,dq;fhz cjTk;.

4.1 rlq;fpy; mk;kd; myq;fhpg;gpYk;> kil itg;gjpYk; cs;s fiy ntspg;ghL.

,t;thya tUlhe;j itfhrpr;rlq;F xU rpwg;gpw;Fupa epfo;T kl;Lky;yhJ fiy moFk;> Nrh;e;J


ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. mtw;wpy; fypahzf;fhy; rlq;F> g+uzFk;gr;rlq;F> FSh;j;jpr;rlq;F
vd;gd ,q;F eilngWk; rlq;Ffspy; rpwg;G tha;e;jJ. ,jd;gb ,r;rlq;F topghl;blj;jpy; ntspg;gLk;
Nrhlidfspd; mofpay; mk;rk; gw;wp Nehf;FtJ rpwe;jjhFk;.

fy;ahzr; rlq;fpid vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; Qhapw;Wf;fpoik gfypy; ehd;fhk; rlq;fhf


Njw;whj;jPT kf;fshy; eilngWfpd;wd. ,r;rlq;fpy;> ehd;fhk; kz;lgj;jpw;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; xU jbiaf;
fug;GLg;Gg; Nghd;W mofpa tu;zr;Nriyfshy; fl;bg; ngz;zpd; cUtj;ij mikg;ghh;fs;.
khh;gfq;fSf;F ,uz;L nrt;tpsePh;fisf; fl;b fz;zfpak;kdhfg; ghtid nra;J moF gLj;Jth;.

NkYk; mk;kid moF gLj;Jtjw;F fOj;Jg;gFjpapy; Ntg;gpiyg; gj;jpuKk;>


fKfk; g+f;fSk; itj;J mjd; Nky; khiy Nghd;w mikg;gpy; thiog;gor;rPg;gpidf; fl;b myq;fhpg;gh;.
gpd; epwg;g+f;fspdhy; fl;lg;gl;l g+khiyapid #b ,jid NkYk; mo$l;LtJld; rpwpa tu;z
kpd;Fopo;fis g+j;Njhuzk; Nghy; xOf;f epiyapy; nghUj;jp NkYk; mo$l;LtJ fiyak;rk;
nghUe;jpa tpilakhFk;.

,q;F rpw;g cUthf;fepiy ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J ,t;thyaj;jpy; eilngWk; fy;ahzr;rlq;fpd;


rpwg;gk;rkhFk;. ,jpy; ngUk;ghYk; ,aw;ifg; nghUl;fspdhy; mk;kid cUtfpj;J tzq;Fk; epiyapid
fz;lwpa KbfpwJ.

mLj;J ,t;thyaj;jpy; Ie;jhk; rlq;fhf Qhapw;Wf;fpoik ,uT eilngWk; Fk;gr;rlq;F xU


rpwg;ghd rlq;fhFk;. ,J nrl;bghisa kf;fSk;> FUf;fs;kl kf;fSk; Nrh;e;j elj;Jk; rlq;F. me;j
tifapy; ,f; FLk;gr;rlq;Fk; es;sputpNy Muk;gkhFk;.

,J fy;ahzf;fhYf;F Kd;ghf Ie;J FLk;gq;fs; itj;Jr; rlq;fpid elj;Jth;. ,r;rlq;fpy; FLk;gj;jpid


myq;fhpg;gijAk;> kilitg;gijAk; xU mofpay; Nehf;Fld; MuhAk; NghJ mjd; fiy mk;rj;jpid
mwpaKbfpwJ.

,r;rlq;fpy; ntz;fy epiwFlj;jpid Xh; xOq;F Kiwapy; E}y; Rw;wg;gl;L mjDs; ePiu>
epiwFlk; epuk;Gk; tiu Cw;wg;gl;L mjd; tha;gFjpapy; Ie;J khtpiyfis tisj;J itj;J mjd; Nky; Kb
Nghd;w mikg;gpy; ntl;lg;gl;l Njq;fhia KbNky; njhpAkhW itf;fg;gl;L> njw;igia Kbr;rp
Nghd;W fl;b> Njq;fha; Kbapd; Nky; itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Njq;fhapd; Kbapd; fPo; gFjpapy;
jpUePW %d;W tpuyhy; rhj;jp kQ;rs;> Fq;Fkj;jpdhy; nghl;L itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. gpd;G
khtpiyf;Fk;> Njq;fha;Fk; eLNt ntz;epw myupg;g+f;fs; itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thW Ie;J epiw
Flq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;L Ie;J epiwFlq;fspYk; cs;s Njq;fha;apd; Kbapy; <f;fpy; nghUj;jg;gl;L mjd;
Nky; jhkiug;g+ itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. jopoh;fs; topapy; g+uz Fk;gk; jha; nja;t cUtfg;gLj;jyhfTk;
fUg;igf;F xg;ghf topghLfspy; itf;fg;gLtJ kuG vd ,d;gNkhfd; mth;fs; gpd;tUkhW
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
,e;jpah> ,yq;if Nghd;w ehLfspy; epfo;j;;jg;gLk; rlq;Ffspy; g+uz Fk;gk;
Kf;fpaj;JtKila xU nghUshfg; ghtpf;fg;gLfpwJ. xU rpW Kl;bf;F(Flk;) E}y;
Rw;wg;gl;L mjDs;Ns ePh; epug;gg;gl;L Kbapd; tha;g;gFjpapy; Njq;fha;
xd;iw itj;J mjidr;Rw;wp khtpiyfis itj;J Fk;gk; cUthf;fg;gLk;. Fk;gk; fUg;igia>
jha;nja;tj;ij cUtfg;gLj;Jtjhff; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.

