Childhood and Growing Up

myF 1
Foe;ijapd; tsHr;rpAk; Kd;Ndw;wKk;

(Growth and Development of Childhood)
1.1 tsHr;rp vd;gjd; nghUs; (Meaning of Growth)
XH capupapd; cUg;ngUf;fk; my;yJ msT mjpfupj;jit ~tsHr;rp| vd;W
$WfpNwhk;. xU Foe;ij tsHr;rpailAk; NghJ mjd; cauk;> vil> nkhj;j
fdgupkhzk; Mfpait mjpfupf;fpd;wd. tsHr;rp vd;gjd; fPo; tUk; khw;wq;fis
Gwtaj;jd;ikNahL cw;WNehf;fTk;> mstplTk; KbAk;. Kd;Ndw;wk; my;yJ Nkk;ghL
vd;gjd; XH cl;$Nw tsHr;rpahFk;. ~Kd;Ndw;wk;| vd;gjd; mstPl;Lf; $W tsHr;rpahFk;.
1.2 tsHr;rpapd; fUj;J (Concept of Growth)
tsHr;rp> mstPl;Lf;Fl;gl;ljhy;> mJ mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ ngUf;fk; Vw;gLfpwJ.
 tsHr;rp njhlHe;J epfo;e;J nfhz;NlapUg;gjpy;iy: KjpHr;rpf;Fg;gpd; epd;W NghFk;.
 tsHr;rpahy; Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;glNth> Vw;glhkNyh Nghfyhk;. cjhuzkhf njhil
jirfs; ed;F tsHe;J tYg;gl;lhy; Foe;ij elf;fj; njhq;Fk;. khwhf njhil
rijapy; fl;bfs; Njhd;Wtjhy; ve;jtpjg; gaDkpy;iy.
 tsHr;rp tpfpjk; xNu rPuhf ,Ug;gjpy;iy. Fotpg; gUtj;jpy; tsHr;rp mjpfkhfTk;>
gps;isg; gUtj;jpy; Fiwe;Jk;> gpd;G Fkug;gUtj;jpy; kPz;Lk; mjpfupj;Jk;
fhzg;gLk;.
 xU Foe;ijapd; tsHr;rp> gpw Foe;ijfspd; tsHr;rpapypUe;J NtWgl;Lf;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 clypd; ntt;NtW ghfq;fs; ntt;NtW tpfpjj;jpy; tsHr;rp ngWfpd;wd.
 tsHr;rpapy; jdpahs; NtWghL cz;L.
 tsHr;rp xU Fwpg;gpl;l jpiria nfhz;ljy;y.
 tsHr;rp xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlHGilaJ.
 tsHr;rp vd;gJ jiy Kjy; fhy; Nehf;fpAk; ikag;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J tpspk;Gg;
gFjpia Nehf;fpAk; mikAk;.
 tsHr;rp vd;gJ kuG kw;Wk; #o;epiyapd; jhf;fj;jpdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
 Mz; Foe;ijiaf; fhl;bYk; ngz; Foe;ijfspd; tsHr;rp mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
 cly; tsHr;rp 20 tajpYk;> kdtsHr;rp 18 tajpYk; epiwT ngWk;.
1.3 Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;gjd; nghUs@ (Meaning of Development)
Dr.C.Thanavathi V.O.C.C.E.
XH capupapd; cUtj;jpNyh my;yJ mikg;gpNyh Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fisAk;> mJ
,aq;Fk; tpjj;jpy; Vw;gLk; Nkk;ghLfisAk; xl;L nkhj;jkhff; Fwpg;gNj ~Kd;Ndw;wk;|
MFk;. capupapd; nray;ghl;Lj; juj;ijf; Fwpg;gNj Kd;Ndw;wk;. tsHr;rp> KjpHr;rp> fw;wy;
,tw;wpd; $l;L tpisthy; Vw;gLtJ Kd;Ndw;wk;.
1.4 Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; fUj;J (Concept of Development)
 capupay; KjpHr;rp> mDgtq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; tpisthf epfOk; tupirf;fpukkhd
njhlH khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;lJ Kd;Ndw;wk;. vdNt Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Ff; Fwpg;gpl;l
tupirf;fpukKk;> jpirAk; cz;L.
 Kd;Ndw;wk; njhlHr;rpahdJ@ taJ te;jTld; my;yJ g+g;nga;jpaTld; epd;W
tpLtjpy;iy.
 capup ,aq;Ftjpy; Vw;gLk; Kd;Ndw;wk;> mJ jd;Dila #o;epiyf;F ,irthf
nray;gl JizGupfpwJ.
 capupapd; gy;NtW mikg;GfisAk; mtw;wpd; nray;ghLfisAk; xUq;fpizj;J
Nkk;gl;l ,af;fj;ijf; nfhLg;gNj Kd;Ndw;wk;.
 mwpTrhHjpwd;fs;> ehl;lk;> MHtk;> Ez;zwpT> MSik Nghd;w $Wfspy; Vw;gLk;
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; jdpahs; Ntw;Wikfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 xUtuJ gy tsHr;rp epiyfspy; fhzg;gLk; Kd;Ndw;wk; xNu rPuhf ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
 tsHr;rpapy;yhkYk; Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gl tha;g;G cz;L> (c.k;) Fs;skhf
,Ug;gtHfs; $l clypaf;fj;jpy; tYTld; fhzg;gLtH.
 Kd;Ndw;wk; xUtuJ #o;epiyahy; ngupJk; jPHkhdpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 Kd;Ndw;wk;> juj;NjhL njhlHGilajhy;> mijj; Jy;ypakhf msf;f KbahJ@
fzpf;f KbAk;.
 Kd;Ndw;wk; gd;Kfk; nfhz;lJ.
 Kd;Ndw;wk; njhlH NeHNfhlhf mikahky; RUs; tbtpy; mikfpwJ.
 Kd;Ndw;wk; njhlHr;rpahdJ.
 Kd;Ndw;wk; juj;Jld; njhlHGilajhy; vspjhf mstpl KbahJ.
 Kd;Ndw;w tpfpjk; rPuhf ,y;iy.
 njhluhfTk; tupirf; fpukkhfTk; cs;sJ.
 Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;gJ nghJikj; Jyq;fspy; Muk;Gj;J Fwpg;gpl;l rpwg;Gj;
Jyq;fspy; KbtilfpwJ.
 Kd;Ndw;wk; xUq;fpizg;G nfhz;lJ.
 Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Cfpf;f KbAk;.
 tsHr;rpAk;> Kd;Ndw;wKk; kuG> #o;epiy ,itfspd; $l;Lj; jhf;fj;jhy;
tpistJ MFk;.
1.5 tsHr;rp kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; Nfhl;ghLfs; (Principles of Growth and Development)
 Kd;Ndw;wk; njhlHr;rpahdJ. kpf Ez;zpa nry;ypy; tho;itj; njhlq;fp cly;
cUg;ngUf;fk;> kdtsHr;rp Nghd;w gbg;gbahd njhlH Kd;Ndw;wq;fshy; Foe;ij
ed;F ,aq;fj; njhlq;FfpwJ. tho;ehs; KOtJk; Kd;Ndw;wk; njhlHfpwJ.
 Kd;Ndw;wk; jdpahs; NtWg;ghl;Lf;F Ml;gl;lJ. Foe;ijfSf;fpilNa
tsHr;rpapYk; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpYk; jdpahs; NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 tsHr;rpAk;> Kd;Ndw;wKk; tho;f;ifapd; vy;yh epiyfspYk; xNu rPuhf
miktjpy;iy. Fotpg;gUtj;jpy; cly; tsHr;rp mgupkpjkhfTk;> koiyg;
gUtj;jpy; mJ rpwpJ nkJthfTk; gpd;G Fkug;gUtj;jpy; tpiuthfTk; Vw;gLfpwJ.
 Kd;Ndw;wk; tupirf;fpukkhf epfo;fpwJ. Foe;ij xUf;fspf;fg; gofpa gpd; Fg;Gw
gLj;Jf;nfhs;fpwJ@ gpd; ePe;j Muk;gpj;J cl;fhHe;J nfhs;fpwJ@ vOe;J epd;W
elf;f Muk;gpf;fpwJ. elj;jypy; NjHr;rp ngw;w gpd;dNu Xlj; Jtq;FfpwJ.
 Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;gJ nghJikj; Jyq;fypy; Muk;gpj;J Fwpg;gpl;l rpwg;Gj;
Jyq;fypy; epiwtilfpwJ. iffis ,af;fj; njhlq;fpa gpd;dNu tpuy;fs;
,af;fk; Vw;gLfpwJ. nghUl;fis gw;wp vLg;gjw;F nghUl;fspd; cUtk;> jd;ik
,tw;wpw;Nfw;g tpuy;fspd; gy;tif mirTfis Vw;gLj;j Foe;ij fw;Wf;
nfhs;fpwJ.
 Kd;Ndw;wk; xUq;fpizg;G nfhz;lJ. KOikapypUe;J gFjpfSf;Fk;>
gFjpfspypUe;J KOikf;Fkhf xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Kd;$l;bNa a+fpf;f KbAk;. Foe;ijfspd; cauk; mjpfupf;Fk;
Nghf;fpid itj;J mJ vt;tsT cauk; tsHr;rpailAk; vd;W Kd;$l;bNa $w
KbAk;.
 tsHr;rpAk;> Kd;Ndw;wKk;> kuG> #o;epiy ,tw;wpd; $l;Lj; jhf;fj;jhy; tpistJ.
 tsHr;rp vd;gJ jiy Kjy; fhy; Nehf;fpAk; ikag; gFjpapypUe;J tpspk;Gg;
gFjpia Nehf;fpAk; mikAk;.
1.6 tsHr;rp (cUg;ngUf;fk;)> Kd;Ndw;wk; (Nkk;ghL) ,tw;wpw;F ,ilNaahd NtWghLfs;
(Difference between Growth and Development)
tsHr;rp Kd;Ndw;wk;
(Growth) (Development)
1. tsHr;rp cUg;ngUf;fj;jhy; capupapd; mikg;gpYk;> nray;ghl;bYk;> Vw;gLk;

tpistjhy; Jy;ypakhf mij khw;wq;fshy; mjd; ,aq;Fk; juj;jpy; Kd;Ndw;wk;
msf;f KbahJ. Vw;gLfpwJ.
2. tsHr;rpia Gwtaj;jd;ikNahL Kd;Ndw;wk; juj;NjhL njhlHGilajhy;> Jy;ypakhf

cw;W Nehf;fp Jy;ypakhf msf;f mstpl KbahJ. elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fis cw;W
KbAk;. Nehf;Ftjd; %yk; juj;ij fzpf;f KbAk;.
3. tho;ehs; KOtJk; tsHr;rp Kd;Ndw;wk; tho;ehs; KOtJk; njhlHe;J

njhlHtjpy;iy@ g+g;nga;jpaTld; Vw;glf; $baJ.
tsHr;rp epd;W Nghfpd;wJ.
4. Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; XH cl;$W jhd; Kd;Ndw;wk; rpf;fyhd nray;ghlhFk; gd;Kfk;
tsHr;rp. nfhz;lJ.
5. clypd; gy ghfq;fspy; tsHr;rp capupapd; ,af;fj;jpy; Vw;gLk; xl;Lnkhj;j

Vw;gLfpwJ. khWghNl Kd;Ndw;wk; MFk;.
6. tsHr;rp Fwpg;gpl;l jpiriaf; Kd;Ndw;wk; tupirf;fpukkhdJk;>

nfhz;ljy;y. jpiriaAila khw;wKk; nfhz;lJ.
7. tsHr;rp tpfpjk; tho;f;ifapd; vy;yh Kd;Ndw;w tpfpjk; tho;f;ifapd; vy;yh

gUtq;fspYk; xNu rPuhf ,Ug;gjpy;iy. gUtq;fspYk; xNu rPuhf miktjpy;iy.
8. tsHr;rpapy; jdpahs; Ntw;Wikfs; gy;tif Kd;Ndw;wq;fspy; - cly;> mwpT>

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. xOf;fk;> r%f czHT> kd vOr;rp -
Foe;ijfs; xUtUf;nfhUtH khWg;gLfpd;wdh@.
9. tsHr;rp> kugpdhy; ngupJk; fw;wy;> mDgtq;fSk; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijj;

jPHkhdpf;fg;gLfpwJ. jPHkhdpg;gjpy; ngUk; gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd.
10. tsHr;rp> Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F top Nfhyhf xU Fwpg;gpl;l tif Kd;Ndw;wk; gpw tif
mikayhk;@ Jiz GupahkYk; Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; Vw;gl Jiz Gupfpd;wJ.
Nghfyhk;. mjhtJ gy;tif Kd;Ndw;wq;fSk;
xUq;fpize;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
1.7 kuG kw;Wk; #o@epiy (Nature and Nurture)

kdpjdJ tsHr;rpiaAk;> mjdpd;W vOk; mtdJ elj;ijiaAk; cWjp nra;Ak;
fhuzpfspy; Kf;fpakhdit ,uz;L@ mit mtdJ ~kuG epiyAk;| mtd; tsHe;J tUk;
~#o;epiyAk;| MFk;. kuG epiy khw;w Kbahjgb gpwg;gpNyNa epHzapf;fg;gLtjhFk;.
#o;epiy njhlHe;J khw;wk; ngw;Wk; tpuptile;Jk; fhzg;gLk; nry;thf;fhFk;.
kdpj tsHr;rp elj;ij Mfpatw;iw epHzapg;gjpy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpg;gJ ,aw;ifah
my;yJ guhkupg;gh vd;gijg; gw;wp mwpQHfspilNa thf;Fthjk; gy Mz;Lfshf epytp
tUfpwJ. kdpj Fyj;ij Nkk;gLj;j ,dNkk;ghl;baiy ek;g Ntz;Lkh my;yJ
kdpjid cUthf;Ftjpy; #o;epiyapid rpwg;ghf;Fjiy ek;g Ntz;Lkh vd;Dk;
Nfs;tpf;F ntt;NtW tpilfs; jug;gLfpd;wd. ~Nuh[h nrbfspypUe;J ky;ypifg; g+it
ngw ,ayhJ@ mJNghyNt ,opFLk;gq;fspypUe;J caHgz;Gfisg; ngw;w Foe;ijfs;
Njhd;wkhl;lh| vd;Wk; ~~eha; thiy epkpHj;j KbahJ" vd;Wk; kuGepiythjpfs;
thjpLfpd;wdH.
~~#o;epiy xUtdJ tsHr;rp ,ay;gpd; mbg;gil@ kuGepiyad;W" vd;W ,f;nfhs;iff;F
vjpuhf NtW rpyH thjpf;fpd;wdH. ~~xUtdhy; nra;J Kbf;fg;gLk; nray;fis> jf;f
tha;g;GfSk;> Cf;Ftpf;Fk; #o;epiyfSk; jug;gl;lhy; NtW ve;j xUtdhYk; nra;J
Kbf;f ,aYk;" vd;gJ #o;epiythjpfspd; fUj;jhFk;. jPtpu #o;epiythjpahd thl;rd;
~~vd;dplk; cly;eyKs;s rpy Foe;ijfis xg;gilAq;fs;@ vj;jd;ikAs;stHfshf
mtHfs; tsu Ntz;Lk; vd;W Kd;$l;bNa nrhy;yp tpLq;fs;@ ,f;Foe;ijfspd; kuG
epiyiag; gw;wp vdf;Fr; rw;Wk; ftiyapy;iy. #o;epiyapd; cjtp nfhz;Nl
NguwpQHfshfNth> ngUq;Fw;wthspfshfNth mtHfs; cUthFk;gb nra;J fhl;LfpNwd;"
vd;W #Siuj;jhH. mDgtk;> gapw;rp> fy;tp Mfpad ahTk; #o;epiyapd;
nry;thf;FfshFk;.
Mdhy; ,e;j thf;Fthjk; Njitaw;w xd;whFk; Vnddpy; kuGepiyAk;>
#o;epiyAk; ,ize;Nj kdpj tsHr;rpiaj; jPHkhdpf;fpd;wd. xd;W kl;Lk; jdpj;J
,aq;Ftjpy;iy. gpwg;ghy; ngw;wpuhj ve;j Mw;wiyAk; jpwidAk; fy;tpahNyh
gapw;rpahNyh ngw;wpl KbahJ. mNjNghd;W gpwg;ghy; ngw;w jpwd;fSk; Mw;wy;fSk;
Kiwahd gapw;rpapd;wp kyu KbahJ. khq;nfhl;ilapypUe;J gyhr; nrbiag; ngw
KbahJ vd;gJk; cz;ik. mNjNghd;W khq;nfhl;iliaj; jFe;j epyj;jpy; ,l;L
ePHg;gha;r;rp> cukpl;L tsHj;jhy; xopa mJ nrbahf tsHe;J kukhfp fha;fhg;gjpy;iy.
vdNt kf;iftH kw;Wk; Ng[; vd;gtHfs; $WtJNghy; tho;f;ifapd; xt;nthU epiyAk;
epfo;rr; pAk; kuG #o;epiy Mfpa ,uz;bd; ,ize;j nray;ghl;bNyNa mikfpwJ vd;gJ
epjHrdkhd cz;ik.
1.7.1 kuG vd;gjd; tiuaiw (Definition of Nature)
kuG vd;gJ xUtdplk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s gpwg;ghy; Njhd;wpa jdpj;j jd;ikfspd;
xl;Lnkhj;j epiyjidf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. gpwg;gpd;NghJ xU Foe;ij jdJ
ngw;NwhHfsplkpUe;J ngWfpd;w clw;$W gz;Gfs; midj;Jk; kuG epiyf;F
cl;gl;ljhFk; capupapy; uPjpahf Foe;ijfs; jq;fs; ngw;NwhHfsplkpUe;J ngwf;$ba
midj;Jk; kuG epiyapd;ghy;gl;lJ. gpwg;gpy; Foe;ij jdJ ngw;NwhHfspd; clw;$W
gz;Gfshd Njhypd; epwk; jd;ik> cly; mikg;G> Kbapd; epwk;> jd;ik> fz;zpd; epwk;
Mfpatw;iwAk;> csf;$W gz;Gfshd kNdhghtk;> Ez;zwpT Nghd;wtw;iwAk; ngw;Wj;
jpfo;fpwJ. Foe;ijfs; ngw;Nwhiu xj;jpUg;gjw;F kuGtopf; fhuzpfNs fhuzkhf
mikfpd;wd.
1.7.2 ~#o;epiy| vd;gjd; tiuaiw (Definition of Nurture)
cstpay; fUj;Jg;gb xUtDila #o;epiy vd;gJ mtd; gpwe;jJ Kjy;
,wf;Fk; tiu mtidr; Rw;wpapUf;Fk; gy;NtW tpjkhd J}z;ly;fspd; njhFg;ghFk;.
mtdJ tsHr;rp> mtDf;Fj; jdJ #o;epiyapy; ,Ue;J fpilf;fpd;w J}z;ly;fspd;
jd;ikia xl;bNa mikfpwJ. xU Fwpg;gpl;l #o;epiy> tsHr;rpapidg; ghjpg;gjhfTk;
mikAk; epiy cs;sJ. rhjfkhd #o;epiyapy; tsUk; Foe;ijfspd; cs;shHe;j
jpwd;fSk; Mw;wy;fSk; KOikahf kyHfpd;wd. khwhf ghjfkhd #o;epiyapy; tsUk;
Foe;ijfspd; rpe;jid> tsHr;rp> jpwd; caHT> Ez;zwpT Nkk;ghL> MSik tsHr;rp
Mfpait ngupJk; ghjpf;fg;gl;L gpd;jq;fpa epiyf;F js;sg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt xUtdJ
tsHr;rpapYk; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpYk; ngUk; gq;F tfpj;J> mtd; ,d;iwf;F vg;gb
MfpapUf;fpwhd; vd;gijj; jPHkhdpf;Fk; Kf;fpa fhuzpahf ~#o;epiy| jpfo;fpwJ.
vj;Jizjhd; tPupakpf;f tpijfshf ,Ue;jhYk; mit nghUj;jkhd epyj;jpy;
tpijf;fg;gl;L ePH gha;r;rp> cukpl;L NghJkhd #upa xsp ngWk; tz;zk; #o;epiyfis
rhjfkhf;fpf; nfhLf;fhjtiu> mt;tpijfs; Kisf;fNth gpd; ed;F nropj;J tsuNth
tha;g;G ,y;iy.
1.8 Foe;ijapd; tsHr;rpapy; kuG kw;Wk; #o;epiyapd; jhf;fk; (Impact of Nature and
Nurture on Child Development)
xU kdpjid cUthf;Ftjpy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpg;gJ kugh? #o;epiyah? vd;w
Nfs;tp njhlHe;J ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. ,J Kl;ilapypUe;J Nfhop te;jjh? NfhopapypUe;J
Kl;il te;jjh? vd;gijg; Nghd;wNj. Mdhy; cz;ikapy; kuG kl;LNkh my;yJ
#o;epiy kl;LNkh kdpjd; cUthtjw;Fk; tsHtjw;Fk; fhuzkhf miktjpy;iy. kuG>
#o;epiy ,uz;LNk kdpj tsHr;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhf mikfpd;wd vd;gNj Kw;wpYk;
cz;ik. kdpj tsHr;rpf;F kuG> #o;epiy Mfpatw;wpd; gq;F gw;wp mwpa Kw;gLk;
Ma;Tfs; fPo;f;fz;l mZFKiwfis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd.
1. xU FLk;gj;jpYs;s ngw;NwhHfSf;Fk;> Foe;ijfSf;Fk; ,ilNa fhzg;gLk;
xw;Wikfs;> Ntw;Wikfs; Mfpatw;wpy; msit Muha;jy;.
2. xj;j #o;epiyfspYk;> khWgl;l #o;epiyfspYk; xU fU ,ul;ilaH ,UfU
,ul;ilaH MfpNahiu itj;Jg; gupNrhjpj;Jg; ghHj;jy;.
3. Foe;ijg; gUt #o;epiyfisAk;> mf;Foe;ijfspd; gpd;dhisa militAk;
xg;gpl;Lg; ghHj;jy;.
4. xU Foe;ijapd; tsHr;rpapYk; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpYk; nrwpt+l;lg; gl;l #o;epiyapd;
tpisitf; fzf;fpLjy;.
5. jdpahs; NtWghLfisf; fistjpy; gapw;rpapd; gq;iff; fzpj;jy;.
1.8.1 fy;tpapy; ,jd; tpisTfs; (Impact on Education)
xU Foe;ij> kuGf; fhuzpfshy; jPHkhdpf;fg;gl;l Fwpg;gpl;l rpy jpwd;fisAk;>
gz;GfisAk; ngw;W gpwe;jhYk;> mj;jpwd;fs; xspHtpl rhjfkhd #o;epiy Njit
kugpd; nry;thf;Fk; kugpd; gq;Fk; Foe;ij gpwe;j clNdNa Kbe;J tpLfpwJ. vdNt
kugpd; gq;F rpwpa vy;iyf;Fs;Ns mikfpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk; kuG Fzq;fNs xUtdpd;
tsHr;rpg; gUtj;jpy; Vw;glf; $ba tsHr;rpfSf;F mbg;gil tpj;jhf mikfpwJ.
Mdhy; #o;epiyahdJ gpwe;jJ Kjy; ,wf;Fk; tiu mtdplk; Vw;gLk;
tsHr;rpf;Fk; elj;ijf;Fk; fhuzkhf mikfpwJ. vd;Nt #o;epiy Vwf;Fiwa xUtdplk;
60 Mz;LfSf;Fk; Nkyhf mtdJ tsHr;rpiaj; J}z;Lk; tifapy; mike;Js;sJ.
vdNt #o;epiyapd; gq;F kpf mjpfk;. mjpf Ez;zwpT kuGf; $WfNshL gpwf;Fk; xU
Foe;ij> Gyd; czHT J}z;ly;fs; Fiwe;j msNt cs;s #o;epiyapy; tsHe;jhy;
mjd; Ez;zwpT kpfTk; Fiwe;Nj fhzg;gLk;. vdNt Foe;ijapd; tsHr;rpf;F cfe;j
rpwg;ghd #o;epiyia cUthf;fpj; juNtz;baJ ngw;NwhH> MrpupaHfsJ flik. xU
Foe;ijapd; kuGf; fhuzpfs; gs;sp> MrpupaHfs; MfpNahuJ fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; ,y;iy.
Mdhy; #o;epiyahy; Vw;gLk; jhf;fj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;jp my;yJ Kiwg;gLj;jp khztHfs;
tsHr;rpia Nkk;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy;> gs;spf;Fk; MrpupaHfSf;Fk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. xt;nthU
khztdpd; cs;shHe;j Mw;wy;fisAk;> jpwd;fisAk; KOikahf ntspg;gLj;jp
mjpfupf;fr; nra;a MrpupaHfs; Kaw;rpfis vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. MrpupauJ midj;J
Kaw;rpfSk; gydspf;fhky;> khztd; Fwpg;gpl;l jpwdpy; my;yJ gz;gpy;
gpd@jq;fpapUe;jhy; mk;khztdpd; mf;Fwpg;gpl;l jpwidj; jPHkhdpf;Fk; kuGf;$W Fiwe;j
mstpNyNa mike;Js;sJ vd;W czHe;J MrpupaH jd;id rkhjhdg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. Kaw;rpfis kl;Lk; vLg;gJ Mrpupaupd; Fwpf;Nfhshf mika Ntz;Lk;.