(,d;gNkhfd;.t.>2007>gf;-59)

mLj;J md;iiwa rlq;fpy; kil itf;Fk; rlq;F epfo;j;jg;gLk;. ,k;kil itg;G Myaq;fSf;F Myak;
NtWgLk; me;jtifapy; ,t; Myaj;jpy; eil ngWk; g+uz Fk;gr;rlq;fpy; itf;fg;gLk; kilapd; fiyak;rk;
gw;wp gpd;tUkhW Nehf;FNthk;.

myq;fhpf;fg;gl;l fy;ahzf;fhypd; Kd;ghf rJutbtkhd kur;rl;lfj;jpd; Nky; tu;zr;Nriyfis


tphpj;J mjd; Nky; rl;lfk; epuk;gk; tifapy; ney;yypid epug;gp mjid fKfk; ghisapdhy; rk
mstpyhd Nkw;gug;gpid rPh;nra;th;. gpd; ae;jpuk; Nghd;w mikg;gpid tiue;J mjpy; fKfk;
g+f;fisAk;> njw;igapidAk;> jhkiug;g+f;fisAk; itj;J moF nra;th;. gpd;G jahh; nra;j rl;lfj;jpd;
ehd;F gf;f %iyfSf;Fk; jahh; nra;ag;gl;l epiwFlj;jpid itj;J eLtpy; xU epiwFlk; itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
epiwFlj; Njq;fhapd; Kbg;gFjpapy; nghUj;jg;gl;l jhkiug;g+tpd; fPo; gFjpapy; nts;is E}ypdhy;
xt;nthU epiw Flj;jpd; jhkiug;g+f;fis Nrh;j;Jf;fl;lg;gLfpwJ.

epiwFlk; itf;fg;gl;l gFjpiaj; jtpu Vida gFjpapy; ntw;wpiyfSk;> mjd; Nky; ghf;FfSk;
xOq;FKiwapy; itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. gpd;G thiog;gor;rPg;Gfs; epiuepiuahf mLf;fg;gl;L> Jz;L
Jz;lhf ntl;lg;gl;l gyhg;goq;fSk; gilf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

mjd; Nky; fKfk; ghiofs; tpupj;j epiyapy; itf;fg;gLfpwJ. gpd;G vl;L gf;fq;fSk; ghjpahf
ntl;lg;gl;l Njq;fha;fis itj;J myq;fupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Kd; gFjpapy; rpyk;GfSk;>
mk;khidf;fha;fSk; itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

Nkw;gFjpapy; tu;zg;g+f;fspdhy; Md g+khiyfs; #l;lg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j kilapd; NkYk;


nkU$l;Ltjw;F fPo;g;gFjpapy; ntl;ba ghjpj; Njq;fha;> Nkw;gFjp ntl;lg;gl;l ,sk;Njq;fha; vd
xd;Wtpl;nlhd;whf xU xOq;fpy; itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,q;F tu;zq;fspd; xw;WikahdJ gilf;fg;gl;Ls;s nghUl;fspd; ,aw;if tu;zq;fspdhy;
ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thW kilapidg; gilf;Fk; NghJ fz;ftu; fhl;rpahfNt ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

NkYk; FSu;j;jpr; rlq;fpYk; mofpay; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ> me;jtifapy; ,t;thyaj;jpy;


FSh;j;jpr; rlq;F eilngWk; Kd;kz;lgj;jpy; rptg;G> nrk;kQ;rs;> kQ;rs; Nghd;w tu;z Nriyfis
kz;lgk; KOtJk; Xh; xOq;F Kiwapy; tphpj;J eLg;gFjpapy; rJutbthd rl;lfj;jpd; Nky;
kz;epug;gp mjd; Nky; rptg;G Nriyapidtphpj;J gpd; FSh;j;jpg;ghid itf;fg;gLk;.

,q;F ehd;F gf;fq;fSk; MW mb msthd ntz;fy tpsf;Ffspy; jPgq;fs; Vw;wpitf;fg;gLfpwJ.

FSh;j;jpg;ghidapy; Ntg;gpiyfs; fl;lg;gl;L mjDs; goq;fs;> nea;> rPdp> Njd;> ,sePh;


Nghd;w gy nghUl;fis ,l;L fye;J gf;jh;fs; Kd;dpiyapy; cLf;nfhypfSk;> thd;Kfl;il vl;bg;gpbf;f
FSh;j;jpr;rlq;F eilngWfpwJ. ,jd; NghJ ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; mofpay; ntspg;ghL fiyak;rj;Jld;
tpsq;Ftij mtjhdpf;fKbfpwJ.

FSh;j;jpr;rlq;F eilngWfpd;w ehspy; fSjhtis kf;fspdhy; mk;kd; mofhf myq;fhukplg;gl;lJ.


nrl;bghisa fz;zfp mk;kd; Myaj;jpw;F Cu;tykhf nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.

4.2 rlq;F epfo;j;Jif nra;Ak; ,lq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; myq;fhuq;fspd; fiyak;rk;

,q;F rlq;F Muk;gpf;Fk; rpy


jpdq;fSf;F Kd;Ng Myar;#oiyAk;> Myaj;ijAk; Gdpjg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; Rj;jg;gLj;jp
Njhuzq;fs;> myq;fhuq;fq;fs; vd;gd fl;b myq;fupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. fl;Lk; Kiw gw;wpa rh];jpu
uPjpahd Nfhl;ghLfis ,it nfhz;buhtpbDk; ,t;thya kf;fspd; tho;f;ifKiw> kNdhghtk;> cyf mDgtk;
vd;gtw;Wf;fika khWk; ,ay;GlikapdhYk;> fhyj;jpw;F fhyk; ,tw;wpy; rpw;rpy khw;wq;fs;
epfo;e;jikiaAk; fhzyhk;. ,t;thW rlq;F epfo;j;Jk; fhyq;fspy; Myaj;ij moFgLj;Jk; tifapy;
Njhuzq;fs; fl;Ltu;. ,jidg;gw;wp ,d;gNkhfd; mtu;fs; jdJ Ma;Tf;fl;Liuapy; gpd;tUkhW
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

epfo;j;Jif nra;Ak; ,lj;ij myq;fupf;Fk; Kiwia fpof;fpyq;ifr; rlq;FfspYk;


mtjhdpf;fyhk;. rlq;F epfo;T ,lk; ngWk; NfhapiyAk;> Nfhapy; rhu;e;j #oiyAk; myq;fupg;gjpy;
rlq;Fr; nraw;ghl;lhsu; $Ljy; ftdk; nrYj;Jth;. mt;tyq;fhuj;jpd; NghJ Ntg;gk; gj;jpuk;>
fKfk;ghis> njd;dk; ghis> FUj;Njhiy> tu;zg;Gglitfs;> tu;zj;jhs;> vz;nza; tu;zj;jhs;(oil paper)
vd;gdNt mjpfk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
(,d;gNkhfd;.t.>2007>gf;-180)

me;jtifapy; ,t;thyaj;jpd; rlq;fpd;NghJ FUj;Njhiy Nrhlid> tu;zf;fljhrpr;


Nrhlid> Ntg;gk; gj;jpuk;> nuhl;b> fKfk; ghis Nrhlid> kpd;Fkpo; Nrhlid vd gy Nrhlidfs;
fl;lg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpd; fiyak;rk; gw;wp gpd;tUkhW Nehf;FNthk;.

njd;dq; FUj;Njhiy Nrhlid.

njd;dq; FUj;Njhiyr; Nrhlid mjpfkhf kfpo;r;rpahd epfo;Tfspy; ngUk;ghYk; fl;LtJ ,e;J


kf;fSila gz;ghL. me;jtifapy; ,t;thyaj;Njhuzk; fl;Ltjw;F kl;Lky;yhky; rlq;fpd; xU mq;fkhfTk;
epfo;fpd;wJ. mjhtJ KjyhtJ rlq;fpid elj;Jk; fpuhd;Fs kf;fspdhy; FUj;Njhiyapy; Njhuzk; fl;b
rlq;fpid Muk;gpg;gJ ,q;F rpwg;gk;rkhFk;.

njd;dq; FUj;Njhiy Nrhlid gy tifapy; ,t;thyaj;jpy; fl;lg;gLfpwJ.


,tw;wpy; xU Kiw njd;dq; FUj;jpd; ghjpapid vLj;J mjd; <f;fpy;fis mfw;wp eLj;jz;bid
rkr;rPuhf ntl;b miu mbf;F nkJthf fpopj;J Nky; jz;Lfs; ,uz;bid vjph;> vjph;j;jpirf;F tpyj;jp
fapw;wpdhy; fl;lg;gl;L Myuaj;J}z;fspy; myq;fhpf;fpd;wdh;. ,sk; gr;ir epwj;jpy; fz;fth;
Njhuzkhf fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ.

,q;F rlq;F Muk;gpf;Fk; NghJ md;iwa rlq;fpw;F nghWg;Gila Ch;kf;fshy; Nty; Nghd;w
mikg;Gila Njhuzk; fl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.
,j;NjhuzkhdJ murpiy> Nty;Nghd;w mikg;ig cilajhf kuj;jbfis tisj;Jf;fl;b> gpd;gFjpapy;
epwf;fljhrp Rw;wg;gl;l jbfspdhy; ,iy euk;Gfs; Nghd;W rkhe;ju mikg;gpy; fl;lg;gl;L
eLg;gFjpapy; nrt;tf tbtpy; rptg;G> ePyk; Nghd;w tu;zf;fljhrpapdhy; xl;lg;gl;L eLtpy; fz;zif
mk;kdpd; glk; itj;J Ntg;gpiyg; gj;jpuj;jpdhy; khiy Nghlg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ. ,j; Njhuzk;
Ch;kf;fshy; fiyeaj;Jld; nra;ag;gLk; fiyak;rkhFk;.

nuhl;bapd; Nrhlid
mLj;J ,t; Myaj;jpy; cs; kz;lgq;fspy; ,U gf;fj;J}z;fspYk; khtpdhy; nra;ag;gLk;
nuhl;bapid njhq;ftpLth;.

,J fiyak;rk; kpf;f myq;fhu tbtkhFk;. kQ;rspidAk;> khtpidAk; fye;J ePh; ,l;L Fiwj;J
tl;lk;> Kf;Nfhzk;> Iq;Nfhz mikg;gpYk; g+f;fs;> #hpad; Nghd;w myq;fhuq;fis nra;J
nuhl;bahf Rl;nlLj;J mjid fapw;wpy; fl;b njhq;ftpLth;.

NkYk; nuhl;bAld; Nrh;j;J> th;zf;fljhrpapy; iftpidahsu;fshy; gy;NtW myq;fhu tbtq;fs;


nra;ag;gl;L E}ypy; fl;lg;gl;bUg;gJld;; Ntg;gpiyg;gj;jpuk;> FUj;Njhiy> ghf;F thiog;gok;>
fKfk;g+ Nghd;wd E}ypy; fl;b njhq;ftpLth;.

mJ mofpa myq;fhu Njhuzkhf kl;Lky;yhJ> fz;zif mk;kdpd; milahsj; NjhuzkhfTk;


fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ.

tu;z kpd;Fkpo; Nrhlid


,t;thyar; rlq;fpy; kw;WnkhU Nrhlid tu;z kpd;Fkpo; myq;fhukhFk;.

,uT Neuq;fspy; ntspr;rkhspifahff; fhl;LtJ ,e;j fz;fth; tu;zkpd;Fkpo; myq;fhukhFk;. ,q;F


NfhGuj;ij myq;fhukpLk; tu;z tpsf;Ffs; NkypUe;J fPohf NfhL tupirapy; njhq;ftplg;gLfpd;wd.

NkYk; Myaj;jpw;Fr; nry;Yk; ghijapd; ,UkUq;fpYk; xt;nthU fk;gq;fspYk; kpd;Fkpo;fs;


fl;lg;gl;L moF Nrh;f;fpd;wd. kw;Wk; ,q;Fs;s fl;blq;fs;> Myaj;ij Rw;wpAs;s epoy; jUk;
kuq;fs; vd;gtw;wpy; fha;fs;> goq;fs; njhq;FtJ Nghd;W kpd;Fkpo;fs; ,t;thyaj;ij
nkU$l;Lfpd;wJ.

nrl;bghisa fz;zif mk;kd; Myaj;jpw;Fr; nry;Yk; ghijapd; ,UkUq;fpYk; nfhbfs;


njhq;ftplg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
,it tu;zj; Jzpfspdhy; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ngUk;ghYk; rptg;G tu;zj; Jzpapy; fz;zif mk;kdpd; cUtk;
mr;rplg;gl;L thpirahff; fl;lg;gl;bUe;jJ.