myF II
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; gbepiyfs; kw;Wk; ghpkhzq;fs;
(Stages and Dimensions of Development)
2.1 kdpj tsHr;rp (Human Development)
capUk; czHr;rpfSk; cs;s tpyq;Ffisg; Nghd;Nw kdpjDk; tsHr;rpailAk;
capupahFk;. gpwg;G Kjy; ,wg;G tiu njhlHr;rpahf gy khWjy;fis kdpjd; mile;J
nfhz;Nl Nghfpwhd;. kdpj tsHr;rpapy; Vw;gLk; ,j;jifa khWjy;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;l
rpyepiyfshfg; gpupj;jwpayhk;. ,tw;iw ~~tsHr;rpg; gUtq;fs;" my;yJ ~~tsHr;rp
epiyfs;" vd;W cstpay; mwpQHfs; Fwpg;gpLtH. Foe;ijapd; tsHr;rp ed;F
mikaTk;> mjpy; gad; juj;jf;f ey;y khw;wq;fSk; jpUg;gq;fSk; Njhd;wTk; cjtp
nra;tJ fy;tpapd; mbg;gil Nehf;fkhFk;. fy;tpapd;wpAk; tsHr;rp Vw;gLk;. Mdhy;
mt;tsHr;rp kdpjid kw;w tpyq;FfspypUe;J NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Ltjhf mikahJ. kdpj
tsHr;rpapy; msTg; ngUf;fk; kl;Lkpd;wp> GJg;gz;GfSk; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. kdpjdpd;
cly;-cs;s tsHr;rpapd; xt;nthU $wpYk; kuG> #o;epiy ,tw;wpd; jhf;fj;ij
czuyhk;. ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gpfs;> cz;Zjy; cztpd; jd;ik Nghjpa fhw;Nwhl;lk;>
ntspr;rk;> rKjhag; gz;ghL> Ez;zwpT> ghy; rhHe;j gz;Gfs; Mfpad ahTk; kdpj
tsHr;rpiag; ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; MFk;.
tsHr;rp vd;gJ njhlH epfo;Tfspd; njhFg;ghFk;. ,jpy; jpBH khw;wq;fNsh
my;yJ khw;wq;fNs epfoh fhy ,ilntspfNsh ,y;iy Mdhy; tsHr;rpia
eilKiwapy; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy epiyfshf mwpQHfs; gpupj;Js;sdH. ,t;tsHr;rpg; gbfs;
xd;Wld; xd;W ,ize;jit. neUq;fpa njhlHGk; cilait. ,tw;iwg; gpupj;JzHtJ
$l rpy rkaq;fspy; ,ayhjjhfp tpLk;@ vdpDk; tsHr;rpia gUtq;fshfg; gpupj;J
Muha;tjd; Nehf;fk;> tsHr;rp gw;wpa KOikahd jpl;lkhd mwpitg; ngWtJ MFk;.
tsHr;rpnadg;gLtJ ~~tho;f;if epiyik" tpuptiljiyf; Fwpg;gjhFk;.
gbg;gbahf Rje;jpuj;JlDk;> fl;Lg; ghl;LlDk; nraw;gLjy; tsHr;rpapd; mwpFwp vd;W
Mz;lH];d; vd;ghH Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. kdpj tsHr;rpapy; 5 tpj Kd;Ndw;wq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;Wk;> ,it xd;Nwhnlhd;W ,ize;jit vd;Wk; Mz;lH]d;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. ,it tUkhW.
I. Gyd; czHr;rpfisj; njhFj;jwpjypy; Vw;gLk; Kd;Ndw;wk;.
II. elj;ijapd; ,ay;GfspYk; tiffspYk; Njhd;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wk;.
III. nraw;gLk; Kiwfs; caHepiyg;gLtjhy; vOk; Kd;Ndw;wk;.
IV. fle;jfhy mDgtq;fis kdjpy; nfhz;L vjpHfhyj;Jf;F jpl;lkpLtjhy;
Njhd;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wk;.
V. elj;ijapy; Raf;fl;Lg;ghL ,lk;ngWk; mstpy; Kd;Ndw;wk;.
2.1.2 tsHr;rpapd; xd;gJ nghJ ,ay;Gfs;
1. KjpHr;rp> fw;wy; (mDgtk;)> Mfpa ,uz;bd; fhuzkhf tsHr;rp Njhd;WfpwJ.
2. tsHr;rp vd;gJ Kd;$l;bNa ele;Jtpl;l ,d;ndhU tsHr;rpapd; njhlHr;rp.
3. xUtH jhd; thOk; #oypy; ,zf;fkhd elj;ijiag; ngWtjw;F cjTtNj
tsHr;rpapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
4. tsHr;rp vd;gJ cly; tsHr;rp> mwpT tsHr;rp> MSik tsHr;rp> kdg;ghd;ik
tsHr;rp> r%f tsHr;rp Nghd;w gytw;wpYk; Njhd;Wfpw rpf;fyhd epfo;thFk;.
5. tsHr;rpapy; xUtUf;nfhUtH NtWgLtH. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf midtUk; mwpT
tsHr;rpapy; xNu khjpupahf ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
6. tsHr;rpahdJ #oNyhL neUq;fpa njhlHGilaJ. rhd;whf ey;y #oypy; tsUk;
Foe;ijfs; Kiwahd kdtsHr;rpiag; ngWfpd;wdH.
7. ngw;NwhH> MrpupaH MfpNahiu Kd; khjpupahfg; gpd;gw;wp Foe;ijfs; tsHr;rpiag;
ngw KbfpwJ.
8. midj;J kdr; nray;fspYk;> tsHr;rpahdJ njhlHr;rpahf epfo;fpwJ.
9. ~tsHjYk;|> ~tsHr;rpAk;| kpFe;j njhlHGilad. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> clYWg;Gfspd;
rupahd ~~tsHjy;" / ~~tsHT": ,Ue;jhy; jhd; elj;jy; vd;Dk; ~~tsHr;rp" Njhd;Wk;.
2.2 tsHr;rpg; gbepiyfs; (Stages of Development)
xt;nthU gUtj;jpYk; fhzg;gLk; rpy Kf;fpa tsHr;rp ,ay;Gfypd; mbg;gilapy;
kdpj tho;T> fPo;f;fz;l tsHr;rp epiyfshf (gUtq;fshf) gpupf;fg;gLs;sd.
I. gpwg;Gf;F Ke;ija epiy
1. Kis epiy (Kjy; ,uz;L thuq;fs;)
2. gpz;l epiy (2 Kjy; 8 thuq;fs; tiu)
3. KJ#y; epiy (9 thuk; Kjy; gpwg;G tiu)
Kis epiyapy; fUKl;il mstpy; ngupjhfp 1/8 mq;Fyk; msTs;s XH capuZ
njhFg;ghfpwJ. ,jw;Fg; gpd; #y; nfhz;l 8-tJ thuk; tiuapYs;s gpz;l epiyapy;
gy;NtW cWg;Gfs; cUg;ngWfpd;wd. ,e@epiyapd; ,Wjpapy; ,jak; Jbf;fj;
njhlq;FfpwJ. 8 tJ thuj;jpypUe;J Fotp gpwf;Fk; tiuapYs;s KJ#y;epiyapy;
Foe;ijapd; KO cUt tsHr;rp rpWf rpWf Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
II. gpwg;Gf;Fg; gpe;ija epiyfs;
1. Fotpg;gUtk; - gpwg;G Kjy; 3 taJ tiu
2. Foe;ijg;gUtk;/ - Kd; Foe;ijg;gUtk; (3 Kjy; 6
gps;isg;gUtk; taJ tiu) gpd; Foe;ijg;gUtk;
(7 Kjy; 10 taJ tiu.
3.Fkug;gUtk; - Kd; Fkug;gUtk; (11 Kjy; 13 tiu)
Fkug;gUtk; (13 Kjy; 15 tiu)
4. KjpHgUtk; - Kd;KjpH gUtk; (20 Kjy; 29 taJ
tiu) gpd;KjpH gUtk; my;yJ
eLtaJ (30 Kjy; 50 taJ tiu)
5. jsHTg; gUtk; - 50 Kjy; 60 taJ tiu
6. KJikg;gUtk; - 60 tajpypUe;J ,wg;G tiu
,jpy; jdpahs; Ntw;Wikfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. xt;nthU Foe;ijAk; Fwpg;gpl;l
tajpw;fhd gUtj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj Mf Ntz;Lk; vd;W vjpHghHf;f KbahJ. ,e;j MW
gUtq;fspy; MrpupaHfs; Kf;fpakhf ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;bait Kjy; %d;W
gUtq;fshd Fotpg;gUtk;> Foe;ijg;gUtk;> Fkug;gUtk; MfpaitahFk;. ,k;%d;W
gUtq;fSk; koiyaH gs;sp> njhlf;fg;gs;sp> eL epiyg;gs;sp> caHepiyg;gs;sp>
Nkdpiyg;gs;sp epiyfSf;F cupadthk;. ,q;F Foe;ijapd; gUt tsHr;rp epiyfs;
rpRg; gUtj;jpypUe;J Fkupg;gUtk; tiuapy; RUf;fkhf tptupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
2.2.1 Fotpg; gUtk; (Infancy Stage)
Fotpg; gUtk; vd;gJ Foe;ijg; Gjpjhfg; gpwe;jpUf;Fk; fhykhFk;. Foe;ijapd;
tsHr;rp epiyfspy; ,JNt kpff; FWfpa fhy msitf; (15 ehl;fs; tiu)
nfhz;Ls;sJ. Fotpg; gUtk; vd;gJ gpwg;G Kjy; 3 taJ tiu cs;s fhykhFk;.
gpwe;j Foe;ijapd; njhg;Gs; nfhbia mWj;jTld;> Foe;ij jdJ Kjy;
fj;Jjiy my;yJ mOifia ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. EiuaPuy; tpuptilfpwJ. mf; Foe;ij
%f;fpy; jhNd Rthrpf;fj; njhlq;FfpwJ. jdf;Fupa ghypid cwpQ;rpAk;> tpOq;fpAk;
Fbf;fg; goFfpwJ. Foe;ijapd; fopT cWg;Gfs; (rpWePH fopj;jy;> kyk; fopj;jy;) gpwe;j
rpy kzp Neuj;jpy; nray;glj; njhlq;FfpwJ. cly; KOtijAk; mirj;jy; clk;gpy;
ehf;F> cjL> ,ikfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; Fwpg;gpl;l nraiy ntspg;gLj;Jjy; Mfpa ,U
nray;fs; rpRtplk; ntspg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk; tpuy; #g;Gjy;> nfhl;lhtp tpLjy;> GUtj;ij
RUf;Fjy;> tpsf;F ntspr;rj;ijg; ghHj;jy;> fz;zPH tpLjy; Nghd;w nghJj;
Jyq;fy;fSk; ntspg;gLfpd;wd.
fj;Jjy; ~~cq;fh" vd xyp vOg;Gjy; Nghd;wtw;iwr; rpRf;fs; nra;fpd;wd.
ghHitAk;> Nfl;lYk; rpwpNj tsHe;Js;sd. rpRtpd; kdntOr;rpfs; nghJthdit>
Fwpg;ghdit. mit:
Foe;ijapd; nray;fs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlHgpd;wp ,Ug;gjhy; fw;wYf;fhd
Mw;wy;> rpRtplk; kpff; FiwthfNt cs;sJ.
 elf;ff; fw;wy;> Ngrf; fw;wy;> cztpid nkd;W rhg;gplf; fw;wy;> clw;fopTr;
nray;fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; jpwd;> Mz; - ngz; ghy; NtWghL gw;wpa czHT>
cly; rkd;epiyj;jpwd; ngWjy;> vspa nghJikf; fUj;Jf;fis fw;wy;> ngw;NwhH
cld; gpwe;Njhuplk; kdntOr;rpapd; mbg;gilapy; njhlHGnfhs;sy;> ey;yit>
jPait vJ vd fz;lwpjy;.
cly; tsHr;rp> kd tsHr;rp> r%f tsHr;rpg; Nghd;wit Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;Yk;
tifapy; rpRg; gUtj;jpy; tsHtjpy;iy.
jto;eilg; gUtk;
jto;eilg; gUtj;jpy; Foe;ijaplk; epfOk; Ntfkhd cly;> kd tsHr;rpfshy;.
,g;gUtj;jpy; cs;s Foe;ij gpwiur; rhuhj jd;ik Nehf;fpj; jspH eilg; NghLfpwJ.
Foe;ijfspd; gy elj;ijfs;> gpwiug; gw;wpa kdg;ghd;ik> jd;idg; gw;wpa
kdg;ghd;ik> gytpjkhd kd ntOr;rpapd; ntspg;ghLfs; Mfpait nky;y nky;y
tsHr;rpailaj; njhlq;Ftjhy;> ,g; gUtkhdJ Foe;ijapd; ~mbj;js taJ| vdf;
$wg;gLfpwJ.
cly; tsHr;rp: ,g;gUtj;jpy; Foe;ijapd; vilAk; cauKk; Ntfkhf
tsHr;rpailfpd;wd. jto; eilf; Foe;ijahdJ> KjpHr;rpahYk;> mDgtj;jhYk;
(fw;wyhYk;) cly; rhHe;j nray;fshd cz;Zjy;> cwq;Fjy;> rpWePH> kyk; fopj;jy;
Nghd;wtw;iw ,g; gUtj;jpy; jd; fl;Lg;ghLf;Fs; nfhz;L tUfpwJ. ifapYs;s
jirehHfs; KjypYk;> fhypYs;s jirehHfs; gpd;Gk; tsHr;rpailtjhy;> ,g; gUtj;jpy;
iffspd; Mw;wy; mjpfkhfTk;> fhy;fspy; Mw;wy; FiwthfTk; cs;sJ. fj;Jjy;>
FoWjy;. jiy iffs; ,tw;iw mirj;jy; Nghd;wit jto; gUtj;jpy; mjpfkhf
,Uf;fpd;wd. Mdhy; Foe;ij jto; gUtj;jpy; Ngrpaijtpl eilg;gUtj;jpy; ed;F Ngrf;
fw;Wf; nfhs;fpwJ.
kdntOr;rp tsHr;rp: ,g; gUtj;jpy; kdntOr;rpapd; tsHr;rpapy; ,U Kf;fpag; gz;Gfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
1. Gwj;J}z;lyhy; Vw;gLk; kdntOr;rp ePz;l Neuk; ePbf;ff; $baJ. rpyg; Gwf;
fhuzq;fshy; Foe;ijaplk; Njhd;Wk; kfpo;rr ; p> Nfhgk;> mr;rk;> mOif
Nghd;wit mjpf Neuk; ePbf;fpwJ.
2. Foe;ijaplk; kd ntOr;rpfs; vspjpy; Mf;fepiyapWj;jk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> Kjy; thuj;jpy; kUj;Jtuplk; Crp Fj;jpf; nfhz;l Foe;ij>
mLj;j thuj;jpy; mNj kUj;Jtupd; miwapy; EioAk; NghJ mQ;RfpwJ.
r%f tsHr;rp: r%f elj;ijfisf; fw;gjw;Fupa mbj;jsk; ,g;gUtj;jpy;
,lg;gLfpwJ. tPl;bYk; tPl;Lf;F ntspNaAk; Foe;ij ngWfpd;w r%f mDgtq;fisg;
nghUj;Nj ,f; Foe;ij r%f ,zf;fj;Jld; tsUkh? my;yJ r%f ,zf;fkw;W
tsUkh? vd;gJ epr;rapf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,g;gUtj;jpy; Foe;ij 5 tifahd
tpisahl;Lfis tpisahLfpwJ.
1. Gyd; ,af;f tpisahl;L>
2. fz;Lgpbf;Fk; tpisahl;L>
3. gpwiug;Nghy; tpisahLjy;>
4. Xbg;gpbj;J tpisahLjy;>
5. kfpo;t+l;Lk; tpisahl;L> (v.L.. Foe;ijapd; ifapy; gUg;Gf; filjy;)> ,j;jifa
tpisahl;Lfspy; Foe;ijapd; jpwd;fs; Ntfkhf tsHr;rpailfpwJ.
mwpT tsHr;rp : ,g;gUtj;jpy; Foe;ij Gyd;fshy; fz;lwptjhYk; (ghHj;jy;> Nfl;ly;>
njhLjy;> EfHjy;> Ritj;jy;) ifapy; fpilf;Fk; nghUs;fisf; ifahStjhYk;
Foe;ijf;Fg; nghUs;fs; gw;wpa fUj;jhf;fk; Ntfkhf tsHfpd;wd. ,g; gUtj;jpy;
filrpg; gFjpapy; Foe;ijfs; ~~mJ vd;d? mJ Vd;? mJ ahH?" vd;gd Nghd;w
Nfs;tpfis miuFiwahff; Nfl;Fk; tsHr;rpiag; ngWfpd;wd. ,jw;fhfr; nrhy;yg;gLk;
tpsf;fq;fisf; Foe;ijahy; KOtJk; Gupe;J nfhs;s KbahJ. vdpDk;> jhd; Nfl;l
Nfs;tpf;Fj; Njitahd gjpiy tpsf;fq;fspypUe;J XusT fpufpj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ.
FLk;gj;jpYs;NshH Foe;ijaplk; rPuhd cwT itj;jpUf;ftpy;iynadpy; Foe;ij
jd;idg; gw;wpj; jtwhd ~Ra-ahd;ik| ia tsHj@Jf; nfhs;sj; njhlq;FfpwJ.
2.2.2 Kd;Foe;ijg; gUtk; (Early Childhood)
Kd;Foe;ijg; gUtk; gpur;rpidf;Fupa taJ vd;Wk;> JUtp MuhAk; taJ vd;Wk;>
Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;Lj; Jisf;Fk; taJ vd;Wk; fy;tpahsHfshy; tHzpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,g;
gUtj;jpy; ,sq;Foe;ijfis ~elkhLk; Nfs;tpf;Fwp| vd xg;gpl;Lf; $WtH.
Foe;ijg; gUtkhdJ 3 taJ Kjy; 12 taJ tiu cs;s fhyfl;lkhFk;.
,g;gUtj;jpid Kd;Foe;ijg; gUtk; (3 Kjy; 6 taJ tiu) gpd; Foe;ijg; gUtk; (6
Kjy; 12 taJ tiu) vd ,uz;lhfg; gphpf;fyhk;.
cly; tsHr;rp : ,g; gUtj;jpy; epfOk; cly; tsHr;rpapd; Ntfk;. jto; eilg; gUt
tsHr;rpapd; Ntfj;ijtpl nkJthf epfo;fpwJ. jto;eilg; gUtj;jpy; Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l
Foe;ijfspd; gof;fq;fshd J}q;Fjy;. grpj;J cz;Zjy;> jhfj;jpw;F ePH mUe;Jjy;>
rPWePH> kyk; fopj;jy; Mfpad NkYk; Kiwg;gLj;jg; gLfpd;wd. ,g;gUtj;jpy; if> fhy;>
Ngr;R cWg;Gfs; Mfpad KOtsHr;rp miltjhy; ,tw;iwf; Foe;ijfs; KOj;
jpwDld; gad;gLj;jj; njhlq;Ffpd;wdH. ,sq; Foe;ijfspd; NgRk; jd;ikAk;> Ngr;rpd;
msTk;> jd; taijnahj;j gpwFoe;ijfNshLk;> taJ te;NjhHfNshLk; ,zf;fkhd
elj;ijia tsHj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fg; ngupJk; cjTfpd;wd.
kdntOr;rp tsHr;rp : jto; eilg; gUtf; Foe;ijfisg; NghyNt ,sq;Foe;ijfSk;
czHr;rpfis ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. ,Ug;gpDk;> jto;eilg; gUtf; Foe;ijfSf;Fj;
jhq;fs; ntspg;gLj;Jk; czHr;rpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jj; njupe;J nfhs;fpd;wdH. rpW
Foe;ijfs; tsu tsu mtHfsplk; Gjpa MHtq;fSk; tsHfpd;wd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>
Milfs;> tpisahl;Lg; nghUs;fs;> czT tiffs; Mfpatw;wpidg; ngWtjpy;
Foe;ijfs; MHtj;Jld; tsHfpd;wdH.
r%f tsHr;rp : ,g;gUtj;jpy; taJ te;NjhH nfhz;Ls;s vjpHghHg;GfSf;Fg; Gwk;ghfNt
,sq;Foe;ijfs; ele;J nfhs;fpd;wdH. MfNt taJ te;Njhupd; fUj;Jg;gb> ,sq;
Foe;ijfspd; elj;ijfs;> r%f ,ay;Gilajhff; fUjg;glhky; r%f ,ay;gw;wjhfNt
fUjg;gLfpwJ.
vspa tpisahl;LfSf;Fupa cly; jpwd;fisf; fw;wy;> jd;idg;gw;wpa cz;ik
epiyg;gl;l fUj;jpid ngWjy;> xj;j tajpdUld; ,ize;J nray;gLjy;> gbj;jy;>
vOJjy;> fzf;fpLjy;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> vjpHkiwahd elj;ij jhf;FjYzHT> jd;dyk;> khw;Wg; ghypdf;
Foe;ijfis ntWg;GzHNthL Nehf;fj; njhlq;Fjy; Nghd;w r%f ,ay;gw;w elj;ijfs;
,g;gUtj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,t; tajpy; nghk;ik tpisahl;L ebj;Jf; fhl;Ljy;>
gy ghfq;fis itj;J xU nghUis cUthf;Fjy; Nghl;b itj;J tpisahLjy;>
thndhyp> jpiug;glk; njhiyf;fhl;rp> fzpg;nghwp Mfpatw;wpy; toq;fg;gLk; tpisahl;L
epfo;rr
; pfis kpFe;j MHtj;NjhL ghHf;fTk;> Nfl;fTk; nra;jy; Mfpadtw;iwf;
Foe;ijfs; tpUk;gpr;nra;fpd;wd. ngw;NwhuplKk; cld; gpwe;NjhuplKk;> ,sq;Foe;ijf;Fr;
rupahd cwT ,y;iynadpy; mf; Foe;ijapd; Raahd;ik ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
mwpTj; jpwd; tsHr;rp : ,g;gUtj;jpy;> capH tho;jy;> ,wg;G> cly; ghfq;fspd;
nray;fs;> J}uk;> vil> vz;fs;> fhyk;> Raahz;ik> ghypdj;jpw;Fupa nray;fs;>
rup/jtW> moF> rpj;jpuf; fijfs; Nghd;w nghJthd fUj;Jf;fs; Foe;ijfsplk;
tsHfpd;wd.
2.2.3 Fkug;gUtk; (Adolescence)
ghy; njhlHghd jdJ epiyapid czHe;J Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;> ,Ughy;
NjhoHfSld; Gjpa Kiw njhlHgpid Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sy;> ngw;NwhHfs; gpw
KjpatHfsplkpUe;J kdntOr;rp Rje;jpuk; ngw;W ele;J nfhs;Sjy;.
xU Foe;ijapd; 6-tajpypUe;J ghYWg;Gfs; KjpHr;rpailAk; tiuapYKs;s
gUtk; gps;isg; gUtk; MFk;. ,g;gUtj;ijg; gs;spg; gUtk; vdf; fy;tpapayhH $WtH.
,ij tpisahl;Lg; gUtk; my;yJ $l;lhspg; gUtk; vd cstpayhH $WtH> ,ij
KjpH Foe;ijg; gUtk; vdTk; $wyhk;.
cly; tsHr;rp : ,g;gUtj;jpy; gps;isfsplk; nkJthd> rPuhd tsHjy; ,Uf;Fk; ,tHfs;
cly;rhHe;j gy jpwd;fisg; ngWfpd;wdH. Ngr;Rj; jpwdpy; Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gLfpwJ@
,tw;wpd; tsHr;rpahy; gps;isfsplk; jd;dpzf;fKk; r%f ,zf;fKk; tsHfpd;wd.
kdntOr;rp tsHr;rp: ,g;gUtj;jpy; Mz; gps;isfSk; ngz; gps;isfSk; ngw;NwhH>
MrpupaH> ez;gHfs; Nghd;Nwhupd; vjpHghHg;GfSf;F Vw;wthW jq;fspd; kdntOr@rpfis
ntspg;gLj;jf; fw;Wf; nfhz;LtpLfpd;wdH. kpFjpahd kdntOr;rp Njhd;Wk; epiyapYk;
mijr; r%f vjpHghHg;GfSf;F cfe;j tifapy; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdH.
r%f tsHr;rp : ,g;gUtj;jpy; xU Foe;ijapd; r%f tsHr;rpapy; $l;lhspfspd; gq;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpwJ. xt;NthH Mz; my;yJ ngz; gps;isAk; VjhtJ xU
$l;lhspf; FOthy; ngupJk; tsHr;rpailfpd;wd. ,g; gUtj;jpYs;NshH jq;fSf;F kd
epiwtspf;Fk; tpisahl;LfspYk; ngupatHfsplkpUe;J ghuhl;Lfs; fpilf;Fk;
tpisahl;LfspYk; kl;Lk; NrHfpd;wdH. ,g;gUtg; gps;isfs; gyNuhL goFk; tha;g;Gfs;
mjpfupj;jpUg;gjhy; mtHfspd; MHtq;fSk; jpwd;fSk; mjpfupf;fpd;wd.
MSik tsHr;rp : ,g;gUtg; gps;isfs; vJ ey;yJ? vJ nfl;lJ? vd;gij ed;F
njupe;J nfhz;Nl tPL gs;sp ,tw;iw nahl;ba #oy;fspy; jtwhd elj;ijfspy;
<LgLfpd;wdH. ,jw;F Kjy; fhuzk; jdJ $l;lhspfSila ey;nyz;zj;ijAk;
ghuhl;ilAk; ngWtJ MFk;. ,uz;lhtJ> ngupatHfs; tpjpj;Js;s mjpfhuk;> fl;Lg;ghL
,tw;wpypUe;J Rje;jpuk; ngWk; Nehf;F MFk;.
,g;gUtg; gps;isfsplk; MHtk; ngUFfpwJ. murpay; jpiug;glk;> Milfs;> kjk;>
clYWg;Gfs;> ghypdk;> vjpHfhyj; njhopy;fs;> jFjpf; FwpaPLfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; kpFe;j
MHtk; fhl;Lfpd;wdH. ngupatHfs; tpjpj;Js;s tpjpfs;> fl;Lg;ghLfs; Nghd;wtw;iw
kWjypf;fj; njhlq;Ffpd;wdH.
Ra-ahd;ik tsHr;rp : FLk;gj;jpy; ey;Ywit tsHf;fhj gps;isfs;> gs;spr;
nray;fspYk; gpwNuhL goFtjpYk; ,zf;fkw;w elj;ijia ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdH.
,jdhy; ,tHfspd; Raahd;ik ngupJk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,g; gUtj;jpy; mjpfk;
cz;Ztjhy;> cly; vilf; $bf; fhzg;gLk; gps;isfs;> jq;fspd; ez;gHfshy;
~~Fz;Lkzp"> ~~Kl;ilNfh];" vdf; NfypAk; fpz;lYk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wdH. ,jdhy;
,tHfSf;Fj; jq;fisg; gw;wpa jho;T kdg;ghd;ik vOtNjhL mtHfspd; Raahd;ik
ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ngz; gps;isfisg; Nghy; clw;fl;L mike;Jtpl;l igad;fSk;> Mz;
gps;isfs; Nghy clw;fl;L tha;e;J tpl;l ngz; gps;isfSk; ez;gHfspd; Nfypf;Fk;>
ngupatHfspd; ,uf;fj;jpw@Fk@ Mshfpd;wdH. vdNt ,tHfsplk; ,zf;fkw;w elj;ij
Njhd;WtNjhL mtHfspd; Raahd;ikAk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,g;gUtj;jpy; rpy gps;isfsplk; fhzg;gLk; cly; Cdk;>ngupa jOk;Gfs;> clw;
FiwghLfs; (v.L. NkYjL ntbj;jpUj;jy;) Nghd;wtw;why;> mtHfspd; Raahd;ik
ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ> jq;fspd; rktaJ ez;gHfisg; Nghy; ,ay;ghd Njhw;wk; ,y;yhjij
vz;zpf; ftiyapy; %o;Ffpd;wdH.
gs;spg; gUtj;jpy; xt;nthU igaDk; gps;isAk; ngWfpd;w ~~r%f Vw;GilikNa"
mtHfspd; kfpo;rr
; p my;yJ kfpo;rr
; papd;ikia epr;rapg;gjhy;> MrpupaHfs; gps;isg;
gUtj;jpy; FiwghLila khztHfisAk; khztpfisAk; gupNthL> md;NghLk;
topelj;jpr; nry;Yjy; mtrpak;.
gs;spfspd; flikfs;
gUt tsHr;rpr; nray;fis xt;nthU khztUk; fw;Wj; NjHe;jpl MrpupaUk;>
gs;spAk; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; topNa cjTjy; Ntz;Lk;.
1. gs;spfspy; ,U ghypdj;jhUk; NrHe;J gapYk; fy;tpapid eilKiwg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;> Fkug; gUt khztUk; khztpAk; fye;J Ngr tha;g;G jUk; tifapy;>
ehlfk;> fye;Jiuahly; Mfpa fy;tpr; nray;fs; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
2. MZf;Fupa r%ff; flikfSk;> ngz;Zf;Fupa r%ff; flikfSk;
Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
3. fUg;ghd> Fs;skhd> xy;ypahd> Fz;lhd vd;gd Nghd;w gy;NtW Njhw;wKila
khztHfSf;Fr; Raahd;ikia tsHj;jpl MrpupaH Kaw;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
cly; Njhw;wj;jpy; FiwAila tuyhw;Wg; Gfo;kpf;f jiytHfspd; mwpQHfspd;
rhjidfisAk; ntw;wpfisAk; MrpupaH tFg;gpy; $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.
4. khztHfs; jq;fs@ czHTfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; r%f ehlfq;fis
ebj;Jf;fhl;l MrpupaH J}z;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;.
5. khztHfSf;Fj; njhopw;fy;tp njhopy;fs; Mfpad gw;wpa tpopg;GzHtpid
MrpupaH jUjy; Ntz;Lk;.
6. rhiyNghLjy;> kuk; tsHj;jy;> fpuhkg;Gw kf;fSf;F vOj;jwptpj;jy; Nghd;w
r%fr; nray;fspy; khztHfis <LgLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
7. kjpg;GzHTf; fy;tpapy; md;G> NeHik> xOf;fk;> ,uf;fk;> tha;ik> rfpg;Gj;jd;ik>
Jzpr;ry; Nghd;w gz;Gfis tpsf;fpl Ntz;Lk;.
8. jpUkz tho;tpd; mtrpak; FLk;g tho;tpd; mtrpak; ,it gw;wp tpsf;fpl
Ntz;Lk;.
jdp kdpj tsHr;rpf;Fk;> r%f tsHr;rpf;Fk; ghLgLjy; fy;tpapd; flikahFk;>
vdNt xt;nthU gs;spAk; MrpupaUk; Fkug;gUt tsHnray;fis khztHfs; jpwk;glf;
fw@f cjTjy; Ntz;Lk;. Fkug;gUt tsHnray;fis ed;F fw;Fk; khztHfypd; gpw;fhy
tho;f;if> kfpo;rr
; pahdjhfTk;> mt;thW fw;fhj khztHfspd; tho;f;if njhy;iyAk;>
ftiyAk;> Vkhw;wKk; cilajhfTk; khWfpwJ vd;gjhy; Nkdpiyg; gs;sp caHepiyg;
gs;sp MrpupaHfs; kpFe;j r%f mf;fiw cs;stHfshf tho;e;jpl Ntz;Lk;.
KjpHgUtk;
tho;f;ifj; Jizia NjHe;NjLj;jy;> ,y;ywk; elj;Jjy;> Foe;ijfis ngw;W
tsHj;jy;> xU njhopypy; <LgLjy;.
eLj;ju taJ gUtk;
FLk;gk; kw;Wk; rKjha nghWg;Gfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; tho;f;ifapy;
nghUshjhu epiyj;j jd;ik ngWjy;> jdJ Fkug;gUt Foe;ijfSf;F ey;top fhl;ly;>
tajhd ngw;NwhUf;F Vw;w tifapy; mDrupj;J Nghjy;.
KJikg; gUtk;
jpwd; Fiwtpid gjw;wkpd;wp Vw;wy;> tho;f;ifj; Jiz ,og;Gj; jhq;fpf;
nfhs;Sjy; Xa;T gw;wpa ed;kdg;ghd;ik ngWjy;.
2.3 Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; gd;Kfq;fs; (Dimensions of Development)
Foe;ijapd; xt;nthU gUt tsHr;rp epiyapYk;> cly; tsHr;rp> kdtsHr;rp>
rKf tsHr;rp Nghd;w nghJthd tsHr;rpg; Nghf;Ffs; epfo;fpd;wd khztHfs;
Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk;> mtHfsplk; ,zf;fkhd elj;ijia tsHg;gjw;Fk;> Foe;ijapd;
gUt tsHr;rp epiyfs; gw;wpa mwpT xH MrpupaUf;F mtrpak; Njitg;gLfpwJ.
2.3.1 Fotpg; gUtj;jpypUe;J Fkug;gUtk; tiuapyhd cly; tsHr;rpg; Nghf;F (Pysical
Development from Infancy to Adolescence)
Foe;ij gpwe;jTld; RkhH 50 nr.kP ePsKk; 3.25 fpNyhfpuhk; vilAk; ,Uf;Fk;.
Kjyhkhz;L Kbtpy; 75 nr.kP cauKk; 6 fpNyhfpuhk; vilAkhf ,Uf;Fk;. mLj;j MW
khjq;fspy; mjd; vil 9 fpNyhfpuhk; msT cauf; $Lk;.Foe;ijapd; jiyf;Fk;
clk;Gf;Fk; cs;s tpfpjk; 1/4 vd;wpypUe;J 1/8 vd;W khWk;. Foe;ijapd; if fhy;fs;>
mjpfk; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjhy; ePsj;jpy; mjpfupf;fpd;wd.
Foe;ijapd; %is tsHr;rpAk; tpiuthf mikfpwJ gpwg;gjw;F Kd;Ng
Foe;ijapd; %is mikg;ig ngw;W tpLfpwJ. 4 Kjy; 6 taJf;Fs; %isapd; vil
tsHe;j kdpj %isapd; vilaps; 80% vl;LfpwJ. 8-tJ tajpw;Fs; mJ 93% Mf
khWfpwJ.
cs; cWg;Gfshd Rthrg;igfs; [Puz cWg;Gfs; Nghd;wit Ntfkhf tsHe;J
,zf;fkhf nray;gLk; rkdepiyia milfpd;wd. clYWg;Gfspd; tsHr;rpAld; $lNt
Gydpaf;f tsHr;rpAk; eilngWfpwJ. Fotpg; gUtj;jpy; ~~Nfl;Fk; jpwd;" KOtsHr;rp
epiyia vl;LfpwJ. Mdhy; ~~,Ufz; ,zf;fg; ghHit" jpwd; Vw;gLtjw;F ,d;Dk;
rpwpJ fhyk; Njitg;gLfpwJ. Foe;ijapd; Jupjkhd cly; tsHr;rpf;F Kjypy;
jha;g;ghYk; mLj;J md;Gk; mutizg;Gk;> Rfhjhukhd #o;epiyAk;> NghJkhd
cwf;fKk;> epiwthd Gyd; J}z;ly;fSk;> cly; ,af;f nray;fSk; kpfTk;
,d;wpaikahjit.
clypaf;fr; nray;fshd fz;fis Row;Wjy;> jiyia jpUg;Gjy;> cl;fhUjy;>
vOe;jpUj;jy;> elj;jy;> xLjy;> caukhf VWjy; Nghd;wtw;wpYk; Gydpaf;f nray;fshd
nghUl;fis NeHj;jpahff; ifahSjy;> fz;-if ,zf;f nray;ghL ,af;fq;fis
Jy;ypakhff; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;> tpiuthf if fhy; mirTfs@ ,yf;if Nehf;Fjy@
Nghd;wtw;wpYk; tsh@r@rp Vw@gLfpwJ.
Foe;ijg; gUtk; (Childhood)
Foe;ij jd; Kjy; %d;W tajpy; mile;j cly; tsHr;rp Kd;Foe;ijg;
gUtj;jpy; epiyg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. gpd;Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; cly;tsHr;rpapd; Ntfk; rpwpJ
Fiwe;J fhzg;gLk;. cly;thF fpl;lj;jl;l tsHe;j kdpjdpd; epiyia vl;LfpwJ.
Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; Vw;gLk; Kd;Ndw;wk; md;whl tho;Tg; gzpfis nra;jplTk;
fy;tp tsHr;rpf;Fk; kpfTk; Njitg;gLfpwJ. Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; clypaf;f nray;fs;
%yNk> ntsp cyfj; njhlHG ngwg;gLtjhy; mit gpd;G Vw;gLk; kdtsHr;rp>
kdntOr;rp tsHr;rp> r%f tsHr;rp Mfpatw;wpw;F VJthf mikfpwJ.
cly; tsHr;rpapy; Foe;ijfSf;fpilNa jdpahs; NtWghLfs; fhzg;gl;lhYk;
$l> cly; tsHr;rpapy; ngUj;j gpd;dilT Vw;gLk; NghJ MrpupaH fz;LzHe;J
mt;tiff; FoijfSf;F rpwg;Gg; gapw;rpAk; rpfpr;irAk; ngw topfhl;bdhy; vy;yh
Foe;ijfsplKk; nghUj;jg;ghLila elj;ijia Nkk;gLj;j KbAk;. Kiwahd cly;
tsHr;rpAk; clypaf;f nray;fspy; NjHr;rpAk; Foe;ij jd; md;whl tho;f;ifg;
gzpfis jpwk;glr; nra;jpl cjTk;.
Fkug;gUtk; (Adolescence)
Fkug;gUtj;jpy;> g+g;nga;jpajpypUe;J kPz;Lk; cly; tsHr;rpapd; tpiuT Ntfk;
mjpfupf;fpwJ cly; mtaq;fs; ahTk; xNu rPuhd tsHr;rp ngwhj fhuzj;jhy;> cly;
Njhw;wk; fuL KulhfTk;> cly; ,af;fk; NeHj;jpapd;wpAk; mikAk;. Fkug;gUtj;jpdH
jq;fs; cly; Njhw;wj;ijg; gw;wpa rpe;jidapNyNa ,Ug;gH. cly; tsHr;rpahy;
Fkug;gUt Mz;fSk;> ngz;fSk; NtWgLfpd;wdH. Fkug;gUt njhlf;fj;jpy; Mz;fspd;
ruhrhp cauKk;> vilAk; ngz;fis tpl mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; 13 tajpy;
khjg;ngUf;F njhlq;fpaTld; ngz;fspd; vil Mz;fspd; viliatpl kpFe;J
fhzg;gLk;.
cly; tsHr;rpapd; nghJthd epiyfs;
cly; tsHr;rpahdJ 5 nghJthd tsHr;rp epiyfisf; nfhz;lJ> mit:
1. jhapd; fUtiwapy;> fUtpypUe;J gpwg;gJ tiuapyhd tsHr;rp.
2. Foe;ij gpwe;j Kjypuz;L Mz;Lfspy; Vw;gLk; Ntfkhd tsHr;rp.
3. %d;whtJ Mz;bypUe;J gd;dpuz;L taJ tiuapy; epfOk; rPuhd tsHr;rp.
4. gjp%d;W Kjy; gjpdhW taJfspy; epfOk; ~jpBH tsHr;rp|.
5. KJikg; gUtj;jpy; Vw;gLk; tsHr;rpapd; rupT my;yJ tsHr;rp Fd;Wjy;.
cly; tsHr;rpapd; nghJthd 5 Nghf;Ffs; / epajpfs;
Foe;ijfspd; cly; tsHr;rpapy; rpy nghJthd epajpfs; / Nfhl;ghLfs;
cs;sd. mit:
1. tsHr;rpapd; Nghf;F
clypd; tsHr;rp Njhd;Wk; jpir vy;NyhUf;Fk; xNu khjpupahf cs;sJ. mjhtJ
jiyapy; tsHr;rp njhlq;FfpwJ. mJ ghjq;fis Nehf;fp tsHfpwJ. Kjypy; jiyAk;
filrpapy; fhy;fSk; tsHfpd;wd. clypd; eLg;gFjpapy; tsHr;rp njhlq;fp mJ
Gwg;gFjpfspy; KbfpwJ.
2. njhlHr;rpj; jd;ik
cly; tsHr;rp XH ,ilaw;w njhlH epfo;r;rp gpwe;jJ Kjy; ,wg;gJ tiu.
clypy; nry;fs; GJg;gpf;fg;gl;Lf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wd vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> gpwf;Fk;NghJ
Foe;ijapd; %isapy; ,Uf;Fk; nry;fspd; vz;zpf@if gpd;dH khwhJ vdpDk; mit
tsHr;rpailtJk; nry;fs; GJg;gpf;fg;gLtJk; cz;L.
3. tupirj; jd;ik
clypd; cWg;Gfs; xd;wd;gpd; xd;whf tupirj; jd;ikapy; tsHfpd;wd.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> cly; tsHr;rpf;Fg; gpwNf ghYWg;gpd; tsHr;rp epfo;fpwJ.
4. KjpHr;rp
cly;rhHe;j xt;nthU nraiyr; nra;tjw;Fk;> gf;Ftkhd cly; tsHr;rp ,Uj;jy;
mtrpak;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> elj;jy;> ifahy; vOJjy;> NgRjy;> Nghd;wit epfo
mjw;Fupa clYWg;Gfs; gf;Ftkile;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
5. jdpahd; Ntw;Wik
xt;nthU Foe;ijAk; mjw;Fupa jdpj;jd;ikAld; tsHfpwJ. rpy Foe;ijfs;
kw;w Foe;ijfis tpl Ntfkhf elf;fNth NgrNth nra;fpd;wdH.
2.3.2 Fotpg; gUtk; Kjy; Fkug;gUtk; tiuapyhd mwpT tsHr;rpg; Nghf;F (Cognitive
mwpT tsHr;rp> Foe;ijapd;> Muk;g fhyj;jpNyNa fhl;rpj;jpwd; %ykhf
tsuj;njhlq;fp gpd;dH fw;gid> nkhopj;jpwd;> epidthw;wy; Nghd;wit %yk;
KOik milfpwJ.
 cs;sj;jpwd;fs; 15 Kjy; 17 Mk; tajpw;Fs; cr;rfl;l tsHr;rpapid ngw;W
tpLfpd;wd.
 kuG cupikahdJ mwpT tsHr;rpf;F vy;iyf;NfhL mikj;J tpLfpwJ.
gpahN[apd; mwpjy; tsHr;rp gbepiyf; Nfhl;ghL
 Foe;ijfspd; mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy; kw;Wk; rpe;jid vt;thW tsHr;rp milfpd;wJ
vd;gij Kjd; Kjypy; Kiwahf Muha;r;rp nra;jtH [Pd; gpahN[ MthH.
 vz;zw;w cw;WNehf;FjypUe;J Foe;ijfspd; NtWgl;l tajpy; Vw;gLfpd;w mwpT
tsHr;rp epiyfis ehd;F epiyfspy; gpahN[ tptupf;fpwhH.
 mwpTrhH tsHr;rp vd;gJ Gyd;fhl;rpj;jpwd;> epidthw;wy;> fw;gid> nkhopj;jpwd;>
GJikf; fUj;Jf;fis cUthf;Fk; jpwd;> Ma;Tj;jpwd;> nghUswpTj;jpwd; Mfpa
jpwd;fis cs;slf;fpaNj MFk;.
 mwpjpwd; tsHr;rpahdJ njhlHr;rpahdjhf kl;Lkpd;wp tupirf;fpukkhf mike;j
gy gbepiyfspy; epfo;fpwJ.
 kdpjdplk; ,ay;ghfNt ,U mbg;gilg; Nghf;Ffs; ,Ug;gjhf gpahN[
$Wfpd;whH. ,it xUq;fpizj;jy; kw;Wk; ,zq;Fjy; MFk;.
 gpahN[ vd;gtH xUq;fpizj;jy; kw;Wk; ,zq;Fjy; Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; khwhr;
nray;$Wfs; my;yJ nray;gLkhwpfs; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.
 ,zq;Fjypy;> nghUe;Jjy; kw;Wk; jd;tag;gLj;jy; Mfpad fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Fotpg; gUtk;
,g;gUtj;jpy; kdj;jpwd; nray;ghL vd;gJ nghJthf jd;idg; gw;wpa
tpopg;GzHtpy; njhlq;fpwJ. ,J Foe;ijapd; euk;G kz;lyk; tsu Muk;gpf;Fk; NghJ
jd;idg; gw;wpa tpopg;GzHT jdJ Rw;Wr;#oYf;F jpUk;GfpwJ.
,e;epiyapy; Foe;ijapd; mwpTrhH fsk; gpd;tUk; Fzq;fSld; ,Uf;fpwJ. 1)
Gjpad fhZk; MHtk; 2)kdg;ghlk; nra;jy; 3) Mf;frpe;jid kw;Wk; 4) Neuk; gw;wpa
nghJf;fUj;J 5) cw;WNehf;fy; Gyd;fhl;rp kw;Wk; kdxUikg;ghL.
Foe;ijg; gUtk;
,g;gUt Foe;ijapd; kdj@jpwd@fspy@ Ntfkhd tsHr;rp Vw;gLfpwJ. Foe;ijapd;
Gyd;fhl;rp top fw;wy; ngUk; khWjy; Vw;gLfpwJ. GyDzHT Mw;wy; Ntfkhf
tsHfpwJ. ,jdhy; cw;WNehf;fy; %yk; fw;wy; Jy;ypakhf mikfpwJ. Nghypahd
fw;gidapy; Muk;gpj;J Foe;ij ,g;gUtj;jpy; Mf;f rpe;jidAld; $ba fw;gid
rf;jpiag; ngWfpwJ. ,g;gUtj;jpy; Foe;ijapd; tpUg;G ehl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; rpe;jidfspy;
xU jpl;lkply;; ,Uf;fpwJ. njhFj;jwp Kiw kw;Wk; fz;lwpKiwapy; rpe;jpf;fj;
njhlq;Ffpd;wdH. NkYk; ;fhyk; fhy ,ilntsp J}uk; kw;Wk; J}u ,ilntspiag;
gw;wpa nghJikf; fUj;jhf;fj;ij nra;fpd;wdH.
Fkug;gUtk;
,g;gUtj;jpYs;sth;fs; Gjpa #oYf;F Vw;g jd;id nghUj;jg;ghl;Lld; ,Uj;jiy
mikf;fpd;wdh;. NkYk; epidT $h;jy; rpe;jpj;jy; kw;Wk; Mf;f rpe;jid Nghd;w kdr;
nray;ghLfspd; cr;r fl;lepiy ,g;gUtj;jpy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
2.3.3 Fotpg; gUtk; Kjy; Fkug;gUtk; tiuapyhd xOf;fr; rpe;jid tsHr;rp (Moral
~xOf;f tsHr;rp| vd;gjd; nghUs;
r%f mwnewpfis mwpe;J mjd;gb xl;l xOfy; xOf;f tsHr;rp vdg;gLk;> rup>
jtW vd;W gpupj;jwpAk; jpwidg; ngw;W (xOf;f czHitg; ngw;W) jdf;nfd xOf;fr;
Nfhl;ghl;il mikj;Jf; nfhs;tijNa xOf;f tsHr;rp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. r%f tsHr;rpAk;
xOf;f tsHr;rpAk; ,ize;jit. r%f elj;ij> mwnewpfspd; mbg;gilapy;
mike;jpUe@jhy; mjd; gaid mjpfupf;f ty;yJ. gy r%fg; gz;Gfs; rpwg;ghd
xOf;fg; gz;GfshfTk; cs;sd. KOikahd r%ftpay;G ngw;wtd; ey;nyhOf;fk;
cilatdhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mwg;gz;GfisAk; xOf;f kjpg;GfisAk; fy;tp
typAWj;j Ntz;Lk;.
Foe;ijfsplk; Vw;gLk; xOf;f tsHr;rp epiyfs;
cstpayhsHfs; xOf;f tsHr;rpapy; 4 epiyfisf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH. Kjy;epiy
~gl;lwp epiy| ,e;epiyapy; kfpo;rr
; p> Jd;gk; vdg;gLk; ,U ,yf;Ffshy; Foe;ijapd;
elj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. kfpo;rr ; p jUk; nray;fspy; Foe;ijfs; <LgLtH>
njhy;iy juf;$ba nray;fisj; jtpHg;gH. mLj;jepiyapy; Foe;ijahdJ jd;idtpl
%j;Njhuhd ngw;NwhHfs;> MrpupaHfs; Nghd;w> jk; kPJ Mjpf;fk; nrYj;JNthupd; nrhw;gb
elf;fj; njhlq;FfpwJ. ,e;epiy ~Mjpf;f epiy| my;yJ ~Msg;gL epiy| MFk;.
%d;whtJ epiyahd ~r%f epiyapy;| r%f gof;f tof;fq;fshy; mjd; elj;ij
ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. r%f Vw;Gs;s elj;ijiaNa Foe;ij Nkw;nfhs;Sk;. ek;kpy;
gyUila xOf;f tsHr;rp ,e;epiyapNyNa Njq;fp epw;Fk;. ,ijtpl caupa
epiynahd;Wk; cz;L ,ijj; jdpj;j epiyik vdyhk;. ,e;epiyapYs;shtd@ elj;ij
mtd; nfhz;Ls;s xOf;fk; gw;wpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fshy; ce;jg;gLtjhFk;.
,e;epiyapYs;std;> r%fNk jpuz;L te;J vjpHj;j NghjpYk; jhd; cWjpahf ek;Gk;
mwnewpfspdpd;Wk; gpwokhl;lhd;.
gpahN[apd; gbepiyfs;
ey;yit> jPait gw;wpa Foe;ijfsJ juq;fs; KjpatHfspd; fUj;Jfspdpd;Wk;
khWg;gl;lit vd;gij gpahN[Ak; Nfhy;gHf; Nghd;NwhUk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdH. xOf;fk;
gw;wpa ,ay;ghd Nehf;fk; xOf;fk; gw;wpa rhHGNehf;fk; Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wp gpahN[
tpsf;fpAs;shH. rpW Foe;ijfs; xOf;fk; gw;wp ,ay;ghd Nehf;fKilatHfs;.
elj;ijapd; tpisAk; mjd; msTk; Kf;fpak; vd;W fUJtH. elj;ijf;F gpd; mikAk;
Nehf;fj;ij fUj;jpy; nfhs;shH. cjhuzkhf jpz;gz;lj;ij jha;f;F njupahky; vLj;Jj;
jpz;gjw;F KaYk;NghJ mUfpy; ,Ue;j 2 NjePH Nfhg;igfs; fPNo tpOe;J nehWq;fpd.
gpwpnjhU ehs; tPl;L Ntiyf;fhup if jtwp 4 NjePH Nfhg;igfis fPNo Nghl;L
cilj;J tpl;ljhff; nfhs;Nthk;. rpW Foe;ijfs;> Ntiyf;fhupf;Fj; jhd; mjpf
jz;lid nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy; mts; jhd; mjpf NjePH Nfhg;igfis
cilj;jts; vd;W thjk; GhptH.
Nfhy;gHf;fpd; gbepiyfs;
RkhH 11-12 taij milAk;NghJ xOf;fk; gw;wpa rhHG Nehf;fj;ij (elj;ijia
mjd; gpd; mike;jpUf;Fk; Nehf;fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L kjpg;gpLjy;) ,tHfs;
milfpwhHfs;. 12 taJf;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijfs;> jq;fsJ czHr;rpfs;> Njitfs;
Nghd;wtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; gpwuJ elj;ijfis kjpg;gpLtH. jk;ik gpwHepiyapy;
itj;Jg; ghHf;Fk; jpwdpd;wp nraw;gLtH. Mdhy; 12 tajpw;F Nkw;gl;l epiyapy;
rkurg;Nghf;F kd;dpf;Fk; gz;G Nghd;wd mjpf mstpy; fhzg;gLk;.
Nfhy;gHf; vd;ghuJ tpsf;fk; gpahN[tpd; fUj;JfSld; njhlHG nfhz;ljhFk;.
mwpT tsHr;rpapy; gpahN[ Fwpg;gpLk; nray;fshd jd;tag;gLjy; nghUe;jpg;Nghjy;
Mfpa ,uz;Lk; xOf;f tsHr;rpapYk; fhzhg;gLtjhf Nfhy;gHf; fUJfpwhH. gpwuJ
ghHitapypUe;J xU epfo;rr; pia Nehf;Fk; jpwDk; xOf;f tsHr;rpapy; gq;F ngWfpwJ.
Nfhy;gHf; Foe;ijfspd; xOf;f tsHr;rpapy; 3 epiyfisf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. ,it
xt;nthd;wpYk; ,U gFjpfs@ cs;sd.
1) Kjy;epiy kuGf;F Kw;gl;l epiy: kfpo;rr ; p ngWjy; jz;lidfisj; jtpHj;jYk;
xOf;f tpjpfisg; gpd;gw;Wtjw;fhd Nehf;fq;fshf ,e;epiyapy; mikfpd;wd.
2) ,uz;lhk; epiy kuGepiy: ,e;epiyapy; gupRfs; gpwuJ ghuhl;Lfisg; ngwTk; tpUg;g
kpFjpahy; Foe;ijfs; xOf;f newpfSld; ele;J nfhs;tH.
3) %d;whtJ epiy kuGf;F gpe;jpaepiy:
gpahN[ Fwpg;gpLtJ Nghd;w xOf;f tsHr;rpf;Fk; KjpHr;rp ngWjYf;Fk; njhlHG
cz;L vd;W Nfhy;gHf; fUJfpwhH. xOf;fg; gpur;ridfs@ mlq;fpa gy mDgtq;fis
xUtd; ngWtJk; jhd; thOk; r%f mikg;G gw;wp cz;ikahd mwpitg; ngWtJk;
Njitg;gLtdthFk;. ,jid xOf;ff; fy;tpf;Fj; jpl;lkpLk;NghJ fy;tpahsHfs;
epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vf;fhyj;Jk; nghUe;jf;$ba rpy mwnewpfs@ ,Uj;jiy
Nfhy;gHf; Vw;fpwhH.
xOf;fg; gapw;rp
xUtd; xOFk; KiwNa - nray;gLk; KiwNa - xOf;fk; vdg;gLk;. ,jpy;
,Utif cz;L. mit ey;nyhOf;fk;> jPnahOf;fk; vd;gdthk;. xOf;fk; vd;gjw;F ehk;
ey;nyhOf;fk; vd;Nw nghUs; nfhs;fpNwhk;. Foe;ijf;F MrpupaH gbg;gwpT> nray;
jpwik Nghd;wtw;iwf; fw;gpf;Fk; nghWg;ig Nkw;nfhz;Ls;shH. Mdhy; ,tw;wpw;F
vy;yhk; Nkyhf khztuplk; ey;nyhOf;fj;ij tsHj;jiyj; jiyaha flikahfg;
Nghw;w Ntz;Lk;. vf;fhyj;ijAk; tpl ,d;W kdpj tho;f;iff;F ey;nyhOf;f elj;ijapd;
Njit ,d;wpaikahj jhfpAs;sJ. ey;nyhOf;fj;Jld; ,ize;J mjidr; nraw;gLj;j
cjTk; tYthd kd cWjpAk; khzhf;fupilNa tsHf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk; ey;nyhOf;f
tsHr;rpapy; MrpupaH> ngw;NwhHfs; MfpNahuJ Kd; khjpup elj;ij kpf Kf;fpakhdJ.
khzhf;fuplk; ey;nyhOf;fk; tsHr;rpAw> MrpupaH rpy Kiwfisf; ifahsyhk;.
Fwpg;ghd mwnewpg; Nghjid ,y;yhtpbDk; rpytif elj;ijfisg; ghuhl;Ltjd;
topNaAk; NtW rpytw;iwf; fz;bg;gjd; topNaAk; xOf;fg; gapw;rpapid kiwKfkhfg;
gs;spfs@ mspf;fpd;wd. kjpg;Gfs; gw;wpa fy;tp ,jw;F cjTk;. khzhf;fuplk;
mwg;gw;Wfs; tsu mtH NeHKfkhfTk; top NfhYjy; Ntz;Lk;. xOf;f tsHr;rpapy;>
ghHj;Jr; nra;jy; ngUk; gq;F nfhs;fpwJ. Mjypd; MrpupaH ,g;gw;Wfs; cs;slq;fpa
ew;gz;Gfisj; jhNk ngw;wpUg;gJ kl;Lkpd;wp mg;gz;Gfisg; ngWjiy xU
Fwpf;Nfhshf khzhf;fH Vw;Fk;gbAk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ew;gz;Gfs@ epiwe;j
ngupNahHfSila njhlHGk;> ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; caupa fUj;JfSk; ,ijr;
nra;tjpy; MrpupaHfSf;Fg; ngupJk; Jiz epw;gdthFk;. khzhf;fH fw;Fk; ew;gz;Gfs;
Fwpgpl;l xU epiyikf;Nf nghUe;Jk; vd;W mtHfs; jtwhf vz;zptplhky;
tho;f;ifapy; Njhd;Wk; ve;j re;jHg;gj;Jf;Fk; mit nghUe;Jk; vd vz;Zk;gb MrpupaH
nra;a Ntz;Lk;. tho;f;if KOtJk; vg;nghOJk; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba xU gz;ghFk;
vd;gJk; khzhf;fH kdjpy; gjpa Ntz;Lk;. mwg;gw;Wfs; epiyf;f Ntz;Lkhapd;> mit
nraypy; ntspg;gl gy tha;g;Gfs; gs;sp tho;f;ifapy; khzhf;fUf;F mikj;Jj;
jug;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mwnewpfisg; gw;wpa mwpitg; Nghjpg;gjd; topNa khzhf;fupd;
xOf;fk; jhdhfNt tsHr;rpAWk; vd MrpupaH epidg;gJ jtwhFk;. xOf;fk; Nghjid
khzhf;fupd; mwg;gw;Wfs; nraw;gl tha;g;gspf;f Ntz;Lk;. xOf;fj;jpd; mbg;gil
gaDs;s jw;fUj;jhFk;.
,j;jifa jw;fUj;J khzhf;fUf;Fj; Njhd;WtJ ,d;wpaikahjJ. gs;spapd;
ghq;Fk;> gz;Gk;> mjd; kuGk; gs;spapYs;s $l;L tho;f;ifAk; khztHfSf;F ,ilNa
gy ew;gof;fq;fs; Njhd;wr; nra;fpwJ xOf;f tsHr;rpapy; rkag; Nghjidf;F xU
rpwg;gplk; cz;L. Vnddpy; ey;nyhOf;fk@ cs;stdhy; jhd; flTspd; mUisg;
ngwKbAk; vd;Dk; fUj;ij cyfpYs;s vy;yh rkaq;fSk; typAWj;Jfpd;wd.
khzhf;fupd; xOf;f tsHr;rpia Cf;Ftpj;jypy; gs;sp MrpupaHfSld;
mk;khzhf;fupd; ngw;NwhHfSk; xj;Jiof;f Ntz;LtJ mtrpak;. khzhf;fupd; FLk;gr;
#o;epiy mtHfsJ xOf;f tsHr;rpiag; ngupJk; ghjpf;fpwJ. ey;y gz;Gs;s
FLk;gq;fspypUe;J tUk; khzhf;fH rpukkpd;wp ey;y xOf;fj;ijg; ngWfpd;wdH. Mdhy;
rPuope;j FLk;gr; #o;epiyapy; tsUk; Foe;ijfs; xOf;fk; rpije;J tsUfpwhHfs;.
MfNt xOf;f tsHr;rpapy; ngw;NwhHfspd; gq;F Kf;fpakhdJ. mtHfsJ kw;Wk;
MrpupaHfsJ rpwe;j Kd;khjpup elj;ij khzhf;fHfsJ xOf;f tsHr;rpf;F
,d;wpaikahjJ. ,jpy; jq;fSf;Fs;s nghWg;igg; ngw;NwhHfs; rhptu
epiwNtw;whkw;Nghdhy;> MrpupaH vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Ka;w;rpfs; ahTk; tpoYf;fpiwe;j
ePnudg; gadw;Wg; NghFk;.
2.3.4 Fotpg; gUtk; Kjy; Fkug;gUtk; tiuapyhd kdntOr;rp tsHr;rp (Emotional
xU Foe;ijapd; mr;rk;> ftiy> Nfhgk;> kfpo;rr
; p Nghd;w czHTfs;
tsHr;rpailtJ ~~kdntOr;rp tsHr;rp" (Emotional Development) vdg;gLk;. Foe;ijapd;
kdntOr;rpg; Nghf;Ffs; vt;thW Njhd;Wfpd;wd vd xt;NthH MrpupaUk; mwpe;J
nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;.
rpRg; gUtk; (Infancy): gpwe;j Foe;ijaplk; njspthd Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;yj;jf;f
kdntOr;rpfs; vijAk; fhz ,ayhJ Mdhy; Foe;ijfs; gpwe;jTld; kdntOr;rpfis
xNu khjpupahf ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. kdntOr;rpfis Foe;ijfshy; $l;bNah
Fiwj@Njh ntt;NtW mstpy; ntspf; fhl;l Kbtjpy;iy Foe;ij ve;jnthU Gwj;
J}z;lYf;Fk; jpBnudTk; tPupaj;JlDk; kdntOr;rpia ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.
jto;eilg; gUtk; (Babyhood):
gUtj;jpy; Foe;ijfs; ntt;Ntwhd kdntOr;rpfis ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdH.
Nfhgk;> mr;rk;> JUtp Muha;jy;> kfpo;rr
; p> md;G Nghd;w kdntOr;rpfs; Njhd;wp tsuj;
njhlq;Ffpd;wd. ,g; gUtj;jpy; Foe;ijapd; kdntOr;rp tsHr;rpapy; ,U Kf;fpa
gzGfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Gwj; J}z;lyhy; Vw;gLk; kdntOr;rp ePz;l Neuk; ePbf;ff;$baJ. rpy
Gwf;fhuzpfshy; Foe;ijaplk; Njhd;Wk; kfpo;rr
; p> Nfhgk;> mr;rk;> mOif
Nghd;wit mjpf Neuk; ePbf;fpwJ.
xU Foe;ijaplk; kdntOr;rpfs; vspjpy; Mf;f epiyapWj;jk; (conditioned)
nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf Kjy; thuj;jpy; kUj;Jtuplk; Crp Fj;Jf;
nfhz;l Foe;ij. mLj;j thuj;jpy; mNj kUj;Jtupd; miwapy; EioAk;NghNj
mQ;RfpwJ.
jto;eilg; gUtf; Foe;ijapd; tpUg;gk; jilg;gLk; NghJ mf; Foe;ijf;Ff;
Nfhgk; tUfpwJ. fj;jp mOjy; ifiaf; fhiy cjWjy; Nghd;w nray;fshy;
Nfhgj;ij ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. mNj Nghy; gy;j;j rj;jk;> GjpatHfs;> gof;fkpy;yhj
#oy; my;yJ nghUs;fs;> ,Ul;liw> caukhd ,lk;> tpyq;Ffs; ,tw;iwf; fz;L
Foe;ij mQ;rj; njhlq;FfpwJ. Foe;ijapd; cly; Njitfisf; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;
ngw;NwhuplKk; kw;NwhuplKk; Foe;ij Gd@dif g+j;J kfpo;rr ; piaAk; md;i gAk;
ntspf;fhl;LfpwJ. Gjpa nghUl;fisg; ghHj;J mQ;rpa Foe;ij. jhd; tsUk;NghJ
mtw;iwj; JUtp MuhAk; czHitg; (curiosity) ngWfpwJ. ,g;gUtj;jpy; Foe;ijfs;
ngWfpd;w kfpo;thd kdntOr;rp mDgtq;fs; my;yJ kfpo;tw;w kdntOr;rp
mDgtq;fs;> mf; Foe;ijapd; tsHr;rpapy; njhlHe;J ePbf;fpwJ.
,sq;Foe;ijg; gUtk; (Early Childhood):
jto;eilg; gUtf; Foe;ijfisg; NghyNt ,sq;Foe;ijfSk;> czHr;rpfis
mOj;jkhf ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. mbf;fb kdepiy khWtJ mjpfg;gbahd mr;rTzHT>
epahakw;w nghwhikAzHT Nghd;wit ,sq;Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpd; cr;rfl;l
kdntOr;rpfshf ntspg;gLfpwJ.
gpw Foe;ijfsplk; ngw;NwhH mf;fiw fhl;Lk;NghJ ,g; gUtf; Foe;ijfsplk;
nghwhik Njhd;WfpwJ gpw Foe;ijfsplk; cs;s nghUs; jd;dplk; ,y;yhjNghJ>
Foe;ij mOf;fhW milfpwJ. jdf;Fg; gpbj;jkhd nghUis ,of;Fk;NghJ Foe;ij
Jf;fj;jpy; Mo;fpwJ rpW Foe;ijfs; tsu tsu mtHfsplk; Gjpa MHtq;fSk;
tsHfpd;wd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf Milfs;> tpisahl;Lg; nghUs;fs;> czT tiffs;
jpz;gz;lq;fs; Mfpatw;iwg; ngWtjpy; Foe;ijfs; MHtj;ij tsHf;fpd;wdH.
gps;isg; gUtk; (Childhood):
,g;gUtj;jpy; Mz; gps;isfSk; ngz; gps;isfSk; ngw;NwhH> MrpupaH>
ez;gHfs; Nghd;Nwhupd; vjpHghHg;GfSf@F Vw;wthW jq;fspd; kdntOr;rpfis
ntspg;gLj;jpf; fw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdH. kpFjpahd fl;Lf; flq;fhj kdntOr;rp Njhd;Wk;
epiyapYk;> mij r%f vjpHg;ghHg;GfSf;F cfe;j tifapy; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. Gjpa
#oNyhL ,zq;fpg;Nghf Kbahj Ntisapy; ,tHfs; kdf;fyf;fk; milfpd@wdH.
Fkug;gUt kdntOr;rpapd; rpwg;gpay;fs;
Fkug;gUt khztHfsplk; rpy Fwpg;ghd kdg;ghd;ikfSk; elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fSk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit Fkug;gUtj;jpw;F kl;LNk cupa ,ay;Gfshff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
mit :
1. khWjy; epfOq; fhyk;:
Fkug;gUtk; vd;gJ Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpypUe;J taJ te;NjhH gUtj;jpw;F khWk;
fhykhFk;. ,g;gUtj;jpy; Fkug;gUt khztH “jhd; ,d;Dk; rpW igadh? ,y;iy>
taJte;j ngupa kdpjdh? vd;w Fog;gj;jpy; %o;Ffpd;wdH. Fkug;gUt khztH
Foe;ijiag; Nghy; ele;Jf; nfhz;lhy;> “rpWgps;isj;jdkhf ele;J nfhs;shNj
taJf;Nfw;whw; Nghy; ele;Jnfhs;" vdg; ngupatHfs; $WtH. mtH KjpHr;rpNahL ele;J
nfhz;lhy; “ngupa kDrd; khjpup ele;J nfhs;shNj!" vdg; ngupatHfs; fbe;J
nfhs;fpd;wdH. vdNt. ,g; gUtj;jpy; Fkug;gUtj;jpdH jhd; ahH? vd;w ~jd;dpiyf;
Fog;gk;| milfpd;wdH.
Fkug;gUtj;jpdUf;Fg; ngupatHfs; nra;tnjy;yhk; jg;ghfj; njupAk;: jhq;fs;
nra;tnjy;yhk; rupahfj; Njhd;Wk; Vnddpy; mJ “,uz;Lk; nfl;lhd; taJ" MFk;.
2. khw;wq;fs; epiwe;j fhyk;
Fkug;gUtj;jpduplk; cly; tsHr;rpapy; vt;thW Ntfkhf khw;wq;fs;
Njhd;Wfpd;wNjh> mNj Ntfj;jpy; mtHfspd; kdg;ghd;ikapYk; ele;ijapYk; khw;wq;fs;
Njhd;Wfpd;wd. ehd;F khw;wq;fs; Kf;fpakhdit:
cly; tsHr;rp khw;wq;fshy; Fkug;gUtj;jpdupd; kdntOr;rp cr;rf;fl;lkilfpwJ.
ghYzHT KjpHr;rpahy; mtHfspilNa epiyaw;w jd;ik Vw;gLfpwJ.
Gjpa r%fg; nghWg;Gfis Fkug;gUtj;jpdH Vw;f Ntz;bAs;sJ.
Fkug;gUtj;jpdupd; MHtq;fSk; elj;ijfSk; khWk;NghJ> mtHfspd; kjpg;GfSk;
khWfpd;wd.
3. mQ;Rjiy Vw;gLj;Jk; taJ
Fkug;gUtj;jpdiug; gw;wp ngupatHfsplk; jg;ngz;zk; epyTfpwJ. mjhtJ>
Fkug;gUtj;jpdH midtUk; nghWg;gw;wtHfs;> r%ftpNuhjg; Nghf;FilatHfs; vd;w
jg;ngz;zk; ngupatHfsplk; epyTfpwJ. vdNt Fkug;gUtj;jpdiu newpg;gLj;jp
ey;topg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; ngw;NwhHfSk; kw;NwhHfSk; mQ;Rfpd;wdH.
4. "kdf;Nfhl;ilf;" fhyk;
Fkug;gUtj;jpdH> jd;idg; gw;wpf; “fw;gidf; Nfhl;il" vOg;GtH> jd; FLk;gk;>
jd; ez;gHfs; gw;wp vy;iy kPwpa fw;gidf; fdTfis tsHj;Jf; nfhs;tH. cz;ikf;F
xt;thj ,yl;rpaq;fshy; Fkug;gUtj;jpdupilNa cr;rfl;l kdntOr;rp vOfpwJ.
5. taJte;Njhupd; njhlf;f fhyk;
Fkug;gUtj;jpduplk;> ~~jhq;fs; ,dpNkYk; rpWgps;isfs; my;y> taJte;NjhH
epiyia va;jptpl;Nlhk;" vd mwptpf;Fk; Nehf;fpy;. ngupatHfisg;Nghy; Mil
mzpfpd;wdH@ ngupatHfisg; Nghy; ele;J nfhs;fpd;wdH. rhd;whf> Giff;Fb> Gdy;Fb>
ghYwT Nghd;w nray;fspy; Fkug;gUtj;jpdH <Lglj; njhlq;Ffpd;wdH.
vdNtjhd;> Fkug;gUtf; fhyj;ij kdntOr;rpg; GaYk; mOj;jKk; Njhd;Wk; gUtk; vd
tHzpf;fpd;wdH. ,j;jifa cr;rf;fl;l epiyapyhd kdntOr;rpia xU khztH
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; NghJ jhd;. mk; khztH kdntOr;rp KjpHr;rp ngw;wtuhfpwhH.
2.3.5 Fotpg;gUtk; Kjy; Fkug;gUtk; tiuapyhd r%f tsHr;rpg; Nghf;F (Social
r%f tsHr;rp vd;gjd; nghUs;
`Hyhf; vd;ghuJ fUj;Jg;gb> r%f tsHr;rp vd;gJ> r%fj; njhlHGfspy;
KjpHr;rp ngWjy; vd;gNj. mjhtJ jhd; thOk; rKjhaj;jpd; gof;f tof;fq;fs;>
ey;nyhOf;f newpfs;> Kf;fpa gz;ghLf; $Wfs; Mfpatw;iwf; fw;W jdjhf;fpf;
nfhs;Sjy; MFk;. ~jhd;| vd;w czHitj; jhz;b> ~ehk;| vd;w czHNthL ,aq;Fjy;>
gpwUf;F xj;Jiog;G mspj;jy;> tpl;Lf; nfhLj;jy;> rfpj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; Nghd;w
gz;Gfisg; ngWtNjhL> jdJ MHtq;fs;> njupTfs; Mfpatw;iwg; ngUf;fpf;
nfhs;tJk; Vw;gLj;JjiyNa r%f newpg;gLj;Jk; nray;Kiw vd;gH.
r%f tsHr;rp - tpsf;fk;
rKjhaj;jpy; ahUk; jdpj;J tho;e;Jtpl KbahJ jdJ NjitfSf;fhf> xUtH
kw;wtHfSld; cwthLtJ cyf ,ay;G gpwNuhL cwT nfhs;tjpy; rpyH
ntw;wpailayhk;@ rpyH Njhy;tpailayhk;.
xUtH kw;wtHfSld; nfhz;bUf;Fk; cwTfNs (relation)> ~rKf tsHr;rp| (social
development) vdg;gLk;. ,jpy; rKjhaj;jpy; epfOk; Fwpg;gpl;l nray;fisr; nra;a
cjTk; r%fj; jpwd;fs; (social compentence)> gpwNuhL xj;Jg;Nghf cjTk; r%f
,zf;fk; (social adjustment) kw;Wk; r%f cwtpy; Nkd;ik epiyf;F cjTk; r%f
KjpHr;rp (social maturity) Mfpa %d;W gz;GfSk; cs;slq;Fk;.
xt;nthU Foe;ijaplKk;> r%f tsHr;rpia cz;lhf;Fjy; Mrpupaupd; flik@
Foe;ijfs; jq;fspd; xt;nthU gUtj;jpYk; vj;jifa r%f tsHr;rpia milfpd;wdH?
mt;thW tsHr;rpailahj Foe;ijfSf;F MrpupaH vt;thW cjt KbAk;? vd;gd
Nghd;w Nfs;tpfSf;Fupa mwpT xt;NthH MrpupaUf;Fk; ,Uj;jy; mtrpakhFk;.
r%f tsHr;rpapd; $Wfs;
gpwf;Fk;NghJ kpUf ,r;irAld; fhzg;gLk; Foe;ij> r%f newpg;gLj;jg;gl;L>
jhd; thOk; r%fj;jpd; rl;ljpl;lq;fis kjpj;J elf;Fk; gz;igf; fw;wiyNa ,J
Fwpf;fpd;wJ. r%fj;jpy; gpwUld; njhlHG nfhz;L ,zf;fkhd Kiwapy; gofj;
Njitg;gLk; jpwd;fs; nkJthf tsHr;rp ngWjy; r%f tsHr;rp vdg;gLk;.
r%f tsHr;rpapy; mlq;fpAs;s ,U Kf;fpa epiyfshtd:
1. r%f czHT ngw;Wj; jpfo;jy;: jhd; thOk; rKjhaj;jpd; newp Kiwfisf;
fw;WzHe;J elj;ijfs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;Jjy;.
2. r%fr; nray;fspy; nghWg;Gld; gq;Nfw;wy;: mjhtJ jdJ r%fj; njhlHGfis
ngUf;fpf; nfhs;tjpy; kfpo;rr
; pailjy; kw;Wk; jdJ nray;ghl;bdpy; gpwH eyd;fisAk;
fUj;jpy; nfhs;sy;.
Foe;ijapd; nghJthd r%f tsHr;rpg; Nghf;Ffs;
gpwe;j rpy ehl;fSf;F rpW Foe;ij gpwiug; gw;wpa epidNtapd;wp tho;fpwJ.
$btho; gz;G mjdplk; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. nkJthfj; jd; jhia milahsq; fz;L
nfhz;L mtSld; xUtif neUf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpwJ. gpwF tPl;bYs;s
kw;wtiu mJ ftdpf;fj; njhlq;FfpwJ. rpW Foe;ijf@F ~jd;DzHr;rp| mjpfk;.
FLk;gj;jpd; ikakhf mJ jd;idf; fUJfpwJ. FLk;gj;jpy; gpwH ,Ug;gJ jdJ
Njitfis epiwT nra;tjw;fhfj;jhd; vd;Dk; vz;zk; mjd; kdjpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
tpisahl;bYk; jdpj;J tpisahliyNa tpUk;Gk;. rpW Foe;ijapd; r%ftsHr;rp mjd;
cly; tsHr;rpAld; mwpT tsHr;rpAlDk; neUq;fpa njhlHG nfhz;Ls;sJ. rpW Foe;ij
jhNd efHe;J> jto;e;J> elf;fj; njhlq;fpa gpd;dH mjd; r%f #o@epiy tpuptilfpwJ.
gyiu jhNd nrd;W ghHj;J goFk; jpwd; Vw;gLfpwJ. ,k;khjpupahd mwpT tsu
tsuj;jhd; jd; tho;f;iff;Fg; gpwupd; cjtp Njit vd;gijAk; gpwUld; $b
thOk;NghJ rpy rkak; jd; Njitfisf;$l rpwpJ tpl;Lf; nfhLg;gJ mtrpak;
vd;gijAk; Foe;ij mwpaj; njhlq;Fk;. r%f tsHr;rpAld; ,ize;J Foe;ijapd; jhd;
vd;Dk; czHT> jdpj;jd;ikAk; tsuj; njhlq;Ffpd;wd. jdJ gz;Gfs; vd;dntd;w
mwpT Njhd;w gpwUld; NrHe;J goFjy; mtrpak;.
gps;isg; gUtj;jpy; Foe;ijahdJ jdJ FLk;gj;ijr; rhuhj gpwUld;
ntspAyfpy; njhlHG nfhs;sj; njhlq;FfpwJ. cyfj;Jld; nghUe;Jk;gbahd
elj;ijia Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba mtrpaKk;> gps;isg; gUtj;jpy;jhd; Vw;gLfpwJ. jk;
FLk;gj;jhH my;yhj gpwuJ fl;lisf;F cl;gly;> gpwUld; xj;Jioj;Njh Nghl;bapl;Nlh
nraw;gly;> gpwuhy; xJf;fg;gLk; epiyapy; jkf;F Vw;gLk; Jd@gj;jpid czuy;> FO
czHT Nghd;wahTk; ,g;gUtj;jpy;jhd; vOfpd;wd.
gps;isg; gUtj;jpy;jhd; $l;LzHr;rp KjpHr;rp ngWfpwJ. gpw gps;isfSld;
NrHe;J $l;lzpf; FOf;fis mikj;J FOthfr; nraw;glNt tpUk;GtH.
Fotpg;gUtk; ngw;Nwhiu KOtJk; rhHe;j gUtkhFk;. ,e;epiyapy;
ngw;NwhuplkpUe;J ngWk; md;Gk; gupTk; Foe;ijf;F fhg;GzHr;rpia mspf;f ty;yd.
fhg;GzHr;rpaw;W tsUk; Foe;ijfs; gpw;fhyj;jpy; r%f tpNuhjpfshf khwf; $ba
tha;g;G mjpfk;.
gps;isg;gUtj;ij $l;lhspf; FOg;gUtk; vd;Wk; $wyhk;. ,f;FOf;fspy; rpy
rkaq;fspy; jiytdhfTk; NtW rpy rkaq;fspy; gpwiu gpd;gw;WNthdhfTk; gps;isg;
gUtj;jpdd; ,Ug;ghd;. gps;isg;gUtf; FOf;fs; xUghy; NjhoHfis nfhz;ljhf
,Uf;Fk;. ghYzHT ,g;gUtj;jpy; cs;slq;fpf; fhzg;gLk;. gps;isg; gUtj;jpYs;s
khztd; jd; $l;lhspf; FOtplk; kpFe;j gw;WUjpAld; ele;J nfhs;thd;. jd;
$l;lhspfis vf;fhuzq; nfhz;Lk; gpwuplk; fhl;bf; nfhLf;f khl;lhd;. jd; FOTf;Fk;
jd; FLk;gk; gs;sp my;yJ r%fk; Mfpatw;wpw;FkpilNa VjhtJ Nghuhl;lq;fs;
Njhd;Wifapy; ,g;gw;WUjp kdg;ghd;ik mtidj; jd; FOtpd; Nghf;if ngUk;ghYk;
Mjupf;fr; nra;Ak; ,j;jifa $l;lhspf; FOf;fspd; rf;jpiaAk; nrayhw;Wk;
MHtj;ijAk; gs;spfspy; ed;F gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
Foe;ijfs; xNu ehspy; midj;Jr; r%f tsHr;rpiaAk; mile;J tpLtjpy;iy.
mtHfs; xt;nthU gUtj;jpYk;. gbg;gbahd r%f tsHr;rpia ngUfpd;wdH. Foe;ijfs;
ntt;NtW gUtq;fspy; milAk; nghJthd r%f tsHr;rpg; Nghf;Ffs; ,q;Nf
tptupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Fotpg; gUtk; : gpwe;j gr;rpsq; Foe;ijf;Fr; r%f tsHr;rp VJk; fpilahJ.
mf;Foe;ij tsUk; NghJ Kjypy; jd;idg; gw;wpNa mjpfk; mf;fiw fhl;LfpwJ.
gpd;dH mk;kh mg;gh> FLk;gj;jpYs;s kw;NwhH MfpatHfSld; neUq;fpg; gofj;
njhlq;FfpwJ.
Foe;ijg; gUtk; : ,Jtiu FLk;gj;jpYs;Nshuplk; gofpAk;> cwthbAk; te;j Foe;ij
jd;NdhL tpisahLk; rktaJf; Foe;ijfSld; goFtjpy; MHtk; fhl;LfpwJ. mLj;j
tPl;bypUf;Fk; Foe;ijfSld; NrHe;J njUtpy; tpisahlf; fw;W nfhs;fpwJ. ,g;
gUtj;jpy; Foe;ij eHrupg; gs;spfSf;Ff; nrd;why; jd;NdhL gapYk; Foe;ijfsplk;
tpisahLfpd;wdH.
KjpH Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; cs;stHfs; rpWtH> rpWkpaH vdg;gLtH. ,tHfs;
njhlf;fg; gs;spapYk; tPl;bYk;> tPl;bYs;NshuplKk; Neuk; fopg;gijj; jtpHf;fpd;wdH.
jd;NdhL gapYfpd;w rpyUld;> ~ez;gHfs; tl;lk;| mikj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdH. mtHfSld;
Neuk; nry;topg;gjpy; <Lg;ghL fhl;Lfpd;wdH.
rpWtHfSk; rpWkpfSk; jq;fspd; elj;ijf;F kw;wtHfis Kd;khjpupahf vLj;Jf;
nfhs;fpd;wdH. jd;id mjpfk; <Hj;j MrpupaiuNah> gs;sp ez;giuNah> jpiug;glk;>
njhiyf;fhl;rp my;yJ fijfspy; Njhd;Wk; fijkhe;jHfisNah jq;fspd; khjpupahf
epidj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdH.
Fkug;gUtj;jpy; r%f tsHr;rp
Foe;ijfshf ,Ue;jNghJ mf;Foe;ijfs; fw;w r%f elj;ijfs; Foe;ijg;
gUtj;jpy; kl;LNk Vw;wjhf ,Ue;jd. Fkug; gUtj;jpy; cly; gUkd; tsHr;rpAk; ghypd
KjpHr;rpAk; Njhd;wptpLtjhy; Fkug;gUtj;jpdH ,dpNkYk; Foe;ijg; gUt elj;ijfisj;
njhlHe;J filg;gpbf;f ,ayhJ r%f vjpHghHg;GfSf;F Vw;wthW
Fkug;gUtj;jpdupilNa Gjpa elj;ij khw;wq;fs; epfo;e;jhf Ntz;Lk; mjhtJ
taJte@Njhupd; cyFf;F Vw;wthW Fkug; gUtj;jpdH r%f ,ay;gpduhjy; my;yJ
r%f tsHr;rp ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;.
Fkug; gUtj;jpy; r%f elj;ijfs;
Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpypUe;J Fkug;gUtj;jpw;F te;Jtpl;l khztHfs;> ehd;F Gjpa
r%f elj;ijfisf; fw;Wj; NjHe;jpl Ntz;Lk;. mit:
jd; taijnahj;j Mz;> ngz; ,U ghyhuplKk; gf;Ftkhfg; gofplf; fw;Wf;
nfhs;Sjy;.
 r%fg; nghWg;Gila elj;ijapidg; ngWjy;.
 r%f Mw;wYf;Fupa mwpTj;jpwd;fisg; ngWjy;.
 ngw;NwhH> MrpupaH> ez;gHfs; kw;NwhH MfpNahiur; rhHe;jpLtijj; jtpHj;Jr;
Rje;jpukhfr; nray;gLk; jpwidg; ngWjy;.
Fkug;gUt khztHfsplk; ,e;j ehd;F Gjpa r%f elj;ijfisAk; tsHj;jpl
MrpupaH KaYjy; Ntz;Lk;.
Fkug;gUtj;jpy; r%f tsHr;rpf;fhd fsq;fs;
Fkug;gUtj;jpdH 6 Kf;fpa fsq;fspy; r%f tsHr;rp ngw;wpUj;jy; mtrpak;
mit@
1) khw;Wg; ghypd ntWg;GzHT ePf;Fjy;
Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; Foe;ijfsplk; fhzg;gLk; ntWg;G Fkug;gUtj;jpYk;
ePbf;fpwJ. ,e;j ntWg;GzHitf; Fkug;gUtj;jpdH tpUg;GzHthf khw;WtJ
mtrpakhfpwJ. ,g;gUtj;jpy; khw;Wg; ghypdj;jpd@ kPJs;s ntWg;GzHT fisag;
glhtpl;lhy;> mJ tho;ehs; KOtJk; ePbj;Jr; r%f ,zf;fkw;w elj;ijf;F toptFj;J
tpLk;. vdNt Fkug;gUtj;jpy; MZk; ngz;Zk; xUtiunahUtH Gupe;J nfhz;L
goFjy; r%f tsHr;rpahfpwJ.
2) ez;gHfs; $l;lk;
Fkug;gUt khztHfspd; ngUk;ghyhd Neuk; ez;gHfspd; tl;lj;jpNyNa fopfpwJ.
Fkug;gUt khztHfSf;F ez;gHfspd; tl;lNk cz;ikahd cyfk; vd;whfp tpLfpwJ.
ez;gHfs; tl;lj;jpy;jhd; xUtH ghJfhg;GzHitg; ngWfpwhH@ ,q;Fjhd; xUtH
kw;wtHfSila gpur;rpidfisg; Gupe;J nfhs;fpwhH> ,uf;fk; fhl;Ljy; Nghd;w
nray;fisf; fw;wpLk; tha;g;Gf; fpl;LfpwJ. ez;gHfs; tl;lj;jpy; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLk;
khztHfsplk; r%f ,zf;fkw;w elj;ij Njhd;WfpwJ. vdNt xt;nthU Fkug;gUt
khztUk; rupahd ez;gHfs; tl;lj;jpy; ,lk; ngWtJ mtHfspd; r%f tsHr;rpf;F
mtrpakhfpwJ.
3) ez;gHfisj; NjHe;njLj;Jg; goFjy;
rupahd ez;gHfisj; NjHe;njLj;Jg; goFtJ Fkug;gUtj;jpy; eilg;ngw Ntz;ba
Kf;fpakhd r%f tsHr;rpahFk;. xUtH NjHe;njLf;Fk; ez@giug; nghUj;Nj mtH r%f
tsHr;rp milthuh? khl;lhuh? vd Kd;$l;bNa jPHkhdpj;J tpl ,ayhJ. Fkug;gUt el;G
khztHfs; jq;fspd; kd czHTfisg; gfpHe;Jf; nfhs;Sk; tbfhyhf mikfpwJ.
mtHfs; jq;fspd; kdntOr;rpfisf; nfhl;Ltjw;Fk; neUq;fpa ez;gHfs;
Njitg;gLfpd;wdH. ez;gHfSld; NgRtJ kdntOr;rpiaAk; kdepiwitAk; mspf;fpwJ.
xt;nthU Fkug;gUt khztUk; jd;idg;Nghy; xj;j Fzk;> MHtk;> jFjp cs;s
ez;gHfisj; NjHe;njLj;Jg; goFtJ r%f tsHr;rpf;F mtrpakhfpwJ.
4) Rafl;Lg;ghL tsHj;jy;
ngupatHfs; tpjpj;Js;s fl;Lg;ghLfSf;F vjpHg;Gf; Fuy; vOg;GtJk;> mtHfspd;
rl;l jpl;lq;fis kPWjYk; Fkug; gUt khztHfspd; ,ay;ghFk;. ,j;jifa
elj;ijfisj; jtpHj;J. mtHfs; r%f vjpHghHg;GfSf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;L elg;gJk; r%fg;
nghWg;Gs;s nray;fspy; <LgLtJk; r%f tsHr;rpf;F milahsq;fshFk;.
nghWg;gw;wtHfs; fuLKlhdtHfs; xOq;fw;wtHfs; vdf; fUjg;gl;l Fkug; gUt
khztHfs; flik> fz;zpak;> fl;Lg;ghL Mfpatw;iwf; fw;gJ r%f tsHr;rpahFk;.
5) kdntOr;rpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;
Fkug;gUtk; vd;gJ khztHfsplk; kdntOr;rpg; GaYk; kd mOj;jKk; Njhd;Wk;
gUtk; vd tHzpf;fg;gLk;. Fkug;gUtj;jpy; clypy; Njhd;wpa Gjpa khw;wq;fshy;
,j;jifa kdntOr;rpg; gpur;rpidfs; vOfpd;wd. Fkug;gUt khztHfspd; Gjpa
jFjpia czuhky; ,d;Dk; Foe;ijiag; Nghy; elj;Jifapy; mtHfs; Nfhgj;jpd;
cr;rf;fl;lj;jpw;Fr; nry;fpd;wdH. mtHfs; taJte;Njhiug;Nghy; jhq;fSk; kjpf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vdf; fUJfpd;wdH. jq;fspd; jd;kjpg;Gj; Njitf;Ff; fhak; Vw;g;gLk@ tifapy;
Fkug; gUtj;jpdH czHr;rpg; gpok;ghf khwptpLfpd;wdH. vdNt Fkug;gUt khztHfs;
kdntOr;rpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jp Kiwahf mtw;iwg; gpwuplk; ntspg;gLj;jf; fw;Wf;
nfhs;tJk; Kf;fpakhd r%f tsHr;rpahFk;.
6) Gjpa MHtq;fisAk; kdg;ghd;ikiaAk; tsHj;jy;
Fkug;gUtj;jpdH> ,d;Dk; Foe;ijfs; my;yH@ taJte;NjhH ghijapy;
eilgapyj; njhlq;fptpl;ldH. ,g;NghJ mtHfSf;Fg; Gjpa r%ff; flikfs; Kd;
epw;fpd;wd. tPL> gs;sp ,tw;iwf; fle;J tpupe;J gue;J rKjhaj;jpDs; rpwfbj;Jg;
gwe;jhf Ntz;Lk;. ,dpNkYk;> mtHfs; Foe;ijfisg;Nghy; tpisahbf; nfhz;Lk;
Rw;wpf; nfhz;Lk; jpupa ,ayhJ. vdNt Fkug;gUt khztHfs; Gjpa njhopy;fs; Gjpa
rKjhar; nray;fs; Mfpatw;wpy; MHtj;ij tsHg;gJk; mtw;wpy; <LgLtJk; mtHfspd;
r%f KjpHr;rpf;F mtrpakhfpwJ.
r%f tsr;rpapy; Mrpupaupd; nghWg;Gfs;
$l;Lg; gwitfshf> tpisahl;Lg; gps;isfshf> czHr;rpg; gpok;Gfshf gupzhk
tsHr;rpaile;J epw;Fk; Fkug; gUtj;jpdiur; r%fg; gwitfshfr; rKjha thdpy;
rpwfbf;fr; nra;tJ Mrpupaupd; flikahFk; mjw;fhf MrpupaH Mw;wpl Ntz;ba ngUk;
nghWg;Gfs; rpy cs;sd. mit.
1. nghWg;gspj;jy;
gs;spapy; eilngWk; rpwpa tpohf;fs; epfo;rr
; pfs; Mfpatw;iw khztHfNs
elj;Jk; tifapy; MrpupaH rpW rpW nghWg;Gfis mtHfsplk; xg;gilj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
2. Rje;jpug;Nghf;if Cf;Ftpj;jy;
gs;spr; nray;fisr; nra;tjpy; khztHfs; MrpupaiuNa rhHe;jpuhky;
jhq;fshfNt nra;Ak; tifapy; MrpupaH khztHfSf;Fr; Rje;jpukspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. el;gpd; mtrpaj;ij ciuj;jy;
el;gpd; mtrpaj;ijAk; ey;y ez;gHfspd; el;gpd; gad;fisAk; ey;y
ez;gHfisj; NjHe;njLj;Jg; goFjypd; mtrpaj;ijAk; MrpupaH mbf;fb typAWj;j
Ntz;Lk;. ahNuhLk; gofhky; jdpj;Jr; nry;Yk; khztiu VjhtnjhU ez;gHfs;
tl;lj;jpy; ,izAkhW J}z;l Ntz;Lk;.
4. jdpj;jpwd;fisAk; MHtj;ijAk; tsHj;jy;
khztHfspd; cs;sj;jpy; nghjpe;Js;s jdpj;jpwd;fSk; MHtq;fSk; gs;spr;
nray;fs; ntspg;gLk; tifapy; MrpupaH khztHfisf; ftpij Mf;fy;> ehlfk; ebj;jy;
fiyepfo;rr
; pfs; mikj;jy; Nghd;w gs;sp ,izr; nray;fspy; Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
5. Mz;-ngz; el;ig Cf;Ftpj;jy;
Fkug;gUt khztUk; khztpAk; fz;zpaj;Jld; goFtij MrpupaH Cf;Ftpj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; mehtrpakhd jiyaPLfis MrpupaH jtpHj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
6. ey;nyz;zj;ij tsHj;jy;
gytifr; r%fr; #oy;fspypUe;J te;J jk;Kld; gapYk; khztHfspd; Nky;
ey;y kdg;ghd;ikapid tsHj;jpLkhW MrpupaH khztHfisj; J}z;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;.
tFg;G khztUs; xUtH Gjpa rhjid nra;jhNyh? ntw;wp ngw;whNyh? kw;w khztHfs;
midtUk; mtuplk; nrd;W ghuhl;Lj; njuptpj;jpLk; gz;gpid tsHj;jpLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
7. njhopy; mwpTiu toq;Fjy;
rKjhaj;jpYs;s gytifahd njhopy;fisg; gw;wpa mwpTiu MrpupaH toq;Fjy;
Ntz;Lk;. rKjhaj; njhopy;fspd; Nky; GJg;GJ MHtq;fis tsHj;jpLkhW MrpupaHfs;
khztHfis typAWj;j Ntz;Lk;.
8. r%f Nritfspy; <LgLjy;
khztHfspd; FOf;fs; mikj;J gs;spia Rw;wpAs;s CHfspy; rhiy NghLjy;>
vOj;jwptpj;jy;> kuk; eLjy;> Rj;jk; nra;jy; Nghd;w r%fg; gzpfspy; <LgLkhW
MrpupaH khztHfis typAWj;j Ntz;Lk;.
9. Gupe;J nfhs;SjYk; Vw;wYk;
khztHfspd; gpur;rpidfis MrpupaH Gupe;J nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk; vjpHj;Jg;
NgRk; khztiuj; jz;bj;Jj; jpUj;j Kidjy; $lhJ. khwhf vjpHj;Jg; NgRtjw;fhd
fhuzq;fis MrpupaH fz;lwpe;J mtw;iw ePf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. khztHfis
khztHfshfTk; kdpjHfshfTk; MrpupaH Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
10. MrpupaH ey;y Kd;khjpupahfj; jpfOjy;
ey;y gz;ghsHfisAk; jpwikahdtHfisAk; nray; tPuHfisAk;> jq;fspd;
Kd;khjpupahf khztHfs; Vw;Wg; gpd;gw;Wfpd;wdH MrpupaH ey;y khjpupahf
Kd;ndhbahf topfhl;bahfj; jpfOjy; Ntz;Lk;. ~ehd; nrhy;tij eP nra;!~: vd;Dk;
mZFKiwia tpl;L tpl;L ~ehd; nrhy;tij ePAk; nra;" vd;Dk; Gjpa mZFKiwia
MrpupaH filg;gpbj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
tsHr;rprhH nray;fs;
r%f vjpHghHg;GfSld; $ba> gy;NtW taJfSf;fhd tsHr;rpapid Fwpf;Fk;
elijfSk;> nray;fSk;@ tsHr;rprhH nray;fs;" vd N`tpf];l; tHzpf;fpwhH.
tsHr;rprhH nray;fspd; jd;ikia epHzapg;gjpy; vOk; mbg;gilfs;.
1) KjpHr;rpailjypd; tpisthf (v.fh. rpW Foe;ijfs; elf;ff; fw;wy;)
2) gz;ghl;Lr; nry;thf;F (v.fh. gbf;f> vOj> fw;wy;)
3) jdpg;gl;Nlhupd; kjpg;Gfs;> mtHfs; (v.fh. tho;f;ifj; njhopiyj; NjHe;njLj;jy;)
fy;tpAk; tsHr;rprhH nray;fSk;
fy;tpapd; Nehf;fk; khztHfs; rpwg;ghd> gad;glj;jf;f tho;f;ifapid
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd jpwd;fis tsHj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; tifapy; gapw;rp
mspj;jy;> ey;y #o;epiyfisAk; tha;g;GfisAk; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jyhFk;.
,J njhlf;fepiy> ,ilepiy> caHepiyg;gs;sp fy;tp> caHfy;tp vd;w
tifapy; gyepiyfspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
 xUtDila fw;Fk; jpwd;> mtdJ cly; cs tsHr;rpia xl;bNa mikfpwJ.
vdNt Njitahd taJNfw;w cly; cs tsHr;rp ngw;why; kl;LNk rpwg;ghd
Kiwapy; xUtd; fy;tp gapy KbAk;.
 tsHr;rprhH nray;fis mwptjd; %yk; fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jypy; cs;s rpf;fy;fis
Gupe;Jnfhs;sTk;> rupahd MSik kw;Wk; r%f tsHr;rp gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;sTk;>
Rfhjhuk;> clw;gapw;rp> ghlj;Jizr; nray;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
czHTk; toptif Vw;gLfpwJ.
KbTiu
,g;ghlj;jpy; Fotpg;gUtk;> Foe;ijg; gUtk; kw;Wk; Fkug;gUtk; tiuapy;
Foe;ijfsplk; Vw;gLk; cly; tsHr;rp> mwpT tsHr;rp> xOf;f tsHr;rp> kdntOr;rp
tsHr;rp kw;Wk; r%ftpay;G tsHr;rp Mfpait tpupthf Muhag;gl;Ls;sd. MrpupaHfs;
,f;fUj;Jf;fis mwptjd; %yk; khztHfspd; xl;Lnkhj;j tsHr;rpf;F ghLgl ,aYk;.
UNIT III
myF 3
Foe;ij tsHr;rpapd; Nfhl;ghLfs;