,t;thyar;rlq;F eilngWk; kz;lgj;jpd; Nkw;$iu kiwAk; gb gy tu;zj; Gilitapdhy; tz;zhu;


rhjpiar;Nrh;e;j xUthpdhy; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J nts;is fl;Ljy; vd miof;fg;gLk; ,jpy; rptg;G> kQ;rs;>
nrk;kQ;rs; Nghd;w tu;zq;fisf;nfhz;l Gilitfs; fl;lg;gLfpd;wd.

Neu;j;jpf;fldhf kbg;gpr;ir ney; vLj;jy;>fhtbfspy; ghy;fhtb Ks;Sf;fhtb> gwitf;fhtb Nghd;wd


vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

,tw;wpy; gwitf;fhtb mofpa myq;fhu Njhuzkhf fl;lg;gl;L fhtb vLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ

4.3 rlq;fpy; gad;gLj;Jk; nghUl;fspdJ iftpidf;fiy$Wfs;.

rlq;F topghL Mfktopghl;by; ,Ue;J NtWgl;ljhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. rlq;F


topghl;il Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fr; rpy nghUl;fs; Njitahf cs;sJ. mtw;iw cLf;if>tpsf;F> epiwFlk;>
rpyk;G> mk;khidf;fha;> Muhj;jpj;jl;L> cz;bay;> jhk;ghsk;> vdg;
gl;bayplyhk;. ,g;nghUl;fspy; rpy Mfk topghl;by; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,it ahTk; ntz;fyk;>
gpj;jis> Ik;nghd;> nts;sp Mfpa cNyhfq;fshy; thh;j;jy; fiyEl;gj;jpd; %yk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
ePz;l fhy tuyhw;W ghuk;ghpaj;ij cila ,f;Nfhapypy; ,g;nghUl;fs; itj;J ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

,t;thya rlq;F topghl;lhsh;fs; topghl;Lj; Njitf;fhf ,g;nghUl;fis


cUthf;Fk; Njh;r;rpAilathplk; ,Ue;J GjpjhfTk; cUthf;fpg; ngw;W gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.
ghuk;ghpakhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghUl;fSld; xg;gpLk;NghJ Gjpjhf cUthf;fg;gl;L
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghUl;fs; fiy EZf;fk; Fiwe;jjhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thyaj;jpd; Guhjdj;ij>
mq;F topghl;bw;F gad;gLj;Jk; nghUl;fis Guhjdj;jd;ikia mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L ,dq;fhz;gJld;
mjd; fiyEl;gq;;fisAk; mwpa KbAk;.
Kff;fis

rlq;F topghl;bw;Fhpa nja;t Kfj;Njhw;wikg;ig Kff;fis vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Kff;fis Fwpj;j


nja;tj;jpd; Kfmilahsj;ij Fwpg;gjhy; Kff;fisia milahsk; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLth;.
me;jtifapy; ,t;thyaj;jpYk; Kff;fis xd;W fhzg;gLfpwJ.

Kff;fis Kfj;jpd; Kd;gf;fg;ghh;it mikg;igAk;> ,jpypUe;J ePz;L nry;Yk; xU jbaikg;igAk;


cilajhf ,Uf;Fk; ePz;l gFjp FLk;gj;jpd; Kfq;fisia epWj;Jtjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;
Kff;fisapd; mikg;nghOq;if Nehf;fpdhy; Kfj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; fz;> GUtk;> %f;F> tha;> fhJfs;>
ehb> new;wp Mfpatw;wpd; mikg;Gfs; njspthfj; njhpAk; tpjj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gLk; Kff;fis
ntz;fyj;jpdhy; thh;jy; Kiw %yk;; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J mfd;w Kfj;Njhw;wj;ijAk;> tphpe;j
fz;fisAk;> tha; Gd;rphpg;Gld; rhe;jkhd mikg;ig ntspg;gLj;jp epw;fpd;wJ. gpd; jPr;Rlh;
mikg;igAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Mguzk; mzpag;gl;L jiyapy; fpuPlKk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J mf;fpdp
fhspapd; Kfq;fisia xj;Jf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

mLj;J ,t;thyaj;jpy; rlq;fpy; gad;gLj;Jk; nts;spapdhy; Md fKfk; ghis fiy eak; kpf;fJ. ,J kpf
Ez;zpa Ntiyg;ghLfSld; xt;nthU fKfk; g+tpd; mikg;igf; nfhz;L fhzg;gLtJ rpwg;gk;rkhFk;.

cLf;F

rlq;Ffspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Kf;fpakhd xU Njhy; thj;jpakhf cLf;F tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. cLf;fhdJ kuk;>


ntz;fyk; Mfpatw;why; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. me;jtifapy; ,t;thyaj;jpy; ntz;fy cLf;Nf rf;jp tha;e;j
fUtpahFk;.

Fj;jpahdJ ntz;fyj;jpdhy; Mf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gjhy; jhd; mjid ntz;fy cLf;F vd miof;fg;gLfpdu;.


Fj;jpapd; ,Ugf;fKk; NjhYf;Fg; gj;jpyhf tpyhrk; vdg;gLk; xU tpj rt;T tha; tisaj;jpy;
NghHj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. tpyhrk;> tpyhR vd;gJ tpyq;fpd; rpWePu;g;igahFk;. ,jid cupaKiwapy;
gjg;gLj;jp tha; tisaj;jpy; NghHj;jg;gLk;. nrl;bghisa fz;zif mk;kDila cLf;fpw;F ,uz;L rpyk;GfNs
tha; tisakhfg; gad;gLj;jg; gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ rpwg;gk;rkhFk;.

cLf;fpd; ,U gf;fj;ijAk; ,izg;gjw;F tha;tisaj;jpy; MW Jthuq;fs; Nghl;L


nky;ypa fapw;wpdhy; njhLg;gH. mjd; kPJ gl;b xd;wpidg; Nghl;L mjd; me;jj;jpNy gy
epwKila rPiyfis Jz;L Jz;lhfj; njhq;f tpLtH. ,jid ry;ylk; vd;gH. ,r;ry;ylk; gl;lj;jpw;F thy; fl;baJ
Nghd;W cLf;fpidr; rkepiyg;gLj;jTk; moF gLj;jTk; cjTfpd;wJ. ,r;ry;ylj;ij ,Wf;Ftjw;F rpW
rpyk;G xd;W gad; gLj;jg;gLk;.

,t; cLf;fpw;F RkhH 11/2 mb cauKk; 9 mq;Fy tpl;lKk; nfhz;lJ. mofpa


Ntiyg;ghLfs; Fj;jpapNy cz;L. Fj;jpapd; eLtpy; xU rpyk;G Nghlg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t; cLf;F tpN\lkhf
G+uzFk;gr; rlq;fpd; NghJ mbf;fg;gLk;. mj;Jld; ,e;j cLf;fpid jkJ iffspdhy; njhl;L tpl;lhy; ngUk;
NgW vd;W mbahu;fs; ek;Gfpd;whHfs;.

cz;bay;

topghl;bw;F tUk; mbahu;fs; fhzpf;ifahf fhR> jq;f Mguzq;fis cz;baypy; ,Ltu;. cz;bay; %yk;
fpilf;Fk; tUtha; ,t;tyaj;jpd; tUkhdj;jpy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ. ,q;Fs;s cz;bay; rhjhuzkhd xU
cUis tbthd Flj;jpd; msitAk;> mikg;igAk; xj;jjhff; fhzg;gLk;. mj;Jld; mjd; tl;ltbtkhd
tha;g;gFjpapy; fhR ,Ltjw;fhd Jthuk; ,lg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;Jthuj;ij Nehf;fpajhf ,U glnkLf;Fk;
ehfj;jpdJ jiyg;gFjpfs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t; cz;bay; ghHg;gjw;F mofpa Njhw;wj;Jld; fiyeak;
kpf;fjhff; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ. tha;g;gFjpapy; ehfk; ,y;yhj cz;bay;fSk; ,q;F fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

milahsk;

Myaj;jpy; Neu;j;jpf;fld; itf;Fk; nghUl;L Mya epUthfj;jpdhy; tpw;fg;gLk; nghUshFk;.


mbahh;fs; clypy; cs;s FiwghLfis mk;kdplk; Neh;jpf;fld; itj;J cWg;Gfis thq;fp mk;kdpw;F
fhzpf;ifahff; nfhLg;gJ ,t;thyaj;jpd; rpwg;ghFk;. ,t; milahsq;fs; nrg;G> ntz;fyk;> jq;fk;>
vd;gdtw;why; jl;ilahd mikg;gpy; xt;nthU tbtpy; ntl;lg;gLfpd;wd.

,t; milahsq;fs; if> fhy;> fhJ> tapW> fz;kyh;> MZlk;G> ehf;F> jiy> fz;kzp> khh;G>
fhw;glk;> gps;is Nghd;w clw;gFjpfSk;> fUk;ghk;G> NtyhAjk;> G+E}y;> ehfk;> njhl;by;>
nrk;ghk;G vd;gd cNyhfj; jfl;by; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

xt;nthU cUtKk; kpf Neh;j;jpahf ntspg;gLtjidf; fhzyhk;.

Fj;J tpsf;F
rlq;Ff; Nfhapy;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghUl;fspy; tpsf;F Kf;fpaj;JtKilajhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
tpsf;fpy; gytiffs; cs;sd. ghittpsf;F> Fj;Jtpsf;F> J}f;Ftpsf;F vd fpof;fpyq;if kf;fs; rlq;Ffspd;
NghJk;> Mfk topghl;bd; NghJk; tpsf;Ffs; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

,t;tpsf;F ntz;fyk;> nts;sp Mfpa cNyhfq;fspdhy; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

,t; Myaj;jpy; rlq;fpw;fhf Fj;J tpsf;FfNs mjpfk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J 2mb Kjy; 7mb tiu
gy cauq;fspy; cs;sd. ,q;F gad;gLj;Jk; 6mb cauKila Fj;Jtpsf;if vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhy; ,J mfykhd
ghjj;ijAk; Nky; 2mb tiu ePz;L nrd;W mjw;F Nky; vz;nza; tpl;L tpsf;if vhpaitf;Fk; jho;
vdg;gLk; gFjp cUthf;fg;gLk;. jho;g;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J Rkhh; mb cauj;jpy; Nrty;> kapy;
Nghd;w cUtk; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Fwpj;j gwitapd; cUtj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk; tpjj;jpy; nrhz;L>
fz;> ,wf;if> thy; Mfpad rpwg;ghf cUthf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ.

tpsf;fpd;Rlh;> vhpaitf;Fk; jho;g;gFjp> G+ tphpe;j ,jopd; mikg;igg; Nghd;Nw ,jd; fhy;


gFjpAk; tl;lkhd mikg;igf; nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,t; Myar;rlq;fpy; kfhkz;lgj;jpy; thpirahf mLf;fp
itj;J jPgk; Vw;wg;gl;bUf;Fk; fhl;rp fz;fth; moif ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

fl;lhbahhpdhy; Fk;gr;rlq;fpd; NghJ Ie;J mLf;F> ehd;F mLf;Fs;s jPghuhjid tpsf;FfSk;>


glnkLf;Fk; ehfj;jpd; Nky; Ie;J jphpitj;J Vw;Wk; tpsf;FfSk; gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ ,q;F
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