(Theories of Child Development)
3.1 vupf;rdpd; cs r%ftpay;G tsHr;rpg; gbepiyfs; (Erikson’s Psycho-social Stages)
vupf;rd; vd;ghH kdpj tsHr;rpapy; ghYzHr;rp Nghd;w cly;Njit

epiwTfistpl r%fg; gpur;ridfSf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;J> 8 tsHr;rp
epiyfis Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. Foe;ij tsu tsu mjd; r%fj; njhlHG tpupTk;
rpf;fYk; milfpwJ. ,jd; tpisthf> mJ Fwpg;gpl;l tsHr;rp epiyfspy;
Fwpg;gpl;l rKjhag; gpur;rpidfisj; jPHf;f Ntz;ba fl;lhak; vOfpwJ. 8
tsHr;rp epiyfspYk; ve;nje;j r%f epiyikfs; jdpr; nry;thf;F ngw;Ws;sd>
vd;nddd cs r%fg; gpur;ridfs vof;$Lk; vd;gjidAk; vupf;rd;
tptupj;Js;shH. ,it gpd;tUtdthk;:
gbepiyfs; r%fr; nry;thf;Ffs; r%fg; gpur;ridfs;

1. gpwg;G Kjy; jha; / nrtpypaH ek;gpf;if itj;jy; /
,uz;lhz;Lfs; tiu ek;gpf;ifapd;ik
2. 2-k; Mz;Lfs; Kjy; 3-k; ngw;NwhH Rje;jpukhf ,aq;Fjy; /
Mz;Lfs; tiu ntl;fg;gLjy;
3. 3k; Mz;Lfs@ Kjy; 5k; Mjhuf; FLk;gk; jhNd Kw;gl;L
Mz;Lfs; tiu nrayhw;Wjy; / Fw;w
czHT
4. 6-Mk; Mz;L Kjy; 12k; Rw;Wg;Gwk;> gs;sp cw;fhfkhf cioj;jy; /
Mz;Lfs; tiu / ghy; jho;TzHT
cWg;Gfs; KjpHr;rp ngWk;
tiu
5. Fkug;gUtk; 13k; Mz;Lfs; xg;ghHFO gpw FOf;fs@ jd;idg;gw;wpa epiyahd
Kjy; 19k; Mz;Lfs; tiu tpUk;Gk; jiyik fUj;J / jd;idg; gw;wpa
njsptw;w Fog;gkhd
fUj;J.
6. Kd;KjpHgUtk; 19k; ez;gHfs; ghy; njhlHG neUf;fkhd cwTk;
Mz;Lfs; Kjy; 40k; cWg;gpdHfs;> xj;Jiof;Fk; xUikg;ghl;L czHT /
Mz;Lfs; tiu
DR.C.THANAVATHI V.O.C.C.E
/ Nghl;bapLk; FOf;fs; jdpg;gl;l epiyik
7. eLKjpH gUtk; 40k; nghWg;GfisAk;> FLk;gk; jhuhs kdg;ghd;ik /
Mz;Lfs; Kjy; 65k; flikfisAk; jd;Ds; xLq;fpr;
Mz;Lfs; tiu jd;DldhSld; gfpHe;J nraw;gLjy;
nfhs;tH
8. gpd; KjpH gUtk; 65k; kdpj ,dk; / ek; ,dk; NeHik / KOikahd
Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd; ek;gpf;if ,og;G
vdpDk; vhpf;rdpd; fUj;JfSf;F Ma;T rhd;Wfs; FiwT.
; pahN[apd; mwpjpwd; tsHr;rp gbepiyf;Nfhl;ghL (Jean Piaget’s Theory of Stages

3.2 [Pdg
Cognitive Development)
gpahN[apd; mwpjpwd; tsHr;rp epiyfs;
kdpjd; ntsp cyfk; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;s mtDf;F Gyd; czHT> Gyf;fhl;rp>
ftdk;> rpe;jid> Muha;e;jwpjy; Nghd;w csr;nray;fs; ngupJk; cjTfpd;wd. ,tw;wpd;
JizAld; nkhopiaAk; gad;gLj;jp jd; mDgtq;fis tYg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpwhd;. ,t;thW
mDgtq;fisg; ngWtjw;F csr;nray;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; Mw;wiy mwpjpwd; vd;W
miof;fpNwhk;.
gpahN[apd; mwpjpwd; tsHr;rp gbepiyf; Nfhl;ghL
mwpjpwd;: nea;rh vd;w mwpQupd; fUj;Jg;gb Gyd; cWg;Gfs; %yk; ngwg;gLk; nra;jpfisj;
njhFj;jy;> RUf;fpaikj;jy; tpupTg;gLj;jy;> epidT $Hjy; vd;w csr; nray;fspd;
mbg;gilapy; Muha;e;J mit gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy; mwpjpwd; vdg;gLk;. ntsp
cyfj;ijg; gw;wp njupe;J nfhs;s cjTk; csr;nray;fNs “mwpjpwd@ nray;fs;" vdg;gLk;
,j;jifa mwpjpwd; nray;fs; midj;Jk; ekJ Gyd;fhl;rp> ftdk;> rpe;jid> Muha;e;jwpjy;
gpur;ridfSf;Fj; jPHTf;fhzy;> epidT Mfpa nray;fSf;F mbg;gilahf mikfpwJ.
mwpjpwd; tsHr;rp
Rtpl;]Hyhe;J ehl;L mwpQuhd [Pd; gpahN[ vd;ghuJ fUj;Jg;gb> mwpjpwd;

tsHr;rpahdJ njhlHr;rpahdjhf kw;Wkpd;wp tupirf;fpukkhf mike;j gy gbepiyfspy;
epfo;fpwJ. ,t;thW gbg;gbahf Vw;gLk; tsHr;rpahdJ ehd;F tsHr;rp epiyfshfTk;>
mtw;wpw;F cupj;jhd elj;ij khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;ljhfTk; mikfpwJ. mwpjpwd;
tsHr;rpapy; ,t;ntht;nthU tsHr;rp epiyapidAk; Foe;ij flf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gpahN[apd; fUj;Jg;gb> Foe;ij jd;Dila mDgtq;fis Kiwahf xUq;fikj;J
,zf;fkhd elj;ijiag; ngw cjTk; fUtpNa Ez;zwpthFk;. xU Foe;ijapd;
Ez;zwptpd; msT vy;yhg; gbepiyfspYk; khwhky; ,Ue;jhYk; $l Ez;zwptpd;
nray;ghL %yk; mjd; fl;likg;gpd; jd;ik khWjyilfpd;wJ.
xUq;fikj;jYk;> ,zf;fKk;
kdpjdplk; ,ay;ghfNt ,U mbg;gilg; Nghf;Ffs; ,Ug;gjhf gpahN[ fUJfpwhH.

,it xUq;fikj;jy; kw;Wk; ,zq;Fjy; vd;gdthFk;. ,t;tpU Nghf;FfSf;F ,ilNa rk
epiyg;gLj;Jk; nray;Kiw cjTfpwJ. xUq;fikj;jy;> ,zq;Fjy; Mfpad NrHe;J>
ngwg;gLk; mDgtq;fisg; gpupj;J czHe;Jk;> njhFj;JzHe;Jk; mwptpidg; ngw
Foe;ijf;F cjTfpd;wd. ,zq;Fjypd; nghUj;Jjy; jd;tag;gLj;Jjy; Mfpad
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Foe;ij tsHr;rp mila mila> #o;epiyapdpd;Wk; mJ ngWk;
mDgtq;fs; vt;thW xUq;fpizf;fg;gLfpd;wd. vt;thW ,zf;fk; ngWfpd;wd vd;git
mf;Foe;ijapd; mg;Nghija tsHr;rp epiyiag; nghWj;jJ. Mdhy; ve;j Neuj;jpYk; mwpjy;
tsHr;rpapd; mbg;gil xUq;fikj;jYk;> ,zq;FjYkhFk;. ,tw;iw “khwhr; nray;$Wfs;"
vd;W gpahN[ Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: gpwe;j Foe;ijf;F jha;g;ghy; kl;Lk; czthf mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. Vnddpy;

mjd; [Puz mikg;G ghiy kl;Lk; fpufpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; jd;ik gilj;jJ. rpy
khjq;fSf;Fg; gpwF> rpwpJ rpwpjhf $o;> krpj;j fha;fwpfs; Nghd;w jpl czTg; nghUl;fs;
Foe;ijf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gLk; NghJ> rkepiy gpwo;T Vw;gLk;> tapw;Wg; Nghf;F Vw;glf;$Lk;.
Mdhy; rpy ehl;fspNyNa ,J epd;W Ngha; jpl czTg; nghUl;fisAk; [Puzpf;Fk;
tifapy; mjd; [Puz mikg;G khw;wkilfpwJ. ,Nj Nghd;W Foe;ijapd; mwpjpwd;
fl;likg;Gk;> jhd; vjpHnfhs;Sk; rpf;fyhd fUj;JfisAk; jd;tag;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk;
tifapy; khw;wkile;J nfhz;NlapUg;gjhf gpahN[ fUJfpwhH. ,t;thW mwpjpwd;
fl;likg;G khw;wkiltjhNyNa Foe;ijapd; mwpT tsHr;rp Vw;gLfpwJ. vdNt mwpjpwd;
tsHr;rp vd;gJ mwpe;jpUf;Fk; nghUl;fspd; msT my;yJ vz;zpf;ifg; ngUf;fk; kl;Lky;y>
Muha;e;J mwpAk; KiwapNyNa ngUj;j khw;wq;fisAk; ngWtJ MFk;.
mwpjpwd; fl;likg;G
(i) xUq;fikj;jy;
(ii) ,zq;Fjy;
1) nghUj;Jjy;
2) jd;tag;gLj;Jjy;
(c-k;) ghHj;jy;> gw;Wjy; vd;Dk; ,uz;L cly;jpwd;fisg; ngw;wgpd; mtw;iw Kiwahf

,izj;J jhd; ghHj;j nghUis nghWf;fp vLj;jy; vd;w caH nra;jpwidg; ngWjy;.
xU nghUisg; gw;wp mwpa mij cly; uPjPahfNth my;yJ kd uPjPahfNth ifahs
Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tifr; nray;fspd; njhFg;ig ];fPkh vd;W gpahN[ miof;fpwH. mwpjpwd;
tsHr;rp mila my;yJ fUj;jpay; epiyf;F nky@y nky@y khWfpwJ. (c-k;) rpW
Foe;ijfSf;Ff; fpupf;nfl; jhNd tpisahbdhy; kfpo;r;rp my@yJ ,d;gk; Vw;gLk;. Mdhy;
taJ te;jtHfSf;F mNj tpisahl;il njhiyf;fhl;rp topNa ghHj;jhNy ,d;gk;
fpilf;Fk;. ];fPkh cUg;ngWk; jd;ikf;F Vw;g Foe;ijapd; mwpjpwd; tsHr;rp epiyfshf
fPo;f;fz;ltw;iw gpahN[ Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.
1) Gyd; ,af;f epiy (0 Kjy; 2 taJ tiu)

2) nraYf;F Kw;gl;lepiy (2 Kjy; 7 taJ tiu)
3) GydPlhd nray;epiy my;yJ gUg;nghUs; epiy (7 Kjy; 11 taJ tiu)
4) fUj;jpay; epiy (11 taJf;F Nky;)
1) Gydpaf;f epiy (Sensory Motor Stage)
 gpwg;G Kjy; 2 Mz;Lfs; tiu.

 gpwe;j Foe;ij 4 khjk; tiu ghHj;jy;> #g;Gjy;> ngWjy; Nghd;w nray;fspy;
<LgLfpwJ.
 nghUl;fs; my;yJ epfo;TfSf;fhf FwpaPLfisNah my;yJ rhay;fisNah
Foe;ij fw;wpUf;fhJ.
 Foe;ij jdJ Gyd;fis gad;gLj;jp ntspAyif mwpfpwJ.
 nkhopia gad;gLj;jj; njupahJ.
 FwpaPLfis gad;gLj;jj; njupahJ.
 8 my;yJ 9 khjq;fspd; epiyj;j jd;ik gw;wp mwpfpwJ.
,e;epiyapy; Foe;ij gy;NtW nghUl;fspd; gz;Gfisj; jdJ Gyd;fspd; topNaAk;

clypaf;fq;fspd; %ykhfTk; czHe;J Gupe;J nfhs;fpwJ.
(i) ,e;epiyapd; rpwg;G #o;epiyAld; Gyd;fspd; ,il tpid MFk;. nkhop cjtpapd;wp
fhzg;gLk; ,e;epiy cldbahd> jw;Nghija #o;epiy mDgtq;fSld; ,ize;jJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl@lhf 6 khj Foe;ijaplk; xU tz;zg;ge;ij ePl;bdhy; iffisAk;
fhy;fisAk; jdpj;jdpahf mirf;f KbAk; vd;W mwpe;jpUg;gjpy;iy. Mdhy; 8 khj
Foe;ij iffis kl;Lk; nfhz;L ge;ijg; gpbf;f KaYk;. 10 khjf; Foe;ij ngupa
ge;jhdhy; ,uz;L iffshYk;> rpwpa ge;ij (vYkpr;ir gok; Nghd;wit) xU
ifahYk; gpbf;f KaYk;. mNj Nghd;W jdJ iffis vt;tsT J}uk; ePl;bdhy;
tpUk;gpa nghUis vLf;f KbAk; vd;gd Nghd;w mwpitAk; Foe;ij ngWfpwJ.
(ii) Gyd;fspdpd;Wk; kiwf;fg;gl;lit kwf;fg;gLfpd;wd. gpwe;J 10 khjq;fs; nrd;wgpd;
nghUs;fspd; epiyj;j jd;ik gw;wp Foe;ij mwpfpwJ.
(iii) mbg;gil epidT Njhd;w Muk;gpf;fpwJ.
(iv) ,ay;g+f;f elj;ijapypUe;J Nehf;f mbg;gilapyhd elj;ijf;F Foe;ij khWfpwJ.
(v) vijAk; njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w MHtKk; Kad;W jtwpf; fw;wy; %yk;
#o;epiyiag; Gupe;J nfhs;s KaYjYk; ,e;epiyapy; fhzg;gLk;.
(vi) jhd; NtW jd;idr; Rw;wpAs;s nghUl;fs; NtW vd;W Gupe;J nfhs;tjd; %yk;
jw;fUj;J Njhd;w Muk;gpf;fpwJ.
RUq;ff; $wpd; Gyd; ,af;fepiyapy; Foe;ijapd; nray;ghL Ez;zwpT ghHj;jy;>

gw;Wjy; cwpQ;Rjy; Nghd;w nra;jpwd;fs; %yk; Njhd;w Muk;gpj;jpUg;gjhy; jd; cldb
#o;epiyfisAk; mjpy; cs;s nghUl;fisAk; ifahs;tjpy; NjHr;rp ngWfpwJ. Mdhy;
nkhopiag; gad;gLj;jNth> FwpaPLfis cgNahfpf;Fk; Mw;wiyNah ngw;wpUf;fhJ.
2) nraYf;F Kw;gl;l epiy (Pre-operational Stage)
 2 Kjy; 7 Mz;Lfs; tiu.

 cldbahf gy J}z;ly;fs; kl;Lkpd;wp Kd;G mDgtpj;jit gw;wpa rhay;fSk;
mwpT tsHr;rpf;F cjTfpwJ.
 Foe;ij nkhopia XusT gad;gLj;jj; Jtq;FfpwJ.
 jd;ikia ikakhf nfhz;L nrhw;fSf;F nghUs; fhZjy;
 capuw;w [lg;nghUs;fisAk; capUs;sitfshf ghtpj;jy;
 nghUs;fspy; msT khwhj; jd;ik czug;glhJ.
 jha; je;ijaupd; rHt ty;yik gilj;jtHfshfTk; vq;Fk; epiwe;J
,Ug;gtHfshfTk; fUJfpd;wdH.
 tpjpfis KOikahf gpd;gw;wp ve;j tpisahl;ilAk; tpisahlj@ njupahJ.
 Kd;gpd; khw;wk; ,Uf;fhJ ,e;j gpuptpd; kw;w ,U gpupTfs;
1) Kd; fUj;J cUthjy; epiy: 2 Kjy; 4 Mz;Lfs; tiu csf;FwpaPLfis

czUfpwJ ,jid gpahN[ FwpaPLfs; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.
2) cs;SzHT epiy: 4 Kjy; 7 Mz;Lfs; tiu xU rkaj;jpy; xU nghUspd; xU

gz;gpid kl;Lk; mwpjy; nghk;ikfis cz;ikahdit vd czHjy;.
nkhop tsHr;rp njhlq;FfpwJ. Mdhy; nrhw;fs; Foe;ijapd; jdpj; Njitfs;>

gad;fs; Mfpatw;Wf; Nfw;g nghUs; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. rpwpJ rpwpjhfNt nrhw;fspd;
nghUs; czug;gLfpwJ. gpwuJ Nehf;fpypUe;J rpe;jpf;f ,e;epiyapy; ,ayhJ.
(c-k;) rpW Foe;ijfs; nghk;ikfis rpW Foe;ijahf ghtpj;J Fspg;ghl;b cilazptpj;J>

gLf;ifapy; jd; gf;fj;jpy; itj;Jf; nfhs;thHfs;.
mDgtg; nghUl;fspd; xU gz;gpid kl;LNk xU rkaj;jpy; Foe;ijahy;
czutpaYk; vdNt nghUl;fs; cUtk;> ,lk; khwpdhYk; mtw;wpd; msT FiwahJ
vd;Dk; fUj;J czug;glhJ. A, B vd;Dk; ,U xNu khjpupahd xNu msTs;s [hbfspy;
XNuasT ePH ,Ug;gijg; ghHj;J> ,uz;bYk; cs;s ePH xNu msthdit vd;W xg;Gf;
nfhs;Sk; Foe;ij> B apYs;s ePiu rpe;jhky; rpjwhky; C vd;Dk; thafd;w [hbf;F
khw;wpTld; C apy;> BI tpl ePH Fiwthf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W $Wk; ePH cauj;ij kl;Lk;
czUk; Foe;ij mfyj;ijf; fzhf;fpy; nfhs;tjpy;iy. jpUk;gTk; C apypUe;J B f;F
khw;wpdhy;> A Ak; B Ak; rkk; vd;W $Wk;.
· ,e;epiyapYs;s Foe;ijfspd; rpe;jidapy; nefpo;r;rp fhzg;glhJ Kd;gpd; khw;wk;

,Uf;fhJ. (c.k;) cd; gpd;dhy; vd;d ,Uf;fpwJ? eha; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W gjpy; nrhy;Yk;
Foe;ij eha;f;F Kd; ahH ,Uf;fpwhH vd;w Nfs;tpf;F gjpy; nrhy;yj; njupahky; jpiff;Fk;.
3) gUg;nghUs; epiy (Concrete Operational Stage)
 7 Kjy; 12 Mz;Lfs; tiu.