,J jl;ilahd mikg;Gila xU tl;lkhd jl;lhFk;. ikaj;jpy; xU Fohia el;L


cUthf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,f;Foha;g; gFjp Rkhh; mq;Fyk; tpl;lKilajhff; fhzg;gLk;. ,f; Fohapy;
ntspg;Gilg;ghd tl;lkhd thpthpahd myq;fhuq;fs; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;fpwJ. ,f;Fohiar; Rw;wp
MW ,jo; G+ myq;fhuKk; ,jopd; ,ilapy; rpwpa G+Tk; myq;fhuKk; ntspg;Gilg;ghf
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J ntz;fyj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ. eLNt cs;s Jisapy; Njq;fha; vz;nzapy;
Njha;j;njLj;j jphpia tpl;L vhpj;J Myhj;jp vLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

tl;lhtpd; Nkw;gFjp cl;Ftpthd mikg;GilaJ. fPo;g;ghjk; tphpthdjhfTk; mJ Nky;Nehf;fp


gbg;gbahf $k;gpa mikg;GilajhfTk; cUthf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. tl;lh rlq;fpd; NghJ ntw;wpiy ghf;F
itj;J kil itg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

rlq;Ff; Nfhapy;fspy; tl;lhtpy; itf;fg;gLk; kilia tl;lhkil vd;wiog;gh;.


tl;ltbtkhd mikg;ig cila jhk;ghsk; gy;NtW msTfspy; ,q;F rlq;Ffspd; NghJ
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. rhjhuzkhdnjhU jhk;ghsk; Rkhh; 2mb tpl;lKilajhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jpy;
tl;lkhd gy thpfshf myq;fhuk; ntspg;Gilg;ghf cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. xtpaq;fspd; Gwr;rl;lj;ij
myq;fhuf; $Wfshy; myq;fhpg;gJ Nghd;W jhk;ghsj;jpd; tpspk;Gg; gFjp nghpJk; rpwpJkhd
Gs;spfs;> G+tpd; ,jo;fs; ,lg;gl;L xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;L cUthf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ fiyak;rk;kpf;f xU
fiyg;gilg;ghFk;.

,t;thW ,q;Fs;s ghuk;ghpa nghUl;fs; thh;j;jy; KiwapNy nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thh;g;Gf;


fiy gw;wp thh;g;Gj; njhopypy; <LgLgth; xUth; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

thh;g;Gf; fiyapd; fiyj;Jtk; cNyhfj;ij thh;g;gjw;F Kd;dh; nkOfpdhy; cUtq;fis mofpa


Njhw;wKilajhf cUthf;fp vLg;gjpNyNa jq;fpAs;sJ. cNyhfj;ij thh;j;njLj;j gpd;dh; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
nraw;ghLfs;ahTk; nkOfpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l cUtj;ijj; Jyf;fkhf;fp gsgsg;ghf;Fk; nraw;ghLfshfNt
tpsq;Ffpd;wd. cNyhfj;ij thh;j;Jk; nghUis cUthf;fpa gpd;dh; mjpy; ve;jtpjkhd khw;wq;fisAk;
nra;aKbahJ (jfty;:NrhkRe;juk;.f. taJ-58)

vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

NkYk; rpy iftpidg; nghUl;fSk; ,r;rlq;fpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

,t;thW ,q;Fs;s ghuk;ghpa nghUl;fs; ,r;rlq;F fhyq;fspy; fiyak;rj;Jld;> mofpay;


ntspg;ghl;bidAk; nfhz;L tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

cyfpd; midj;J kjq;fSk; fhz;gpaf; fiyfshd fl;blk;> rpw;gk;> Xtpak; vd;gdtw;iwf; nfhz;Nl
topghl;bid Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpd;wd. fpwp];jt kjj;jth;;> ,];yhkpa kjj;jth;> ngsj;j kjj;jth;> ,e;J
kjj;jth; MfpNahh; fhz;gpaf;fiyfisAk; mjDld; njhlh;Gila iftpidf;fiyAld; topghLfis
epfo;j;Jfpd;wdh;. vd ,dq;fhzg;gl;lJ. me;j tifapy; ,e;J kjj;jpy; fl;blk;> rpw;gk;> Xtpak;
vdgdTk>; ,tw;Wld; njhlh;Gila iftpidf;fiyfSk; rpwe;j ,lj;jpidg; ngWfpd;wJ. ,e;J Myaq;fspy;
fhz;gpaf;fiyfspD}f> mtw;wpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; myq;fhuq;fisAk;> ifg;gzpg; nghUl;fisAk;
nfhz;L topghLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sfpd;wdu; vd ,zq;fhz Kbe;jJ.

me;j tifapy; fpof;fpyq;ifapy; kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpd; ghuk;ghpa r%f> fiy> fyhrhu


Mz;kpfj;Jiwfisg; Ngzp epw;Fk; njhd;ik kpf;f tuyhw;W rpwg;gk;rq;fspy; nrl;bghisa =y= fz;zif
mk;kd; MyaKk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xd;whFk;. ,t;thyar; rlq;F Neuj;jpy; Myaf; fl;bl> rpw;gk;>
Xtpak; vd;gtw;Wld; mq;F gad;gLj;Jk; iftpidfiyfisfs; gw;wpa Xh; mofpay; Nehf;fhf ,t;
Ma;T ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fz;zif mk;kd; Myaj;jpy; fhyfhykhf eilngw;WtUk; tUlhe;j itfhrpr; rlq;Nf ,t;thyaj;jpd;


rpwg;Gtha;e;jdthfTk;> fiyntspg;ghL epiwe;jdthfTk; mike;J nfhz;L tUfpd;wJ. me;jtifapy;
2011k; Mz;L eilngw;w tUlhe;j itfhrpr; rlq;fpy; fhz;gpaf; fiyfshd fl;lk;> rpw;gk;> Xtpak;
kw;Wk; mq;F ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;l iftpidfiy$Wfs; vd;gtw;wpy; mofpay; ntspg;ghL gw;wp
Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;L mjd; fiyf; $Wfis gpd;tUkhW fz;lwpa Kbe;jJ.

fl;bl ntspg;ghl;bid vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; Muk;gj;jpy; ,iyFiofspdhy; mikf;fg;gl;L


gpw;fhyj;jpy; klhyakhf ,Ue;jhYk; jw;NghJ MfkKiwg;gb fl;llq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Myak;
fh;g;gf;fpufk;> mh;j;j kz;lgk;> kfhkz;lgk;> vd;gdtw;Wld; ehd;F tifj; J}z;fSk;> mUfpy; itut
rpw;whyaKk;> ehfjk;gpuhd; rpw;whyaKk;> klhyak; xd;Wk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sij mwpaKbfpwJ.
NkYk; 42mb cauKila ,uh[NfhGuk; rpw;gq;fSld; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;Jld; ,Ugf;fj;jpy; kzpf;
NfhGuq;fSk; Gilg;G myq;fhuq;fSld; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;thya fl;blq;fs; fz;fth; moFld; fiy
ntspg;gLk; tz;zk; mikf;fg;gl;L fl;blr; rpwg;gpid ntspg;gLj;jp epw;fpd;wij mwpa Kbe;jJ.

mLj;J ,t;thyar; rpw;gq;fis vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; Muk;gfhyj;jpy; rpw;gq;fs; FiwthfNt


fhzg;gl;lJ. gpd; fUtiwapy; cs;s jpUTUtq;fSk;> fUtiwf;F NkYs;s tpkhdj;jpYk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
jw;NghJ ,t;thyaj;jpy; gy;NtW ,lq;fspYk; rpw;gq;fs; moFld; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wd. me;jtifapy;
fz;zif mk;kdpd;; ntz;fyj; jpUTUtq;fs;> fUq;fw; rpw;gq;fshf ituth;;> ehfjk;gpuhd;;> gps;isahh;
Nghd;w jpUTUtq;fs;> ,t; Myaj;jpDs; gpujp~;il nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. mtw;wpd; xt;nthU
jpUTUtq;fSk; fiy ntspg;ghl;LlDk;> Ez;zpa Ntiyg;ghLfSlDk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;thW NfhGur;
rpw;gq;fspy; fz;zif mk;kdpd; tuyhw;Wr; rk;gtq;fSk;> gps;isahh;> KUfd;
fhsp> ,uh[uhN[];thp> Jh;f;if Nghd;w rpw;gq;fs; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit xt;nthU ntspg;ghl;Lld;
mofpa fhz;gpakhf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;Jld; fhtw;rpw;gq;fSk; ,t; MyafjTfspd; Kd;G
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,q;F mikf;fg;gl;l rpw;gq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; njd;dpe;jpa rpw;g mikg;gpidf; nfhz;Ls;sij


mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. fhuzk; ,q;Fs;s NfhGur;rpw;gq;fs; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J tutiof;fg;gl;l
rpw;gpapdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJld; ,e;jpahtpy; fhsp> Jh;f;if vd rf;jp tbtq;fSf;F mikf;fg;gLk;
tpjpKiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp fz;zif mk;kdpd; fijfspy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; gz;GfisAk;> Njhw;w
mikitAk; nfhz;L ,q;F rpw;gq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gJ Ms;thsdpd; fUj;jhFk;.
NkYk; fpof;fpyq;ifapd; fy;yhW vDk; Ciur; Nrh;e;j fiyQh;fSk; fz;zif mk;kDf;F fhsp>
J}h;f;ifapd; mikg;gpy; cUtq;fisr; nrJf;fpAs;sdh;. Jh;f;ifapd; Ch;jpahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
rpq;fk; fz;zif mk;kdpd; Ch;jpahfTk; ,t;thyaj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. nghJthf Jh;f;if mk;kd;
muf;fh;fis mopj;njhopj;j fijapidg; Guhzq;fs;> ,jpfhrq;fs; $Wfpd;wd. mjhtJ Md;khf;fis ca;a
muf;fh;fis mopj;jNtis mts; nfhz;l Nfhyk; ngUk; mr;rk; tpistpf;Fk; Njhw;wk; tha;e;jJ. mj;Jld;
mr;rk;jUk; gilf;fyq;fis Ve;jp epw;gts; ghh;g;Nghh; eLq;Fk; rpq;fj;jpid Ch;jpahff;
nfhz;lts;. ,t;thwhd mikg;Gila rpw;gq;fSk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ePjp jtwpa muf;fh;fisg; Nghy; jd;
fztidj; nfhd;w ghz;baid mopj;j fz;zif mk;kid tPurf;jpia> fhsp> Jh;f;if Nghd;w nja;tq;fSf;F
xg;gpl;L rpq;fj;jpid fz;zifapd; Ch;jpahf mikj;Js;sdh; vd;gJ Ma;thsdpd; fUj;jhFk;.

,q;F mikf;fg;gl;l rpw;gq;fspy; ngz;fSf;F myq;fhuk; kpf;f Glit mzpag;gl;Lk;> nky;ypa


iffisAk;> iftpuy;fspd; espzj;jpidAk;> fz;fspdhy; jd; czh;tpidAk; ntspg;gLj;jp Xh; ngz;Zf;Fhpa
gpk;gf; fUj;Jit ntspf;fhl;b epw;fpd;wJ. Mz;fspd; rpw;gq;fspd; NkyhilAk;> nfhRtk;
mzpag;gl;l epiyapy; Kfj;jpy; kPirAlDk; fk;gPukhd Njhw;wj;JlDk;> mfd;w NjhSlDk;> tphpe;j
khh;GlDk; MZf;Fhpa mikg;Gld; rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; Ez;zpa Ntiyg;ghLfSld;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,it Myaj;jpd; rpw;g mofpaiy ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

mLj;J ,q;F Xtpa ntspg;ghlhf jpiur;rPiy XtpaKk;> RtNuhtpaKkhFk;. ,q;F jpiur;rPiy


Xtpak; rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;Jld; ,q;F fhyj;Jf;F fhyk; khw;Wk; KiwAk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F jpiur;rPiy fz;zif mk;kdpd; jpUTUitj; jhq;fp epw;gJld; tz;z mikg;Gld;
fiyntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; mofpay; $Wfis nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