 Foe;ij nghUs;fspd; gy gz;Gfisg; gw;wp xNu Neuj;jpy; rpe;jpf;f KbfpwJ.
 Kd;gpd; khw;wq;fis ed;F czu KbfpwJ.
 tifg;gLj;jy;> tupirg;gLj;jy; Nghd;wit ,lk;> fhyk; rhHe;j njhlHGfspy; jpwd;
ngw;whYk; KO njspT fhzg;glhJ.
 ve;j tpisahl;ilAk; mjw;Fupa tpjpfisg; gad;gLj;jp tpisahl KbfpwJ.
 Fw;wq;fis Nehf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; my;yhJ mitfspd; mstpd; mbg;gilapy;
kjpg;gpLfpwhHfs;.
 rpe;jidAk; mwpjy; jpwDk; NkYk; caHepiyg;gLk;. vdpDk; ,it GydPlhd
mstpNyNa ,Uf;Fk; mjhtJ Gyd;fs; cjtpapd;wp mDgtq;fis cs;sj;jhy;
rpe;jpf;f KbfpwJ@ Mdhy; ngwg;gl;l mDgtq;fSf;F mg;ghy; jdJ rpe;jidiar;
nrYj;j ,ayhJ mUfpYs;s cd; mj;ij tPl;Lf;F vg;gbg; Nghf Ntz;Lk; vd;W
Foe;ijaplk; Nfl;lhy; nrhy;yj; njupahJ@ Mdhy; ek;ik rupahd topapy; mioj;Jr;
nrd;W mj;ij tPl;ilf; fhz;gpf;Fk; jpwd; ngw;wpUg;ghHfs;.
 Foe;ijahy; nghUl;fspd; gy gz;Gfs; gw;wp xNu Neuj;jpy; rpe;jpf;f KbfpwJ. vdNt
nghUl;fspd; khwhj; jd;ikia mwpJ nfhs;s KbfpwJ.
 tifg;gLj;Jjy;> tupirg;gLj;Jjy; (cUt msTg;gb)> ,lk;> fhyk; rhHe;jtw;wpy;
jpwd; ngw;whYk; KOj; njspT fhzg;glhJ.
 Kd; - gpd; khw;wq;fis ed;F czu KbfpwJ.
 ve;j tpisahl;ilAk; mjw;Fupa tpjpfisg; gpd;gw;wp tpisahl KbfpwJ.
 Fw;wq;fis Nehf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; my;yJ mtw;wpd; mstpd; mbg;gilapy;
kjpg;gpLtH.
4) fUj;jpay; epiy (Formal Operational Stage)
 12 Mz;LfSf;F Nky;.
 ,e;jg; gUtk; Fkug;gUtj; njhlf;fj;jpy; vOk;
 ,e;j epiyapy; NeH vjpupy; ,y;yhjit gw;wpAk; Gyd; njhlHgw;wit gw;wpAk;
Foe;ijahy; rpe;jpf;f KbfpwJ.
 vjpHfhy epiyikfisg; gw;wpAk; fw;gid epfo;Tfisg; gw;wp rpe;jpf;f
,e;jg;gUtj;jpy; KbfpwJ.
 Fw;wq;fis mstpd; mbg;gilapy; kjpg;gplhky; Fw;wq;fspd; gpd;ddp> Nehf;fj;ijf;
nfhz;Nl kjpg;gpLtH.
 ve;jf; Foe;ijAk; gpwH Nehf;fpypUe;J rpe;jpf;f KbfpwJ.
 cldbahd ,g;Nghija epiyikiaf; fhl;bYk; vjpHfhyj;jpy; Vw;glf;$ba
epiyikfs; fw;gid epyikfs; Nghd;wit gw;wpAk; rpe;jpf;f ,aYk;. (c-k;) czT
cz;gjw;F gjpy; Njitahd rj;Jfis khj;jpiufshf cl;nfhz;L kdpjd; tho
KbAkh vd;W Nfl;lhy; ,e;epiyapYs;s Foe;ij gjpy; nrhy;Yk; (fhuz
fhupaj;NjhL).
 tpQ;Qhdpfisg; Nghd;Nw nra;a Ntz;bait gw;wpAk; nra;J Kbj;jit gw;wpAk;
gjpT nra;J> gupNrhjidfs; nra;thH@ epfo;TfSf;fhd rhj;jpaf; $Wfs; gw;wpr;
rpe;jpf;f Ma;Tf;fhd fUJNfhs;fis mikj;J Nrhjpf;Fk; jpwd; ngWtH. (c-k;)
ehd;F ghl;bfspy; cs;s tz;zkw;w jputq;fspy; ,uz;il xd;W NrHj;J gr;ir
epwj;ij cz;lhf;fp gpd; mjDld; ,d;ndhU ghl;by; jputj;ijr; NrHj;J gr;ir
epwj;ij kQ;rshf;fp kPjKs;s xU ghl;by; jputj;ij NrHf;Fk; NghJ kQ;rs; epwk;
kiwe;J tz;zkw;w jhfptpLk;. ,r;Nrhjidiaf; fUj;jpay; epiyapy; cs;s
Foe;ijfisr; nra;a nrhd;dhy; mtHfs; mwptpay; tpQ;Qhdpfs; Nghd;W ehd;F
ghl;by;fSf;Fk; Kjypy; A, B, C, D vd;W ngaupLtH. Kjypy; ,uz;L ghl;by;fs;
jputq;fisr; NrHf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhy; ,jw;fhd rhj;jpaf; $Wfshf AB, AC, AD,
BC, BD, CD vd;W vOjp itj;Jf; nfhz;L xd;Nwhd;whf Nrhjpg;gH. cjhuzkhf AB,
AC> AD Mfpa NrHf;if gr;ir epwj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpf;fhky; BC vd;w NrHf;if
Njhw;Wtpg;gjhff; nfhs;Nthk; gpd;G BC+D, BC+A vd;w NrHf;ifia Nrhjpg;gH. BC+ D
vd;w NrHf;if gr;ir epwj;ij kQ;rshf khw;wpdhy; KONrhjid tupirAk;
BC+D+A vd;W gupNrhjid %yk; fz;Lgpbj;J tpLtH.
 ve;jnthU tpisahl;L my;yJ r%f mikg;gpd; tpjpKiwfSk; gyH $b xg;Gf;
nfhs;tjhy; Vw;gLfpd;wd vd;gij Gupe;J nfhs;tjhy;> Njitf;Fj; jFe;jthW
tpjpKiwfis khw;wpaikf;f KaYtH.
gpahN[apd; fUj;JfsJ fy;tp tpisTfs;
(i) nraYk; gapw;rpAk; mwpjpwd; tsHr;rpf;F kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdit vdNt nray;ika
fy;tp Vw;ghL ,d;wpaikahjJ.
(ii) mwpjpwd; tsHr;rp epiyfisj; Jupjg;gLj;j ,ayhJ@ Mdhy; MrpupaH xt;nthU
epiy NjHr;rpiaAk; Cf;Ftpf;fj;jf;f mDgtq;fis mikj;Jj; juNtz;Lk;.
(iii) Foe;ijapd; epiyf;F Vw;w mDgtq;fisg; gs;sp je;J cjt Ntz;Lk;. ,e;epiyf;F
mg;ghw;gl;l mDgtq;fs; jug;gl;lhy; mtw;wpd; jd;ik czug;glhky; Nghfyhk;
my;yJ mt;tDgtq;fspdpd;Wk; eilKiwg; gaDs;s nghJg;gz;G czug;glhky;
vspjpy; kwf;fg;glyhk;.
(iv) xOf;f tsHr;rpAk; mwpT tsHr;rpAk; ,ize;jit. RkhH 11 tajpy;jhd; Foe;ijahy;
nraypd; gpd;dike;j Nehf;f mbg;gilapy; mjid kjpg;gpl KbAk;.
(v) gs;sp> fy;tp Vw;ghL> fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; Mfpad mwpjpwd; tsHr;rp epiyAld@
,izf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf njhlf;fepiy rpWtHfSf;Fr; nray;topf;
fw;gpj;jYk;> ,ilepiyg;gs;sp khztHfSf;Fg; glk;> khjpupg; nghUl;fs;> nra;J
fhl;ly; Nghd;wit %yk; fw;gpj;jYk; caHepiyg;gs;sp khztHfSf;Fr; nrhw;rhHe;j
fw;gpj;jy; KiwfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(vi) jhNd fz;lwpAk; Kiwf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(vii) tFg;giw fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nray;fs; khztHfspd; Rafw;wYf;F cjTk; tifapy;
mika Ntz;Lk;.
(viii) Foe;ijfis mstpy; rpwpa KjpHe;jtHfshfg; ghtpj;jyhfhJ@ Foe;ijfspd;
rpe;jidAk; nray;KiwfSk;> KjpHe;jtHfspd; rpe;jid> nray;fs; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J
Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;l jd;ikAilad.
(ix) Foe;ijfspd; mwpjpwd; tsHr;rpapy; ghlg;nghUs; mDgtq;fisg; Nghd;Nw fy;tpj;
Jizr; nray;fSk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;ej ; it vd;W czug;gl Ntz;Lk;.
1) Foe;ijapd; mwpT tsHr;rp epiyia ehk; khw;wp mikf;f ,ayhJ. xt;nthU
epiyapYk; Foe;ij Foe;ijapd; gz;Gfis ftdkhf Muha;e;J mjw;Nfw;w tifapy;
MrpupaH nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.
2) Foe;ijapd; kd tsHr;rpf;F Vw;g gs;sp ghlj;jpl;lq;fs; mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Foe;ijapd; taJ epiyf;F Vw;g fw;wy; mDgtq;fs; mikj;Jj@ jug;gl Ntz;Lk;.
3) Foe;ijapd; tsHr;rp epiyapy; gbg;gbahf Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis MrpupaHfSk;
ngw;NwhHfSk; mwpe;J nfhz;L mtHfis top elj;jpl KbAk;.
4) Foe;ijapd; fw;wy;> mwpjpwd;> tsHr;rp kw;Wk; #oy; mDgtq;fshy;
jPHkhdpf;fg;gLfpwJ. rpwg;ghd fw;wy; eilngw MrpupaH mspf;Fk; mDgtq;fs;
Foe;ijahy; cl;fpufpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;gb mika Ntz;Lk;.
5) cz;ikahd fw;wy; Foe;ijaplk; eilngw Ntz;Lk; vdpy; gs;spapYk; kw;Wk;
tPl;bYk; tpUk;gj;jf;f #oy;fs; mikj;Jj; jug;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
6) 4 taJ tiu Foe;ijfSf;F mDgtq;fs; gUg;nghUl;fshy; mikj;Jj; jug;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
7) caH epiyapy; fw;gpj;jYf;F nkhopAld; FwpaPLfisAk; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
8) rpy ghlf;fUj;Jf;fs; Foe;ij jhNd fz;lwpAk; Kiwapy; fw;gpf;fg;glyhk;.
9) Foe;ijapd; mwpjpwd; tsHr;rpapy; ghlr; nray; jpl;lj;Jld; fy;tp ,izKiwr;
nray;fSf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
10) Fkug;gUt tajpduplj;jpy; gpur;rpidfSf;F jPHT fhZk; jpwikfis tsHf;f
Ntz;Lk;. xU fUj;ij my;yJ gpur;rpidia NtnwhUtupd; epiyapypUe;J Ma;T
nra;jpl mtHfis Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3.3 NfhyngHfpd; ey;nyhOf;f tsHr;rp Nfhl;ghL (Kohlberg’s Moral Development)
Nfhy;gHf; (1969) toq;fpa Nfhl;ghL “mwpTg;Gyk; rhHe;j xOf;fr; rpe;jid

tsHr;rp" MFk;. ,tupd; fUj;Jg;gb xUtuplk; xOf;fr; rpe;jid MW epiyfspy;
tsHr;rpailfpd;wJ mit :
1. jz;lid - ntFkjp Nehf;F
,J xOf;fr; rpe;jidapy; Kjy;epiy. Vwj;jho %d;W tajpy; xU Foe;ij

,t;tsHr;rpia milfpd;wJ. “ey;yJ nra;jhy; ntFkjpAk; nfl;lJ nra;jhy;
jz;lidAk; fpilf;Fk;" vd;gjpypUe;J xU Foe;ij xOf;fk; gw;wpr; rpe;jpf;fpd;wJ.
2. gpbj;jit - gpbf;fhjit Nehf;F
,J xOf;fr; rpe;jidapd; ,uz;lhk; epiy ,e;epiyapy; xU Foe;ij. “jdf;F

vJ ey;yJk; kd epiwTkspf;fpd;wNjh mJ xOf;fkhdJ@ vJ kdJf;Fg; gpbf;fhjNjh
mJ xOf;fkw;wJ" vdr; rpe;jpf;fpd;wJ. ,jpy; xU Foe;ij kfpo;rr
; pf; Nfhl;ghl;bw;F
Kf;fpaj;Jk; jUfpd;wJ.
3. ey;y igad; - ey;y gps;is Nehf;F
,J xOf;fr; rpe;jidapd; %d;whk; epiy. gyUk; “rup" vdf; fUJtJ
xOf;fkhdJ vdf; Foe;ij fUJfpd;wJ. mNjNghy; gyUk; “jtW" vdr; nrhy;tJ

xOf;fkw;wJ vdf; Foe;ij fUJfpd;wJ. vdNt xU Foe;ij jd;idr;
Rw;wpAs;sitfspd; vjpHghHg;GfSf;F Vw;whw; Nghy; “ey;y NgH" vLg;gjpy; Kidfpd;wJ.
4. rl;lk; - xOq;F Nehf;F
,J xOf;fr; rpe;jidapd; ehd;fhk; epiy. rl;lk; xOf@fq;fSf;F cl;gl;lit
kl;LNk ey;yit vdf; Foe;ij fUjj; njhlq;Ffpd;wJ “rKjhaj;jpw;F gadspf;Fk;
mjpfhuKk; r%fj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;l Ntz;ba kupahijfSk; ey;yit" vd khztH
rpe;jpf;fj; njhlq;Ffpd;whH.
5. rKjhak; jdpkdpj Nehf;F
,J xOf;fr; rpe;jidapd; Ie;jhk; epiy “r%f eyd;fisg; ghjpf;fhj jdpkdpj

cupikfs; ey;yit" vd ,e;epiyapy; xUtH rpe;jpf;fpd;whH.
6. cyf xOf;f Nehf;F
,J xOf;fr; rpe;jidapd; causT epiy xUtH jd; kdr; rhl;rp jhd;

NjHe;njLj;j Nfhl;ghL ,itfSf;Nfw;g ePjp NeHik> flik> fz;zpak;> fl;LghL> gpw
kdpjHfSf;F kupahij> cyf mikjp Nghd;w ,wthj xOf;fr; rpe;jidfspy;
<LgLfpd;whH.
Nfhy;gHf;fpd; Nfhl;ghL gy;NtW khWjYf;Fk; rPuikg;Gf;Fk; cs;shfp te;Js;sJ.

1970-fspypUe;J ,tupd; Nfhl;ghlhdJ %d;W epiyfspy; kl;LNk tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
mit:
1. Kd;ndhOf;f epiy/kuGf@F Kw;gl;l epiy (Pre Conventional Stage)
,jpy; jz;lid ntFkjp Nehf;Fk;> gpbj;jit gpbf;fhjit Nehf;Fk;

mlq;fpAs;sd. ,jpy; xUtupd; epiy jd;ikr; Rw;wpajhfTk; jdpkdpjiur; Rw;wpajhfTk;
cs;sJ.
2. kunghOf;f epiy/kuG epiy (Conventional Stage)
,jpy; ey;y igad; Nehf;Fk;> rl;lk; xOq;Fk; Nehf;Fk; mlq;fpAs;sd. ,jpy;

xUtupd; xOf;f epiy rKjhaj;ijAk; rKjhar; #oy;fisnahl;bjhfTk; cs;sJ.
3. nfhs;ifnahOf;f epiy/kuGf@Fg@ gpe@jpa epiy (Post Conventional Stage)
,jpy; rKjha jdpkdpj Nehf;Fk;> cyf xOf;f Nehf;Fk; mlq;fpAs;sd.

cynfq;Fk; Nghw;wg;gLk; kf;fshl;rpg; gz;G ePjp xUtUf;nfhUtH cjTjy;. rkj;Jtk;
Nghd;w nfhs;iffspd; mbg;gilapy@ xUtupd; xOf;f epiy mike;Js;sJ. cyfpy;
xU rpyNu ,e;epiyia miltjhf Nfhy;gHf; fUJfpwhH.
3.5. mwpjpwd; tsHr;rpf;F tpfhl;];fpap-d; r%f gz;ghl;L mZFKiw (Vygotsky’s Socio-
Cultural Approach to Cognitive Development)
tpfhl;];fpap-d; fw;wy; Nfhl;ghlhdJ r%f tsHr;rpf; fw;wiy ikag;gLj;jp
mikfpd;wJ. r%f tsHr;rp vd;gJ ,thpd; $w;Wg;gb r%f ,zf;f tsHr;rpiag;
gw;wpAk;> r%ftsHr;rp epiyapYs;s gbfisg; gw;wp mwpjiyAk;> r%fj;jpYs;s
elj;ijfisg; gw;wpAk; $wpAs;shH.
tpfhl;];fpa; vd;gtH u\;a cstpay; mwpQuhthH (1896-1934) ,tH tho;e;j
fhykhdJ ,u\;aGul;rp vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ ,tH fl;likig;G Nfhl;ghl;bw;F
mbj;jskpl;ltH MthH. mwpT tsHr;rpf;F kpfTk; mbg;gilahf miktjpy; r%fj;
njhlHgpYs;s nray;KiwfNs gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. tpfhl;];fpa; vd;gtH r%f fw;wy;
%ykhfj; jhd;> xU kdpjDila xt;nthU tsHr;rpAk; mike;Js;sJ vd vz;ZfpwhH.
Foe;ijapd; gz;ghl;L tsHr;rpapy; ,uz;L nray;ghl;L Kiwia nghWj;J mikfpwJ.
1. r%f epiy
2. jdpegH epiy
r%f epiy
r%f epiy vd;gJ r%fj;jpy; cs;stHfSk; csg;Nghf;Ffis xU kdpjd;
mwpe;J mjw;F Vw;wthW jd;id ,zf;fpf; nfhs;sf;$ba Kiwfisg; gw;wp
$WtjhFk;.
jdpegH epiy
jdpegH epiy vd;gJ jdpkdpjd; xUtd; r%fj;NjhL jd;id ,izj;J r%f
tsHr;rpfisAk;> nray;ghLfisAk; mwpe;J nfhs;sf; $ba epiyahFk;. mghu
mwpthw;wy; cilatHfs; vspikahfg; Ghpjy; jpwidAk;> kpFe;j nray;jpwidAk;
ngw;wtHfshfj; jpfo;fpd;wdH. ,tHfs; Fwpg;gpl;l gzpfis nra;Ak;nghOJ jk;Kila
fUj;Jf;fisAk;> nray;fisAk; rhptu gad;gLj;jp mwpit tsHj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdH.
mghu mwpthw;wy; cilatHfs; nghJthf MrphpauhfNth (m) gapw;rpahsuhfNth mwpT
tsHr;rpapYk; tajpYk; %j;jtHfshf ,Uf;fyhk;.
tpfhl;];fpap-d; fw;wyhdJ r%fj;jpy; ngwf;$ba mDgtq;fs; %ykhfTk;
topf;fhl;Ljy;fs; %ykhfTk;> rfhf;fspd; xj;Jiog;G %ykhfTk; ngwf;$ba
mwpthw;wiy gad;gLj;jp xUtd; jd;Dila Rag; gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jhNd jPHT fhz
KbAk; vd;W vz;ZfpwhH. jdpkdpjDf;Fk; r%f gz;ghl;bw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s
njhlHgpd; %yk;jhd; xUtd; jd;Dila fw;wy; mDgtq;fisg; ngw KbAk;. MfNt
jdpkdpj fw;wYf;Fg; gz;ghL> Ngr;R> vOj;J kw;Wk; r%fr; #o;epiyia tsHg;gjw;F
fUtpahf mikfpwJ.
tpfhl;];fpap-d; fy;tpf; nfhs;if:
1. gs;spfspy; MrphpaHfNs khztHfSf;Fj; jfty;fs; toq;Fk; ghuk;ghpa Kiw
khw Ntz;Lk;.
2. nray;topf; fw;wy; %yk; mwpit ngw Ntz;Lk;.
3. MrphpaHfs; khztHfs; ,UtUf;Fk; ey;y xj;Jiog;G ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Foe;ijfspd; rpe;jpj;jy; Mw;wypy; fy;tp mwpNthL rKjha mwpTk; Kf;fpa
gq;fhw;WfpwJ vd;W ,th; $Wfpwhh;. NkYk; r%f mwpitg; ngw nkhopahdJ xU
Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; ngWfpwJ vd;fpwhh;. nkhopj;jpwDk; rpe;jidahw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l
ntt;NtW csr; nraw;ghLfspd; tpisTfshFk; vd;Wk;, rpe;jidf;Fk; nkhopapd;
ntspg;ghlhd Ngr;Rf;Fk; vg;NghJNk kO msT xw;Wik fhzg;glhJ vd;Wk; tpfhl;];fp
fUJfpwhh;.
tpfhl;]f
; pAk; Foe;ijapd; nkhop mwpTk;
xU Foe;ijapd; nkhopawpT mf;Foe;ijapd; r%f ,iltpid fhuzkhf
Nkk;gLfpwJ vd;W tpfhl;];fp ek;Gfpwhh;. ,tuJ nfhs;ifapd;gb nkhopahdJ gpd;fz;l
,uz;L Kf;fpa gq;fpid Mw;WfpwJ.
 ,J nghpath;fs; jq;fsJ Foe;ijfWf;F jfty; ghpkhw;wk; nra;Ak; fUtpahf
nray;gLjy;.
 Ez;zwpT jftikg;Gf;F nkhop xU Mw;wy;kpf;f fUtpahf ,Uj;jy;.
,tuJ nfhs;ifapy; %d;W tifahd nkhopg;gad;ghL cs;sd. mitfshtd:
 r%fj;jpy; cs;NshUld; jfty; njhlh;Gf;fhf gad;gLk; nkhop.
 jdf;Fj;jhNd ntspg;gilahf Foe;ijfs; NgRk; jdpg;gl;l Ngr;R nkhop.
 Foe;ijfs; jdf;Fs;NsNa ntspapy; njhpahky; NgRk; Ngr;R nkhop.
3.6 g;uhd;/ngd; ngHd;dhpd; Rw;Wr;#oy; Nfhl;ghL (Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems

Theory)
/g;uhd;/ngd; ngHdhpd; (1917-2005) Nfhl;ghl;by; tpfhl;];fpap kw;Wk; nytpdpd;
jhf;fj;ijf; fhzyhk;. kdpj tsHr;rpf;Fk; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk; epiwa Nfhl;ghLfs;
cs;sd. ngHdhpd; fUj;Jf;fs; #oypay; gw;wpaJ. #oypaypy; epiwa ey;yJ kw;Wk;
jPaijf; fle;J tUfpwJ. ngHdH #oypaiy rpf;fyhd mikg;G vd;fpwhH. ,t;tikg;G
tPL> gs;sp> mf;fk;gf;fk; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; NrHf;Fk;. xt;nthd;Wk; NrHj;J Foe;ij
tsHr;rpf;F cWJizahf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
g;uhd;/ngd; ngHdhpd; #oypay; mikg;G
,t;tikg;gpid ngHdH Ie;J #o;epiyahf fUJfpwhH. xt;nthUtUk; tho;ehs;
KOtJk; ,t;ite;J epiyfisf; fle;J nry;fpd;wdH. mitahdit:
1) ikf;uh mikg;G (Micro System)
2) nkN]h mikg;G (Meso System)
3) vf;N]h mikg;G (Exo System)
4) Nkf;Nuh mikg;G (Macro System)
5) nfhNuhdh mikg;G (Chorono system)
1) ikf;Nuh mikg;G: ,J cs;mikg;G MFk;. ,jpy; Foe;ijapd; nray;fs; kw;Wk;
gof;fq;fs; cldbahf #o;epiyf;F Vw;wthW miktijf; fhl;Lk;. ,jpy; ehk; Neubahf
re;jpg;gtHfs; mlq;FtH. ,f;Nfhl;ghL ek; #oypy; ekf;F Vw;gLk; mDgtk; kw;Wk; ehk;
,tHfsplk; Vw;gLj;Jk; el;ig itj;J mikfpwJ.
2) nkN]h mikg;G: ,J ,uz;lhk; epiy. ,e;epiyapy; tPL> gs;sp> ehL> Foe;ijfs;
fhg;gfk; mlq;Fk;. ,t;tikg;G jdpkdpjDf;Fk;> rKjhaj;jpw;Fk; cs;s njhlHig
fhl;LfpwJ. ek; FLk;g mDgtk; gs;sp mDgtj;NjhL njhlHGilajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
cjhuzkhf> FLk;gj;jpy; Foe;ij tPLfspy; jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;lhNyh rhptu
ftdpg;G ,y;iy vd;whNyh gs;spfspy; MrphpaH Nky; vjpHkiw vz;zj;ij Vw;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;Sk;. jd;Dld; gbf;Fk; FOtpdNuhL el;G ghuhl;lj; jaq;FtH.
3) vf;N]h mikg;G: vf;N]h mikg;gpy; Foe;ijfSf;F Neubahf ghjpg;G vJTk;
tUtjpy;iy. ,e;epiyapy; jdpkdpjdpd; gq;fspg;G Neubahf ,uhJ. (c.k;) Foe;ij jd;
je;ijaplk; mjpf md;ghf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;epiyapy; je;ij ntspehl;L Ntiyf;Fr;
nry;Yk;NghJ jd; jhaplk; gw;Wjy; Vw;gLk;. ,y;yhtpby; tphpriy Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk;.
,JNghy; jdpkdpjdpd; tPl;by; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;gpid mtd; mYtyfj;jpy; fhl;lj;
njhlq;FtJ.
4) Nkf;Nuh mikg;G: ,J rKjha fyhr;rhuj;ijf; fhl;Lk;. ,J ntspg;Gw mikg;G.
,jpy; fyhr;rhuk;> rl;lk;> ehl;bd; tsk; mlq;Fk;. xU jdpkdpj fyhr;rhuNk Nkf;Nuh
mikg;ghfpwJ. ,jpy; mtd; tUkhdk;> FLk;gg; gpd;dzp> rhjp> kjk; mlq;Fk;.
cjhuzkhf Nfhl;bw;Ff; fPNo gpwf;Fk; Foe;ijfs; fbdkhf ciog;gH.
5) nfhNuhdh mikg;G:
,e;epiy xd;Wf;F kw;nwhU mikg;Gf;F khWgLk; epiyia fhl;LfpwJ. ,jpy;
r%f gpd;dzpapy; jhf;fj;ij jdpkdpjdplk; fhz KbAk;. cjhuzkhf tpthfuj;J
jdpkdpjid kl;Lk; ghjpf;fhky; mtd; FLk;g cWg;gpdHfs; kw;Wk; FLk;gj;jpdiu
jhf;Fk;.
,t;thW xt;nthU #oypYk; jdpkdpjdpd; tsHr;rpapy; gq;F ngWfpwJ.
,jd;%yk; rpwe;j rKjhaj;ij cUthf;fyhk;. MrphpaH> cld;gpwe;NjhH> Ntiyia
fz;fhzpg;gtH> rl;lf;fhg;ghsH> Neubahf rKjhaj;jpy; gq;fspf;fpd;wdH.
UNIT IV
myF 4
Foe;ij tsh;r;rpf;F r%fkakhjy; Kfikfs;
(Socializing Agencies of Child Development)
4.1. mwpKfk; (Introduction)

kdpjd; jd; r%fk; kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuj;ij tphpthf;f xd;Wg;gl;lhd;. mtdJ
fyhr;rhuk; r%fj;jpw;F kl;Lky;yhJ jd; gpd;dhy; tUk; re;jjpf;Fk; NrHe;Nj mike;jJ.
r%fk; vd;gjpy; ngw;NwhH> MrphpaH> ez;gHfs;> midtUk; mlq;FtH. ,r;rKjhak;jhd;
kdpjd; gpw tpyq;fpdq;fspy; ,Ue;J khWgLfpwhd;. rKjhaj;jpDs;Sk; gue;j
rKjhaj;jpDs;Sk; jdpkdpj #o;epiy kw;Wk; r%fj;JlDk;> rKjhaj;JlDk;
jdpkdpjDila cwT gw;wpaJ r%fkakhf;fy; fw;wy; MFk;. r%f cstpayhsHfs;
jdpegH> r%f kw;Wk; rKjha tho;f;if juj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;fpwhHfs;. mtHfSila
Nehf;fk; $l;L Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; eltbf;if %yk; tho;f;if juj;ij Nkk;gLj;JtjhFk;.
rKjhakhf;fy; %yk; rKjhaj;jpd; gpur;rpidfis ntspf;nfhzHe;J
mtHfSf;fpilapyhd cwTfs; kw;Wk; njhlHGila kf;fspd; kdg;ghq;F> elj;ij
Mfpatw;iw vLj;Jiug;gJ gpwe;j Foe;ij> rKjhaj;jpd; kuGfs; kw;Wk;
gof;ftof;fq;fis mwpe;jpUg;gjpy;iy. ve;j kjpg;GfisAk; my;yJ fUj;Jf;fisAk;
mila mJ vz;Ztjpy;iy. Foe;ij tsu> tsu fy;tpapd; Kiwahd> Kiwaw;w
nray;fshy; mjd; cly;> kdk;> czHr;rp kw;Wk; rKjha czHTfs; khWfpd;wd.
gpd;dNu jd; nghWg;Gfis czHe;J> gpur;ridfisj; jhNd jPHj;Jf; nfhs;s
mf;Foe;ij KaYk;. rKjhaj;jpd; NjitfSf;Nfw;g> Foe;ijaplk;> tpUk;gj;jf;f
khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;j fy;tp tif nra;fpwJ. fy;tp> Foe;ijfspd; KOikahd
MSikia tsHf;fpwJ. JzpT cilatd;> ed;dlj;ij cilatd;> caHgz;G
cilatd; vd tsHr;rp milar; nra;tNjhL> rKjhaj;jpd; Nkk;ghl;bw;Fk;> tsHr;rpf;Fk;
cjTfpwJ. NkYk; fy;tpapd; thapyhf> r%f elj;ij> Md;kPf ehl;lk;> Njrpa
tpUg;gq;fs;> fyhr;rhug; ghuk;ghpaq;fs; Mfpad xU jiyKiwapypUe;J kw;nwhU
jiyKiwf;F khw;wg;gLfpd;wd.
Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l nfhs;iffisAk; NjHT nra;ag;gl;l ,yf;FfisAk;> fy;tp
eilKiwfNshL ,izf;fr; rhpahd topfhl;Ljy;fshf fy;tpapd; Nehf;fq;fs;
cjTfpd;wd. mNjNeuj;jpy; cldbj; NjitfisAk;> fy;tpapd; Nehf;fq;fs;
gpujpgypf;fpd;wd. Nja;e;J tUk; r%f kjpg;GfisAk;> r%fj;jpd; tpUg;gq;fisAk;
cldb r%f vjpHg;ghHg;GfisAk;> kdpj Fyj;jpd; tphpj;j ,yf;FfisAk; fy;tpapd;
Nehf;fq;fs; typAWj;Jfpd;wd. mit kdpj Fy vjpHghHg;GfisAk;> r%f kjpg;GfisAk;
Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy;> ,lj;jpy; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; epidT$Htdtha; mikAk;.
DR.C.THANAVATHI V.O.C.C.E.
fy;tp rKjhak; tho;tjw;fhd XHmbg;gil> tho;f;ifNahL gpd;dpg;gpize;jJ
r%f epiyia Nkk;gLj;j xU fUtp> fy;tpapd; Nehf;fq;fs; rKjhaj; NjitfNshL
njhlHGilajhf ,Uf;fpd;wd. Foe;ijfspd; ,ay;ghd Njitfs; kw;Wk; eltbf;iffs;
rKjhaj; NjitfNshL rhHe;J epw;git. Foe;ijfs; rKjhaj;jpd; ,sk; rq;fj;jpdH
MtH. MfNt fy;tpapd; Nehf;fq;fs; mf;Foe;ijfspd; rKjha Nkk;ghl;bw;F
cjtf;$ba tifapy; cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
4.2 r%fkakhf;fypd; Kfikfs; (Agencies of Socializing)
r%fk; ,aq;Fk; jd;ikiag; ngw;wpUg;gjw;Fk;> fhy Xl;lj;jpw;Fk; Vw;g jdJ
mikg;G> nray;fs;> cUtk; Mfpatw;wpy; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;> fy;tp
ngWk; gq;fhw;WfpwJ. xt;nthU jiyKiwAk; Kd;NdhHfsplk; ,Ue;J ngw;w fyhr;rhu
ghuk;ghpaj;NjhL> jkJ mDgtq;fs;> rpe;jidfs;> kjpg;Gfs;> gof;ftof;fq;fs;
Mfpatw;iwAk; NrHe;J mLj;j jiyKiwf;F NrHg;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW fyhr;rhug;
ghuk;ghpak; njhlHe;J mLj;jLj;j jiyKiwf;Fg; gutpf; nfhz;NlapUf;f> r%fk; rpy
mikg;Gfis cUthf;fp Ngzpg; guhkhpj;J tUfpwJ. NeubahfNth my;yJ
kiwKfkhfNth> fy;tpaspj;jpLk; nghWg;gpidg; ngw;Ws;s ,j;jifa r%f mikg;Gfs;
~r%fkakhf;fypd; Kfikfs;| vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;wpy; Kf;fpakhdit>
1. FLk;gk;
2. gs;sp
3. xg;ghH FO
4. rKjhak;
4.2.1 FLk;gk; (Family)
~~$b tho;e;jhy; Nfhb ed;ik|| vd;w fUj;Jg;gb FLk;gk; vd;gJ gy;NtW
ehLfspYk;> ehfhPfj;jpd; gy;NtW epiyapYs;s r%fq;fspYk; fhzg;gLk; kpfTk;
goiktha;e;j mbg;gil r%f mikg;ghFk;. FLk;gk; vd;gJ fztd; - kidtp
mtHfsJ Foe;ijfs; kl;LNk cs;s jdpf;FLk;gkhfNth> gy neUq;fpa cwtpdHfs;
NrHe;J thOk; $l;Lf; FLk;gkhfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. FLk;gj;jpypUe;Nj Vida r%f
mikg;Gfs; cUthfp tsHr;rpaile;jd. FLk;gk; ,uj;jg; ghrj;jhy; gpizf;fg;gljhfTk;>
mopahj cwT Kiwfisf; nfhz;ljhfTk; tpsq;FfpwJ. FLk;gNk cwT Kiwfs;
%yk; jdpnahUtid nghWg;Gs;s kdpjhdf;FfpwJ. FLk;gNk xU Foe;ijapd; tsHr;rpg;
ghijapy; njhlf;fkhf cs;sJ. mjd; Gwj;Njhw;wk;> rpy kuG topte;j cly;-
csg;gz;Gfs;> Ez;zwpT Nghd;wit jha;-je;ijapduJ kuG topfshy; ngwg;gl;ljhFk;.
FLk;gk; Foe;ijapd; MSikia nky;y nky;y cUthf;FfpwJ. jpUkzk; %yk;
Vw;gLk; FLk;g tho;f;if> ghY}f;fj;ij epiwT nra;J> kf;fl; nry;tj;ij mspj;J>
FLk;g nghWg;GfisAk; flikfisAk; czHitAk; mwpe;J nrayhw;Wk; gf;Ftj;ijAk;
cUthf;FfpwJ. xUtH jkJ tho;f;ifg; ghijia mikj;Jf; nfhs;tjpy; FLk;gk;
ngUk; gq;fhw;WfpwJ. ,dpa FLk;gr; #o;epiy ,y;yhikNa ngUk;ghYk; r%f
tpNuhjpfis Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ.
ng];lyhrp (Pestolazzi) $WtJ Nghy; Fotpg; gUtk;> koiyg; gUtk; Mfpa
,uz;bidAk; cs;slf;fpa Foe;ijapd; Kjy; MW Mz;Lfs; kdpj tho;tpy; Kf;fpa
fhykhFk;. FLk;gNk Kjy; gs;spf;$lkhfTk;> jhNa Kjy; MrphpiaahfTk;
tpsq;Ftjhf fy;tpahsHfs; midtUk; fUJfpd;wdH. FLk;gj;jpdhplk; ,Ue;J Ngr;R
KiwfisAk; gy;NtW gof;ftof;fq;fisAk; ~gpd;gw;W Kiwapy;| ,ay;ghfTk;
Kaw;rpapd;wpAk; Foe;ijfs; fw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wdH. gz;Gfs; NtHtpLk; Kd;gps;isg;
gUtj;jpy;> Foe;ijf;Ff; fpl;Lk; r%fr; #o;epiy KOtJk; FLk;gj;jpNyNa miktjhy;
mjd; MSikapd; mbj;jsKk; ,q;Fjhd; cUthFfpwJ.
Foe;ij ngWk; fy;tpapd; jd;ik> fw;Fk; ,lk;> Kiwikf;Fl;gl;l fy;tp ngWk;
Mz;Lfs; Nghd;wtw;iw FLk;gj;jpd; r%f nghUshjhu epiyNa epHzapf;fpwJ.
RarhHGld; jpfo;tjw;Fj; Njitahd njhopw;jpwd;fis mspg;gjpy; FLk;gNk
Kd;Ndhbahf tpsq;FfpwJ. cjhuzkhf FLk;gj;jpd; ghuk;ghpaj; njhopiy Nkw;nfhs;s
tpUk;GNthH> FLk;g cWg;gpdHfsplkpUe;j mj;njhopiyf; fw;Wj; NjHr;rp milfpd;wdH.
ngz; Foe;ijfs;> FLk;gj;ij epHtfpj;J ,y;yj;jurpahf tpsq;Ftjw;fhd gapw;rpia
jk; jhaplkpUe;Nj ngWfpd;wdH.
FLk;gj;jpd; r%f ,iltpidfspy; gq;F ngWtjd; %yk; Foe;ijfs; gy;NtW
ew;gz;GfisAk;> tpUk;gj;jF r%f elj;ijfisAk; fw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wdH. ~~ey;yNjhH
FLk;gk; gy;fiyf;fofk;|| vd;gJ Kw;wpYk; cz;ikahd $w;whFk;. xj;JzHT> ciog;G>
tpl;Lf; nfhLf;Fk; kdg;ghd;ik> rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> mOFzHjpwd;> fl;Lg;ghL, fPo;gbjy;
Nghd;w gz;Gfs; FLk;gr; #o;epiyapNyNa kyHfpd;wd. md;G> MjuT> ,dpanrhy;>
Nkd;ikahd fz;Lgpbg;G> ghuhl;L Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jjy; %yk; ngw;NwhH jk;
Foe;ijfis r%f newpg;gLj;Jfpd;wdH.
FbAhpikg; gapw;rpf;fhd Kjw;fskhf miktJ FLk;gNk. FLk;gj;jpd; rpWrpW
Ntiyfspy; ngw;NwhUf;F cjTjy; %yk; nghWg;Gfis Vw;W nray;gLjy;>
chpikfNshL> flikfisAk; czHe;J ele;J nfhs;Sjy;> FLk;g eyDf;fhf rpWrpW
Rfq;fs; ,oj;jiy> kfpo;Tld; Vw;wy; Nghd;w gz;Gfisf; Foeijfs; ngWfpd;wdH.
kp];]pdp (Mizzini) $WtJ Nghy; ~~Foe;ijfs; jhapd; Kj;jj;jpw;Fk;> je;ijapd;
epkpz;lYf;Fk; ,ilNajhd; FbAhpikg; gapw;rpapd; Kjy; ghlj;jpidf; fw;fpd;wdH.
,e;jpar; #oypy; kjr; rlq;Ffs; kw;Wk; jpUtpohf;fs; thapyhf r%f
cWg;gpdHfs; xd;W $Lk; ,lkhf FLk;gNk mikfpwJ. ,iw ek;gpf;ifiaAk;> rka
czHT kw;Wk; gof;ftof;fq;fisAk; FLk;g topghl;L Kiwfspy; gq;F ngWtjd;
%yNk Foe;ij jd;trg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpwJ. njhFj;Jf;$wpd; Fo;eijfis r%fnewpg;
gLj;JtjpYk;> RarhHg;Gld; jpfo;tjw;Fj; Njitahd njhopw;jpwd;fis fw;gpg;gjpYk;>
FbAhpikg; gapw;rpaspj;jypYk;> xOf;fnewpfisg; gpd;gw;wr; nra;tjpYk;> rka
czHtpid Cl;LtjpYk; gz;ghl;Lg; gof;ftof;fq;fis fw;Wf;nfhLj;J fyhr;rhu
ghuk;ghpaj;ij fl;bf; fhg;gjpYk; FLk;gNk Kd;Ndhbahf tpsq;Ftjhy;> mJNt
Kjd;ikahd r%fkakhjypd; Kfik vd;W vt;tpj IaKkpd;wp $wyhk;.
4.2.2 gs;sp (School)
r%fk; ,aq;Fk; jd;ikiag; ngw;wpUg;gjw;Fk;> fhy Xl;lj;jpw;Fk; Vw;g jdJ
mikg;G> nray;fs;> cUtk; Mfpatw;wpy; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; fy;tp
ngUk; gq;fhw;WfpwJ. xt;nthU jiyKiwAk; Kd;NdhHfsplk; ,Ue;J ngw;w fyhr;r hu
ghuk;ghpaj;NjhL> jkJ mDgtq;fs;> rpe;jidfs;> kjpg;Gfs;> gof;ftof;fq;fs;
Mfpatw;iwAk; NrHj;J> mLj;j jiyKiwf;F NrHf;fg;gLFpwJ. ,t;thW fyhr;rhug;
ghuk;ghpak; njhlHe;J mLj;jLj;j jiyKiwfSf;Fg; gutpf;nfhz;NlapUf;f> r%fk; rpy
mikg;Gfis cUthf;fp> Ngzpg; guhkhpj;J tUfpwJ. NeubahfNth> my;yJ
kiwKfkhfNth fy;tpaspj;jpLk; nghWg;gpidg; ngw;Ws;s ,j;jifa r%f mikg;Gfs;
~r%fkakhjypd; Kfikfs;| vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
gs;sp vd;gJ tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fy;tpiaf; Foe;ijfSf;F fw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk;
epWtdk; MFk;. Foe;ijapd; cly;> mwpT> r%f xOf;fk;> kdntOr;rp tsHr;rp> Md;kPf
tsHr;rp Mfpait rPuhf tsHf;f cjtp nra;fpwJ. Foe;ijapd; ey;y elj;ij kw;Wk;
gz;Geyd;fs; tsu gs;sp cjTfpwJ. Foe;ijfSf;F [dehaf Kiwapd; %yk;
gapw;rpaspf;fg;gLfpwJ. gs;spfs;; rKjha topKiwfisf; Foe;ijfSf;F mspg;gjpy;
Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ. gs;spahdJ nghUshjhu> murpay; kw;Wk; r%f
khWghLfisg; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis ntspapl tha;g;Gf; nfhLf;fpwJ. midtUf;Fk;
rkchpik vd;w [dehaf Kiwiag; gw;wp njhpe;J nfhs;s cjTfpwJ. Rw;Wg;Gwj;ijj;
J}a;ikahf itg;gjw;F khztHfSf;F fy;tp %yk; gapw;rp mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
tPLk;> gs;spAk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlHGilaJ. Foe;ijfs; gs;spapy;
,Ug;gijtpl tPl;by;jhd; mjpfNeuk; ,Ug;ghHfs;. Mdhy; Foe;ij gs;spapYk;> tPl;bYk;
fw;gij xd;Nwhnlhd;W Fog;gpf; nfhs;tjpy;iy. ngw;NwhUk; gs;spf;$lj;jpw;F nrd;W
MrphpaH cld; fye;Jiuahl Ntz;Lk;. ,jd;%yk; Foe;ijfspd; fw;Fk; epiy kw;Wk;
cly;epiyiag; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ. Foe;ijfsplk; VNjDk;Fiw ,Ue;jhy;
eptHj;jp nra;Ak; Kiwiag; gw;wp MrphpaH ngw;NwhUf;F vLj;Jf; $wNtz;Lk;.
mjdhy;jhd; ~~ngw;NwhHfs; ,uz;lhtJ MrphpaHfs;. MrphpaHfs; ,uz;lhtJ
ngw;NwhHfs;|| vd miof;fg;gLfpwhH.
r%fkakhf;fypy; gs;spapd; gq;F
r%f fyhr;rhuj;jpd; nghJf;$Wfis khztHfSf;F mspj;jy;.
r%f khw;wq;fs; %yk; gz;ghl;il tsHj;jy;.
khztHfspd; KOikahd MSikia tsHj;J r%fj;jpwd; cilatuha;
tpsq;fr; nra;jy;.
r%fj;jpwid tsHj;jply;> MSikia tsHj;J> caH kjpg;gpidAk;>
mwnewpfisAk; khztHfsplk; tsHj;jy;.
r%fj;jpw;F Njitahd mikjp> fhj;jpUg;G Nghd;wtw;iw fw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;.
4.2.3. xg;ghH FO (Peer Group)
rktaJ kw;Wk; rkepiyfspy; cs;s Foe;ijfs; xd;Wgl;L cUthf;Fk;
FOtpw;F xg;ghHf;FO vd;W ngaH. xg;ghHf;FO Kiwrhuhf; fy;tp mikg;gpid rhHe;jJ
MFk;. rktaJs;s Foe;ijfs; gofp el;Gf;nfhs;s gs;spf;$lk; mjpf tha;g;Gfis
mspf;fpd;wJ. ,q;F rktaJs;s Foe;ijfs; tFg;G thhpahfg; gphpj;J mtHfSf;nfdg;
ghlr; nray;ghLfs;> tpisahl;Lfs; kw;Wk; ghl ,izr; nray;fs;
tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. xg;ghH FOf;fs; vjpHghuhjtpjkhfTk;> Rje;jpukhfTk; Vw;gLfpwJ.
,f;FOf;fs; ngUk;ghYk; tpisahl;il ikakhf itj;J cUthfpwJ.
xg;ghH FOf;fSf;Fs; Nghl;bfs;> rz;il> rr;ruTfs; tUtJ ,ay;G. Kbtpy;
el;G ghuhl;b xw;WikahfptpLfpd;wdH. FOj;jiytd; nrhy;Yf;Ff; fl;Lg;gLfpd;wdH.
xg;ghH FOtpdH jq;fSf;nfd nfhs;if kw;Wk; elj;ij tpjpfis tFj;Jf;
nfhs;fpd;wdH. ,f;FOtpy; cs;s Foe;ijfspd; Nehf;fKk;> nray;ghLfSk; jq;fistpl
%j;jtHfsplkpUe;J ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;s gad;gLfpwJ. ,q;F Foe;ijfs; jq;fspd;
RfJf;fq;fis ghpkhwpf; nfhs;fpd;wdH.
FO cWg;gpdhpilNa caHT> jho;T fhzg;glhJ FOthf tpisahLjYk;>
nray;fspy; <LgLtjhYk; ijhpak;> JzpT> gw;W> gpwUf;FjTjy; Nghd;w ew;gz;Gfs;
tsHfpd;wd. khztHfs; jhNk fw;Fk; Kiwfs;> fw;gpgg;jw;F fy;tpEl;gtpaypd; gy;NtW
$Wfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;> tpdh tq;fp> fy;tp xg;gilg;Gfs;> jd;dhl;rp ngw;w gs;spfs;>
gs;sp tpLjpapy; jq;fpg; gbj;jy; gy;NtW khw;wq;fSld; ,d;iwa gs;spfs;
nray;gLfpd;wd. jw;Nghija fy;tpj;jpl;lk; xg;ghHf; FOtpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fpwJ.
4.2.4 rKjhak; (Community)
rKjhak; vd;gJ xUtuJ ,y;yj;ijr; Rw;wp mike;jpUf;Fk; ngUk; gFjpapy;
tho;NthiuAk;> mg;gFjpf;F mbf;fb te;J nry;NthiuAk; Fwpf;fpwJ. r%ftpaypy;
~rKjhak;| vd;gJ Vwj;jho xNukhjphpahd tho;tpay; KiwiaAk;> gof;ftof;fq;fisAk;
nfhz;bUg;gNjhL> xNu nkhopia NgRgtHfisAk; cs;slf;fpa kf;fs; njhFjpahFk;.
rKjhak; vd;gJ ,uz;lhtJ epiyf;FO MFk;. FLk;gk; vd;gJ Kjy;epiyf;FO.
rKjhak; FLk;gj;ij Nghd;W Neubahf Foe;ijapd; fy;tpapy; gq;F
nfhs;tjpy;iy. mJ rKjha tho;f;if vd;w Clfj;jpd; %yk; Foe;ijf;F
Kiwrhuhf;fy;tpia mspf;fpwJ. rKjhak;> Foe;ijia r%f newpg;gLj;JfpwJ. jdJ
jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;j fyhr;rhu ghuk;ghpaj;ij Foe;ijf;F rKjhak; mspf;fpwJ. ,t;thW
rKjhak; kiwKfkhff; fy;tpia mspg;gNjhL> Nehpilahf fy;tp mspg;gjw;F chpa
Kiwikg;gLj;jg;gl;l kw;Wk; Kiwrhuh fy;tp mikg;Gfisj; Njhw;Wtpj;J
guhkhpg;gjw;Fk; nghWg;Ngw;fpwJ. gs;sp vd;gJ rKjhaj;jhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l
Kiwikahd fy;tp mikg;ghFk;. ,JNghd;Nw njhopw;$lq;fs;> gapw;rp epiyaq;fs;>
fy;tpj; njhz;L epWtdq;s;> mUq;fhl;rpafq;fs;> E}yfq;fs;> Ma;Tf;$lq;fs;
Nghd;witAk; rKjhaj;jpdhy; gilf;fg;gl;L guhkhpf;fg;gLgitahFk;.
r%fkakhf;fypy; rKjhaj;jpd; gq;F
xU Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpapd; tsHr;rp kw;Wk; fy;tpj; Njitfisf; fz;lwpe;J>
mjw;Nfw;wthW nghUj;jkhd fy;tp epWtdq;fisAk;> fy;tpNahL njhlHG nfhz;l gpw
trjpfisAk; Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; gapYk; khztHfs; mile;jpl Ntz;ba Fiwe;jgl;r fw;wy;
msTfisj; jPHkhdpj;jy;.
khztHfspd; njhopw;jpwd;fis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd njhopw;fy;tp
epiyaq;fisAk;> gapw;rp$lq;fisAk; epWTjy;.
gy;NtW fy;tp Kfikfspd; gzpfis xUq;fpizj;jy;.
Kjd;ikf; fy;tp Kfikfshf nray;gLk; FLk;gq;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;.
MrphpaHfis cUthf;Fk; MrphpaH fy;tpf;F jpl;lkpl;L chpa Mrphpag; gapw;rp
epWtdq;fis Njhw;Wtpj;jy;.
mUq;fhl;rpafk;> E}yfq;fs;> jpiuauq;Ffs;> Ma;Tf;$lq;fs; Nghd;w Jbg;Gw;w
fy;tpaikg;Gfis epWTjy;.
taJ te;NjhH fy;tp> nraywpTf;fy;tp> r%ff; fy;tp Nghd;wtw;iw toq;fplTk;
ikaq;fisj; njhlq;fplTk; Mtz nra;jy;.
fy;tp kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L kjpg;Gf; nfhz;l nghUl;fhl;rpfs;> fUj;juq;Ffs;>
fz;fhl;rpfs;> jpUtpohf;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwj; jpl;lkpl;L elj;Jjy;.
tpisahl;L Ez;fiyfs;> ifj;jpwd;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; gytifg; Nghl;bfis
eilngwr; nra;J kf;fsplk; [dehaf newpKiwfisAk;> kdg;ghd;ikfisAk;
tsHj;jy;.
gj;jphpf;iffs;> thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp Nghd;w jfty; njhlHG rhjdq;fs;
%yk; midj;Jj; jug;G kf;fSf;Fk; Kiwrhuh nghJf;fy;tpia mspj;jy;.
myF 9
Clfk; kw;Wk; Foe;ij tsHr;rp
(Media and Child Development)
9.1 Clf tsHr;rp (Media Development)
Clfj;Jiw Ntfk; ngw;W mwptpaypd; tsHr;rpahy; ,d;W gy;NtW
gupkhzk; ngw;W cs;sJ. mr;R Clfk;> fhl;rp Clfk; Mfpad kdpj tho;tpy;
,uz;lw fye;J tpl;ld. nra;jp jhs;> ehNsL> thu ,jo;> khj ,jo;>
khjkpUKiw ,jo; vdTk;> njhiynjhlHG Clfq;fs; thndhyp>
njhiyf;fhl;rp> gz;giy> tiyj;jsk;> ,izak; vdTk; fpis tpl;L tsHe;J
cs;sJ. ,t;t+lfq;fs; md;whl kdpj tho;tpy; jhf;fj;ijAk;> khw;wj;ijAk;
Vw;gLj;Jk; Kjd;ik rhjdq;fs; Mfptpl;ld. jdp kdpj tho;it jtpuTk;
r%f nghUshjhu> murpay; kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L jsq;fspYk; Clfk; Kf;fpa
fhuzpahf jpfo;fpwJ.
9.2 Kd; Foe;ijg;gUt mDgtq;fs; kw;Wk; tsHr;rpapy; Clfq;fspd; jhf;fk;
(Impact of Media on Early Childhood Experiences and Development)
kf;fs; njhlh;G rhjdq;fshd thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp> jpiug;glq;fs;>
gj;jphpiffs; kw;Wk; nra;jpj;jhs;fs;> ifNgrpfs;> fzpdp kw;Wk; ,izajsk;
Nghd;wit Kd; Foe;ijg;gUt mDgtq;fs; kw;Wk; tsHr;rpia nghpJk;
ghjpf;fpd;wd. kf;fs; njhlh;G rhjdq;fspd; Kf;fpa gzpfs; kf;fSf;F
md;whl jfty;fis mspg;gJ> nghOJNghf;fpw;Fg; gad;gLtJ> tpsk;guq;fspd;
topNa th;j;jf tsh;r;rpf;Fg; gad;gLtJ vd;whYk;> Kd; Foe;ijg;gUt
mDgtq;fs; kw;Wk; tsHr;rpf;Fk; ,tw;wpd; gad;ghl;bw;Fk; kiwKfkhfg;
ngUe;njhlh;G cs;sJ.
thndhyp (Radio)
,e;jpahtpy; thndhyp xypgug;ghdJ 1927,y; Kk;gha; kw;Wk;

nfhy;fj;jhtpy; jdpahh; Jiwapduhy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. 1937,y; midj;J
,e;jpa thndhyp (All India Radio) vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;dh; 1950 Mk;
Mz;L ,e;jpa murhq;fkhdJ thndhypapid ,e;jpa xypgug;G Nrit (Indian
Broadcasting Service) vd ngahpl;L mioj;jJ. 1957 Mk; Mz;L
thndhypahdJ ,e;jpa ehL KOtJk; Mfhrthzp vDk; ngahpdhy; gpugyk;
mile;jJ. ,e;jpa ehL tpLjiy miltjw;F Kd;gpUe;J nray;gl;L tUk;
thndhypahdJ jdJ juj;jpdhy; ,d;wsTk; cah;e;J ,Uf;fpwJ. thndhypapy;
nra;jpfs;> ehlfq;fs;> rpWth;f;fhd epfo;rr

; pfs;> fy;tp xypgug;Gfs;> ,ir
epfo;rr
; pfs; vd midj;Jj; jug;gpduhYk; tpUk;gg;gLk; epfo;rr
; pfs;
xypgug;gg;gLfpd;wd. fpuhkg;Gwk;> efh;g;Gwk; vd midj;J kf;fSk; thndhyp
epfo;rr
; pfshy; gad;ngWfpd;wdh;. jw;NghJ thndhypapy; xypgug;gg;gLk; jdpahh;
,ir miythpirfs; Foe;ijfspd; ,irahh;tj;jpid mjpfhpj;J cs;sd.
thndhyp Nfl;Fk; fUtpfis (Speakers) nghUj;jp Foe;ijfisf;
Nfl;FkhW nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,J Foe;ijfspd; tsh;r;rpf;F kpfTk;
gaDs;sjhf mikAk;. FO ciuahly;, fij nrhy;Yjy;, ehlfk;
Nghd;witfs; ey;y gad;jUk;. epfo;rr

; pfspy; Fwpg;gpLgitfisf; Nfl;Fk;
Foe;ijfisfs; fw;gid %yk; czu xypg; gpd;ddp tpisT rpwe;jjhFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L tpyq;Ffspd; ghlj;ij Mh;t%l;bf; fw;gpf;f mitfspd; Fuiyg;
gjpT nra;ayhk;.
njhiyf;fhl;rp (Television)
,e;jpa ehL tpLjiy mile;j gpwF 1959 Mk; Mz;L Ma;Tf;fhf
Kjd; Kjypy; jpy;yp efuj;jpy; njhiyf;fhl;rpahdJ mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
Muk;g fhyj;jpy; fUg;G nts;is njhiyf;fhl;rpfs; kl;LNk tpw;gid
nra;ag;gl;ld. gpd;dh; Mf];L khjk; 1982 Mk; Mz;L tz;zj; njhiyf;fhl;rp
ngl;b Kjd; Kjypy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. njhiyf;fhl;rp epfo;rr

; pfs;
,d;rhl;-gp rhl;biyl; thapyhf kf;fSf;F xspgug;gg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. 1991 Mk;
Mz;L jdpahh; njhiyf;fhl;rp epWtdq;fs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.

njhiyf;fhl;rpahdJ thndhypapidg; Nghd;W fy;tp epfo;rr
; pfs;> cly;ey
epfo;rr
; pfs;> tpisahl;L epfo;rr
; pfs;> njhlh;G ehlfq;fs;> jpiug;glq;fs;> fiy
epfo;rr
; pfs; vd kf;fSf;Fg; gy;NtW epfo;rr
; pfis xspgug;Gfpd;wd.
thndhypapidf; fhl;bYk; njhiyf; fhl;rp epfo;rr

; pfs; Kd; Foe;ijg;gUt
mDgtq;fs; kw;Wk; tsHr;rpf;Fk; kiwKfkhf khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
mtw;Ws; ed;ik> jPik ,uz;Lk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;iwg; gw;wp tptukhff;
fhz;Nghk;.
ed;ikfs;
1. tPl;bypUe;jgbNa ‘b];fthp’ miythpirapd; %ykhf cyf
epfo;TfisAk;> mwptpay; nra;jpfisAk;> mwpe;J nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
,jdhy; Foe;ijfSila Ez;zwpT kjpg;Gzh;T> mwptpay;
kdg;ghd;ik mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
2. tpisahl;L epfo;rr
; pfSf;fhd miythpirapd; thapyhf Foe;ijfspd;
Mh;tk;> mwpT ngUFfpwJ. ,jdhy; Ez;zwpT kjpg;Gzh;T> cly; ey
kjpg;Gzh;T ngUFfpwJ. (c-k;) ];lhh; ];Nghh;l]

; ; (Star Sports)
miythpir
3. ,ir epfo;rr
; pfSf;nfdNt nray;gLk; miythpirfspd; thapyhf
kf;fspd; kd mOj;jk; FiwfpwJ, kfpo;rr

; p mjpfhpf;fpwJ, ,irahh;tk;
ngUFfpwJ. ,jdhy; fiyAzh;T kjpg;Gzh;T mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
4. eifr;Rit epfo;rr
; pfspd; thapyhf kf;fSf;F kd mikjp
fpilf;fpwJ. kd mOj;jkhdJ ngUksT Fiwfpd;wJ. mit
mth;fSf;F cly; eyj;jpw;Fk;> kd eyj;jpw;Fk; topNfhYfpd;wJ.
5. Foe;ijfSf;fhd gpuj;Naf miythpirfspy; nghOJ Nghf;F
epfo;rr
; pfs; kl;Lkpd;wp> mth;fspd; fiyahh;tj;jpid tsh;fF
; k;
epfo;rr
; pfSk; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. Foe;ijfSf;Fg; gpbj;j rpj;jpu gl
fjhghj;jpuq;fspd; thapyhf fzpjk;> Mq;fpyk;> jkpo; Kjypait
fw;Wj;jug;gLfpd;wd. Foe;ijfSf;fhd Nghl;bfis elj;jp mth;fspd;
jd;dk;gpf;ifiaAk; tsh;ff
; pd;wdh;. (POGO miythpir> b];dp
miythpir> Rl;b btp)
6. Fw;wtpay; njhlh;ghd epfo;rr
; pfspd; topNa Foe;ijfspilNa
tpopg;Gzh;tpid Vw;gLj;jptUfpd;wd.
7. Foe;ijf;fspilNa cs;s Ngr;rhw;wy;> rpe;jpf;Fk; jpwid gad;gLj;Jk;
tifapy; miythpirfspy; mul;il muq;Ffs; elj;jg;gl;L ,d;W
rKjhaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; gpur;rpidfisAk;> mtw;wpw;fhd jPh;tpidAk;
fz;lwpar; nra;fpd;wdh;.
8. miy thpirfspy; jpiug;gl ebfh;fs; kw;Wk; njhopy; El;g
fiyQh;fspd; Ngl;bfs; xspgug;gg;gLfpd;wd ,jd; %ykhf jpiug;glf;
fy;Y}hpapy; ,Uf;Fk; gy;NtW Jiwfspidg; gw;wpAk;> njhopy;
El;gq;fs;> mtw;wpd; gad;ghLfs; gw;wpAk; Foe;ijfs; mwpe;J
nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
njhiyf;fhl;rpapd; topNa ed;ikfs; gy ,Ug;gpDk; jPikfSk;
ngUkstpy; Vw;glr; nra;fpd;wd. mit gpd;tUtkhW.
jPikfs;
1. rpWth; rpWkpah;f;nfd xspgug;gg;gLk; miythpirfspy; tPurhfrk; vDk;
ngahpy; fhz;gpf;fg;gLk; rpy njhlh;fs; mth;fspilNa
td;KiwapidAk;> tpghPj vz;zq;fisj; J}z;LtdthfTk; cs;sd.
fw;gidia tpl nfhba tpNdhjkhd cUt mikg;Gila
fjhghj;jpuq;fs; kPJ nfhz;l Mh;tj;jpd; fhuzkhf Foe;ijfs;
mf;fjhghj;jpuq;fs; njhlh;ghd nghk;ikfs;> xl;Lk; glq;fs; (Stickers)
Kjypatw;iwr; Nrfhpg;gjhy; mjpf Mh;tk; fhl;Lfpd;wdh;.
mj;njhlh;fspy; tUk; rk;gtq;fspy; cs;s <Lghl;bd; fhuzkhf
mjid tPl;by; nghpath;fs; ,y;yhj Neuq;fspy; fjhghj;jpuq;fs; tpghPj
rhfrq;fis Kad;W ghh;j;J mjdhy; caphpoe;j gr;rpsk; rpWth;fs;
mNefh;. ,r;rk;gtq;fs; Nfl;Nghh; neQ;rpid mjpur; nra;tdthf
cs;sd. ,j;jifa epfo;rr

; pfisg; ghh;f;f tplhky; Foe;ijfisj;
jLg;gJk;> mth;fSf;Fg; gf;Ftkhf mwpTiu $WtJk; ngw;Nwhh;fsplk;

jhd; cs;sJ. fjhehafh;fspd; tPurhfrq;fspy; kfj;jpid gwpnfhLj;J
mth;fis jhKk; gpd;gw;Wk; vz;zj;jpid (Hero Worshipism)
khzth;fspd; kdj;jpy; ,Ue;J mwNt xopg;gJ Mrphpah;fspd; flik
kl;Lkd;W> mth;fSila ngw;Nwhh;fspd; flikAkhFk;.
,jdhy; ngw;Nwhh;fs; jk; gps;isfspd; ftdk; rpjwhky; ,Uf;f>
ghly;fspy; ehl;lk; mjpfhpf;f Kjypy; mth;fs;> $Lkhdtiu ey;y
epfo;rr
; pfisj; Njh;T nra;J ghh;f;f topfhl;l Ntz;Lk;. jtph;ff
; Ntz;ba
; pfisf; $Lkhdtiu mwpTiuapdhNyh> njhopy; El;gj;ij (Child lock –

epfo;rr
Njitaw;w epfo;rr
; pfis fhzhjthW G+l;b itj;jy;) gad;gLj;jpNah> rpWth;
rpWkpah; fhzhjthW jLf;fyhk;. gps;isfs; Fwpg;gpl;l Neuk; kl;Lk;
njhiyf;fhl;rpapidf; fhZkhW mwpTWj;j Ntz;Lk;. mth;fspd; Njh;T
Neuj;jpy; ngw;Nwhh;fs; njhiyf;fhl;rpapd; Kd;G jhKk; mkh;tijj; jtph;ff

;
Ntz;Lk;.
ifNgrpfs; (nry;Nghd;fs;) (Cellphones)
kf;fs; njhlh;G rhjdq;fSs; xd;whd ,it xU njhlf;f epiyapy;
midtuhYk; Mlk;gug; nghUshf fUjg;gl;ld. jw;NghJ tsh;e;J tUk;
njhopy; El;gj;jpd; fhuzkhf kf;fspilNa ,it rh;t rhjhuzkhf
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,d;iwa ,sk; rKjhaj;jpdhpilNa ,tw;wpd; gad;ghL
mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,tw;wpd; %yk; njhiyj; njhlh;G trjp>
nra;jpfis ghpkhwpf; nfhs;Sk; trjp> ,izajs trjp> fzf;fply;> glk;
vLj;jy; Nghd;w gytw;iwj; Jhpjkhfr; nra;a KbAk;. Mdhy; mtw;iw ve;j
mstpw;F kf;fSk; ,sk; rKjhaj;jpdUk; Mf;fG+h;tkhfg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;
vd;gJ Nfs;tpf; FwpahfNt cs;sJ. mtrukhf xUtiuj; njhlh;G
nfhs;sTk;> jfty;fisg; ghpkhwpf; nfhs;tJk; mbg;gilapy; nry;Nghdpd;
Kf;fpa gzpahFk;. Mdhy; ,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; ngw;Nwhh;fs; jk;
gps;isfSf;F mjid Mf;fg;G+h;tkhfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F mwpTWj;Jtjpy;iy.
Njitapd;wpj; jk; gps;isfspd; tw;GWj;jYf;F ,zq;fp thq;fpj; jug;gLfpd;w
nry;Nghd;fs; ,d;iwa ,sk; rKjhaj;jpdhy; Mf;fg;G+h;tkhfg;

gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy. Neuk; fhykpd;wp ez;gh;fSld; mul;il mbf;fTk;>
nghUsw;w nra;jpfisg; ghpkhwpf; nfhs;sTk; nry;Nghidg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.
thfdj;ij Xl;Lk; NghJ nry;Nghdpy; Ngrf; $lhJ vd;W ,e;jpa
murhq;fkhdJ rhiy tpjpfSf;fhd rl;lq;fspd; topNa typAWj;Jfpd;wJ.
,jid eilKiwapy; nray;gLj;jhky; thfd tpgj;jpy; caphpof;Fk;
,isQh;fspd; ngw;Nwhh;fs; gLk; kd cisr;ry; Ntjidf;FhpajhFk;. NkYk;
czh;T G+h;tkhd tp\aq;fisAk;> me;juq;f tp\aq;fisAk;> cuj;j Fuypy;
nghJ ,lq;fspy; nry;Nghd;fspy; NgRgth;fis ehk; md;whlk; fhzyhk;.
nry;Nghd;fis Mz;fs; jk;Kila rl;ilg; igapy; itf;fpd;wdh;.
mjpypUe;J ntsptUk; fjphpaf;fk; ,jaj;ijg; ghjpf;ff; $bajhFk;. NkYk;
kiof; fhyq;fspy; kpd;dnyhsp mjidj; jhf;fpdhy; mjid itj;jpUg;gthpd;
capUf;F Mgj;jhf KbAk;. ,jidg; gw;wpa mwpthw;wy; mNefUf;F ,Ue;Jk;
ahUk; mjid eilKiwapy; gpd;gw;Wtjpy;iy. nry;Ngrpfis Kjd; Kjypy;
thq;Fgth;fs; mjd; gad;ghLfis Fwpg;Gfspd; %yk; jhNk mjid mwpe;J
nfhs;fpd;wdh;. ,jid Mobile Learning (M-Learning) vd;fpd;wdh;. mjidg;
gad;gLj;Jtjid gpwF mth;fshy; jtph;ff

; Kbtjpy;iy. ,jid xUtpjkhd
mbikj;jdk; (Addiction) vd cstpay; mwpQh;fs; $Wfpd;wdh;.
nry;Nghd;fspy; tpisahl;LfSf;nfd gpuj;Naf nghj;jhd;fs; cs;sd.
mjidg; gad;gLj;jp tpisahLk;NghJ Vw;gLfpd;w xspahdJ fz;fisg;
ghjpf;ff; $bajhFk;. ,t;tpisahl;Lfspy; <LgLNthh; kzpf; fzf;fpy;
Neuj;jpid tPzbf;fpd;wdh;. ,it xUGwkpUf;f ,g;NghJ ,e;jpa ehl;il
cYf;fpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,izajs Fw;wq;fs; (Cyber Crimes) Nghd;wtw;wpw;F
Kf;fpa fhuzkhf nry;Nghd;> ,izajskpUf;fpd;wd.
,tw;wpidg; gad;gLj;Jgth;fs; mjpYs;s njhopy; El;g trjpfis
r%f tpNuhjr; nray;fSf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. cjhuzkhf>
(m) Nfkuh trjpAila nry;Nghidf; nfhz;L ngah;njhpahj
mwpKfkpy;yhj Mz;> ngz;iz mDkjpapd;wpg; Gifg;glnkLj;jy;.
(M) mwpKfkw;w egh;fSf;F Mghr eifr;Ritj; JZf;Ffs;> glq;fs;>

nra;jpfis mDg;Gjy;.
(,) mwpKfkw;w egUld; MghrkhfNth> mr;RWj;Jk; tifapNyh NgRjy;.
,t;thW r%f tpNuhj nray;fspy; <LgLNthh; rl;l hPjpahf
Fw;wthspfshf ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jhy; fUjg;gLfpd;wdh;. fy;tp
epWtdq;fs; rpytw;wpy; fy;Y}hp> gs;sp tshfj;jpYk;> Njh;T vOJk;
,lq;fspYk; Mrphpah;fs; kw;Wk; khzth;fs; nry;Nghd;fisg;
gad;gLj;JtJ jil nra;ag;gl;L cs;sJ. jdpahh; tq;fpfshd
gd;dhl;L tq;fpfspy; gzpGhpgth;f;Ff; Nfkpuh trjpapidAila
nry;Nghd;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd jil Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
nry;Nghdpd; gad;ghl;by; jw;NghJ r%f Nehf;Fld; ftiyg;gl
Ntz;ba kw;nwhU tp\ak; nra;jpfis ghpkhwpf; nfhs;fpd;w tpjkhFk;. fhy
Neukpd;wp eifr;Rit JZf;Ffis ez;gh;fSf;F mDg;Gjy; jw;NghJ rh;t
rhjhuzkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. neUq;fpa ez;gh;fs;> cwtpdh;fsplkpUe;J
tho;j;Jfs;> Kf;fpa nra;jpfs;> mYtyfj;jpy; ,Ue;J Kf;fpa nra;jpfs; vd;w
epiy khwp> vjw;nfLj;jhYk; ,r;Nritapidg; gad;gLj;JtJ jw;NghJ
rhjhuzkhfp tpl;lJ. ,jpy; Fwpg;ghf fy;tpj; Jiwapy; ,Ug;gth;fs; ngUk;
mtjpf;Fs;shfpd;wdh;. ,d;iwa ,sk; rKjhaj;jpduhfpa khzth;fspilNa
FWQ;nra;jpfs; (SMS) mDg;Gfpd;w gof;fk; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,r;nra;jpfs; ngUk;ghYk; Mq;fpy nkhopapNyNa mDg;gg;gLfpd;wd. ,d;iwa
khzth;fisg; gpw ehLfspilNa xg;gpLk;NghJ Mq;fpy nkhopapy; njhlh;G
jpwd; (Communicative Skill) mbg;gilapy; FiwthfNt cs;sJ. Mq;fpy
nkhopapy; ruskhfg; NgRtjw;Fk;> vOJtjw;Fk; ,ay;ghfNt rpukg;gLfpd;wdh;.
,t;thwpUf;f SMS vd;w ngahpdpy; mth;fspd; %yk; Mq;fpyj;jpy;
mDg;gg;gLk; eifr;Rit JZf;Ffs;> nra;jpfs; mk;nkhopapid NkYk;
rpijg;gjhfNt cs;sd. Jhpjkhfr; nra;jpid mDg;g Ntz;Lnkd;gjw;fhf
rpy thh;j;ijfSf;nfd mth;fs; Mq;fpy vOj;Jf;fisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.
,it mth;fspd; gilg;ghw;wy;> Jhpjkhf rpe;jpf;Fk; jpwidf; fhl;bdhYk;
Mf;fG+h;tkhfTk; mwpTG+h;tkhfTk; ,it ey;ydth vd;gJ Nfs;tpf;FwpahFk;.
mt;thW md;whl tho;tpy; SMS,y; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rpy thh;j;ijfSf;fhd
vOj;Jf;fs; gpd;tUkhW mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
you tpw;F gjpyhf U
Are R
Gayathri Gaya3
To 2
Because Becoz
What wat
Yes s
Mq;fpy jl;nlOj;Jfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; RUf;nfOj;Jfisg; Nghy
,it jw;NghJ gpugykile;J tUfpd;wd. ,jid mth;fs; gs;spfspYk;>
fy;Y}hpfspYk; ghlf; Fwpg;Gfis vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg; gad;gLj;jpdhy; mjidf;
nfhz;L gbg;gth;fs; kw;Wk; jpUj;Jgth;fspd; epiy vd;dthFk;. ,Nj
gof;fj;jpd; jiyaPL, Njh;Tfis vOJk;NghJ khzth;fspilNa tuhky;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; mth;fSila Ez;zwpT kjpg;Gzh;thd njhlh;Gj;
jpwd; nfLtjw;F tha;g;G cs;sJ. ,jidg; ngw;Nwhh;fSk;> Mrphpah;fSk;
czh;e;J nry;Nghdpid Mf;fG+h;tkhf gad;gLj;jf; fw;Wj;ju Ntz;Lk;.
ngw;Nwhh;fs; fhyj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij gps;isfSf;F czh;j;jp mtrpak;
Vw;gl;lhnyhopa mth;fSf;F nry;Nghd;fis thq;fpj; jUtij jtph;ff

;
Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; nry;Nghd;fspy; Ngrpf; nfhz;Nl thfdq;fis Xl;lf; $lhJ
vd;W mwpTWj;j Ntz;Lk;. Kd; Foe;ijg;gUt mDgtq;fs; kw;Wk;
tsHr;rpf;Fk; Mf;fG+h;tkhf njhopy; El;gj;jpdig; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
Clfq;fs; : ed;ikfs; kw;Wk; jPikfs; (Media - Merits and Demerits)
ed;ikfs; (Merits)
,d;iwa Clf tsHr;rpapd; kpf Kf;fpa ed;ik ahnjdpy;:
 “tpUk;gpa jftiy” fhy tpuak; ,d;wp clNd ngw Kbjy;.
 Discovery miytupirapy; jkpo; xspgug;ghdJ capupdq;fis gw;wpAk;>
njhopy; El;g tsHrpfisAk; rhkhdpaUf;Fk; GupAk; tz;zk;
gilfpd;wd. NkYk; jQ;ir ngupa Nfhtpy; gw;wpa nra;jp njhFg;G
Nghd;wit ekJ ngUkpjq;fis jf;fthW czu topnra;fpd;wJ.
 epytpay; mikg;gpid vspjpy; mwpa "$Fs; vHj;" ngupJk;
gad;gLfpwJ.
 cyfpd; gy;NtW jpirfspd; epfo;Tfis rkfhyj;jpy; jhkjkpd;wp
Jy;ypakhf mwpa Clf tsHr;rp ngupJk; gad; juty;yJ.
jPikfs; (Demerits)
Clfj;jpd; mgupjkhd tsHr;rpapy; epiwfs; gy ,UgpDk; rpy
FiwfSk; cs;sd. mitfis fPNo gl;baypy; ghHg;Nghk;.
 Clfq;fspy; “eLepiyik” vd;gJ mwNt mw;W Ngha;tpl;lJ.
 rhHGj;jd;ik nra;jpfs; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 ,izaj;jpy; “rhl;bq;” y; 60% ghypay; njhlHghd tpthjq;fNs
eilngWfpd;wd.
 ,iza Fw;wq;fs; - “irgH f;iuk;” ehSf;F ehs; mjpfupj;J
tUfpwJ.
 fhl;rp Clfq;fs; Foe;ijfis Efh@NthHfshf khw;wptpl;ld.
 khuilg;G> uj;j nfhjpg;G Nghd;w “Mz;fspd; Nehahf” milahsk;
fhzg;gl;lit Clf jhf;Fjyhy; ngz;fSf;Fk; cupa Neha;f;
fhuzpahfptpl;lJ.
 tpsk;guk; kw;Wk; tpahghu Nehf;fkhdJ mwk;> NeHik> JzpT> Nghd;w
jdpkdpj caHFzq;fis Clfk; Jilj;J vhpe;J tUfpwJ.
 “Paid News" vdg;gLk; tpsk;guj;ijNa nra;jpahf NghLk; nray; xU
Gjpa rPuopthf Clfj;Jiwia Ml;nfhs;s Jtq;fp ,Uf;fpwJ.
vy;iyfs; ,d;wp kdpj r%fj;jpd; ghYk;> ,aw;if kw;Wk; ,t;TapH Nfhs
thopdq;fs; kPJk; mstw;w Nerpg;Gk; mjd; eyd;ghy; rhHe;j ce;JjYk;>
,tw;wpd; cupikfs; fhf;fg;gLtjw;Fk;> kPl;fg;gLtjw;Fk; mwj;jpd; kPJ
ek;gpf;ifAk;> gw;WUjpAk; nfhz;l Clfq;fs; cUthf Ntz;Lk;. mjpy;
fsg;gzpahw;wpl ey;y mwpTk; ed;dlj;ijAk; NghHf;FzKk; nfhz;l
ClftpayhHfs; Kd;dpw;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tifg;gl;l xUq;fpizT nfhz;l
mikg;ig Mjupf;f kf;fs; midtUk; cWjpNaw;f Ntz;Lk;.
9.2 Fkug;gUt tsHrrpapy; kf;fs; Clfq;fspd; jhf;fk; (Impact of Mass
Media on Adolescent Development)
Gjpdq;fs;, gUt ,jo;fs; kw;Wk; nra;jpj;jhs;fs; (Magazines, Journals and
Newspapers)
 Gjpdq;fs;> gUt ,jo;fs;> nra;jpj;jhs;fs; Ghpe;J nfhs;sg;gbj;jy;:
,t;tifapy; gbf;fpd;wtw;wpy; cs;s vy;yhf; fUj;Jf;fisAk;
Ghpe;Jnfhs;tjw;fhfg; gbf;fpd;wdh;.
 epidtpy; nfhs;sg;gbj;jy;: gbf;fpd;wdtw;iw kPz;Lk; gbf;fpd;wdh;;.
njhlh;Gfis epiyehl;b clNd jpUk;g epidTf;Ff; nfhz;L
tug;gbf;fpd;wdh;.
 Fwpg;gpl;;lj; jftiy vq;Fs;sJ vd;W fz;Lgpbj;J gbg;gJ: gbf;Fk;
nghUis NkNyhl;lkhfg; ghh;j;J xd;W Njitahd gFjp kl;Lk;
vq;Fs;sJ vdW fzLgpbg;gjw;fhfg;gbf;fpd;wdh;.
 nra;;jpj;jhs;fspy; fy;tp epfo;rr

; pfs;> Nghl;bj; Njh;tpw;fhd jfty;fs;>
,uq;fy; nra;jpfs;> cs;ehl;L nra;jpfs;> ntspehl;Lr; nra;jpfs;>
md;whlr; re;ij epytuq;fs;> gy ehLfs; xt;nthU ehl;Lld; nra;J

nfhs;Sk; gu];gu xg;ge;jq;fs; kw;Wk; tq;fpr;nra;jpfs;> Ntiytha;g;Gr;
nra;jpfs;, tpsk;gur;nra;jpfs;> Ntshz;ikr;nra;jpfs;> kf;fSf;F
jpde;NjhWk; uhrpgyd; nra;jpfs;> njhiyf;fhl;rp epfo;rr

; pfs;> xt;nthU
fy;tp epWtdq;fspd; rpwg;Gfs;> fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; eilngWk;
epfo;rr
; pfs;> khzth;fspd; Njh;T KbTfs;> jiyrpwe;j ty;Yeh;fSf;F
mspf;fg;gLk; tpUJfs;> Md;kPfr;nra;jpfs; vd gy;NtW mk;rq;fs;
nra;jpj;jhs;fspy; ntspaplg;gl;L ehl;L kf;fs;> khzth;fSf;F
jfty;fs; njhpe;J nfhs;s ngUk; cjtpahf ,Uf;fpwJ.
 ehNsLfspy; gy jfty;fspy; gy;NtW fy;tpr; nra;jpfis mwpe;J
nfhs;s JizGhpfpwJ. NkYk;> gy;NtW Ma;T mlq;fy;fs; jhq;fpa
nra;jpfSk; ntsptUfpwJ. ,e;ehNsLfis gbg;gjhy; fy;tpj;
jfty;fis fw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdh;. ehNsLfisg; gbg;gjhy; Ma;T
rk;ge;jkhd gy;NtW jfty;fis Ma;T khzth;fs; fw;W jhq;fs;
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Ma;tpw;f;F xU Kd;khjphp jftyhf vLj;Jf;
nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
 ehNsLfis gbg;gjd; %yk; xt;nthU jiyg;Gr; rhh;e;j Ma;tpd;
KbTfs;> Ma;tpd; jdpr; rpwg;Gfs; NkYk; Gjpa Ma;tpw;F cjTk; rpy
fUj;Jf;fis jhq;fp tUk; xU njhFg;ghf ,Uf;fpwJ.
 jiyrpwe;j gy fy;tp ty;Yeh;fs; jUk; fUj;jpypUe;J Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
Ma;tpw;F Kd;khjphp jftyhfTk; ehNsLfs; ,Uf;fpwJ.
 ehNsLfspy; gy;NtW jiyg;gpw;Fj; jFe;j fUj;jpw;F Vw;whw; Nghd;w
tiuglq;fs;> Nfhl;Lg; glq;fs;> ml;ltizfs; %yk; jiyg;G rhh;e;j
jdpr;rpwg;Gfis mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. ehNsLfs; %yk; nghwpapay;>
Ntshz;ik> fy;tpapay;> tpQ;Qhdk;> tzpftpay;> nghUshjhuk;>
tpyq;fpay;> fzf;fpay;> ,yf;fpak;> murpay;> mwptpay; vd gy;NtW
Jiwrhh;e;j fUj;Jf;fisj; njs;sj;njspthf mwpe;J nfhs;s ngUk;
cjtpahf ,Uf;fpwJ.
thndhyp (Radio)
 rpy jiyg;Gfspy; md;whlk; fy;tp epfo;rr

; pfs; xypgug;ghfpwJ.
 ,f;fy;tp xypgug;G kpfTk; rpf;fdkhd nrytpy; mjpf khzth;fSf;Fg;
gad;gLk;.
 vspa Kiwapy; ghlf; fUj;Jfis xNu Neuj;jpy; khepyk; KOtJk;
gug;Gfpd;wJ.
 khzth;fSila <h;g;G Mw;wiy mjpfhpg;gjhy; fw;wy; epiyj;jd;ik
ngWfpwJ.
 khzth;fSf;F nkhop Mw;wypy; rpwg;Gg; gapw;rp nfhLf;fpd;wJ.
thndhypapd; gad; rpwg;ghf cs;sjhy; ,d;W fy;Y}hpfs;>
gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; $l thndhyp %yk; jq;fs; fy;tpr; Nritiag;gug;gp
tUfpd;wd. thndhyp, tuyhw;Wg; ghlk; fw;gpf;f cjTk; fy;tp epfo;rr

; pfs;
thndhyp fy;tp epfo;rr

; pnad Gj;jfkhf ntsptUfpwJ. gs;spfs; vy;yh
tFg;GfspYk; thndhyp Nfl;Fk; fUtpfis (Speakers) nghUj;jp khzth;fs;
Nfl;FkhW mikf;f Ntz;Lk; ,J khzth;fspd; tsh;rr

; pf;F kpfTk;
gaDs;sJ MFk;. thndhypg; ghlq;fis ntt;NtW tbtq;fspy;
cUthf;fyhk; mitfis, tphpTiu, Ngl;bfhzy;, ftpij, rpWFOtpdUld;
tpthjpj;jy;, ehlfk;, fij nrhy;Yjy;, ciuahly;, tpdhbtpdh
vdg;gl;baypl;Lf; nfhs;syhk;.
njhiyf;fhl;rp (Television)
thndhypf;Fg;gpd; kf;fs; njhlh;gpy; khngUk; Gul;rpia nra;j fUtp
njhiyf;fhl;rp MFk;. fy;tpg;glq;fs; td;Kiwr; nray;fs;, ghh;ff

; ,ayhj
xOq;fPdkpd;ik ,y;yhj tifapy; mike;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mwpT> fUj;J>
elj;ij Mfpatw;iw tsh;fF

; k; vg;glKk; fy;tpg;glk; MFk;. khzth;fisAk;>
kf;fisAk; xU Nru <h;fF

; k; fUtp njhiyf;fhl;rp vd;why; mJ kpifahfhJ.
gue;j cyifAk;> mjpy; elf;Fk; nra;jpfisAk; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;jpNyNa
njhpe;J nfhs;syhk;. ,g;nghOJ gs;sp> fy;Y}hpfSf;Fk; nraw;iff;Nfhs;
%yk; fy;tp xspgug;G nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. Kf;fpakhd epfo;Tfisg; gjpTnra;J
itj;Jj; Njitg;gLk; Neuj;jpy; Nghl;Lg;ghh;ff

; yhk;.
9.3 Fkug;gUt tsHr;rpapy; r%f Clfq;fspd; jhf;fk; (Impact of Social Media
on Adolescent Development)
r%f Clfk;
kf;fs; xUtNuhL xUtH ,ize;J ,Uf;fTk;> cyfpy; elf;Fk;
epfo;Tfis clDf;Fld; mwpe;J nfhs;sTk;> ekJ midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk;
tpilaspf;Fk; mwpTf; fsQ;rpakhfTk; jpfo;tJ ,e;j r%f Clfq;fs;. ,d;W
kf;fspilNa kpfg; gpugykhd r%f Clfq;fshf fhzg;gLtJ $Fs;>
Ng];Gf;> l;tpl;lH> thl;];mg;> ,d;];lhfpuhk;> ];ifg;> a+bAg; Nghd;witAk;
,d;Dk; gy r%f tiyj;jsq;fs; MFk;.
r%f Clfk; kdpjd; Mf;fj;jpw;f;F xU rhjdkhf ,Ue;J tUfpwJ.
,d;W cyf muq;fpy; xU kpfg;ngupa MAjk; r%f Clfk;. ghuk;gupa
MAjj;ij tpl kpQ;rpa MAjk; jhd; r%f Clfk;. ,e;j r%f Clfk;
ghjfkhf kw;Wk; rhjfkhfTk; gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,d;W elf;Fk; epfo;Tfs;
,jw;f;F rhl;rp. r%f Clfq;fspy; ehk; ekJ fUj;J Rje;jpuj;ij
Jzpr;rNyhL gjpayhk;. ekf;F Njitahd jfty;fs; ngwKbAk; kw;Wk;
jw;NghJ gy jfty;fs; clDf;Fld; ngwTk; KbTk;. ey;y gy fUj;Jf;fs; -
ey;y gy nra;jpfs; - ey;y gy jfty;fs; - ek; nfhs;if rhHe;j tp\ak;
mij cyfikag;gLj;Jtjw;f;Fk; r%fikag;gLj;Jtjw;f;Fk; vy;NyhuplKk;
gfpHe;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk; kpfg;ngupa fUtp r%f Clfk;. mjpfkhd mDFyq;fs;
cs;sd.
kw;w kPbahj;Jiw (vOj;J kPbahthf ,Ue;jhy; - mjd; rhHe;j Jiw
egHfs; Njitg;gLjy; - vnyf;lu; hdpf; kPbah vd;why; mjd; rhHe;j Jiw
egHfis NjHe;J vLj;jy; vd;W ,Uf;Fk;) mjd; rhHe;j egHfis NjHe;J

vLg;ghHfs;. ,q;F r%f kPbah Clfk; mg;gb ,y;iy ehk; ek; fUj;Jfis
fl;Lg;ghL ,y;yhky; ekf;Fs; ,Ug;gij njuptpf;fyhk;. rhjhuzkhf xUtH

Clfk; elj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;whNyh ,y;iy mij gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;
vd;whNyh mJ xU FO my;yJ mjd; rhHe;j egHfsplk; ,Uf;Fk;. ,d;W
r%f Clfk; mij ntd;W cs;sJ.
,d;W khztHfs; Kjy; tajhdtHfs; Kjy; gad;gLj;Jk; Facebook,
Whatsapp, Gmail, Yahoo, Hotmail, Twitter, Skype Nghd;w midj;Jk; ekf;Ff;
fpilj;j ,ytr ClfNk vd;gij ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L mitfis gad;gLj;jp
khztHfs; r%fj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd nra;jpfis toq;f Kd;tu Ntz;Lk;.
,e;j r%f Clfk; %yk; Mf;fj;jpd; ngaupy; mopT mjpfk; cs;sJ.
ed;ikiatpl jPik mjpfk; cs;sJ. mjpfkhd
,isQHfs;/khztHfs;/khztpfs; ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shfpd;wdH. ekJ
MNuhf;fpaj;jpw;Fk; ,J Nflhf cs;sJ. fz; %is tsHr;rp Nghd;wit
ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. kd mOj;jk; tUfpd;wJ.
Kfk; njupahj el;G mtHfs; vg;gbg;gl;ltHfs; vd;W KOtJk;
mwpahky; ,Ug;gJ mtHfs; J}a;ikahdtHfsh vd;W njupahky; ,Ue;J
VkhWtJ. tje;jpfs; - ngha;fs; ,U r%fk; ,ilNa Vw;gLk; xw;Wikia
cilf;f r%fq;fSf;F vjpuhf gjpTfs; r%f ey;YzHT nfLjy; vd;W gy
cs;sd. tpUk;gpatHfs; tpUk;gpa fUj;ij gjpayhk; vd;W mtHfs; gjpTk;
gjpT %yk; Vw;gLk; Fog;gk; fzpzpapy; ,Uf;Fk; ituir tpl nfhba itu];
,J. tUfpd;w jftiy vg;gb ek;GtJ vd;Nw njupatpy;iy mg;gb xU
Fog;gk;. ,JNghy; gy Nflhd tp\aq;fspy; ehk; vg;gb ek;ik ghJfhj;J
nfhs;Sjy;. r%f khw;wjpw;F ,Uf;Fk; ,e;j Clfj;ij ehk; rupahf
gad;gLj;JNthk;. ,dp tUk; fhyk; ekJ vd;w xw;Wik czh;Tld; r%f
Clj;jpd; thapyhf nry;Nthk;. ,isQHfspd; kdeyj;jpy; jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; r%ftiyjsq;fs; kpf NkhrkhdJ. mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehl;by;
elj;jg;gl;l xU Ma;T xd;W $Wfpd;wJ.
14 Kjy; 24 tajpw;Fl;gl;l gad;ghl;lhsHfs; kPJ r%f Clfq;fs;
kpfTk; vjpHkiw tpisit Vw;gLj;JfpwJ vd;Wk; ftiy> kd mOj;jk;>
jdpik> nfhLikg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; jq;fspd; Njhw;wk; Mfpatw;iwf; fzf;fpy;

nfhz;L Ma;T nra;ag;gl;lJ.
'r%f Clfq;fs; ,isQHfspilNa kdey gpur;idia J}z;Ltjhf
,Uf;fpd;wJ. NtW ve;j tajpdiu fhl;bYk;> ,isQHfspy; RkhH 90% NgH
r%f Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. ,jd; fhuzkhf> r%f Clfq;fs;
Vw;gLj;Jk; tpisTfshy; ghjpf;fg;gLk; Mgj;jpy; Fwpg;ghf ,isQHfs;
cs;sdH. MdhYk; jw;Nghija Mjhuq;fisf; nfhz;L ghHf;Fk;NghJ me;j
tpisTfs; vd;d vd;gJ njspthf njupatpy;iy.
Mokhd kdr;NrhHTf;F Mshd epiy ,d;iwa ,isQHfspd; epiy.
,d;iwa ,isQHfsplk; caHe;j ,yl;rpaq;fs; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; ,y;iy. mw;g
MirfSf;Fg; gpd;dhy; Nghl;b Nghl;Lg; gazpf;fpd;whHfs;. njhiyf;fhl;rpf;Fk;
rpdpkhTf;Fk; mbikg;gl;bUf;fpwhHfs;. ,izajsKk; r%f Clfq;fSk;
,isQHfisAk; AtjpfisAk; ngUk; r%fr; rPHNfl;il Nehf;fp efHj;jpf;
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. ehlfj; njhlHfSf;Fs; %o;fpf; fplf;Fk; Atjpfspd; epiy
gupjhgfukhdJ. tpurKk; MghrKk; jiy tpupj;jhLk; ,izajsq;fSf;Fs;
rpf;fp mtw;Wf;F mbikg;gl;bUf;fpwhHfs;.
r%f Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;JtJ ,g;NghJ mjpfupj;jpUf;fpwJ.
mjpYk; Fkug;gUtj;jpdH gyH mjpNyNa %o;fpf; fplf;fpd;wdH. mtHfs;
xUtpj kd mOj;jj;Jf;F Mshtjhf Muha;rr