RtNuhtpaq;fis vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhy; ,q;F 2006k; Mz;L eilngw;w Fk;ghgpN~fj;jpd; NghJ


tiuag;gl;l Xtpaq;fshFk;. nghJthf ,q;F Mya Nky; tpjhdj;jpYk;> ituth;> ehfjk;gpuhd;
Myaq;fspYk;> J}z;fspYk; G+tyq;fhuk;> nfhb myq;fhuk;> md;dg;gl;~p myq;fhuk;> thkz
cUtq;fs;> cLf;F> eha; Nghd;w cUtq;fSk; ,t;thyaj;jpy; RtNuhtpakhf tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ. NfhLfis
gad;gLj;jy;> cUt tiutpy; Vw;gLk; rkr;rPh;j; jd;ik> Nfj;jpufzpj tbtq;fspd; gad;ghL>
myq;fhuf;$Wfis ,izj;jy;> fiyf;FwpaPl;L tbtq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy; Mfpa tplaq;fisf; nfhz;L
Xtpaj;jpd; fiyj;Jtj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F ,t;thyaj;jpy; xtpaf;fiyQh;fs; Kaw;rpj;Js;s tpjk; jpwg;gl
ntspg;gLfpd;wJ. fhyk; fle;jhYk; mjd; tiujYk;> th;zKk; moFld;> fiyeaKk; Nrh;e;J
fhz;gpahPjpapy; fiyj;Jtj;Jld; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

rlq;fpy; fz;zif mk;kd; myq;fhpg;G> cs;sf kw;Wk; ntspg;Gwr; Nrhlidfs;> ,q;F


gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghUl;fs; vd;gd fiy ntspg;ghl;il ntspg;gLj;JtJld; iftpidf; fiyapd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidAk; mwpaf; $bajha; cs;sJ. ,q;F mk;kid myq;fhpf;Fk; Kiw rpwg;ghf
fy;ahzf;fhy; rlq;fpy; eilngWfpd;wJ. gy th;zr;Nriyapdhy; myq;fhpf;fg;gl;L fz;fth; mofpay;
ntspg;ghLld; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sij mwpaKbfpd;wJ. NkYk; mk;kDf;F gilf;Fk; kil itg;Gk; xU
myq;fhu ntspg;ghl;ilf; fhl;b epw;gjid mwpaKbfpd;wJ. ,q;F kilitf;Fk; fl;lhbahUk; Xh; iftpidf;
fiyQuhfNt fhzg;gLtjid ,q;F kilitf;Fk; tpjj;jpYk;> mk;kid myq;fhukpLk; tpjj;jpYk;
mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

NkYk; ,t; Myar; rlq;F epfo;j;Jif nra;Ak; ,lq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; myq;fhuq;fs;


rpwg;gpw;Fhpa mofpay; ntspg;ghlhFk;. rlq;F elj;Jk; ,lj;ij ,aw;ifapy; fpilf;Fk; FUj;Njhiy>
fKfk;ghis> Ntg;gk; gj;jpuk;> thiog;gok;> ghf;F Nghd;w nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jp
myq;fhpf;fpd;wdh;. NkYk; fljhrp> kpd;Fkpo;fs; vd;gdtw;wpDlhfTk; ,t;thyak;
myq;fhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;wpd; %yk; myq;fhuj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;F tUlhe;jrlq;Fk; Xu;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tfpf;fpd;wJ vd;gJ Ms;thsdpd; fUj;jhFk;.

mLj;J ,t;thyar; rlq;fpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghUl;fs; iftpidf; fiy ntspg;ghLilajhfTk;


fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ ,q;F gad;gLk; Kff;fis> tl;lh> tpsf;F> cLf;F> rpyk;G vd gy nghUl;fs;
iftpidg; nghUl;fshFk;. ,e;jtifapy; Kff;fis thh;j;jy; fiyEl;gj;jpd; %yNk cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
thh;g;Gf;fiy xU jdpj;Jiwahfr; rpq;fsr%fj;jpYk;> ,e;jpahtpYk; tshr;rpaile;Js;sJ. ,f;fiy El;gk;
fpof;fpyq;ifapy; rpy ,lq;fspy; mhpjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,th;fspdhNy rlq;F topghl;bw;Fj;
Njitahd Kff;fis> tpsf;F> rpyk;G> mk;khidf;fha;> tl;lh> Nghd;w nghUl;fs; cUthf;fp
toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

,q;F cUthf;fg;gLk; nghUl;fspy; mNdfkhdit kf;fspd; tho;tpay; NjitfSf;fhfNt


cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,Ue;j NghjpYk; thu;g;Gf;fiyapd; tsu;r;rpf;Fk;> ,Ug;Gf;Fk; rlq;Ffs; xU
fhuzkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,e;jtifapy; rlq;fpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; >Vida thu;j;jy; fiyEl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp
cUthf;fg;gLk; nghUl;fspd; Clhf thu;g;Gf;fiy nraw;ghnlhd;Wld; njhlu;GgLtjidf;
fhzKbfpwJ. ,tw;wpd; cUthf;fj;jpy; thu;g;Gg;gbkq;fs;; cUthf;Fk; fiyQd; gpd;gw;Wk; mj;jid
El;gq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wnjd ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ.

vdNt Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;ltw;wpypUe;J Nehf;Fk;nghOJ nrl;bghisa =y= fz;zif mk;kd; Mya


tUlhe;j itfhrpr; rlq;fpy; fhz;gpaf;fiyfSk;> ,q;F gad;gLj;jg;gLj;Jk; iftpidf; fiy$WfSk; rpwg;G
tha;e;jdthfTk;> fiyntspg;ghL epiwe;jdthfTk;> Xu; mofpay; Efu;thfTk; nraw;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ
Ma;thsdpd; KbthFk;.

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