; pj; jfty;fs; njuptpf;fpd;wd.
r%f Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;JNthH md;whl tho;f;iff;F r%fg;
gzpfSf;F cjTk; tpjkhf eilKiwAld; mtw;iw ,izj;Jg; gad;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;. mg;gbg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ> cz;ikapy; gy rpwg;ghd ,yf;Ffisj;
njhlKbAk;.
Mjp kdpjd; xUtNuhL xUtH njhlHGf; nfhs;sTk; jfty;fis
njuptpf;fTk; gad;gLj;jpa “giw” xypNa ,e;j cyfpd; Kjd; Kjy;
ClfkhFk;. gpd;G Gwhtpy; J}J> xw;wHfs; %yk; nra;jp> mQ;ry; %yk;
jfty;> njhiyNgrp top vd fw;fhyk; njhlq;fp fzpdp fhykhd ,d;W tiu
r%f Clfj;jpd; gupzhktsHr;rp gyfl;lq;fisf; fle;J mrhj;jpa
Kd;Ndw;wk; ngw;Ws;sJ. md;whl tho;tpy; ,Ue;J gpupf;f ,ayhJ tho;tpd;

mq;fkhfptpl;lJ.
rHf;fiuahy; <Hf;fg;gLk; vWk;ghf> ,isQHfis <Hf;Fk; ,e;j r%f
tiyj;jsq;fs; vj;jifa jhf;fj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ vd;gJ ek; Kd;
kpfg;ngupa Nfs;tp.
1. kd mOj;jk; mjpfupf;fpwJ
13 tajhd rpWtHfs;> rpWkpfspd; r%f Clf gof;ftof;fk; Fwpj;J
gpugy njhiyf;fhl;rp epWtdk; xd;W Ma;T Nkw;nfhz;lJ. me;j
Ma;tpd;%yk;> KfE}y; my;yJ gpw r%f Clfq;fis ehnshd;Wf;F 50
kw;Wk; 100 Kiwf;F Nky; ghHitapLNthH> me;j Clfq;fis rpy Kiw
kl;Lk; ghHg;Nghiu tpl 37 rjtPjj;Jf;Fk; mjpfkhf kd mOj;jj;jpdhy;
ghjpf;fg;gLtJ njupa te;jpUf;fpwJ. ehnshd;Wf;F 100 Kiwf;Fk; Nky; r%f
Clfq;fisg; ghHitapLNthH> 47 rjtPjj;Jf;Fk; Nky; kd mOj;jj;jpdhy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;bUg;gJk; Ma;tpy; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt> r%f Clfj;jpy;
mjpf Neuj;ij nrytpLtJ vd;gJ ey;yjy;y.
2. mjpfk; gad;gLj;jpdhy; mbik
r%f Clfj;jpy; VNjDk; xU gjpitNah> fhl;rpiaNah ntspapl;L>
mjw;F gpwH tpUg;gk; (iyf;) njuptpj;J ghuhl;bdhy;> gpd;dH mNj
ghuhl;Lf;fhfTk;> iyf;FfSf;fhfTk; njhlHe;J gjptpLk; gof;fk; - Nghij -
Vw;gl;LtpLfpwJ. r%f Clfj;Jf;F mbikahFk; epiy Vw;gl;L tpLfpwJ.
3. nray;gLk; jpwd; ghjpg;G
r%f Clfq;fisj; njhlHe;J gad;gLj;jpdhy;> Jupjkhf KbntLf;Fk;
jpwd; ghjpf;fg;gLk;. Kf;fpa tptfhuj;jpy; cldbahf KbntLf;fhky;>
me;Neuj;jpy; r%f Clfj;jpy; Neuj;ij nrytpl;Lf; nfhz;bUg;Nghk;. gzpGupAk;
,lj;jpy; Ntiyf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fhky;> r%f Clfj;jpy; ciuahbf;
nfhz;Lk;> gjpTfis ntspapl;Lf;nfhz;Lk; ,Ug;Nghk;. ,jdhy; gzpGupAk;
,lj;jpy; gpur;idia vjpHnfhs;s Ntz;bapUg;gJld;> mq;F ve;j
Kd;Ndw;wKk; ekf;F fpilf;fhJ. ,jdhy; Ntiyapy; ve;j Kd;Ndw;wKk;
,y;yhky; gy Njhy;tpfisr; re;jpf;f Ntz;bapUf;Fk;.
4. ep[ tho;f;ifapypUe;J tpyf toptFf;Fk;
r%f Clfj;jpy; Neuj;ijr; nrytpLNthH> jq;fsJ ep[ tho;f;ifapy;
,Ue;J tpyfpr;nry;y Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. r%f Clfj;jpy; ntspaplg;gLk;
gjpTfSf;F gjpy; mspj;Jf;nfhz;Lk;> Kfk; njupahj egHfSld;
Ngrpf;nfhz;Lk; Neuj;ij tPzbg;gjhy;> jq;fisr; Rw;wp elg;gijNa mtHfs;
kwe;JtpLtH. NjHT rkaq;fspy; $l gbg;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;jhky;> r%f
Clfj;jpy; Neuj;ijr; nrytpLtjhy; NjHtpy; Njhy;tpailgtHfSk; cz;L.
mjhtJ> r%f Clfj;jpy; ntspaplg;gLk; fw;gidahd fUj;JfSf;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;J> ep[ tho;f;ifapy; ,Ue;J tpyfpr;nrd;W
nfhz;bUg;ghHfs;.
gpur;ridfs; (Problems)
r%f Clfq;fspdhy; cUthFk; gpur;ridfs; gy. mjpYk;
jiyahajhf fUjg;gLtJ fhyk; tpiuak;. ,isQHfs; Mf;fg;g+Htkhf
gad;gLj;j Ntz;ba Neuj;ij tif njhifapy;yhky; tPzbf;fpd;wdH. rpy
gpugykhd r%f tiyj;jsq;fis cUthf;fpatHfs; mjpy; nrytpLk;
Neuj;ij mwpe;Njhk; vd;why; ehk; nrytpLk; Neuj;jpd; mUikia czHNthk;.
“Ng];Gf;” khHf; rf;fHngHf;> 2004 - 2014 nkhj;jk; tiu 15 gjpTfs; jhd;
gjpe;Js;shH. “l;tpl;lH" N[f; lhHrp> r%f eyk; kw;Wk; murpay; ghHit
njhlHghd tp\aq;fis kl;LNk gjpT nra;fpwhH. “$Fs; gps];" yhup Ng[;>
cUthf;fpa jpdj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,Jtiu 17 gjpTfs; kl;LNk. “,d;];lhfpuhk;"
nftpd; rp];l;Nuhk; ntWk; 40 glq;fs; kl;LNk gjpe;jpUf;fpwhH. Kf;fpa
tiyjsq;fspd; gpuk;khf;fs; mjpy; ngupjhf ,aq;fhj NghJ ehk; ek;
nghWg;ig czu Ntz;Lk;.
mLj;J ,j;jifa Clfq;fspd; ghJfhg;G Fwpj;j mr;rk;. glq;fs;
gjpTfs; vij gjpAk; nghOJk;> jdpg;gl;l tpguq;fis gfpUk;NghJk; Fwpg;ghf
ngz;fs; kpf ftdkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpak;. ,j;jifa
tiyjsq;fspy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghJfhg;G mk;rq;fis gad;gLj;Jk; Nghjpa

mwpT ekf;F Ntz;Lk;. rkPgj;jpy; gbj;j nra;jp> xU ngz;kzp jq;fs; FLk;g
cWg;gpdHfs; midtUlDk; Rw;Wyh nry;tij midtUk; mwpAk;gb
ngUkpjj;JlDk; kfpo;TlDk; jd;Dila tiyg; gf;fj;jpy; gjpe;Js;shH.
jpUk;gp tUk;NghJ tPL nfhs;isabf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. me;j gjptpd; %yk;
epfo;e;j Jauk; mJ vd gpd;dH tprhuizapy; njupate;Js;sJ. vij gfpHtJ
vd;gij tpl vij gfpuf; $lhJ vd;gjpy; mjPj vr;rupf;if mtrpak;.
mLj;J r%f Clfq;fspy; juk; Fiwe;j KjpHr;rpaw;w mtru
tpkHrdq;fs;> fUj;Jg; gjpTfs;. xghkh njhlq;fp cs;SH cyfg;gd; tiu <T
,wf;fk; ,y;yhky; tpkHrd fizfs; tPrg;gLfpwJ. fy;Y}up khztH xUtiu
mtuJ rf khztHfNs juf;Fiwthf tpkHrpf;f me;j khztd; jw;nfhiy
nra;J nfhz;lJ ngUk; Jauk;. MNuhf;fpakhd tpkHrdq;fs;> tpthjq;fs;
epr;rak; Njit> Mdhy; tuk;G kPwp xUtiug; nghJ jsj;jpy; tpkHrpg;gJ
mehfupfkhdJ.
r%f Clfq;fs; kdpjupd; Neuj;ij fsthbaJ xUGwk; vd;why;
mijf;fhl;bYk; kf;fspilNa ,Ue;j czHTg;g+Htkhd gpizg;ig nfhd;W
tUfpwJ vd;gJ tUe;jj;jf;f cz;ik. “jfty; njhopy;El;g tsHr;rpapy;
mnkupf;fh gf;fj;J tPlhdJ. gf;fj;J tPL mnkupf;fhthdJ" vd;Nwh vq;Nfh
gbj;j ftpij jhd; Qhgfj;jpw;F tUfpwJ. Njbj; Njb tho;j;J ml;ilfs;
thq;fp> Neupy; nrd;W> cskhu tho;j;jp md;ig gfpHe;J nfhz;l jUzq;fs;
khwp> jd; nrhe;j tPl;by; ,Ug;gtHfSf;F $l thl;]; mg;gpYk;> Ng]; Gf;fpYk;
,d;dg; gpw r%f Clfq;fs; thapyhf tho;j;Jfis [Ptdpd;wp gfpHfpd;Nwhk;.
,we;j ez;gDf;F ,uq;fy; nra;jpahf “May ur soul RIP (Rest In Peace)" vd
gjpe;J tpl;L mLj;j Ntiyia Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; mtyk; muq;Nfwp tUfpwJ.
me;j ,we;j ez;gupd; tPl;bw;F nry;yNth> mtupd; jha; je;ijf;F MWjy;
$wp Njw;wNth vz;zk; vohj mstpw;F r%f Clfq;fspd; jhf;fk; ePs;fpwJ.
rpy r%f tiyjsq;fs;
gy;NtW r%f tiyjsq;fs; ,Ug;gpDk; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l tiyjsq;fspy;
kl;LNk gadhspfspd; vz;zpf;ifAk;> MHtKk; mjpfkhf cs;sd. Facebook,
Instagram, Whatsapp, Twitter, Linked In, My space, Ning, Google, Tagged, Orkut,
Hi5, My year book, Youtube, Flicker, Digg Nghd;w r%f tiyjsq;fs; ,d;W
ngUkstpy; midtuhYk; mwpag;gLfpd;wditahf cs;sd. ,tw;wpy; KfE}y;
vdg;gLfpd;w Facebook kw;Wk; Twitter Mfpait kpfTk; gpugykhd
tiyjsq;fshFk;.
fzpdpfspy; kl;Lkd;wp ,g;NghJ ~];khl; Nghd;| (Smart Phone) vd;w
etPd trjpfSld; $ba miyNgrpfspYk; ,izaj;jpd; gad;ghLfs;
mjpfupj;Js;sd. fy;Y}up khztHfsplk; ,e;j ];khl; Nghd;fs; ngUkstpy;
Gof;fj;jpy; cs;sd. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; mtw;wpy; 24 kzp NeuKk; ,Ue;j
,lj;jpypUe;Nj r%f tiyjsq;fypy; jq;fs; fUj;Jf;fis gjpT
nra;Jnfhz;L ghHitaplyhk; vd;gJjhd;.
jw;rkak; ~thl;]; mg;’ (Whats App) vd;w tiyjsk; ];khHl; Nghd;fspy;
gpugykile;Js;sJ. ,jd; thapyhf GS^j; trjp ,y;yhkNyNa ,idaj;jpd;
topahf nra;jpfs;> Gifg;glq;fs;> tPbNahg; gjpTfs;> tho;j;Jf;fs; vd
midj;ijAk; gpwupd; miyNgrp vz;zpw;F mDg;gp itf;fyhk;. etPdj;
njhOy;El;gq;fs; ifalf;fj;jpy; ,Ug;gjhy; midtupd; ghHitAk; ];khl;
Nghd;fs;Nky; jpUk;gpAs;sd. ,e;j thl;]m

; g;ig &.1 yl;rk; Nfhbf;F KfE}y;
thq;fpAs;sJ. VNjDk; xU tifapy; kf;fisf; ftHtjw;fhfNt r%f
tiyjsq;fs; Kay;fpd;wd. Gjpa Gjpa Nritfis mwpKfg;gLj;jpg;
gadhsHfspd; vz;zpf;ifiag; ngUf;FtNj r%f tiyjsq;fspd;
Nehf;fkhfpd;wd.
“tiyjsq;fspy; cWg;gpdhuhf cs;stHfspd; vz;zpf;if KfE}ypy;
80 NfhbAk;> btpl;lupy; 20 Nfhb> ypq;f;L ,d; jsj;jpy; 13.5 NfhbAk;> FUg;
Md; jsj;jpy; 11.5 NfhbAk;> $Fs; gps]py; 9 NfhbNgUk; cWg;gpdHfshf
cs;sdH.” (www.nathikaral.in <http://www.nathikaral.in/>) vd;w ,izajsk;
r%f tiyjsq;fspd; cWg;gpdH vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.
r%f khw;wk; (Social Change)
kpd;dQ;ry; Kftup itj;jpUg;gNjNa ngupjhf fUJk; ,d;iwar; #oypy;
jw;NghJ r%f tiyjsq;fspy; fzf;F ,y;yhjtHfs; mw;g;gkhf ghHf;fg;gLk;
epiy Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. Ng];Gf;> btpl;lH> MHFl;> btpl;lH> ,d;]l

; hfpuhk;> a+ba+g;
Mfpatw;wpy; fzf;F ,y;yhjtHfis vs;sp eifahLfpd;wdH. ,j;jifa r%f
khw;wq;fs r%f tiyjsq;fs; Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd. gpugykhd tiyjsq;fspy;
ngaHfNs fy;Y}up khztHfspd; Ngr;rpdhy; ,lk; ngWtij fhzKbfpd;wJ.
Neuk; fpilf;Fk;Nghnjy;yhk; ,izaj;ijg;gad;gLj;Jk; epiykhwp
,izaj;jpNyNa Neuj;ijf; fopf;fpd;w epiy cUntLj;Js;sJ ,q;F
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.
ed;ikfs; (Merits)
r%f tiyjsq;fs; nghOJ Nghf;fpw;fhf kl;Lkpd;wp gy
ed;ikfisAk; ey;fpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. fUj;Jfisg; gupkhwpf;nfhs;sTk;>
nghUshjhu tsHr;rpf;Fk;> kf;fis xd;wpizf;fTk;> jfty; gupkhw;wj;jpw;Fk;
r%f tiyjsq;fs; cjTfpd;wd.
1. cwTfSf;Fg; ghyk;
jd; FLk;gj;ijg; gpupe;J nrd;w may;ehLfspy; thOk; gyUk; r%f
tiyjsq;fspd; cjtpAld; jq;fsJ fUj;Jf;fisAk;> Gifg;glq;fisAk;>
tPbNah gjpTfisAk; gfpHe;Jnfhs;fpd;wdH. mJkl;Lkpd;wp el;G tl;lhuj;ijAk;
ngUf;fpf;nfhs;fpd;wdH.
2. tzpf tsHr;rp
tzpf epWtdq;fs;> r%f tiyjsq;fs; %yk; nghUl;fis tpsk;guk;
nra;J thbf;ifahsHfspd; fUj;Jf;fis Neubahf mwpe;J nfhs;s
Kay;fpwJ. ,jdhy; tzpf epWtdq;fspd; tsHr;rpf;Fr; r%f tiyjsq;fspd;
gq;F ,d;wpaikahjjhfpwJ.
3. fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk;
gyH tiyjsq;fspy;,Lk; Gjpa gjpTfis kf;fsplk; nfhz;L
NrHg;gjpy; tiyjsq;fs; Kf;fpag;gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd. r%f tiyjsq;fspy;
gjpTfs; ntspapLtjhy; mg;gjpTfs; gyuhy; ghHitaplg;gLk;. NkYk; mtHfs;
mg;gjpTfis mtHfspd; ez;gHfsplk; gfpHthHfs;.
jPikfs; (Demerits)
r%f tiyjsq;fisg;gad;gLj;jp rpy r%f tpNuhjpfs; jtwhd
nrayspYk; <LgLfpd;wdH. Mghrkhd Gifg;glq;fisAk;> tPbNah
gjpTfisAk; ntspapLfpd;wdH. ,jdhy; ,sk;tajpdupd; kdjpy; rydk; Vw;gl
tha;g;Gfs; mjpfkhf cs;sd.
1. Vkhw;W Ntiyfs;
mJ kl;Lkpd;wp ,izaj;njhlHgpy; <Lgl;L rpyH ngz;fis Vkhw;wpj;
jpUkzk; nra;fpd;wdH. xUtNu gy ngz;fis kze;J nfhs;Sk; Vkhw;W
NtiyfSk; elf;fpd;wd. rpy ngz;fs; r%f tiyjsq;fshy; kd
cisr;rYf;FMshfp ntspapy; nrhy;y Kbahky; jw;nfhiyAk; nra;J
nfhs;fpd;wdH.
2. Fw;wq;fs;
r%f tiyjsq;fspd; cyfyhtpa njhlHGfshy; Fw;wthspfisf;
fz;Lgpbg;gjpy; irgH fpiuk; NghyprhUf;F ,ila+iw Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
3. mjpfg;gad;ghl;bd; tpisT.
miyNgrpapy; 24 kzp NeuKk; r%f tiyjsq;fisNa
ghHj;Jf;nfhz;bUg;gtHfSf;F ntspapy; mtHfisr; Rw;wp vd;d elf;fpwJ
vd;gJ njupahky; NghfpwJ. ngUkstpy; kf;fs; rKf tiyjsq;fisg;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. cyf mstpy; 150 Nfhbf;Fk; mjpfkhNdhH
gad;gLj;JfpwhHfs;. KfE}y;> btpl;lH> ik ];Ng]; cs;spl;l gj;J r%f
tiyjsq;fs; cyfpy; mjpfk; gad;gLj;jg;gLgit vd;W gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;sd.
,jpy; KfE}y; (Facebook) kl;Lk; 50 Nfhbf;Fk; Nkyhd gazHfs;
cWg;gpdHfshf ,Ue;J gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. ,tHfspy; ngUk;ghNyhNdhHfs;
rpWtHfSk;> ,isQHfSk; jhk;.
xt;nthUtUf;Fk; jdpg;gl;l flikfs; ,Ug;gpDk; mijg;

nghUl;gLj;jhky; r%f tiyjsq;fspy; %o;fp ,Ug;gJ Jd;gj;ijNa
Vw;gLj;Jk;. ngha;ahd Kftup nfhLj;J ekJ nrhe;j ,ufrpaq;fisf;
fsthbf;nfhz;L ekJ tq;fpf; fzf;fpy; cs;s gzj;ij nfhQ;rk;
nfhQ;rkhfj; jpULtjhf mjpHr;rpj; jfty;fis ntspapl;Ls;sdH
Ma;thsHfs;. fdlhtpy; cs;s gpupl;b\; nfhyk;gpah gy;fiyf;fofk; elj;jpa
Ma;tpy; ,e;j cz;ik njupa te;Js;sJ" (http/ponseinilam.blogspot.in) vd
tiyg;gjpT nra;jp Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,JNghy gyitfahd Fw;wq;fs; r%f
tiyjsq;fs; thapyhf eilngWfpd;wd.
r%f tiyjsq;fspy; guTk; tje;jpfs; kw;Wk; jtwhd jfty;fisj;
jLf;f “iybnlf;lH” vd;Dk; njhopy;El;gk; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J jfty;
njhlHG mikg;Gfspd; cjtpAld; Muha;e;J ehk; NjLk; jftYf;F
mUfpNyNa mjd; cz;ikj; jd;ikfis ntspapLk;. rkPgj;jpy; ,J r%f
tiyjsq;fspy; Nrhjpj;Jg; ghHf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J gad;ghl;bw;Ff; nfhz;L
tug;gLk; vdj; njupfpwJ.
r%f tiyjsq;fisg; gad;gLj;JgtHfs; mjpy; cs;s ed;ik
jPikfis mwpe;J msNthLk;> ghJfhg;NghLk; gad;gLj;jpdhy; ,JNghd;w
Fw;wq;fisf; Fiwf;f ,aYk;.
vJ vg;gbNah r%f Clfq;fspdhy; rpy gy jPikfs; ,Ue;jhYk;
kWf;f Kbahj gy ed;ikfSk; cz;L. mjpy; KjyhtJ cyfpd; midj;Jj;
Jiwfspd; mwpitAk; xU Nru toq;FtJ. khj> gpjh> $Fs;> flTs; vd;gNj
,e;j etPd Afj;jpy; tpise;Js;s khw;wk;. Gj;jfk; nfhz;L Njbj; Njb
mwpe;j mwpnty;yhk; ,d;W ifalf;f fzpdpapYk;> nry;NgrpapYk;
ngw;WtpLfpd;wdH. r%f Clfq;fspy; gq;Nfw;fhtpl;lhy; mwptpd; xU thriy
ehNk milg;gjhFk;.
xU rpy Ngupd; mq;fPfhuk; fpilf;fhky; tha;g;G Njb miye;J jtpj;j
jpwikAs;s $l;lk; jq;fs; FWk;glg; gilg;Gfis a+ ba+gpy; gjpNtw;wp
Neubahf kf;fs; kd;wj;jpy; ge;jp itj;J kpfg; ngupa ntw;wpfisAk;>
rhjidfisAk;> tha;g;GfisAk; jq;fisj; Njb tur;nra;fpd;wdH ek; Kjy;

jiyKiw ,isQHfs;.
vl;l ,Ug;gpDk; Kfj;NjhL Kfk; ghHj;J NgRk; mjpraq;fisAk;>
cyfj;jpd; ve;j %iyapy; ,Uf;Fk; ez;gHfs;> cwTfSld; njhlHgpy;
,Uf;fTk;> Gj;jfk; ifapy; vLf;fhj ,isQHfSk; nehbf;F nehb cyfpd;
mirTfis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s nra;tJ vd ,jd; gad;fs; vy;iyaw;wJ.
,j;jid gad;fs; ,Uf;Fk; ,j;jifa r%f Clfq;fspy; Neu tpiuak;>
ghJfhg;G ,y;iy vdf; $wp gad;gLj;jhky; ,Ug;gJ my;yJ cq;fs;
Foe;ijfis mjpy; ,Ue;J tpyf;fp itg;gJ gh];l; NtHy;l; vd;w mtru
Afj;jpy; epfOk; Xl;lg; ge;jaj;jpy; ele;J nrd;W ntw;wp ngw;Wtplyhk; vd
epidg;gJ Nghy; rhj;jpakw;wJ.
r%f Clfq;fspd; jPikia kl;LNk fz;L xJq;ff; $lhJ. ve;j xU
GJikapYk; ehzaj;jpd; ,Ugf;fk; Nghy ed;ik jPik ,uz;Lk; NrHe;Nj
,Uf;Fk;> ghiyAk; ePiuAk; gpupj;jwpAk; md;dkhf khWq;fs;.
9.4 Foe;ijfspd; elj;ij kPJ Clf td;Kiwapd; Mjpf;fk; (Influence of
Media Violence on Children’s Behaviour)
Foe;ijfs; jhk; xU r%fj;jpd; fz;zhb. vy;yh ed;ikfisAk;>
vy;yhj; jPikfisAk; mg;gbNa gpujpgypf;Fk; fz;zhb. JNuhfk;> Raeyk;>
tQ;rfk; vd r%fj;jplk; ,Uf;Fk; vy;yh Neha;fSk; Foe;ijfSf;F vspjpy;
njhw;wf;$ba njhw;W tpahjpfs;. Foe;ijapd; Kd;G ngw;NwhH vg;gb ele;J
nfhs;fpwhHfNsh mNjNghy ,uz;L klq;F> Foe;ijfs; gpujpgypg;ghHfs;.
Vndd;why; “Nghyr; nra;jy;” vd;gJjhd; Foe;ijapd; cstpay;.
Foe;ij tsHg;G vd;gJ mw;Gjkhd fiy. ek;kpy; gyUf;F mJ
iftUtNj ,y;iy. mjdhy;jhd; Fw;wq;fs; epiwe;jjhf ,Uf;fpwJ r%fk;.
Foe;ij tsHg;G ngz;fSf;Nf cupa nghWg;ngd;W epidj;J Mz;fs;
rKjhak; xJq@FtJ rupahdjd;W. Foe;ij tsHg;gpy; Mz; vd;Wk; ngz;
vd;Wk; ghypay; NtWghL fhl;lhky; rkkhf tsHf;f Ntz;ba nghWg;G ,U
ghyhUf;Fk; ,Uf;fpwJ. md;G Fiwfpw ,lk;jhd; mj;jid Fw;wq;fSf;F
Muk;gk;.
,e;jpahtpy; kl;Lk; VO yl;rk; rpWkpfs; xt;nthU Mz;Lk; ghypay;
td;nfhLikf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLfpwhHfs; vd;fpwJ XH Clfj;jpd; Gs;sp tptuk;
(Mde;j tpfld;). ek; Njrj;jpd; ghypay; njhopyhsHfspy; 15 rjtPjk; NgH 15
taJf;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijfs; vd;gJ ftdj;jpw;F cupaJ. gz;ghLk;
ghuk;gupaKk; cs;s xU r%fk;jhd; Foe;ijfis ,g;gb elj;JfpwJ vd;why;
ehk; vij Nehf;fpg; gazk; nra;fpNwhk; vd;gjw;fhd gjpy; jiyFdpthd
tp\akhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
xt;nthU Mz;Lk; gs;spfspd; NjHT KbTfs; te;jJk; ruhrupahf
,e;jpah KOtJk; 2>000 gs;spf; Foe;ijfs; jw;nfhiy nra;J nfhs;fpwhHfs;.
,jpy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; ,UE}W Foe;ijfisj; jw;nfhiyf;Fj; J}z;LfpwJ
td;Kiw. xU ehl;bd; kfj;jhd tsHr;rpapy; Foe;ijfs; Kf;fpa
ftdj;jpw;FupatHfs;. Foe;ijfisg; gw;wpf; ftiyg;glhj ve;jj; NjrKk;
tskhd vjpHfhyj;ijf; nfhz;buhJ. ve;jf; Foe;ijAk; MNuhf;fpakhf
tsUk;nghOJ FLk;gKk;> r%fKk; R%fkhf ,aq;Fk;. Mdhy; tWikj;
Jd;gj;jpw;F Ml;gLk; Foe;ijfs; fl;Lg;ghl;bypUe;J tpyFfpwhHfs;. ,jdhy;
r%fj;jpy; jParf;jpfs; ngUFfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf r%f neUf;fbfshy; tsUk;
,isQHfs; jtwhd kjpg;gPLfshy; topelj;jg;gLfpwhHfs;. ,jdhy; jhd;
td;Kiw gpwf;fpwJ. ,t;td;Kiw Clfq;fspd; top ngupJgLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
Foe;ijfs; vjpHnfhs;Sk; td;Kiwia gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;syhk;.
1. ngw;NwhHfshy; Vw;gLk; gpur;rpid.
2. ,d;iwa fy;tpapd; juj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; kd mOj;jk;
3. ghypay; gyhj;fhuk;
4. ,sk;njhopyhsHfshf mtjpg;gLk; ,d;dy;
ngw;NwhHfSk;> Foe;ijfSk; :
“ve;jf; Foe;ijAk; ey;y Foe;ijjhd; kz;zpy; gpwf;ifapNy> mtH
ey;ytuhtJk;> jPatuhtJk; ngw;NwhH tsHg;gpdpNy” vd;w ghlYf;F Vw;gf;
Foe;ijg;gUtj;jpy; ngw;NwhHfisr; rhHe;J tho;jy; mtHfSila gof;fj;ijg;
gpd;gw;Wjy; vd;gij rhHG kdepiy vd;W $WthHfs;. Fwpg;ghf FLk;gg;
ghuk;gupa> topghL> rlq;Ffisg; gpd;gw;Wjy; ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; ,ay;ghf
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;. Foe;ijfspd; tsHr;rpapy; ngw;NwhH xU J}z;LNfhyhf
,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. mt;thW ,y;yhky; NghFk;NghJ Foe;ijapd; kdeyk;
ghjpg;gilfpd;wJ. Nghjpa MjuT FiwfpwJ. ,jdhy; Foe;ijfs; tPl;il
tpl;L ntspNaWk; mtyk; NeHfpwJ. ,J xUGwk;. kw;nwhU Gwk;> ngw;Nwhiuj;
jhz;b> fy;tp fw;Fk; #o;epiyapy; xU Foe;ijf;F mutizg;ghf ,Uf;f
Ntz;batH MrpupaNu. Mdhy;> “Mrpupia fz;bj;jjhy; gs;sp khztp
jw;nfhiy” (jpdkzp) vd;W nra;jp ntspahfpwJ.
MrpupaHfs; khztHfisf; fz;bg;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf jz;bf;fpwhHfs;.
,jdhy; gy jw;nfhiyr; rk;gtq;fs; epfo;fpd;wd. xU ghJfhg;G czHit
Vw;gLj;jp khzt rKjhaj;jpw;F tskhd vjpHfhyj;ij czHj;j Ntz;ba
Mrpupaupd; td;Kiwg; Nghf;fpdhy; xU Foe;ijapd; vjpHfhyk; xLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
r%fj;ij mopTepiyf;Fj; js;Sk; ,e;jg; Nghf;F> khzt rKjhaj;Jf;F
cfe;jjh vd r%fk; cw;W Nehf;Fjy; ,q;F mtrpak;. NkYk;> ,d;iwa
fy;tpapd; juk; Foe;ijfis ,JNghd;w jw;nfhiyg; Nghf;fpw;Fj; js;Sfpd;w
#o;epiyAk; ,Uf;fNt nra;fpwJ.
1. khztHfspilNa vOk; kdg;Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F MNyhrid toq;f
Ntz;batHfs; MrpupaHfs;.
2. ngw;NwhHfSf;Fk; Foe;ijfSf;Fk; ,ilNa xU ghykhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;batHfs; MrpupaHfNs.
3. xU Foe;ij vy;yhtpjkhd tsHr;rpfNshLk; tsHtjw;F Mrpupauhf
MNyhrfH mtrpak; Njitg;gLfpwhHfs;.
Foe;ijg;gUtj;jpy; ngw;Nwhupd; ftdpg;gpd;ikAk;> Mrpupaupd; Mjuthd
mZFKiw Fiwtjhy; Foe;ijfs; kPjhd td;Kiw njhlHfijahfpwJ.
“NjHtpy; Njhy;tp. gs;sp khztp jw;nfhiy” -(jpdkzp)
Foe;ijfisg; NgZjy; vd;gJ Foe;ijfisg; gaKWj;jNyh my;yJ

mlf;fp itj;jNyh ,y;iy. mtHfSld; neUf;fkhfg; goFtjd; %yk;
mr;rj;jpidAk;> md;ghd mwpTiufs; $Wtjd; %yk; ntWg;gpidAk; Nghf;f
KbAk;. Foe;ijfs; mr;rKk; ntWg;Gkpd;wp kdk;tpl;Lg; ngw;NwhHfSld;
fye;J goFfpw Rje;jpuj;ijf; FLk;gj;jpdH toq;fNtz;Lk;. xt;nthU
FLk;gj;jpYk; ,JNghd;w mZFKiw cUthdhy; xU td;Kiwaw;w
tUq;fhyk; cUthFk;. jdpkdpjHfis ,izg;gJjhd; FLk;gk;. FLk;gq;fspd;
,izTjhd; rKjhak; vd;fpw tsHr;rp epiyiag;ngWfpwJ.
“xt;nthU MZk;> ngz;Zk; jd;id jpUj;jpf;nfhz;lhy; xopa>
rKjhaj;ijj; jpUj;j KbahJ. rKjhar; rPHjpUj;jj;jpw;Fk;> tsHr;rpf;Fk;>
Kjy;epiy jdpkdpjr; rPHjpUj;jNk” vd;fpwhH r.Nt.Rg;ukzpad;.
ngw;NwhHfs; jq;fs; tho;tpy; elf;Fk; gpur;rpidfis Foe;ijfs;
Kd;dhy; ntspg;gLj;Jk; nghOJ Foe;ijfspd; kdeyk; rPHNfL milfpwJ.
Foe;ijfisf; nfhiy nra;Ak; #oy; jha;fN

; fh my;yJ je;ijf;Nfh
Vw;gLfpwJ vd;gJk; Foe;ijfspd; kPjhd td;Kiwg; gjpTfNs MFk;. xU
ehl;bd; tUq;fhyj; J}z;fs; Foe;ijfs; MtH vd;w tuyhW ngw;NwhHfspd;
nghWg;gw;w nray;fshy; mopf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
“tujl;rpizf; nfhLikahy; X#H mUNf 2 Foe;ijfisf; nfhd;W
jha; jw;nfhiy” vd;fpwJ xU ehspjopd; nra;jp. xOq;FKiwiaf;
fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; itj;J czHj;j Ntz;ba xU jhNa ,JNghd;w
#o;epiyia vjpHnfhs;s Kbahky; Foe;ijfisf; nfhy;Yk; Nghf;F r%f
MNuhf;fpaj;jpw;F cfe;jJ my;y. ,jidNa K.,uhrkhzpf;fk; mtHfs;>
“xt;nthU Foe;ijAk; xU FLk;gj;jpd; cWg;gpdH. vdNt Foe;ijfSf;Ff;
FLk;gk;jhd; mbg;gilahd r%ff; FOthf ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. Foe;ijapd;
elj;ijapYs;s gpur;rpidf;Fk;> ngw;NwhHfspd; elj;ijf;Fk;> Foe;ijia
mtHfs; tsHf;Fk; gof;fj;jpw;Fk; kpFe;j njhlHGfs; cz;L”
(K.,uhrkhzpf;fk;> cstpay; Jiwfs; njhFjp ,uz;L. gf;-434) vd;W
njspthff; $WfpwhH.
9.5 Fkug;gUtj;jpdhpd; elj;ij kPJ Clf td;Kiwapd; Mjpf;fk; (Influence
of Media violence on Adolescent’s Behaviour)
 Fkug;gUtj;jpdH Clf td;Kiw fhl;rpfspd;%yk; nghpJk;
ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shfpd;wdH.
 ghYzHT> ghy;ftHr;rp> Mz; ngz; cwT Nghd;wit ,g;gUtj;jpy;
NkNyhq;fp fhzg;gLk;.
 td;Kiwf; fhl;rpfis mjpfk; fhZk;NghJ Jzpr;rYld; ghypay;
Fw;wq;fspy; <LgLfpd;wdH.
 ngz;fis Nfyp nra;jy;> uhfpq;> NgUe;Jfspy; gbf;fl;Lfspy; epd;W
gpwUf;Fj; njhy;iy nra;jy;> njU Xuq;fspy; FOthf epd;W tUNthH
NghNthiu fpz;ly; nra;jy;> mul;ilabj;jy;> rTlhy; Ngry;> tk;Gr;
rz;ilapOj;jy; Nghd;w jukw;w nray;fspy; <Lgl Clf td;Kiw
J}z;LfpwJ.
 rf khztHfNshL (Peer Groups)> FOthf XH mzpahf nray;gl;L
td;Kiwapy; <LgLjy;> khztHfis flj;Jjy;> kpul;ly;> gzk;
gwpj;jy; Nghd;w nray;fspy; <Lgly;.
 jkJ nrhy;Yf;F khwhf nray;gLgtHfis jhf;Fjy;> Jd;GWj;Jjy;>
rpj;jputij nra;jy; Nghd;witfSk; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.
 Nghijf;F mbikahfp (Drug Addition) mjid (kJ) thq;Ftjw;F
gzkpy;yhky; topg;gwp nra;jy;> gpwiu Vkhw;wp gzk; ngWjy;>
Foe;ijfis flj;jp ngw;NwhHfis kpul;b gzk; gwpj;jy; Nghd;w
nray;fspy; <Lgly;.
 ,sk; ngz;fspd; glq;fis Mghrkhf rpj;jhpj;J mjid
,izajsj;jpy; ntspapLtjhf kpul;b gzk; gwpj;jy;.
 ,sk; ngz;fis jw;nfhiyf;F J}z;ly;> ngz;fis el;GhPjpahf
mZfp mtHfis jtwhd topapy; <Lglr; nra;jy; Nghd;wtw;iwAk;

$wyhk;.
ghypay; td;Kiw
r%fj;jpy; ngz;fspd; kPjhd td;Kiw mjpfupj;J tUtij Clfq;fs;
nra;jpahf ntspg;gLj;jp tUfpd;wNghJk;> ghypay; td;Kiw Fwpj;j epfo;Tfs;
mjpfupj;jtz;zNk cs;sJ. ghypay; td;Kiw vd;gJ Mz;> ngz;zpd;
cliyj; jd;Dilajhf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; mjpfhuj;ij cs;slf;fpaJ. je;ij
%yKk;> kfd; %yKk;> FLk;gj;jpy; Mz; Mjpf;f mjpfhuk; njhlHtijg;Nghy
r%f ,aq;Fjsj;jpy; ngz;zpd; cliy EfHTg; nghUshf;fp
jd;Dilajhf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; td;Kiw epfo;j;Jjy; njhlHfpd;wJ. ,jidf;
fPo;tUk; rhd;Wfs; cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
“vt;tsTjhd; nghUshjhu rKjha> rka Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gl;lhYk;>
vj;Jiz ehfupf tsHr;rpapy; kdpjd; Kd;NdwpdhYk; ghYzHitg;
gz;gLj;jhj tiu khDlj;ij mjd; moptpypUe;J fhf;f KbahJ” vd;W
,u.khDNty; $WfpwhH. (jw;fhy jkpo;r; r%f ehty;fspy; ghYzHT> gf;.28)
1. 10 taJ rpWkp fw;gopj;Jg; gLnfhiy. fUk;Gj; Njhl;lj;jpy;
epHthzkhf fple;jhs;. ,lk; flY}H.
2. rpWkpiag; ghypay; gyhj;fhuk; nra;j KjpatUf;F 7 Mz;L rpiw.
rpWkpapd; taJ 11. Kjpatupd; taJ 65.
3. Nghyp];fhuupd; 16 taJ kfisf; flj;jp khdgq;fk;.

4. rhj;jhd;Fsk; mUNf ghypay; gyhj;fhuk;. rpWkp nfhiy. ,isQH
ifJ.
,JNghd;w md;whlr; nra;jpfspy; fhzf; fpilf;Fk; ghypay;
td;Kiwfs; ehSf;Fehs; mjpfupj;J tUtjw;F cupa r%fg; gpd;dzp vd;d
vd;gij Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. r%fk;> rhjpaj;jhYk;> kjj;jhYk;
fl;lg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. rhjPak;> kdpjUf;fpilNa mjpfhuj;ijAk;>
mlf;FKiwiaAk; cs;slf;fp ,aq;fp tUfpwJ. kjk; rlq;FfshYk;>
xOf;fq;fshYk; jPHkhdpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. rlq;Ffs; Mz;> ngz; Mfpa
,UtUf;Fk; NtWNtwhd tpjpKiwfis vLj;Jf;$Wfpd;wd. MZf;fhd

xOf;fj;ij r%f mq;fPfhuj;jpw;F cupajhfTk;> ngz;Zf;fhd xOf;fj;ijf;
fz;fhzpg;gjhfTk; ,aq;fp tUfpwJ. ,e;jr; #oypy;jhd; ngz;kPjhd ghypay;
xOf;fq;fs; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. Mz;> ngz;izj; njhLk;NghJ ngz;
mlq;fp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w gz;ghL fhye;NjhWk; ngz;iz> ngz;ikia
td;Kiwf;F cl;gLj;JfpwJ.
Clfq;fspd; topNa mr;rpy; Vwhj gy td;Kiw epfo;Tfs; muq;Nfwp
,Uf;fyhk;. ,JNghd;w nra;jpfs; khdpl rKjhaj;jpw;F xU ngupa
jiyf;FdpT vd;gij kWj;Jtpl KbahJ.
Foe;ij njhopyhsHfs; :
ngw;NwhH rpyH tUtha; NjLtjpNyNa Kidg;G nfhz;L Foe;ijapd;
Kiwahd tsHg;ig kwe;J tpLfpd;wdH. “fhR nfhLf;fpw gyj;ijtpl md;G
nfhLf;fpw MNuhf;fpak; kpfg;ngupaJ. md;G vd;gJ xUKfg;gl;l mf;fiw.
mf;fiwapd; ntspg;ghLjhd; md;G”.
vdNt xU ehl;bd; tsHr;rpapy; mf;fiw cs;s FLk;gj;jpdUk;>
r%fj;jpdUk; Foe;ijfisr; rupahd jpirapy; tsHf;f Ntz;ba nghWg;gpw;F
cl;gLfpwhHfs;. Foe;ijj; njhopyhsH gpur;rpid xopg;gjpy; muR jPtpu ftdk;
nrYj;j Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ. muRg; gs;spfspy; tskhd fy;tp toq;fg;gLjy;
Njitahf ,Uf;fpwJ. tsUk; rKjhak; td;Kiwaw;w rKjhakhf khw
ngw;NwhH> MrpupaH> muR Mfpa Kg;gpuptpdUk; jPtpu fz;fhzpg;igr; nra;a
Ntz;batHfshf ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. ngw;Nwhupd; nghWg;gw;w jd;ikahYk;
Foe;ijj; njhopyhsH gpur;rpid cUthfpwJ.
jpdrupapy; Foe;ijfSf;fhd gFjpapy; “Xb tpisahL ghg;gh”..... vd;w
jiyg;gpd;fPo; ntspahd nra;jp xd;W. Ie;J tajpNyNa ,e;jf; Foe;ijfs;
nfhYR kw;Wk; ,Uk;Gg; gl;liwfSf;F mDg;gg;gl;Ls;sdH. ,tHfSf;Ff;
ifnaOj;J Nghlf;$l njupahJ. thq;Fk; rk;gsj;ij vz;zpg; ghHf;fTk;
njupatpy;iy. ,e;jf; frg;ghd cz;ikia vy;yhk; ehk; tpOq;fpj;jhd; Mf
Ntz;Lk; vd;w cUf;fkhd nra;jpapy; ,e;jf; Foe;ijf; njhopyhsHfspd;
mtyepiy ek; vy;NyhiuAk; tpog;gilar; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
murhq;fKk; ,jw;F cldbahf eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. r%fg;
gpur;rpidfSf;F NkNyhl;lj; jPHT fhzhky; epue;juj; jPHitAk;> ,isa
rKjhaj;ij tskhf cUthf;Fk; kpfg;ngupa nghWg;Gk; murhq;fj;jpw;F
,Uf;fpwJ. ,d;iwa ,isa rKjhak; Nghw;wpg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;ba
tp\aj;ij kWj;Jtpl;Lg; ghYzHit mjpfk; J}z;Lfpw njhiyf;fhl;rpapd;
Kd;G gy kzpNeuk; nrytpLtij muR ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. khw;W
eltbf;iffis Muha;e;J cldbahf eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
xt;nthU Foe;ijANk tUq;fhyj;jpy; kpspug;NghFk; caHthd
gilg;ghspfs;. Mdhy;> ,d;iwa mtru Afj;jpy; ngUk;ghyhd Foe;ijfSf;F
ntspr;rKk;> tpupe;j cyfKk; gupr;raNk ,y;iy. ,d;iwa fy;tpKiwapy;
kdg;ghlk; nra;J kjpg;ngz; thq;FtJ vd;gJjhd; Kf;fpak;. tho;f;ifj; juk;
caHe;J thOk; juk; Fiwe;JNghd fPo;ikahd fyhr;rhuj;Jf;F Ml;gLk;
#oNy vq;Fk; epytp tUfpwJ. nghUshjhu mOj;jj;jhy; ngw;NwhH Ntiyf;Fr;
nry;Yk; tPLfspy; cs;s Foe;ijfSf;F Vw;gLk; ,og;gpy; xd;W Rw;wj;jhupd;
md;ghd mutizg;G. FLk;g vy;iy RUq;fp jdpf;Fbj;jdf; fyhr;rhuk;
muq;Nfwpajpy; ehk; mile;j ngUk; jPq;F jdpik. fyhr;rhu khw;wk; vt;tsT
Vw;gl;lhYk; mbg;gilahd md;Gk;> mutizg;Gk; vg;NghJk; Njit vd;gij
czu Ntz;Lk;.
mw;Gjkhd mwptpayhsHfisAk;> caHe;j fiyQHfisAk;> vjw;Fk;
mQ;rhj tPuHfisAk; ,e;j cyFf;Ff; nfhLj;jJ xU jhAk;> je;ijAk;jhd;.
ngw;NwhH rpwe;jtHfshf ,Ue;Jtpl;lhy; me;jf; FLk;gj;jpy; tsUk;
Foe;ijfSk; rpwe;J tpsq;FthHfs; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. ngw;NwhH rpwf;f>
r%fk; rpwg;ghf ,aq;f Ntz;Lk;. r%fk; rpwg;ghf ,aq;f muR Mtz
nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
9.6. ghypdk; kw;Wk; xj;jd;ikapd; kPJ Clfq;fspd; tpisTfs; (Effects of
Media on Racial and Gender Stereotyping)
kf;fs; njhlh;G Clfq;fs; kf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis gfpuTk; mij

vy;NyhUf;Fk; njhptpf;fTk; cjTk; xU rf;jp tha;e;j mikg;ghFk;. ,JNghy;
jw;fhy Ma;tpd;gb kf;fs; njhlh;G Clfq;fs; xU ,dj;ijg; gw;wp ,d;ndhU
,dj;jth;fs; xUgbj;jhd vz;zq;fisAk; gpwhplk; gjpa itf;fTk;
cjTtjhy; xU ,dj;jtiu rhh;e;j rpy jtwhd jfty;fisAk; gug;g
cjTfpwJ vd;W fUjyhk;. ,e;jtifahd xU ,djjtiug; gw;wpa jtwhd
mgpg;gpuhaq;fis mnkhpf;fhtpd; kf;fs; njhlh;G Clfq;fs; gug;GfpwJ vd;W
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;gb mnkhpf;f fUg;G ,dj;jth;fs; jhd; gy
Fw;wq;fs; Nghijg;gof;fk; kw;Wk; td;Kiwf;Ff; fhuzk; vd;fpd;w jtwhd
vz;zq;fis me;j ehl;bd; Fbkf;fsplk; gjpa itg;gjhf fUjyhk;.
mnkhpf;f cstpayhsh;fs; jq;fsJ kf;fs; njhlh;G Clfq;fspd;
gphjpepjpj;Jt nfhs;ifapYk; md;whlk; ntspaplg;gLk; Kf;fpa nra;jpfspYk;
gy ,dj;jth;fis rhh;e;j nra;jpfspy; nfhLf;fg;gLk; mOj;jKk; ,dk; rhh;e;j
thh;g;Gfshd elj;ijfs; kf;fspd; kdjpy; gjpa itf;fg;gl;L gpd;tpisTfis
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd vd;Wk; fUjg;gLfpwJ. mnkhpf;fh Nghd;w
ehLfisg;nghWj;jtiu njhiyf;fhl;rpfspy; ,d thh;g;Gfs; rhh;e;j fhl;rpfs;
,lk;ngWfpd;wd. ngUk;ghyhd njhiyf;fhl;rpfs; xU ehl;bd; gd;ikj;
jd;ikia fhl;rpg;gLj;jhky; nfhLj;J mth;fisg;gw;wpa ey;y
mgpg;gpuhaq;fisAk; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jtjhy;, xU ,dj;jtiug;gw;wp thh;g;ghd
elj;ijfis kpifg;gLj;Jk; nraYk; Vw;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; ,dk; rhh;e;j
xUgbj;jhd my;yJ thh;g;ghd elj;ijfs; gug;gg;gl;L jg;ngz;zq;fs;
cUthFk; epiy Vw;gLfpwJ vd;W r%ftpayhsh;fs; fUJfpd;wdh;. ,JNghy;
jpiug;glq;fspYk; ,dk; rhh;e;j thh;g;ghd elj;ijfis fhz;gpj;J
,opTgLj;JtJk; eilngWfpwJ.
 xU nghUis my;yJ xU egiu ehk; midtUk; xNukhjphpahf
czur; nra;Ak; rf;jp Clfj;jpw;F cs;sJ. ,J thHglj; jd;ik
vdg;gLk;.
 rpdpkh glq;fspy; rpyiuNa fjhehahfdhf ebf;f NjHT nra;fpd;wdH.
rpyNtisfspty; rpwe;j fjhehafdpd; thhpRfNs fjhehafdhfTk;
ebf;f NjHT nra;ag;gLfpwhHfs;. ,JNt xNu khjphpahd thHg;glj;

jd;ik vdg;gLk;.
 mnkhpf;fh Nghd;w NkiyehLfspy; nts;is ,dj;jtH
fjhehafdhfTk;> fUg;G ,dj;jtH tpy;yd;fshfTk;> gzpahl;fshfTk;>
mbikfshfTk; Clfq;fs; giwrhw;Wfpd;wJ.
 rpy ehLfspy; cs;s ,dj;jtHfs; vt;tsT jpwikrhypfshf
,Ue;jhYk; me;ehl;L kf;fNshL rkkhf elj;jg;gLtJ ,y;iy.
 Clfq;fs; lhf;lH thhpir lhf;luhfTk;> MrphpaH thhpir MrphpauhfTk;>
tptrhap kfid tptrhapahfTk; rpj;jhpj;J fhl;LfpwJ.
 fy;Y}hp kw;Wk; gs;spfspd; tpLjpfspYk; ,e;j ,dntwp Ntw;Wik
cs;sJ.
ngz;fs; tha;rr
; z;il kpf;ftHfs;> gzj;jhir cs;stHfs;.
 ngz;fspilNa xw;Wik ,Uf;fhJ.
 ngz;fs; Gw moif nkUNfw;WgtHfs;. mf mwpit gw;wp
ftiyg;gLtNjapy;iy.
 ngz;fs; gyk; Fiwe;jtHfs;. Miztpl jho;thdtHfs;.
 fw;G vd;w epiyapy; ngz;fNs jw;F KOg;nghWGk; ghJfhg;Gk;
cilatHfs;.
 ngz;fs; vd;why; Foe;ijfis ngWgts;> rikay; Ntiy nra;gts;
vd;W Kj;jpiu Fj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 fztid ,oe;j ngz;fs; r%fj;jpy; Gwk; js;spa epiyapYk; mtHfs;
rhgf;NfL ngw;wtHfs; vdTk; Mz;lhz;Lfhykhf fUjg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
 fhyg;Nghf;fpy; fy;tpapd; jhf;fj;jhy; Nkw;$wpa ,e;epiyfs; gbg;gbahf
khw;wk; fz;L tUfpwJ.
 ngz; ghJfhg;gpw;fhd rl;lq;fs; gw;wpa tpopg;GzHT jw;NghJ
ngz;fspilNa GJg;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 Clfq;fs; ngz;fspw;fhd rktha;g;Gfs;> gzpfs;> nrhj;Jhpik gw;wpa
tpopg;GzHit epidT$He;J tsk; mspj;JtUfpwJ.
9.7 ey;y Clfg; gad;ghl;il newpKiwg;gLj;Jjy; (Regulating Healthy Media
Use)
,d;iwa tho;tpy; ClfkhdJ mj;jpahtrpa Njitfspy; xd;whf
cs;sJ. Clfkpy;yh tho;it ,d;W epidj;Jf;$l ghHf;f KbahJ.
 vdpDk; Clfq;fspd; gad;ghl;il newpg;gLj;Jjy; vd;gJ mtrpakhd
xd;whf cs;sJ. mt;thW nra;ahtpbd; ,isa gUtj;jpdH topjtwp
nry;yf;$Lk;. mtHfsJ vjpHfhy tho;T Nfs;tpf;FwpahfptpLk;.
 Clfq;fspd; nray;ghLfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; vd;gJ [dehafj;jpw;F
vjpuhd nrayhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,q;F jdpegH Rje;jpuk;
gphpf;fg;gLtjhfptpLk;.
 ,Ug;gpDk; ,isNahHfspd; vjpHfhy tho;it fUj;jpy; nfhz;L>
,izajsj;jpy; cs;s KfE}y; (Facebook) kw;Wk; A+bA+g; (Youtube)>
Ltpl;lH (Twitter) Nghd;wtw;iw gad;gLj;j Foe;ijfSf;F ngw;NwhH
xU rpy topKiwfis ifahsyhk;.
ngw;NwhHfs;/ghJfhg;ghsHfsJ tpopg;GzHT (Awareness of Parents / Caregivers)
nghJthf Foe;ijfspd; ngw;NwhHfs; r%f Clfq;fs; gw;wp njspthf
njhpe;jpUj;jy; mtrpakhdjhf cs;sJ.
tPLfspy; r%f Clfq;fis gad;gLj;Jk; ,lkhdJ vy;NyhUk;
elkhLk; nghJthd ,lkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
r%f Clfq;fspy; cs;s gy;NtW njhopy;El;gq;fs; gw;wpAk;>
ngw;NwhHfs; mwpe;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
ngw;NwhHfs; jd; Foe;ijfs; r%f Clfq;fis gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ
mtHfspd; xt;nthU miritAk; fz;fhzpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ngw;NwhHfs; jq;fs; Foe;ijfNshL kdk; tpl;L ciuahLjy;
ngw;NwhHfs; Foe;ijfsplk; r%f tiyajsq;fs; gw;wpAk;> mtw;wpd;
nray;ghLfs; gw;wpAk; ciuahLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
r%f tisjsq;fspy; jd;Dila Gifg;glq;fs; kw;Wk; jfty;fis
gjpT nra;tjhy; Vw;gLk; ,lHghLfis Foe;ijfsplk; ngw;NwhHfs;
vLj;Jf; $Wjy;Ntz;Lk;.
,izajsk; %yk; Vw;gLk; cwit Neubahf re;jpg;gJ> tPl;bw;F
tutiog;gJ Nghd;wtw;iw Kw;wpYk; jtpHf;f Nahrid $Wjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
jdJ neUf;fkhd cwTfs; kw;Wk; ez;gHfsplk; kl;LNk r%f
tiyjsq;fspd; thapyhf fUj;jshTjy; vd;gij Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s
ngw;NwhHfs; Foe;ijfl;F mDkjp juNtz;Lk;.
ehk; md;whlk; nra;Ak; gzpfs;> tuTnryTfs;> nghUl;fs; thq;Fjy;
Nghd;w jfty;fis ,izajsk; thapyhf ez;gHfsplk; gfpHjy;$lhJ.
r%f tiyajs ,izaq;fshd $Fs; (Google)> ah`{ (Yahoo)
Nghd;w epWtdq;fSk; caH njhopy;El;gq;fis gad;gLj;jp xUtH
nra;jpia gpwH jpUlhj tz;zk; ghHj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
rKjhaj;jpd; nghWg;Gfs;
tpohf;fhyq;fs;> gz;biffs; Nghd;w Neuq;fspy; Foe;ijfSf;fhd
nghOJNghf;F mk;rq;fshd tpizahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs;> fiyepfo;Tfs;
Nghd;wtw;iw epfo;j;j Kd;tuNtz;Lk;.
vy;yhf; Foe;ijfisAk; epfo;rr

; pfspy; gq;F ngw tha;g;G mspf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
ngw;NwhHfs;> MrphpaHfs; kw;Wk; r%f MHtyHfs; Foe;ijfis
Nahfh> clw;gapw;rp> jpahdk;> ifNtiy Nghd;w Mf;fj;jpwd; kpf;f
nray;fspy; <LgLj;jNtz;Lk;.
,t;Tyfpy; Clfq;fspd; Nrit mtrpak; Njit vd;whfpAs;sJ. vdNt

Clfg;gad;ghL Fkug;gUtj;jpdiu kl;Lky;yhJ vy;NyhiuAk;
ey;topg;gLj;Jtjhf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. Clfj;jhy; ey;ynjhU rKjhak;
gilf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. njhopy;El;gk; epiwe;j ,f;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; ClfNk
xUthpd; tho;it khw;wty;yJ vd;W $wpdhy; mJ kpifahfhJ.
UNIT V
myF 5
ghypd xj;jj;jd;ikfs; kw;Wk; ghypdj;jpd; gq;Ffs;
(Gender Stereotypes and Gender Roles)
5.1. mwpKfk; (Introduction)

ghypdk; vd;gJ xUthpd; ghy; njhlHghf xU r%fk; njhlHGgLj;Jk; gz;Gfs;>
kdg;ghq;Ffs;> czHTfs;> elj;ijfs; Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ghypd milahsk;
vd;gJ r%fj;jhy; kl;Lk; my;yhky; xUtH jhdhf> jdJ mf mDgtq;fshy; ve;jg;
ghypdkhf czHfpwhH vd;gijg; nghWj;Jk; mikfpwJ. nghJthf ghypdk; Mz;> ngz;
vd;w ,U JUt njhlHkl;lj;jpy; tiuaiw nra;ag;gLfpwJ. Mz;> ngz;> jpUeH vd;W
gy;NtW ghypdq;fs; cz;L. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpg; gFjpapy; ghypay; vd;w
nrhy; vy;yhj; jsq;fspYk; typikg;ngw;w nrhy;yhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. xOf;fj;jpy;
MZf;Fhpa xOf;fk; kw;Wk; ngz;Zf;Fhpa xOf;fq;fis mtHkPJ jpzpj;J mjidg;
gpd;gw;wr; nrhy;tNj ghypay; vd;gjhFk;. cjhuzkhf:
~~ngz;fs; midtUk; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;L Foe;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;||.
~~ngz;fs; fz;zPH rpe;jyhk; Mz;fs; mof;$lhJ||.
~~Mz; jiy ngz; ,jak;> Mz; MizapLgtd; ngz; fPo;gba Ntz;Lk;.
Mz;fs; tpisahl;il Nerpg;ghHfs;> ngz;fs; tPl;by; ,Ug;gtHfs;||.
vd;gJ Nghd;w gy epajpfs; Mz;> ngz; ,UghyUf;Fk; tFf;fg;gl;ld.
gz;Gfis gpujpgypf;Fk; jpwd;> gFj;jwpT kw;Wk; jd; Kidg;G Mz;fSf;fhfTk;
czHr;rpfs;> mutizg;G> mf;fiw> czHr;rpfs; ngz;fSf;fhd gz;Gfshf
epHzapf;fg;gl;ld. MSikj; jpwd; jtpu Mz;fs; clystpy; tYthdtHfs;>
caukhdtHfs; vd;Wk;> ngz;fs; mofhdtHfs;> nja;tPfkhdtHfs; vd;Wk; $wg;gl;lJ.
NtiyAk; Mz;fSf;F NgUe;J Xl;LdH> fhg;gl P ;L KftH> NtjpapayhsH vd;Wk;>
ngz;fSf;F Mrphpia> nrayhsH> nrtpypaH vd;Wk; gphpj;Jf; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
eltbf;iffspYk; Mz;fs; FOit fl;bf;fhg;gtH vd;W ngz;fs; Foe;ijfis
ftdpg;gtHfs; moFg;gLj;JgtHfs; vd;whHfs;. ,t;thW r%fj;jpy; xNukhjphpahd
rpe;jidfis Nt&d;w nra;jpUf;fpd;wdH.
5.2. Kd;Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; ghypd xj;jj;jd;ikfs; (Gender Sterotypes in Early
Childhood)
xNu juj;jpYs;s MizAk;> ngz;izAk; rkkhdtHfs; vd;W Fwpg;gpLthHfs;.
Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; MZk;> ngz;Zk; rkj;Jtj;jd;ik tha;ff ; g; ngw;wtHfshf
,Ug;ghHfs;. mtHfSf;Fs; Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; ,Ug;gjpy;iy. FLk;gq;fisr; rhHe;J
tsuf;$ba Foe;ijfs; midj;JNk tsu tsuj; jq;fisr; Rw;wpAs;s midj;jpYNk
Mz; Mzhf tsHtjw;Fk; ngz; ngz;zhf tsHtjw;Fk; VNjh xU nra;jp
nghjpe;jpUg;gijg; Ghpe;J nfhs;fpwhHfs;. ,jdhy; Mz; Foe;ijfSk;> ngz;
Foe;ijfSk; ,UNtW ,yf;Ffis Nehf;fpr; nry;fpwhHfs;. Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpy;
xUgbj;jhdtHfs; vy;yh r%fj;jpYk; cs;sdH. NtWNtW fyhr;rhuj;jpy; te;jtHfSk;>
Vw;wj;jho;Tfisg; Ghpe;J nfhz;L tho gofpf; nfhs;fpd;wdH. rpy ghypd fUj;Jfs;
NeHkiwahfNth vjpHkiwahfNth ,Uf;fpd;wd. vy;yh ghypd fUj;Jf;fSk;
rKjhaj;jhy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;L Foe;ijfSf;Fr; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wd.
Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; ,g;ghypd gFg;G Foe;ijfspd; vjpHfhyj;jpy; ele;J
nfhs;Sk;tpjj;ij jPHkhdpf;fpwJ. ,g;ghypd ghFg;ghl;bid Fwpj;J 1983 tiu
ghlj;jpl;lq;fspy; ,y;yhky; ,Ue;jd. mjd;gpwF Muha;rpapd; mbg;gilapy;
ghFghghl;bid Fiwf;fTk; NtWghLfis khw;wTk; ,izf;fj; njhlq;fpdH.
tpisahl;Lg; nghUl;fs;
Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; ghypd ghFghL Njhw;w mbg;gilapYk; mtHfspd;
tpisahl;Lg; nghUl;fspYk; ,Ue;J> Mz; Foe;ijfs; fbdkhd nghUl;fisAk; ngz;
Foe;ijfs; nkd;ikahd nghUl;fisAk; itj;J tpisahlj; njhlq;fpdH. ,jpy; Mz;
Foe;ijfs; rpW yhhpfs;> fhHfs; itj;J tpisahbdH. ngz; Foe;ijfs; nghk;ikfis
itj;J tpisahbdH. ,J ghypdk; rhHe;j tpisahl;L nghUl;fs; vd;W
jPHkhdpf;fg;gl;lJ.
caphpay; mbg;gil
caphpy; mbg;gilapy; cWg;Gfisf; nfhz;L ghypd ghFghLfs; fhzg;gl;lJ.
Mz; vd;why; fk;gPuk;> ngz; vd;why; nkd;ik vd;W tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;
Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; ,J mtHfshy; czug;gLtjpy;iy. midtUk; xd;Nw vd;W
,UtUk; NrHe;Nj tpisahLtH.
MHtk;:
epwq;fis nghUj;jtiu ePyk; Mz; Fe;ijfSf;F vd;Wk;> ,sQ;rptg;G
ngz;Foe;ijfSf;F vd;Wk; gphpj;jhpag;gl;lJ. fub Mz; Foe;ijf;F> gl;lhk;G+r;rpfs;
ngz; Foe;ijfSf;F vd;Wk; $wg;gl;lJ. %d;W tajpypUe;J ehd;F taJ tiu
Foe;ijfs; cil cLj;JtjpYk;> jiy rPTtjpYk; MHtk; fhl;Ltjpy;iy. 3 Kjy; 6
taJ tiu Njhoikia kPWgtHfSld; Mz; Foe;ijfs; el;G itf;fj; jaq;FtH.
cjhzukhf Mz; Foe;ijfs; iftpuy;fspy; rhak; mbj;jhy; el;G itf;fj; jaq;FtH.
mJNghy ngz; Foe;ijfs; yhhpia itj;J tpisahbdhy; jaf;fk; fhl;LtH. Foe;ijg;
gUtj;ij nghUj;jtiu Mz;> ngz; ghFghL kl;LNk njhpAk;. NkYk; Foe;ijg;
gUtj;jpdiu nghUj;jtiu Mz; ngz; ghFghL vd;gJ ,y;iy. mtHfSf;F
tpisahLk; nghUl;fNsh cLj;Jk; MilfNsh nghpjhf njhptjpy;y. khwhf mtHfSf;F
clypy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk; kl;LNk ghypdj;ij Fwpg;gJkhFk;.
5.3. eLj;jug; gUtj;jpy; ghypd xj;jj;jd;ikfs; (Gender Stereotypes in Middle
Childhood)
eLj;jug; gUtj;jpy; Mz; ngz;> NtWghLfs; ,Ug;gjpy;iy. eLj;jug; gUtk;
vd;gJ 6 Kjy; 11 taJ tiu cs;s gUtk; MFk;. ,f;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; Foe;ijfs;
xNukhjphpahd eltbf;iffspy; <LgLfpd;wdh;. Mz;> ngz; ,UtUk; FOtpy; ,Ue;J
jq;fs; fy;tpapy; ftdk; nrYj;JtH. ,J r%fj;Jf;F nghpJk; cjtpfukhf ,Uf;Fk;.
,tHfspd; ghypd njhlHGfs; nghpJk; kjpg;ngz; mjpfk; ngWtjpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
eLj;jug; gUtj;jpy; FO Vw;G:
Mz;> ngz; ghFghby;yhky; FO Vw;G rKjhaj;jpw;F Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
cstpay; Ma;thsHfs; khztHfspilNa NeHkiwahd vz;zq;fs; kw;Wk;
r%fj;jpd;ghy; mf;fiw Vw;gLk; tifapy; fy;tp ntw;wp> jd;dk;gpf;if Nghd;wit
cs;sJ vd;W njhptpf;fpd;wdH. gy Ma;Tfs; eLj;jug; gUtj;jpy; FO Vw;G ghypd
mbg;gilapy; Vw;gLfpwJ vd;W $Wfpd;wJ. ghypd mbg;gilapNyNa Foe;ijfs; jq;fs;
jpwikfis tsHj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;. Foe;ijfs; ngUk;ghYk; jq;fs; ghypdj;ij
mbg;gilahf itj;Nj ez;gHfisj; NjHT nra;fpd;wdH.
,g;gUtj;jpy; ngz; Foe;ijfs; nghk;ik itj;J tpisahLthHfs; nghk;ik kPJ
<Hg;G Vw;gl;L mtHfSlNd tpisahl Mirg;gLfpwJ. ez;gHfs; FO mbg;gil
ngUk;ghYk; ghypd mbg;gilapy; jPHkhdpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ml;yhpd; (1992) ePz;lfhy Ma;T
tpisahl;Lfspy; Mz;> ngz; ghypd NtWghLfs; cs;sd vd;W $WfpwJ. Mz;
Foe;ijfs; jlfs tpisahl;bYk; ngz; Foe;ijfs; G+g;ge;J tpisahLtjpYk; MHtk;
nfhs;fpd;wdh;. ,jd;%yNk mtHfs; jq;fs; FOtpYk; jf;f itf;fg;gLfpd;wdH vd;fpwhH.
RakhpahijAk; Mz; nz; ghypdj;jthplk; NtWgLfpwJ. ,g;gUtj;jpy; Mz;
Foe;ijfSf;F Gfo;> nfl;bj;jd;ik> mjpfhuk;> vjpHj;J epw;gJ> r%f khpahij kw;Wk;
jdpg;gl;l jpwikfs; Rakhpahijia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. ngz; Foe;ijfSf;F Mil>
FLk;g khdj;ij fhg;ghw;Wjy;> FbapUg;G ,lk;> mikjp> fUiz> cly; tsHr;rp
Nghd;wit Rakhpahijia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. 9 kw;Wk; 10 taJ cilatHfs; ghypd
ghFghL clw;ftHr;rpapdhy; tUfpwJ.
5.4. Fkug;gUtj;jpy; ghypd xj;jj;jd;ikfs; (Gender Stereotypes in Adolescence)
eLj;jug; gUtj;jpw;F mLj;j tsHr;rpg; gUtj;ij Fkug;gUtk; vd;gH. ,g;gUtj;jpy;
xUtd;> ghy; KjpHr;rp milfpwhd;. jdJ FLk;gj;jpw;F mg;ghw;gl;l> jdf;nfd xU
jdpj;jd;ikiag; (Identity); ngWfpd;whd;. jdJ vjpHfhyk; gw;wpr; rpe;jpj;J KbTfis
vLf;fj; njhlq;Ffpwhd;.
,g;gUt tsHr;rpapy; Vw;gLk; tpaf;fj;jf;f khw;wq;fSf;Ff; fhuzk;> ngz;
Foe;ijfspd; rpidg; igfs; (Ovaries) KOtsHr;rpAw;W ,aq;fj; njhlq;FtJk;> Mz;
Foe;ijfspd; tpijg;igfs; (Testicles) tsHr;rpAw;W ,aq;fj; njhlq;FtJk;>
,g;gUtj;jpy; Foe;ij jd;ik mbNahL khwp ngUj;j khw;wq;fSld; KjpHr;rp Vw;glj;
njhlq;Ftjhy;> ,g;gUtj;ij Foe;ijfspd; ,uz;lhk; gpwg;G vd;W $WNthUk; cz;L.
];lhd;yp `hy; ,g;gUtj;ij ~~rpf;fyhd mikjpaw;w gUtk;|| vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.
,g;gUtj;jpd; Kf;fpa jd;ikfs; Jhpj khw;wKk; Kuz;ghLfs; epiwe;j njsptw;w
epiyahFk;.
Fkug;gUtj;jpy; Mz;fSk;> ngz;fSk; jq;fs; cly; tsHr;rpapd; cr;rj;ij
milfpwhHfs;. cauk;> vil, ngz;fspd; ,Lg;G mjpfhpj;Jf; fhzg;gLk;. Mz;fspd;
Fuy; cile;J fufug;ghfpwJ. ngz;fspd; Fuypy; ,dpik $LfpwJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf
Fkug;gUtj;jpdH jq;fspd; cly; nghypit rpe;jpj;jthNw ,Ug;gH.
Fkug;gUtk; nray;gLk; gUtkhFk;. jq;fs; ,urid> kdepiyf;F Vw;g Xa;TNeu
Ntiyfspy; <LghL nfhs;tH. Mz;fs; jq;fis ebfHfNshLk; ngz;fs; jq;fis
ebiffNshLk; xg;gpl;Lf; nfhs;tH. ehaf topghL ,g;gUtj;jpdhplk; ,Uf;Fk;.
Fkug;gUtj;jpy; kdntOr;rpfs; khwpf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;. ,UghypdUf;Fk; gjw;wk;>
Nfhgk;> md;G Nghd;wit jpBH jpBnud;W ntspg;gLk; xU Neuj;jpy; MHtk; rpy
Neuq;fspy; MHtkpd;ikAk; Vw;gLk;. xg;ghH FOtpdhplk; <LghL mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjhy;
ngw;NwhH MrphpaHfisAk; vjpHj;J NgRtH. r%f mq;fPfhuk; ngw ,g;gUtj;jpdH mjpf
ftdk; nrYj;JtH.
Mz; ngz; ,UghyUk; jq;fsJ vjpHfhyk;> njhopy; gw;wp MHtk; fhl;LtH.
Mz;fs; ngUk;ghYk; kjpg;Gkpf;f> fbdkhd> jdJ jpwikiaf; fhl;lf;$ba tifapy;
mikAk; njhopiyNa ehLfpd;wdH. Mdhy; ngz;fs; kpf vspjhfr; nra;af;$ba>
clYiog;G mjpfk; Njitg;glhj njhopy;fspy; <LghL fhl;Lfpd;wdH. gs;sp rhHe;j
nray;fspy; kpfTk; <LghL fhl;LtH. r%f epfo;rr
; pfs; r%f Nritfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy;
,UghypdUk; MHtk; fhl;LtH.
mghpkpjkhd cly; rf;jp Fkug;gUtj;jpy; ,Ug;gjhy; Mz;fs; fbdkhd
tpisahl;Lfspy; MHtk; fhl;LtH (c.k;) fgb> fphpf;nfl;. ngz;fs; nkd;ikahd
tpisahl;Lfspy; MHtk; fhl;LtH. (c.k;) G+g;ge;J> jhak; tpisahLjy;. ,g;gUtj;jpdH
KbT vLf;f rpukg;gLtjhy; MrphpaHfSk; ngw;NwhHfSk; iff;nfhLj;J cjt Ntz;Lk;.
5.5. ghypd xj;jj;jd;ikapd; jhf;fq;fs; (Influences of Gender Sterotyping)
caphpay; mbg;gilapy; Mz;fs; Ntiyf;F vd;Wk;> ngz;fs; Foe;ijg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;Fk; vd;W ek; Kd;NdhHfs; tiuaWj;jdH. ,jdhNy Mz; vd;why; mjpfhuk;
nra;gtd; vd;Wk;> ngz; vd;why; ,ize;J nry;y Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; $wg;gl;lJ. ,jid
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F %d;W Mjhuq;fis $wyhk;.
1) caphpay; jhf;fk;
2) gz;ghl;Lj; jhf;fk;
3) #o;epiyapd; jhf;fk;
1) caphpaypd; jhf;fk; (Biological Influence)
xt;nthUtUk; MzhfNth> ngz;zhfNth gpwf;fpd;wdH. gpwg;GWg;Gfis itj;Nj
ekJ ghiy cWjp nra;fpd;wdH. xt;nthU fyhr;rhuKk; Mz; Foe;ijfSf;Fk;> ngz;
Foe;ijfSf;Fk; kfpOk; tpjKk; mtHfSf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gLk; nghWg;GfSk; clw;$W
hPjpapNyNa epHzapf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,jid xl;bNa midj;Jr; r%f fyhr;rhu
tpraq;fSk; Mz;fSf;nfd;Wk; ngz;fSf;nfd;Wk; jdpj;jdpahf tbtikf;fg;gl;Lg;
gpwg;G Kjw;nfhz;Nl clw;$W hPjpapy; r%fg;gLj;Jfpd;wdH.
ghypd `hHNkhd;fs; %is kw;Wk; euk;Gfspy; tpyq;fpfdq;fis ghjpg;gJ Nghy;
kdpjHfisAk; ghjpf;fpwJ. Foe;ijg;gUtk; Kjy; ghypdk; cWg;Gfis itj;Nj
gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ. `hHNkhd;fNs mtHfspd; tpisahl;L> ijhpak;> rj;jq;fis
Mz;fsplKk;> mikjp kw;Wk; nkd;ikia ngz; Foe;ijfsplk; Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; ngz; Foe;ijfs; ngz; Foe;ijfsplNk N[hbahf tpisahLtH.
Mz; Foe;ijfs; jq;fSf;Fs; FOit Vw;gLj;jp XLjy;> kuk; VWjy;> rz;il>
js;sptpLjy; Nghd;wtw;iw tpisahLtH.
2) gz;ghl;Lj; jhf;fk; (Cultural Influence)
gz;ghL vd;gJ mwpT> ek;gpf;if> fiyfs;> mwnewpfs;> rl;lk;> rk;gpujhaq;fs;
kw;Wk; kdpjdhy; ngwg;gl;l jpwd;fSk; gof;ftof;fq;fSk; mlq;fpa rpf;fyhd
njhFg;ghFk; (fp.gp.nla;yH). ekJ rpe;jidfs; kjpg;Gfs;> nghUs;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; njhlH
Nrkpg;Ng gz;ghL MFk;. kdpjdpd; fw;Fk; jpwikiaAk; mtw;iw ghpkhw;wk; nra;J
nfhs;s mtd; ngw;Ws;s jpwikiaAk; Fwpf;fpd;wd. vdNt> fw;gJk; gq;fpl;L
nfhs;sg;gLtJk; ghpkhw;wk; ngWtJk; gz;ghL vdf; nfhs;syhk;. ,J rKjhaj;NjhL
neUq;fpa njhlHG cilaJ.
,g;gz;ghl;Lf; fyhr;rhuj;ij ghHf;Fk;NghJ Mz;> ngz; ghFghL njspthf
njhpAk;. ,JNt Mz;fSf;F mjpfhuj;ij fUtpahfTk; ngz;fSf;F czHTfis
fUtpahfTk; Rkj;JfpwJ. cjhuzkhf nfd;ahtpy; xU tptrha goq;FbapdH ,dj;jpy;
jha; ehd;F Kjy; Ie;J kzpNeuk; Njhl;lj;jpy; ciof;f Ntz;Lk;. %j;jf; Foe;ijfs;
jq;fs; jk;gp my;yJ jq;ifia ftdpj;Jf; nfhz;L rikay; ghj;jpuq;fisAk; fOt
Ntz;Lk;. ,t;Ntiyfs; Mz;> ngz; ghFghL ,y;yhky; toq;fg;gLk;. mjdhy;
,UghypdUk; mjpf Rje;jpukhfKk;> jd; Kidg;G nfhz;ltHfshfTk; ,Ug;gH. ,JNt
nfd;ahtpd; fyhr;rhuk;. ekJ fyhr;rhuk; ,jpypUe;J NtWgl;L ngz;fs; tPl;L
Ntiyf;Fk;> Mz;fs; ntspNtiyf;F vd;Wk; rpj;jhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
3) #o;epiyapd; jhf;fk; (Environmental Influence)
#o;epiy vd;gJ ehk; thOk; ,lk; MFk;. ,JNt ghypd ghFghl;bw;F nghpJk;
gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. nghpatHfspd; ghFghNl Mz; Foe;ijfisAk;> ngz; Foe;ijfisAk;
ntt;Ntwhf itf;fpwJ. ,JNghyNt gbf;Fk; gs;sp> tPL> rKjhak; Nghd;witAk; ghypd
ghFghl;bw;F toptFf;fpwJ. ngz;fSf;F nghUj;jkhd MilAk;> Mz;fSf;F
nghUj;jkhd MilAk; Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj mtHfis NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;LfpwJ.
Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpypUe;Nj ngw;NwhHfs; Mz;fSf;Fk;> ngz;fSf;Fk; ntt;NtW
fz;Nzhl;lk; itj;Js;sdH. tpisahl;L nghUl;fs;> elj;ij> czHTfs;> tpisahl;L>
nray;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpYk; ghFghl;il fhzyhk;.
5.6. ghypd milahsk; (Gender Identity)
kdpj r%fk; xU nghJeyid czHe;J nfhs;tjw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;lJ. r%f
mikg;G vd;gJ nghJj; Njitfis G+Hj;jp nra;tjw;fhf jdp kdpjHfspd; nray; gq;F
my;yJ nghJg;gq;fpy; gq;Nfw;gjhFk;. xUthpd; nrhe;j ghypdk; gw;wpa mthpd; nrhe;j
mDgtq;fNs ghypd milahsk; vd;gjhFk;. midj;Jr; r%fKk; ,Ughypdg;
gphpTfisg; ngw;W ,Uf;fpd;wdH. r%fj;jpy; kw;w cWg;gpdHfSf;Fk; njhlHghf xU
kdpjdpd; r%f milahsj;ij ,g;gphpTfs; mspf;f KbAk;. ngUk;ghd;ikahd
r%fq;fspy; Mz;fs; ngz;fSf;F xJf;fg;gLk; ,ay;Gf; Fzq;fis tiuaWg;gjpy; XH
mbg;gil NtWghL cs;sJ.
ghypay; kw;Wk; ghypd ntspg;ghLfs; midj;Jf; $WfspYk;> caphpay; ,dk;
ghypdk; milahsk; Mfpatw;wpYk; kf;fshy; Mz;ik> ngz;ik vd
NtWgLj;jg;gLfpwJ. midj;Jr; r%fq;fspYk; rpy jdpegHfis milahsg;gLj;j
KbahJ. midj;Jf; Fzq;fshYk; caphpay; nrf;]; mbg;gilapYk;> me;j egHfs;
MZf;Fg; gjpy; ngz; Fzq;fisAk;> ngz;Zf;F gjpy; Mz; Fzhjpraq;fisAk;>
,uz;Lk; fye;j mk;rq;fisAk; nfhz;ltuhf ,Ug;gH. ghypd milahsk; vd;gJ
nghJthf 3 Kjy; 6 taJf;Fs; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ. mjw;Fg;gpwF ,jid khw;WtJ
fbdk;.
eLj;jug;gUtk; Foe;ijapd; ghypd milahsk;
eLg;gUtj;jpy; ghypd milahsk; Mz; Foe;ijfSf;F 3 Kjy; 6 taJ tiu
MFk.; ,g;gUtj;jpy; Mz;fs; jd; Mz;ikiaAk; ngz;fs; jk; ngz;ikiaAk;
gyg;gLj;JtH. Mz;fistpl ngz;fs; jk;ik kpf nkd;ikahff; fUJtH. ,k;khw;wq;fs;
mwpTj;jpwdhYk; rKjha Mjpf;fj;jhYk; epfo;gitahFk;. gs;spg; gUtj;jpy; r%fk;
Mz;fSf;F nghpJk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jUfpwJ vd;gij czHe;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdH.
ghypd ghFghL gz;ghl;LhPjpahf, cstpay;hPjpahf> czHTfs;hPjpahf
eLg;gUtj;jpNy tsHf;fg;gLFpwJ. ,t;thW ghypd ghFghL gphpf;fg;gLtjhy; jq;fsJ
ghypdj;jpd; Nky; kfpo;rr
; pAk;> jpUg;jpapd;ikAk; Vw;gLfpwJ. rpy Neuq;fspy; ghypdg;
ghFghL mtHfSf;Fs; mOj;jj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. ,t;tOj;jk; jq;fis MzhfNth>
ngz;zhfNth fhl;bf; nfhs;tjpy; ngUik Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
%d;W Kjy; Vohk; tFg;G tiu ,tHfSf;F Rakhpahij Vw;gLfpwJ. ,jd;%yk;
jhk; Fkug;gUtj;ij vl;Ltij czHfpd;wdH. Fkug; gUtj;jpy; xUg;gbj;jhdtiu
czHe;Jnfhz;L jq;fspd; elj;ijia khw;wpf; nfhs;fpd;wdH. ghypdghFghL Ghpe;jJk;
ngz;fs; jk;ik Mz;fSf;F jho;e;jtHfshf czuj; njhlq;Ffpd;wdH. rpy ngz;fs;
ghFghL gpbf;fhky; nghUkj; njhlq;FtH. vl;lhk; tFg;G tUk;nghOJ rkhjhdk;
mile;J ghFghLfis Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wdH. rKjha ghFghL ,g;ghypd NtWghl;by;
nghpJk; gq;F tfpf;fpwJ.
Fkug;gUtj;jpd; ghypd milahsk;
Fkug;gUtj;jpy; ,Ug;gth;fs; jq;fSf;nfd xU r%fj;jd;dilahsj;ij
Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy; Mh;tk; fhl;Lfpd;wdh;. ,jpy; xU $whf ,Ug;gJ r%fg;ghypdj;
jd;dilahsj;jpy; jhd; xU Mz; my;yJ ngz; vd;gij mWjpapl;L mwpe;J nfhz;L
Mz;ikj; jd;ik my;yJ ngz;ikj;jd;ikia ntspg;gLj;j KaYfpd;wdh;. Fkug;gUt
Muk;gj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; NghNj, ,g;gUtj;jpdh; r%fg;ghypd thh;g;Gfshf tsh;tij nghpJk;
tpUk;Gfpd;wdh;. ngz;fs; 12 taJf;F Nky; G+g;nga;j Muk;gpj;J KO ,dg;ngUf;f
cWg;G tsh;r;rp milAk; NghJ jq;fsJ ngz;ikj; jd;ikia ngUk;ghYk; kiwf;f
tpUk;Gfpd;wdh;. ,J Nghy; Fkug;gUt Mz;fSk; 14 tajpy; gUtkile;J ,dg;ngUf;f
cWg;G tsh;r;rpailaj; Jtq;Fk; NghJ jq;fsJ Kfj;jpYs;s jhb kw;Wk; kPiria
tpUk;ghky; ,Uf;fpd;wdh;. gpd;dh; Fkug;gUtk; KbAk; jUthapy; jq;fis KO
,isQdhff; fUj Muk;gpf;fpd;wdh; vd;W Ma;Tfs; $Wfpd;wdh;.
,g;gUtj;jpy; vjph;ghypdj;jthplk; fth;rr; pia czh;e;J jq;fsJ r%fg;ghypd
jd;dilahsj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. NkYk; jq;fsJ cly; fth;rr
; pia
Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy; ,UghyUk; <Lgl;L jq;fsJ r%fg;ghypd jd;dilahsj;ij
gpd;gw;Wfpd;wdh;. ,jdhy; ,th;fsplk; r%fg;ghypd thh;g;G rhh;e;j elj;ijfs;
Vw;gLfpd;wd. ,g;gUtj;jpdhp;d; FLk;g cWg;gpdh;fspd; vjph;ghh;g;GfSk; r%ff;
fyhr;rhuj;jpd; gpd;dzpAk; xU Mz; vg;gb xU FLk;gj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
tpUk;Gtijg; nghWj;J mth;fsJ r%fg;ghypd jd;dilahsk; Vw;gLfpwJ. ngUk;ghyhd
r%fj;jpy; Mz;fs; tPuk; kpFe;jth;fshfTk; ed;F nghUsPl;lf; $ba jpwd;
ngw;wth;fshfTk; ngz;fSf;F gpbj;jth;fshfTk; kw;Wk; jpahf rpe;jid
cs;sth;fshfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;Gtjhy; Fkug;gUt Mz;fs; jq;fsJ
cly;typikia Nkk;gLj;JtjpYk; ed;F fy;tp fw;W nghUsPl;l Ntz;Lk; vd;fpd;w
Mh;tj;ij cs;slf;fpa r%fg;ghypd jd;dilahsj;ijg; ngw;W mij ntspg;gLj;j
tpUk;Gfpd;wdh;. ,J Nghy;, ngz;fSk; ed;F fy;tp fw;f Ntz;Lk;. cliy mofhf
itj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; FLk;gg;ghq;fhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;fpd;w Fzq;fis
cs;slf;fpa r%fj;jd;dilahsj;ij Nkk;gLj;j tpUk;Gfpd;wdh;.
,g;gUtj;jpy; `hh;Nkhd;fspd; Rug;Gfs; mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjhy; rpy
Fkug;gUtj;jpdhplk; r%fg;ghypdj; jd;dilahsk; gw;wpa Fog;gKk; Vw;gl tha;g;Gs;sJ
vd;W Ma;Tfs; $Wfpd;wd. etPd fhyj;jpy; cyfkakhf;fy; fhuzkhf ngz;
Foe;ijfSk; njhopw;fy;tpiaf; fw;gjhy; mth;fSk; Mz;fisg; Nghy; cil cLj;jp
gzpGhpa tpUk;Gk; r%fg;ghypdj; jd;dilahsKk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J Nghy; Mz;fSk;
Mz;nrtpypah; Ntiyf;Fg; gapd;W me;j epiyapy; mkUk; NghJ ngz;ikj;jd;ik
nfhz;l r%fg;ghypdj; jd;dilahsKk; cUthfyhk;. ngUk;ghyhd etPd
Fkug;gUtj;jpdhplk; r%fg;ghypd eLT epiyik cila r%fg;ghypd jd;dilahsKk;
Vw;gl tha;g;G ,Ug;gjhf Ma;Tfs; $Wfpd;wd.
5.7. ghypd fl;likg;Gf; Nfhl;ghL (Gender Scheme Theory)

nghUs;:
ghypd fl;likg;Gf; Nfhl;ghL Foe;ijfs; jPtpukhd mtHfs; thOk;
fyhr;rhuj;jpy; jdpegHfs; Mz; kw;Wk; ngz;iz ftdpg;gjpd; %yk; jq;fspd; kd
gpujpepjpj;Jtq;fis khw;WfpwhHfs;. ,j;jifa fl;likg;Gfspy; Raf;fUj;Jfs;
NrHf;fg;gLfpwJ. Foe;ijfs; fl;likg;G fUj;J cilaij NrHe;j jfty;fisr; NrHj;J
jd;idj;jhNd khw;wpf; nfhs;Sfpd;wdh;.
tpsf;fk;:
,f;Nfhl;ghL rhz;buh ngk; vd;ghuhy; 1981-y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;ghypd
fl;likg;Gf; Nfhl;ghL r%f kw;Wk; mwpthw;wy; rhHe;j fw;wy; nray;Kiwfs; %yk;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. xU Foe;ijapd; fyhr;rhuk; fyhr;rhuj;jhYk;> gz;ghl;bdhYk;
gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,g;ghFghL Foe;ijia Mz; Mjpf;fk; kw;Wk; ngz; Mjpf;fkhf
gphpf;fpwJ.
ghypd ghFghLfs; cWg;Gfs; %yk; gjpa itf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,g;gjpT nghpJk;
Foe;ij tsHg;G> Clfq;fs;> gs;sp kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu ghpkhw;wk; %yk; Vw;gLfpwJ. ngk;
,jid ehd;F tifahf gphpf;fpwhH.
1) nrf;]; gjpT
2) FWf;F nrf;]
; ; gjpT
3) Mz; Nghd;W gjpT
4) NtWghlw;w gjpT
nrf;]; gjpT jdpegHfs; nray;gLj;j kw;Wk; mtHfspd; ghypd thpirapy;
cs;sJ. FWf;F nrf;]; gjpT jdpegHfs; kw;Wk; vjpHghypd thpirapy; cs;sJ. Mz;
Nghd;Wk; jdpegHfs; kw;Wk; ,Ughypdj;jpd; gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; jfty; xUq;fpizf;f
cs;sJ. NtWghlw;w ghpT jpwikahd ghypd ghFghl;ilf; fhl;Ltjpy;iy.
Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; Foe;ijfs; ghypd ghFg;ghl;il Ghpe;Jf; nfhs;fpwhHfs;
mNjNeuj;jpy; mtHfs; ghypd ghFghl;il njhlHGgLj;JfpwhHfs;. Mz;fis Mz;ikf;F
xg;g ngz;fis ngz;ikf;F xg;g ghHj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhHfs;. ,sk; gs;spg;gUtj;jpy;
mtHfshy; ,J rpWtd; ,J rpWkp vd;W NtWgLj;j KbfpwJ. ,f;fz;Nzhl;lk; NkYk;
rpy fl;likg;Gf;fisf; nfhLf;fpwJ.
,J Mz; vd;why; ,g;gbj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk; vd;w cUt mbg;gilapy; khWghL
fhzj; njhlq;FfpwJ. cjhuzkhf Mz; nrtpypahpd; Gifg;glj;ij fhl;bdhy; ,J
Mz; kUj;JtH vd;W Fwpg;gpl KbAk;. rpy ehl;fs; nry;yr;nry;y FWf;F ntl;L
Kiwapy; nra;fpw nray;fisAk;> elj;ijfisAk; itj;J jPHkhdpf;Fk;. tsu tsu
Foe;ijfs; ngz;tPl;il Rj;jg;gLj;Jgts; Mz; tPl;il epHtfpg;gtd; vd;w vz;zj;jpw;F
tUfpd;wdH.
5.8. ghypd xj;jj;jd;ik ,y;yhj Foe;ijfis tsh;f;Fk; cj;jpfs; (Strategies for
Development Non-Gender Stereotyped Children)
r%fj;jpy; xNu juj;jpYs;s MizAk;> ngz;izAk; rkkhdtHfs; vd;W
Fwpg;gplf;$ba nrhy; xUgbj;jhdtHfs;/xj;jj;jd;ikAs;sth;fs; MFk;. ,ay;gpy; MZk;>
ngz;Zk; rkj;Jtjd;ik tha;f;fg; ngw;wtHfshf ,Ue;jNghjpYk; ajhHj;jj;jpy;
mt;thW elj;jg;gltpy;iy vd;gNj cz;ikahFk;. Mz;fs; ngz;fs; kj;jpapy; cs;s
epahakw;w rkj;Jtkpd;ikf;F fhuzk; ,aw;ifNah ghNyh my;y. rhjpfs;> tHf;fq;fs;>
,dq;fs; kj;jpapy; cs;s rkj;Jtkpd;ik vg;gb kdpjHfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;lNjh
mg;gbj;jhd; Mz;> ngz; rkj;Jtkw;w Nghf;Fk; kdpjHfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,e;jg; ghFghL r%fg; ghypd xj;jj; jd;ikf;F vjpuhdjhFk;.
NtWgl;l gz;ghl;L gpd;dzp nfhz;l ,UghyhdtHfs; xd;whf ,ize;J
nray;glf;$ba #o;epiyia gs;spapy; cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. gz;ghl;L kjpg;Gfs; (Cultural
Values)> kuG top nray;ghLfs; (Traditional Practices)> ek;gpf;if (Belief) Mfpatw;iw
Kw;wpYk; ePf;fpdhy; ghypdj;jpy; Vw;gLk; rthy;fspy; kpfg;nghpa khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jyhk;.
gz;ghl;L NtWghL (Cultural Diverse) gpd;dzp nfhz;l khztHfspilNa ghypdj;jpd;
gq;F gw;wpa tpisit Vw;gLj;Jk;NghJ Gjpa gz;ghl;L #oy; Vw;gLfpwJ. ghypdj;jpy;
ngz;fSf;F Vw;gLk; gy;NtW gpur;ridfis Fzg;gLj;j khah[hyk;> flTis
topgLjy; Nghd;wtw;iw xopf;f fy;tp %yk; tpopg;GzHT Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
,e;J kjj;jpd;gb ngz;fs; khjtplha; fhyj;jpy; NfhtpYf;Fr; nry;tJ> tPl;bw;Fs;
,Ug;gJ> gpwiu njhLtJ Nghd;wit jil nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. khjtplha; vd;gJ
clypay; khw;wq;fs; vd;gij Ghpa itf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; ngz;fspd; midj;J
nray;ghLfSk; jilapy;yhky; eilngw mwpTiu toq;f Ntz;Lk;. K];yPk; gz;ghl;by;
ngz; Foe;ijfis gs;spf;F mDg;GtJ mhpjhFk;. ngz;fspd; fy;tpawpT gw;wpa
tpopg;GzHit Vw;gLj;jp gz;ghl;L jilfis cilj;njwpa Ntz;Lk;. ,e;J rh];jpuq;fs;
fztid ,oe;j ngz;fs; jd;id tUj;jpf; nfhz;L tho Ntz;LNk jtpu kWkzk;
vd;gNj fpilahJ vd;W $WfpwhHfs;. Mz;fSf;F mt;thW ,y;iy. kWkzr; rl;lj;ij
gw;wpa tpopg;GzHit MrphpaHfs; Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. Gj;jkjj;jpy; ngz; fy;tpf;F kWg;G
njhptpf;fhtpl;lhYk; MZf;Fk; ngz;Zf;Fk; (Gj;jgpl;R> Gj;j gpf;Fdpfs;) gz;Gfspy;
NtWghL fhl;lg;gl;lJ. ngz;fis epiyaw;w> nfh^ukhf cs;stshf gilf;fg;gl;lJ.
Mz;fis gz;GilatuhfTk;> MSikAilatuhfTk; fhz;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. MrphpaH
Gj;jkj fyhr;rhu gpd;dzpia vLj;Jf; $w Ntz;Lk;. fpUj;Jt kjk; Mz;fspd; tpyh
vYk;GfspypUe;J gpwe;jtHfshf ngz;fis fhl;LfpwhHfs;. ,J gz;ghl;bd; Njf;fkhFk;.
,ijnay;yhk; MrphpaH tpsf;f Ntz;Lk;.
md;whlk; tho;f;ifapy; kf;fs; filg;gpbf;Fk; gof;ftof;fq;fshd rhg;gpLjy;>
tho;j;Jjy;> NgRjy;> Mil mzpjy; Nghd;tw;wpy; ghypd NtWghl;il vLj;Jiuj;J
mij Kw;wpYk; ePf;f toptif nra;a Ntz;Lk;. kjr;rlq;Ffs;> jpUkzr; rlq;Ffs;>
ghypdj; jilfs;> rlq;F Kiwfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; Gjpa fyhr;rhuj;jpd; jhf;fq;fis
mjpfhpf;fTk;> gioaij fopj;JtplTk; ghypd hPjpahf rkj;Jtj;ij MrphpaHfs;
Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,dk;> Gtpapapy; #o;epiy> kdpjdpd; milT Nghd;wtw;wpw;fpilNa
fhzg;gLk; ghypd NtWghLfis fisaTk; gz;ghl;il tsHf;fTk; cjt Ntz;Lk;.
fhyj;jpw;F Vw;g gz;ghL khwf;$baJ. fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jp Ghpa itj;jy;>
nra;aj;jf;fd> nra;af;$lhjitg; gw;wpa tpjpKiwfs;> Nehf;fq;fs; mbg;gilapy;
Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk; cUthf;fpf; nfhs;sy; Nghd;wtw;iw MrphpaHfs; khztHfspilNa
nfhz;L nry;y Ntz;Lk;.
gpuha;Ltpd; ‘ehfhpfKk; mjpUg;jpfSk;’ vd;Dk; E}ypy; Foe;ijg; gUtk;
Kjw;nfhz;Nl Fwpg;gpl;l gof;fq;fspy; %o;fp tUfpNwhk;. kdjpw;Fs; mkpo;j;jp
itf;fg;gl;l ekJ Mo;kd Mirfs;> tpUg;gq;fs;> kd ce;Jjy;fs; Mfpatw;iwr;
rKjha vjpHghHg;Gfs;> mwq;fs;> rl;lq;fs;> epakq;fs; Kjypad fl;Lg;gLj;jj;
njhlq;Ffpd;wd. ghypay; tpjpfs;> fhjy; newpfs; jpUkz Kiwfs; vd gytpjkhd
newpg;gLj;Jjy;fSf;F Mshfpd;Nwhk;. ,j;jifa newpfSk; fl;Lg;ghLfSk;>
gof;ftof;fq;fSk; gz;ghL vd;w ngahpy; tbtikf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;wpd; ed;ik
jPikfis vLj;Jiuf;Fk; nghWg;Gk;> flikfSk; MrphpaHfisr; rhUk;.
UNIT VI
myF 6
xJf;fg;gl;l/tQ;rpf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfspd; gpur;ridfs; kw;Wk;
mth;fspd; kPjhd mf;fiwfs;
(Marginalized Children: Issues and Concerns)
6.1. xJf;fg;gl;l/tQ;rpf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfs;: nghUs; (Marginalized Children : Meaning)

xJf;fg;gl;l/tQ;rpf;fg;gl;l epiy vd;gJ vy;yh rKjha kf;fshy;
Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;l xU fLikahd ve;j mD$yKk; mw;w kpfTk; jho;j;jg;gl;l>
Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l epiy MFk;. xU r%f FOtpw;Fhpa ve;j xU mq;fPfhukw;w ve;j xU
rYifAkw;w ve;j xU tha;g;Gkw;w xU rpWghd;ikf;FO vdTk; $wyhk;. ,f;FOtpd;
nray;ghLfs; kw;w r%f FOf;fshy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$baitfs; my;y. Kw;wpYk;
xJf;fg;gl;l #o;epiyia gpujpgypf;ff;$bajhf cs;sJ. cyff; fz;fhzpg;G mwpf;if
2010 xJf;fg;gl;l epiy vd;gij xU fLikahd kw;Wk; njhlHe;J mD$ykw;w> r%f
Vw;wj;jho;Tila xUepiy vd;W $Wfpd;wJ. ,g;gbg;gl;l epiyapy; cs;s kf;fspd;
Foe;ijfs; xJf;fg;gl;l/tQ;rpf;fggl;l Foe;ijfs; vdyhk;. murpd; ve;j xU rYifAk;
,tHfis Neubahf nrd;wiltJ ,y;iy. Vo;ikapd; Nfhug; gpbapy; rpf;fpj;
jtpg;gtHfs;. cz;z czT> cLf;f cil> jq;f ,lk; ,y;yhky; xUNtis
cztpw;fhf gpr;ir vLg;gtHfs;> md;whl Njitfis G+Hj;jp nra;a Kbahky;>
MNuhf;fpakhd cly;epiy kw;Wk; fy;tp Nghd;wtw;iw ngw Kbahky; FbirfspYk;>
NrhpfspYk;> njUNthuq;fspYk; tho;gtHfs;jhd; xJf;fg;gl;l/tQ;rpf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfs;
MtH.
6.1.1 tiuaiw (Definition)
rKjhaj;jpypUe;J jdpahf Xuq;fl;lg;gl;L my;yJ xJf;fg;gl;L> rKjhaj;jpd;
kj;jpapy; my;yhky; me;j rKjhaj;jpd; Xuq;fspy; tpsk;Gfspy; thOk; epiyf;F
js;sg;gl;l kf;fspd; Foe;ijfs; xJf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfs; vdg;gLtH. ,tHfis
rKjhaj;jpd; xU gFjpahff; fUjg;gLtJ ,y;iy vd;W mHNfh NfhNy vd;gth;
tiuaWf;fpd;whh;.
kpy;ypad;fzf;fhd Foe;ijfs; jq;fs; mbg;gil chpikfis$lg; ngw
Kbahky; Fwpg;ghf njhlf;ff;fy;tpiag; ngw ,ayhky;> gy;NtWjilfshy; jLf;fg;gl;L
r%fj;ij tpl;L tpyfp js;sg;gl;l epiyapy; thOk; Foe;ijfs; xJf;fg;gl;l
Foe;ijfs; vd;W UNESCO tiuaWf;fpd;wJ.
6.2. xJf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfs; - fUj;J (Marginalized Children - Concept)
ehd;F fUg;nghUs; mbg;gilapy; ehd;F FOf;fshf gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wdH.
mitahtd:
1) FO mbg;gilapy;: kf;fs; thOk; FOit rhHe;J mtHfspd; ,dk;> nkhop> [hjp>
rpWghd;ik> kjk;> G+HtPfk; mbg;gilapy; gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wdH.
2) tWik mbg;gilapy;: ,t;tifapy; jPtpu kw;Wk; njhlH tWikapd; gpbapy;
,Ug;gtHfs;> Foe;ijj; njhopyhsHfs;> jPuhj tWikapd; epkpj;jk; rpW tajpNyNa
Ntiyf;F nry;gtHfs;> njUNthuq;fspy; Fg;igNkLfspy; Rw;wpj;jphpAk; Foe;ijfs;
Nghd;wtHfs; mlq;FtH.
3) ,Ug;gplk; mbg;gilapy;: ,t;tifapy; thOk; ,lk; rhHe;j epiyapy; trpf;Fk; kf;fs;>
efHGw Fbirg; gFjpapy; thOk; Foe;ijfs;> fpuhkg;Gwf; Foe;ijfs;> fytug; G+kpapy;
thOk; Foe;ijfs;> fLk; twl;rpahd gFjpapy; thOk; Foe;ijfs;> NghHfhyj;jpy;
mfjpfshf FbNaWgtHfs;> njhopy; epkpj;jkhf MWfspd; Xuq;fspy; FbNaWgtHfs;
Nghd;NwhH mlq;FtH.
4) jdpegH mbg;gilapy;: ,t;tifapy; HIV/AIDS Nehahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfs;>
ngw;Nwhuhy; iftplg;gl;l Foe;ijfs;> mdhijfs;> tPl;iltpl;L Xbte;j Foe;ijfs;>
rpwg;Gj; Njit cila Foe;ijfs;> cly;hj P pahfTk;> kdhPjpahfTk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
Foe;ijfs; mlq;FtH.
6.2.1. xJf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfspd; ,ay;Gfs; (Nature of Marginalized Children)
i) ngUk;ghYk; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;ltHfshf ,Ug;gH.
ii) vjpHkiw kdg;ghd;ikia ngWfpwtHfshf ,Ug;gH.
iii) r%f epfo;Tfspy; gq;Nfw;G kpfTk; FiwT.
iv) jd;dk;gpf;if mw;wtHfshf fhzg;gLtH.
v) jd;dpiwT mw;wtHfs;
vi) tWikahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfshf ,Ug;gH.
vii) ngUk;ghYk; gpwiu rhHe;J tho;jy;
viii) jq;fis mtkhdkhf vz;Zjy;.
ix) cly;eyr; rhpT cilatHfshf ,Ug;gH.
x) Ntiytha;g;G mw;w czh;Tf; $batHfshf ,Ug;gH.
xi) rKjhaj;jpy; jd; kjpg;G mw;wtHfs; vd vz;Zjy;.
xii) rKjha nray;ghLfspy; jq;fis <LgLj;j jaf;fk; fhl;Ljy;.
xiii) rKjha tho;f;ifia tbtikf;f jFjpaw;W ,Ug;gH.
xiv) mtek;gpf;if cilatHfs;.
xv) ngz;fs; kPJ ghypd Njly; cilatHfis czHjy;.
xvi) jq;fis tpyfg;gl;ltHfshf czHjy;.
xvii) Fw;wq;fspy; topgwpfspy; <LgLjy;.
xviii) gpwuhy; xLf;fg;gLtjhf vz;Zjy;.
xix) kdr;NrhHT kw;Wk; jq;fis mopj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; vz;zk; ciljy;.
6.2.2. xJf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfis milahsk; fhZjy; (Identify the Marginalized
Children)
1) gbg;igj; njhlu ,ayhky; tpl;LtpLjy;.
2) jpUk;g jpUk;g xNu tFg;gpy; Njq;Fjy;.
3) kpf mjpfg;gbahf ,aq;Fjy;.
4) kpfTk; czHr;rp trg;gLjy;.
5) vg;NghJk; rpLrpL vd Nfhgg;gLjy;.
6) mbf;fb rz;ilapLjy;
7) jdpikapy; ,Uj;jy;.
8) ahUlDk; Ngrhky; ,Uj;jy;.
9) vg;NghJk; gaj;Jld; fhzg;gLjy;.
10) efq;fis fbj;jy;.
11) jd;id epHtfpf;Fk; jpwd; Fiwthf ,Uj;jy;.
12) epjhdj;ij ,oe;J jpbH ntwp vOr;rp miljy;.
13) fw;wy; FiwghLfs; fhzg;gLjy;.
14) vg;NghJk; Nrhfkhf fhzg;gLjy;.
15) xg;ghH FO kw;Wk; MrphpaUld; fye;Jiuahlhky; jdpj;J fhzg;gLtH.
16) mjpf Neuk; gs;spf;F ntspapy; Rw;wpj; jphpjy;.
17) mopTf;Fhpa rpe;jid/vjpHkiw rpe;jid ngw;wpUj;jy;.
18) r%f tpNuhj elj;ijfis ntspf;fhl;Ljy;.
19) kfpo;rr
; paw;w kdepiwtw;w epiyapy; ,Uj;jy;.
20) gpwuhy; ntWf;ff;$ba> tpUk;gj;jfhj elj;ijfis ngw;wpUj;jy;.
6.3. efHGwf; Fbirg;gFjpfspy; thOk; Foe;ijfs; (Children Living in Urban Slum)

,e;jpahtpy; 6 tajpw;FfPo; cs;s vl;L kpy;ypaDf;Fk; mjpfkhd Foe;ijfspy;
ruhrhpahf 27.4% rjtpfpj Foe;ijfs; efHGw Nrhpg;gFjpfspy; gy;NtW
,d;dy;fSf;fpilNa tho;fpd;wdH vd XH mwpf;if $WfpwJ. 2001Mk; Mz;L
kwf;fg;gl;l Fuy;fs; - ,e;jpahtpy; thOk; efHGwf; ~Foe;ijfspd; cyfk;| vd;w
jiyg;gpy; ntspaplg;gl;l mwpf;ifahdJ efHGw Nrhp kf;fspd; epiyikfisAk;
ehs;NjhWk; mtHfs; re;jpf;Fk; gpur;ridfisAk; cyfpw;F ntspf;fhl;baJ. ,e;jpahtpd;
nkhj;j Foe;ijfs; vz;zpf;ifapy; 27.4% efHGwq;fspy; tho;fpd;wdH. 6 tajpw;F
Fiwthd Foe;ijfs; 10.3 rjtpfpjk; mjpfhpj;Js;sdH vd;Wk;> fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; 7
rjtpfpjk; Fiwe;Js;sdH vd;Wk;> mt;twpf;if $WfpwJ. fpuhkj;Jld; xg;gpLk;NghJ
efHGwj;jpy; jhd; mjpf Foe;ijfs; kw;Wk; ,isQHfs; trpf;fpd;wdH. ,tHfNs ehl;il
tsHr;rp ghijf;F mioj;Jf; nfhz;L nry;gtHfs;. me;Njh ghpjhgk;! ,tHfSs;
ngUk;ghNyhdhH efHGwr; Nrhpg; gFjpfspy; tho;fpd;wdH.
6.3.1. efHGwr; Nrhpfs; Njhd;wf; fhuzq;fs; (Causes for Emerging Urban Slums)
1) fpuhk - efH ,lk; ngaHjy;
2) efukakhjy;
3) jukw;w FbapUg;G jpl;lkply;
4) tWik
5) jtwhd murpay; nfhs;iffs;
6) r%f Kuz;ghLfs;
7) ,aw;if NguopTfs;
8) fhydpj;Jtk; kw;Wk; ghFghL
9) Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik
10) fl;Lflq;fhj kf;fl;njhif ngUf;fk;
6.3.2. gpur;ridfs; (Problems)
1. cly; MNuhf;fpa FiwghL
efHg;Gwr; Nrhpg; gFjpfspy; thOk; Foe;ijfs; mjpfkhf gy;NtW cly;ey
FiwghLfSld; fhzg;gLfpd;wdH. fha;r;ry;> tapw;Wg;Nghf;F> ilgha;L> fhyuh Nghd;w
njhw;W Neha;fshy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdH. khuilg;G> ,jaNeha;> RthrNfhshWfs;
Nghd;wtw;whYk; mtjpg;gLfpd;wdH. Nrhpg; gFjpfspy; Rj;jkhd FbePH fpilg;gjpy;iy.
Rj;jkhd fhw;W fpilg;gjpy;iy. ,jdhy; ePHtop> fhw;W top guTk; njhw;WNeha;fs;
vspjpy; guTfpwJ. tWikapy; tho;tjhy; jq;fs; cly;eyj;ijg; Ngzpf; fhg;gjw;F$l
topapd;wp jtpf;fpd;wdH. efHg;Gwr; Nrhpf; Foe;ijfspy; 5 tajpw;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijfspy;
32 rjtpfpjk; Fiwthd vilAilatHfshfTk; 39.6 rjtpfpjk; tsHr;rp
Fd;wpatHfshfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wdH. 21.5 rjtpfpj Foe;ijfs; gpwf;Fk;NghNj kpfTk;
Fiwthd vilAld; fhzg;gLfpd;wdH.
2. MNuhf;fpakw;w #oy;
mjpfkhd Fbirfis efHGwr; Nrhpg; gFjpfspy; kpfTk; neUf;fkhff; fhzyhk;.
kpfTk; rpwpa Fbirfspy; mjpfkhNdhH tho;tjhy; ,lneUf;fb Vw;gLfpwJ. mNjhL
kl;Lky;yhky; fopTePH gLiffspy; Fbirfs; ,Ug;gjhy; JHehw;wk; tPRfpwJ. mRj;jkhd
ePHj;Njf;fq;fspy; nfhR cw;gj;jpahfp nfhRj; njhy;iyapy; mtjpg;gLfpd;wdH. cly;
fopTfis mfw;w topapy;yhky; rpukg;gLfpd;wdH. Fg;ig fopTfspy; trpg;gjhy;
Vuhskhd njhw;W Neha;fshy; mtjpg;gLfpd;wdH.
3. FbePH
Rj;jkhd FbePH fpilf;fhky;> fopTePiu Fbf;Fk; epiyf;F js;sg;gLfpd;wdH.
FbePH Foha; ,Ue;jhYk; mjd; %yk; fpilf;Fk; FbePH vy;NyhUf;Fk; NghJkhdjhf
,Ug;gjpy;iy.
4. ghJfhg;gw;w fl;blk;
,r;Nrhp kf;fs; ghJfhg;gw;w Fbirfspy; jq;fs; tho;f;ifia mikj;Jf;
nfhs;fpd;wdH. mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd kf;fs; ,Ug;gjhy; Foe;ijfs; ghJfhg;ghf
cwq;f ,lk; ,y;iy. ghJfhg;gw;w #o;epiyapy; njUf;fspYk; Fg;igNkLfspYk; gLj;J
cwq;Fk; epiy cs;sJ. kiof;fhyj;jpy;> nts;sk; Vw;gLk; NghJk; Fbirfis ,oe;J
rhiyfspYk; Nklhd gFjpfspYk; jq;f Ntz;ba epiy cs;sJ.
5. Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik
efHg;Gwr; Nrhpf; Foe;ijfspy; ngUk;ghNyhdhH Foe;ijj; njhopyhspfshf
Ntiyf;F mkHj;jg;gLfpd;wdH. njhopw;rhiyfspYk;> gpsh];bf; njhopw;rhiyfspYk;>
nghpa filfspYk;> Fiwthd $ypf;F Ntiy nra;fpd;wdH. Fg;igfspy; fpilf;Fk;
Njitaw;w gpsh];bf; nghUl;fs;> ghypj;jPd; ftHfs; Nghd;wit vLj;J mjid
kWRow;rp Miyfspy; nfhLj;J rk;ghjpf;fpd;wdH.
6. fopg;giw trjpapd;ik
NghJkhd fopg;giw trjpapd;ikapdhy; Fwpg;ghf ngz;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;
Foe;ijfs; mjpf mtjpf;Fs;shfpd;wdH. nghJf;fopg;giw ,Ug;gpDk; mit
guhkhpg;gpd;wp fhzg;gLtjhy; mjpf njhw;W Neha;fs; guTk; fhuzpfshf tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
ngz; Foe;ijfs; fopg;giw gad;gLj;j nry;Yk;NghJ Mz;fs; fpz;ly; nra;tjhy;
Nrhpg; ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Foe;ijfs; nghJf; fopg;giwia gad;gLj;Jtij jtpHf;fpd;w
epiy cs;sJ.
7. ghJfhg;G ,d;ik
ghJfhg;gw;w #o;epiyapy; tho;tjhy; ngz; Foe;ijfs; ghypay; td;Kiwf;F
Mshfpd;wdH. ,uT Neuq;fspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhH njUf;fspy; Fbirf;F ntspapy;
$l;lkhf jq;f NehpLtjhy; ghypay; njhy;iyf;F Mshfpd;wdH. ngz;fs; nrhy;nyhd;dh
Jf;fj;ijAk; Nrhfj;ijAk; milfpd;wdH.
8. kpd;rhukpd;ik:
Nrhpg;gFjpfspy; kpd;rhuk; ,Uf;fhJ. kpd; fk;gq;fs; ,Ue;jNghjpYk; NghJkhd
kpd;tpsf;Ffs; ,Ug;gjpy;iy. ,jdhy; mg;gFjpfspy; ,isQHfs; topg;gwp
nfhs;isfspYk; Foe;ijfs; flj;jypYk; nghUl;fis jpULjypYk; <LgLfpd;wdH.
9. newpgpwo; elj;ijfs;:
nghJthf efHGwr; Nrhpg;gFjptho; ,isQHfs; %Hf;f Fzk; cilatHfshf
,Ug;gH. mtHfs; gzf;fhuHfis jhf;fp topg;gwpfspy; <LgLtH. Foe;ijfisAk;>
mt;topfspy; gapw;rp mspj;J jpUlTk;> flj;jTk;> topg;gwp nra;aTk; fw;Wf; nfhLj;J
jtwhd ghijapy; mioj;Jr; nry;yf;$batHfshfTk; ,Ug;gH. Mifahy; Foe;ijfs;
,sk;tajpy; newpgpwo; elj;ij cilatHfshfpd;wdH.
6.3.3. muR Nkw;nfhz;Ls;s eltbf;iffs; (Government Steps)
Fbirg;gFjp/Nrhpg;gFjp Kd;Ndw;wk;:
muR efHkakhjypd; mbg;gilapy; gy;NtW jpl;lq;fis jPl;b mtw;iw Kiwahf
eilKiwgLj;jp tUfpwJ. mtw;Ws; Fbirg; gFjpfsw;w efHg;Gwq;fis cUthf;Fk; jpl;lk;.
uh[Pt; mthl;]; ah[dh (Rajiv Awards Yajana) MFk;. ,j;jpl;lk; %yk; Fbirg;gFjpfspy; $Ljy;
cs;fl;likg;G trjp> tphpthf;fk; nra;Ak; trjp> fopg;giwfs; fl;b Rj;jkhd MNuhf;fpakhd
Rw;Wr;#oiy cUthf;Fjy;> Fbir khw;Wthhpaj;jpd; %yk; Fbirfis FbapUg;G gFjpfshf khw;Wjy;>
kWrPuikg;G gzpfis Vw;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;w eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpwJ..
6.4. gpd;jq;fpa Foe;ijfs; (Deprived Children)
gpd;jq;fpa my;yJ r%fj;jpypUe;J xJf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfs; vdg;gLgtHfs;
ngw;NwhH mutizg;gpd;wp> fy;tp mwpTkpd;wp> NghJkhd cly; tsHr;rp> kdtsHr;rp>
r%f tsHr;rpapd;wp> ghJfhg;gpd;wp> fl;Lghl;bd;wp thOk; epiyapy; cs;s Foe;ijfs;
MtH.
r%fj;jpy; gpd;jq;fpa/Mjutw;w Foe;ijfs; ngUk;ghyhNdhH ngw;NwhH my;yJ
fhg;ghsH Gwf;fzpg;G> nfhLikg;gLj;jg;gLjy; Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; tPl;iltpl;L
ntspNawp njUNthuq;fspy; Rw;wpj; jphpe;J Fg;ig NkLfspy; jq;fp> mjpy; fpilf;Fk;
gaDs;s nghUl;fis Nrfhpj;J mtw;iw tpw;W mjpy; fpilf;Fk; nrhw;g gzj;jpy;
tho;f;if elj;Jfpd;wdH. ,f;Foe;ijfs; ey;y Kd;khjphpahd topfhl;bfs;
,y;yhjgbahy; rpW jpUl;L> nfhs;is> topg;gwpg;G vd jtwhd nray;ghLfspy; <Lgl;L
$ypg;gilapduhf khWk; mty epiyapy; cs;sdH.
,t;tifahd Foe;ijfSf;F muR rhuh njhz;L epWtdq;fs; mbg;gilj;
Njitfis re;jpj;J fy;tp mspf;f Mtz nra;jhy; mtHfSk; kw;w Foe;ijfs;
Nghd;W ruhrhp tho;f;if tho ,aYk;. ,JNghd;w nray;fspy; <LgLk; njhz;L
epWtdq;fSf;F muR epjpAjtp mspj;J Cf;fg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
6.5. r%fhPjpahf gpd;jq;fpa rpWkpfs; (Socially Deprived Girls)
NkiyehLfspy; nghUshjhu mbg;gilapy; caHju tHf;fj;jpdH (Upper class
people)> jho;e;j tHf;fj;jpdH (Lower class people), eLj;ju tHf;fj;jpdH (Middle class people)
vd kf;fis tHf;fhPjpahf tifg;gLj;JtH. Mdhy; ,e;jpahtpy; rhjp mikg;GhPjpahd
r%f ghFghNl Mjpf;fk; nrYj;JfpwJ. caHtFg;igr; rhHe;jtHfs; mjpf Mjpf;fk;
nrYj;Jk; epiy cs;sJ. giwaHfs;> gs;sHfs; Nghd;w jho;j;j rhjpapdH
jPz;lj;jfhjtHfshf ghtpj;J r%fj;jpypUe;J Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l epiyapy; cs;sdH.
mtHfSf;F kdpj chpikfs; kWf;fg;gLfpwJ. fPo;rhjpapdUk; ml;ltizg; gphptpdUk;
(Schedule Caste) jq;fsJ tho;f;iff;F gpw caH tFg;gpid rhHe;Nj thOk; epiy
cs;sJ.
6.5.1. jypj; rpWkpfspd; gpur;ridfs; (Problems of Dalit Girls)
1) Vo;ikapd; fhuzkhf jypj; rpWkpfis ngw;NwhH Rikahf fUJfpd;w epiy.
2) ,r;rpWkpfs; tPl;by; tajhd KjpNahiu ftdpf;fTk; tPl;L Ntiy nra;aTk;
typAWj;jg;gLfpwhHfs;.
3) Cl;lr;rj;J FiwghL.
4) Vw;w Ntisapy; czT fpilf;fhik.
5) ,uj;jNrhif> ehs;gl;l rsp> jPuhj tpahjpfshy; mtjpg;gLfpd;wdH.
6) NghJkhd fy;tpawpT toq;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
7) rpW tajpNyNa jpUkzk;.
8) ,sikapy; KJik miljy;
9) rpWtajpNyNa Foe;ijj; njhopyhsHfshf cUntLf;Fk; epiy.
10) jd;idj;jhNd Ngzpf;nfhs;Sk; fl;lha epiy.
6.5.2. jypj; rpWkpfSf;fhd gpur;ridfSf;F jPHT fhZk; topKiwfs; (The ways for
Find Solutions to Solve the Problems of Dalit Girls)
1) muR khdpa tpiyapy; czTg; nghUl;fs; vhpnghUs; toq;Fjy;.
2) ,ytr kUj;Jt trjp mspj;jy;.
3) gs;sp gbg;G tiu ,ytrf; fy;tp mspj;jy;.
4) Nkw;gbg;gpw;F cjtpj; njhif mspj;jy;.
5) jq;fp gapy tpLjpfs; ,ytrkhf fl;bj; jUjy;.
6) Ntiytha;g;gpy; Kd;Dhpik toq;Fjy;.
7) ,ytr tPLfis fl;bj; jUjy;.
8) jpUkz nrytpw;fhf cjtpj; njhif toq;Fjy;.
9) rpWkpfSf;nfjpuhd Fw;wq;fspy; mjpfg;gbahd jz;lidia Fw;wthspf;F
toq;Fjy;.
10) ,ytr NgUe;J gazr; rPl;Lfs; toq;Fjy;.
6.5.3. goq;Fbg; ngz;fSf;fhd gpur;ridfs; (Problems of Tribal Girls)
SC/ST kf;fs; njhif ekJ ,e;jpa ehl;L nkhj;j kf;fs; njhifapy; ehd;fpy; xU
gq;fhf ,Ug;gjhy;, ,th;fsJ Foe;ijfspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; vjph;fhy ,e;jpahtpd;
Kd;Ndw;wKk; mlq;fpAs;sJ. ngUk;ghYk; ,e;jpahitg; nghWj;jtiu ngz;fy;tpapy; gpw
ehLfis tpl Kd;Ndw;wk; Fiwthf ,Uf;fpwJ. NkYk;, NkiyehLfs; ,e;jpahtpy;
elj;jpa Ma;tpd;gb cah;e;j r%fj;jhhpd; jPz;lhik [hjpaikg;G kw;Wk; Gwf;fzpg;G
fhuzkhf ,e;jpahtpd; kdpj tsj;jpy; ghjpg;G Vw;gl;L nghUshjhu ,og;G Vw;gLfpwJ
vd;W $WfpwJ. ,JNghy;, 25% ngz; Foe;ijfspd; fy;tpAk; jPz;lhikapd; fhuzkhf
ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;Wk; Gs;sptptuq;fs; $Wfpd;wd. kfhj;kh fhe;jpabfs; $wpaJNghy;
gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l, jho;j;jg;gl;l kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdhpd; mwpahikAk; jPz;lhikAk;
kpfg;nghpa r%f Fw;wkhf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W ehk; fUjyhk;.
6.5.4. goq;Fbg; ngz;fspd; gpur;ridf;fhd jPh;Tfs; (Solutions for the Problems of Tribal
Girls)
2002 Mk; Mz;L nfhz;Ltug;gl;l ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; 86 tJ
jpUj;jj;jpy; 6 taJ Kjy; 14 taJ tiu cs;s vy;yhf; Foe;ijfSf;Fk; ,ytr
fl;lha Muk;gf;fy;tp SC/ST tFg;gpdiur;rhh;e;j ngz; Foe;ijfspd; fy;tpf;fhd rpwg;G
rtdj;ijf; nfhLf;fpwJ. murpay; mikg;Gr;rl;lk; gphpT 17 d; gb jPz;lhik
xopf;fg;gl;Lk; gphpT 46 d;gb r%f ePjpia toq;Ftjw;fhf nghUshjhu Ruz;lYf;F
vjpuhf SC/ST gphptpdUf;F rpwg;Gr; rYifAk; fy;tpapy; cjtpj;njhifAk; nfhLf;fpwJ.
,g;gphptpduJ ngz;fy;tpf;F Kf;fpaj;JtKk; nfhLf;fpwJ. ,ytr Gj;jfq;fs;, ,ytr
rPUil, ,ytr irf;fps;fs; kw;Wk; kjpa czTk; nfhLf;fg;gl;L ngz;fy;tpf;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fpwJ. gs;spfspy; gbg;ig epWj;jpa ,g;gphptpduJ ngz;
Foe;ijfSf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;J mth;fSf;F FiwjPh; fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; rpwg;G
tFg;GfSk; SSA %yk; elj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,J Nghy;, 50% ngz; Mrphpiafs; xd;whk;
tFg;G Kjy; 5Mk; tFg;G tiu epakpf;fg;gl;L ngz;fy;tpia Nkk;gLj;JtJk;
,g;gphptpduJ fy;tpia Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ.
6.6. jtwhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Foe;ijfs; (Abused Child)
jtwhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Foe;ijfs; vdg;gLNthH jq;fs; ngw;NwhHfs;>
ftdpg;ghsHfs;> cwtpdHfs; kw;Wk; r%fj;jpy; mwpKfkhdtHfs; %yk; cly;hj P pahf>
kdhPjpahf ghjpf;fg;gl;L> nfhLikg;gLj;jg;gLgtHfshtH. ,t;tifahd ghjpg;Gfs;
r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rpy jPatHfshy; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;tifahd kdntOr;rp jtwhd
eltbf;if> ghypay; njhy;iyfs;> cly;hPjpahd jz;lidfs;> tw;GWj;jy;fs;>
Gwf;fzpj;jy;> xJf;Fjy; Nghd;wit Foe;ijfspd; MNuhf;fpaj;ijAk; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijAk;
ghjpf;fpd;wJ.
6.6.1 tiffs; (Types)
1. cly;rhHe;jit (Physical Abuse)
cly;hjP pahd jz;lidfs; iffshy; mbj;jy;> cijj;jy;> Fr;rp> ngy;l;> fuz;b
Nghd;wtw;why; mbj;jy;> #L itj;jy;> fhaq;fs; Vw;gLj;Jjy;> Kbia gpbj;J ,Oj;jy;>
fd;dj;jpy; miwjy; Nghd;w nray;ghLfs; cly;rhHe;j nfhLikfs; MFk;.
2. ghypay; rhHe;jit (Sexual Abuse)
ghypay; njhy;iy mspj;jy;> ghypay; hPjpahd eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl
tw;GWj;Jjy;> ghYWg;Gfis Foe;ijfsplk; fhl;Ljy;> Mghrg; glq;fis fhl;Ljy;>
Mghrg; glq;fis ghHf;f tw;GWj;Jjy;> Mghrg;glq;fs; jahhpf;f ngz; Foe;ijfis
gad;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;w nray;ghLfis ghypay; rhHe;j nfhLikfs; MFk;.
3. kdk; rhHe;jit (Emotional Abuse)
jpUk;g jpUk;g Foe;ijfis Gwf;fzpj;jy;> Fw;w czHT Vw;gLj;Jjy;>
gaKWj;Jjy;> jtwhd ghypay; nfhLik kw;Wk; cly;hjP pahd nfhLikf;F cl;GFj;J
tUtjhy; Vw;gLk; gjw;wkhd njhlH gaj;ij Vw;gLj;Jjy;> nfl;l fdTfs; tUjy;>
kdcisr;rYf;F cl;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;w nray;ghLfs; kdk; rhHe;j nfhLikfs; MFk;.
6.6.2. fhuzq;fs; (Reasons)
1) tWik> 2) fy;tpawptpd;ik> 3) jpUkz gpur;ridfs;> 4) mbf;fb Kfthp
khw;wk;> 5) FLk;g rz;ilfs;> 6) cwtpdHfspd; Mjutpd;ik> 7) jdpikg;gLj;jg;gLjy;>
8) Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik> 9) Nghjpa ,ltrjpapd;ik> 10) Fbg;gof;fk;> 11) Fiwthd
jd;dk;gpf;if> 12) Foe;ij tsHg;gpy; Nghjpa mwptpd;ik> 13) Mz;-ngz; rkkpd;ik>
14) td;Kiwfs;> 15) jho;T kdg;ghd;ik.
6.6.3. jLf;Fk; topKiwfs; (The Ways for Preventing)
1) MjuTf;FOf;fs; %ykhf Foe;ijfspd; eltbf;iffs; Muhag;gl;L mtHfis
Ngzpf;fhf;Fk; jpwd;fis tYNtw;w Ntz;Lk;.
2) FLk;g ey;tho;tpid Cf;Ftpj;jy;.
3) mwpKfk; ,y;yhj egHfsplk; Foe;ijfs; goftplhky; jLj;jy;.
4) ey;y njhLjy; nfl;l njhLjy; gw;wpa tpopg;GzHT mspf;fyhk;.
5) jtwhd #oy; Vw;gLkhapd;> jd;id ghJfhf;f jw;fhg;G gapw;rpfs; mspf;fyhk;.
6) ngw;NwhH - Foe;ijfs; ,ilNa xU el;GwT Vw;gLj;jyhk;.
7) ngw;NwhH Foe;ijfspd; nrhw;fSf;F nrtprha;j;jhy; Foe;ijfs; jq;fs;
gpur;ridfis $w tha;g;Gz;L.
8) MrphpaH khztH cwtpid Nkk;gLj;jyhk;.
9) ghypdf; fy;tpia fl;lhag;gLj;Jjy;.
10) ehlfq;fs;> gq;Nfw;W ebj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk; jLf;Fk; Kiwfs; gw;wp
tpopg;GzHT mspf;fyhk;.
6.7. Vo;ikapy; tsUk; Foe;ijfs; (Children Growing up in Poverty)
mbg;gilj; Njitfshd cz;z czT> cLf;f cil> jq;f tPL$l ,y;yhj
tWik Nfhl;bw;FfPo; thOk; Foe;ijfs; Vo;ikapy; thOk;/tsUk; Foe;ijfs; MtH.
Vo;ik my;yJ tWik vd;gJ cynfq;Fk; fhzg;gLk; xU cyfshtpa gpur;rid
MFk;. ,e;jpahtpy; 2012k; Mz;L fzf;Fg;gb nkhj;j kf;fs;njhifapy; 22%
tWikf;Nfhl;bw;FfPo; thOk; kf;fs; MtH. cyf tq;fpahdJ Vo;ikia ehs; xd;Wf;F
efHGwj;jpy; thOk; kdpjDf;F &.32> fpuhkg;Gwj;jpy; &.26 nryT/rk;ghjpf;f nra;a
,ayhj epiyia Fwpf;fpwJ. jw;NghJ &.50 vd;W tWikNfhl;L kjpg;gpid
ntspapl;Ls;sJ.

1) kf;fs; njhif ngUf;fk;> 2) tptrhak; tPo;rr
; p> 3) kioapd;ik> 4) tpiythrp
caHT> 5) Ntiyapd;ik> 6) Ntiyf;Nfw;w Cjpakpd;ik> 7) nghUshjhu rpf;fy;fs;>
8) jukw;w nghUshjhu nfhs;iffs;> 9) efHkakhjy;> 10) fpuhk-efH ,lk;ngaHjy;>
11) fy;tpawptpd;ik> 12) FLk;g kjpg;ig ,oj;jy;> 13) gpwg;G fl;Lg;ghL gw;wpa
tpopg;GzHtpd;ik.
1) cly;eyg; gpur;ridfs;
2) ghJfhg;gw;w mz;il tPl;lhHfs;
3) tPL,d;ik
4) fy;tp gapYk; tha;g;gpd;ik
5) gs;spf;F nry;yhik
6) Foe;ij njhopyhsHfshf khWjy;
7) r%f kdntOr;rp gpur;ridfs;
8) tsHr;rpapy; Njf;f epiy
9) xJf;fg;gLjy;> Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLjy;
10) topg;gwp> nfhs;is> jpUl;L> nfhiy> fw;gopg;G> td;Kiw Nghd;wtw;wpy; <LgLjy;.
11) FWf;F topapy; gzk; rk;ghjpf;f Kw;gLjy;.
12) grp> gl;bdp>
13) ,sk; tajpy; fUj;jwpj;jy;
14) rpWtajpNyNa jpUkzk;
6.8. njUNthuf; Foe;ijfs; (Street Children)
cyfstpy; 100 kpy;ypad; Foe;ijfs; njUtpy; trpg;gjhf XH Ma;T $WfpwJ.
,e;jpahtpy; 4>00>000f;Fk; mjpfkhNdhH njUf;FOe;ijfshf cs;sdH. mtHfs;
njUf;fspy; Ntiy nra;J njUNthuq;fspy; jq;fp tho;f;ifia Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdH.
Adpnrg; (UNICEF) njUNthuf; Foe;ijfis ,q;qdk; tiuaWj;Js;sJ. ve;j xU Mz;
my;yJ ngz; Foe;ij njUf;fspy; cioj;J> ahUk; ,y;yhj Gwk;Nghf;F ,lj;jpy;
jq;fp jq;fs; tho;f;ifia Nkw;nfhs;fpwhHfNsh kw;Wk; ngw;NwhHfsJ fz;fhzpg;gpy;
,y;yhj ghJfhg;gw;w #oypy; jq;fs; tho;thjhuq;fis mikj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhHfNsh
mtHfNs njUNthu Foe;ijfs; vdg;gLtH. /gpsp]; fpy;Ngd; vd;gtH njUf;fspy;
trpf;Fk; Foe;ijfs; mjpfg;gbahd Neuj;ijj; jq;fSf;fhfTk;> jq;fs;
FLk;gj;jpw;fhfTk; efHg;Gwj; njUf;fspy; Fg;ig NkLfspy; nrytplf; $batHfs; kw;Wk;
NghJkhd ghJfhg;gpd;wp> ngw;NwhHfs;> nghpatHfs; Nkw;ghHitapd;wp ftdpf;fg;glhj
Foe;ijfs; MFk;.
efHg;GwkhjypdhYk;> fpuhkj;jpypUe;J efiu Nehf;fp ,lk; ngaHe;J
tUgtHfshYk;> njUf;fspy; trpf;Fk; Foe;ijfspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfkhfpwJ.
,e;jpahtpy; nfhy;fj;jh> Kk;ig> nly;yp> nrd;id> ngq;fSU Nghd;w ngUk; efuq;fspy;
,t;tifahd Foe;ijfs; Nkk;ghyj;jpw;F mbapYk;> ,uapy; epiyaq;fspYk;> NgUe;J
epWj;jq;fspYk;> Mw;W Xuq;fspYk;> njhopw;rhiyfspd; mUfpYk; trpf;fpd;wdH.
njUf;Foe;ijfspd; ruhrhp taJ 13 vd fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ngUk;ghyhNdhH 6 Kjy;
15 taJ cilatHfshf ,Uf;fpd;wdH.
6.8.1 tiffs; (Types)
UNICEF kw;Wk; WHO njUf;Foe;ijfis %d;W gphpTfshf gphpf;fpd;wdH.
1) njhopYf;fhf njUf;fspy; trpf;Fk; Foe;ijfs;
2) tPl;bw;F vg;NghjhtJ nry;Yk; Foe;ijfs;
3) Kw;wpYk; iftplg;gl;l Foe;ijfs;
1. njhopYf;fhf njUf;fspy; trpf;Fk; Foe;ijfs;> ehs;NjhWk; ,utpy; jq;fs; tPl;bw;F
nrd;W jq;Ffpd;wdH. ngw;NwhHfSld; ,Uf;fpd;wdH. r%fj;Jld; XusT njhlHgpy;
cs;sdH.
2. njUf;fisNa tPlhf ghtpj;Jf; nfhz;L njUtpNyNa trpf;Fk; Foe;ijfs;.
vg;nghOjhtJ tPl;bw;F nry;tH. czT kw;Wk; cil ciwtplk; vd midj;Jk;
mbg;gilj; NjitfisAk; njUf;fspNy ngWfpd;wdH.
3. Kw;wpYk; iftplg;gl;l Foe;ijfs; ngw;NwhUld; rz;ilapl;L KOtJk; FLk;g
cwtpypUe;J ntspNawpatHfs;. jq;fs; tho;f;ifia jhq;fNs mikj;Jf;
nfhs;fpd;wdH. jq;fsJ midj;J NjitfisAk; jhq;fNs G+Hj;jp nra;Jf;
nfhs;fpwhHfs;.
1) nghUshjhug; gpur;ridfs;> 2) FLk;g gpsT> 3) khw;whe;jha;/je;ij nfhLik>
4) kJg;gof;fk;> 5) ghypay; nfhLik> 6) kdmOj;jk;> 7) Foe;ij njhopyhsHfshfg;
gad;gLj;Jjy;> 8) gs;spf;Fr; nry;y mDkjpf;fhik> 9) tPl;by; taJ nrd;Nwhiu Ngzr;
nra;jy;> 10) jtwhd Kiwapy; ngwg;gl;l Foe;ijfs;> 11) tpgj;jpy; ngw;Nwhiu ,oe;j
Foe;ijfs;> 12) Mjutw;w Foe;ijfs;.
1) kJ gof;fj;jpw;F mbikahjy;
2) FO mikj;jy; jiytd; Vw;gLj;jp td;Kiwfspy; <LgLjy;.
3) thfd epWj;jq;fspy; gpr;irvLj;jy;.
4) ghypay; nfhLikf;F cs;shjy;.
5) Foe;ijfis flj;jp tpw;wy;.
6) cly; cWg;Gfis tpw;wy;
7) cztpw;fhf Fiwe;j rk;gsj;jpy; nkf;fhdpf; filfspYk;> njhopw;$lq;fspYk;
Ntiy nra;jy;.
8) Nghijf;F mbikahjy;
9) Nghij t];Jf;fis tpw;gid nra;jy;.
6.9. vr;.I.tp ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shd Foe;ijfs; (HIV Affected Children)
‘AIDS” vd;w capHnfhy;ypNehia Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; fpUkp jhd; HIV vd;w itu];
MFk;. AIDS vd;gjd; tphpthf;fk; Aquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome vd;w ehd;F
nrhw;fspd; Kjy; vOj;Jf;fspd; njhFg;G AIDS MFk;. HIV vd;gjd; tphpthf;fk; Human
Immune Deficiency Virus MFk;. AIDS vd;gJ jkpopy; ngwg;gl;l Neha; vjpHg;G Fiwghl;L
Neha; MFk;. HIV itu]; ek; clypy; cs;s Neha; vjpHg;G rf;jp ikaj;ij Kw;wpYk;
mopj;J tpLfpwJ. mjhtJ ,uj;jj;jpYs;s nts;is mZf;fis mopj;JtpLfpJ.
,jdhy; Neha; vjpHg;ghw;wy; FiwfpwJ. Neha; vjpHg;ghw;wy; FiwAk;NghJ vy;yhtpjkhd
Neha; njhw;WfSk; vspjpy; mZfp ghjpf;fg;gl;ltH njhlH Nehahspahf khWk; epiy
Vw;gLfpwJ. ,jid Fzg;gLj;j ,d;Dk; kUe;Jfs; fz;lwpag;gltp;y;iy.
2013Mk; Mz;by; cyf Rfhjhu mikg;G (WHO) elj;jpa Ma;tpd;gb> cyfpy;
vapl;]; Nehahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l 3.2 kpy;ypad; mnkhpf;f If;fpaehLfspd; Neha; fl;Lg;ghL
kw;Wk; jLg;G ikaj;jpy; 1981 Mk; Mz;L fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpy; 1986 Mk;
Mz;L Kjy; Nf]; (Case) gjpT nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpy; ,d;iwa epiyikapd;gb 2.1
kpy;ypad; kf;fs; va;l]
; ; Nehahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH. cyf mstpy; ,e;jpah
%d;whtJ ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ.
15 tajpw;Fl;gl;l 70>000 Foe;ijfs; vapl;]; Nehahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH. 21>000
Foe;ijfs; jhaplkpUe;J va;l] ; ; Nehia ngWfpd;wdH. ,sk; Foe;ijfis kUj;Jt
Nrhjidapd; NghJ Muk;gj;jpy; fz;lwpag;gl;lhy; rhpahd rpfpr;irfs; %yk; fhg;ghw;w
,aYk;. va;l]
; ; Nehahy; ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shFk; Foe;ijfs; r%fj;jpy; Nftyg;gLj;jg;gl;Lk;>
r%f milahsj;ij ,oe;Jk;> MNuhf;fpa cly;eyj;ijg; ngw Kbahky; eype;j
epiyf;F js;sg;gLfpd;wdH.
6.9.1. vapl;]; Nehapdhy; Foe;ijfs; ghjpf;fg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; (Reasons)
1) ghJfhg;gw;w clYWT %yk;
2) ,uj;j ghpkhw;wk; nra;Ak;NghJ
3) gad;gLj;jpa Crpia kPz;Lk; gpwUf;F gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ
4) jhaplkpUe;J Nra;f;F guTjy;.
6.9.2. vr;.I.tp ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shd Foe;ijfspd; gpur;ridfs; (Problems)
1) jPz;lj;jfhjtHfs; vd Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLjy;.
2) fy;tp kWf;fg;gLjy;.
3) kUj;Jt Nritfs; kWf;fg;gLjy;.
4) cstpay; hPjpahf fhag;gLj;Jjy.;
5) vjpHfhyj;ij Fwpj;j gak;.
6) tho;f;ifapy; Vkhw;wk;.
7) thOk; ehl;fs; FiwT.
8) jdpikg;gLj;jg;gLjy;.
9) jtwhd topapy; elj;jg;gLjy;.
10) ghypay; njhopypy; <LgLjy;.
6.9.3. jLf;Fk; topKiwfs; (The ways of Preventing)
1) ,e;jpa muR Njrpa mstpy; va;l]
; ; Neha; guTjiy fz;fhzpf;fTk;>
fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; Njrpa va;l]
; ; fl;Lg;ghl;L mikg;ig (National AIDS control
organisation) 1992Mk; Mz;L cUthf;fpaJ.
2) ,t;tikg;G %yk; khepy fz;fhzpg;G ikaq;fis epWtp va;l] ; ; Neha; guTjiy
fl;Lg;gLj;JtNjhL kl;Lky;yhky; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfSf;F rpfpr;iraspj;J
mtHfSf;F Ntz;ba Nritfis GhpaTk;> va;l] ; ; gw;wpa tpopg;GzHT
Vw;gLj;jTk; nra;fpwJ>
3) National AIDS Control Programme (2012-17) Njrpa va;l]
; ; fl;Lg;ghl;L jpl;lk;
(2012-17) d; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; ~va;l]
; ; ,y;yh ,e;jpah| (Aids Free India) MFk;. ,e;j
,yf;fpid mila Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
4) UNICEF vd;w cyf epWtdk; va;l]
; ; gw;wpa tpopg;GzHtpid kf;fspilNa
Vw;gLj;j ‘Red Ribbon Express’ vd;w Giftz;bia mwpKfk; nra;J> mg;Giftz;b
ehl;bd; gy;NtW gFjpfSf;F fpl;lj;jl;l 9>000 fp.kP gazk; nra;J
tpopg;GzHtpid Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
5) xOf;fkhd tho;f;if newpfis khztHfs; filgpbf;f typAWj;j Ntz;Lk;.
6) gs;spfspy; ghypdf; fy;tpia mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
7) uj;j ghpkhw;wk; nra;Ak;NghJ ed;F ghpNrhjpf;fg;gl;l gpd;dNu nrYj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
8) Crpfspd; %yk; kUe;Jfs; nrYj;Jk;NghJ ed;F Rj;jpfhpf;fg;gl;l CrpfisNa
gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
9) xt;nthU jhAk; fUj;jhpj;jTld; HIV ghpNrhjid ngw Ntz;Lk;.
10) va;l]
; ; Nehahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfSf;F cjTk; tz;zk; kWtho;T ikaq;fs;
epWtg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
11) ghjpf;fg;gl;Nlhhpd; tho;ehl;fs; ePl;bf;f Njitahd kUe;Jfs; ,ytrkhf
toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
12) ghjpf;fg;gl;Nlhiu xJf;fhky; md;Gk;> mutizg;Gk; fpilf;f nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
13) ghjpf;fg;gl;Nlhhpd; FLk;g nghUshjhuj;ij caHj;j rpW njhopy;fs;>
Ranjhopy;fspy; gapw;rp mspj;J njhopy; njhlq;fpl cjtpj; njhif toq;f
Ntz;Lk;.
6.10. mikg;Gr;rhuhg; gphpTfspy; gzpGhpAk; Foe;ijfs; (Children Working in
Unorganised Ssectors)
ed;F mikf;fg;gl;l xU epWtdj;jpy; fhzg;gl Ntz;ba Kf;fpa $Wfshd
mjpf KjyPL> jpwikahd njhopyhsHfs;> rfy trjpfSld; $ba fl;blk;> rpwe;j
Nkyjpfhhpfs;> Cf;fj;njhif Nghd;wit Kiwahf mikf;fg;glhj epWtdq;fNs
mikg;Grhuh epWtdq;fs; MFk;. mikg;Gr;rhuh gphptpy; Gjpa Kaw;rpfSf;fhd Njrpaf;
fofk; (National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector) jdJ mwpf;ifapy;>
jdpg;gl;l egiuNah> FLk;g cWg;gpdHfisNah chpikahsuhff; nfhz;L. gj;J
NgUf;Ff; Fiwthd njhopyhsHfis cila gjpT nra;ag;glhj tHj;jf epWtdj;ij
Jtf;fp> tPl;bypUe;jgbNah my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpypUe;Njh nghUl;fis thq;fp
my;yJ cw;gj;jp nra;J tpw;gid nra;jypNyh my;yJ mjpf fl;lzj;Jld; $ba
Nritfis mspj;jypNyh <LgLjy; vd;W mikg;Grhuhnjhopy; gphpit tiuaWf;fpwJ.
6.10.1. Foe;ijfs; gzpGhpAk; mikg;Grhuh epWtdq;fs;:

,e;jpahtpy; ,aq;fp tUk; rpy mikg;Grhuh epWtdq;fspy; mjpfkhd Foe;ijfs;
gzpGhpfpd;wdH. mit fPNo fhzyhk;.
1) nrq;fy; #isfs;> 2) fy;Fthhpfs;> 3) gPb fk;ngdpfs;> 4) fhy;eil tsHg;G>
5) cg;gsq;fs;> 6) gl;lhRj; njhopw;rhiyfs;> 7) jPg;ngl;b Miyfs;> 8) Fj;jif
tptrhak;> 9) vz;nza; Miyfs;> 10) iftpidg; nghUl;fs;> 11) hpf;\h Xl;Ljy;> 12)
nrUg;G ijg;gtHfs;> 13) ijay; Ntiy nra;Ak; fk;ngdpfs;> 14) fliy kpl;lha;
fk;ngdpfs;> 15) gdpad; fk;ngdpfs;> 16) kPd; gpbj;jy;> 17) fl;Lkhd njhopy;> 18)
nra;jpj;jhs; tpw;gid Vn[d;rpfs;> 19) ghy; tpepNahfk; nra;Ak; Vn[d;rpfs;.
6.10.2. mikg;Grhuh gphptpd;fPo; ,aq;Fk; epWtdq;fspd; gz;Gfs; (Characteristics)
1) mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; fhzg;gLtJ.
2) epue;ju tUkhdk; mspg;gjpy;iy.
3) Cjpaq;fs; tiuaWf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
4) Cjpaj;jpy; NtWghLfs; ,Uf;Fk;.
5) mbg;giltrjpfs;> ghJfhg;G trjpfs; FiwT.
6) mjpfkhd Ntiyg;gS fhzg;gLk;.
7) gzp epue;jk;> gzp ghJfhg;G ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
8) njhopyhsHfs; ey rq;fq;fs; mikf;f ,ayhJ.
9) jFjpapd; mbg;gilapy; Ntiy ,y;iy.
10) Kiwikaw;w Kiwapy; Kjyhsp - njhopyhsp cwT fhzg;gLk;.
1) vspjpy; Foe;ijfs; gzpf;F mkHj;jg;gLjy;.
2) ngz; Foe;ijfs; ghypay; njhy;iyf;F Mshfpd;wdH.
3) mbik Nghy elj;jg;gLjy;.
4) tWikapd; fhuzkhf mjpf Neuk; (Over Time) gzp nra;jy;.
5) tpgj;Jfs; Vw;glf;$Lk;.
6) mghafukhd Ntiyapy; <LgLjy;.
7) fhg;gL
P fs; ,y;iy/,og;gPL toq;Ftjpy;iy.
8) njhopy; ghJfhg;G mw;wJ.
9) mjpfkhd Ntiy Fiwthd Cjpak;
10) tpLg;G Cjpak; ,y;iy.
11) gzpf;nfhil> Xa;T+jpag; gyd;fs; mspf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
12) Rakhpahij> Ra nfsutk; ,y;iy.
13) cstpay; hPjpahf ghjpf;fg;gLjy;.
14) cly; eyg; ghjpg;G
15) gpwiur; rhHe;J thOjy;.
mikg;Gr;rhuh gphptpd;fPo; ,aq;Fk; epWtdq;fspy; gzpGhpAk; Foe;ijfspd;
gpur;ridfis jPHf;Fk; topKiwfs;:
1) Fiwe;jgl;r Cjpak; toq;f eltbf;if vLj;jy;.
2) Foe;ijj; njhopyhsHfs; jLg;G rl;lj;ij jPtpug;gLj;Jjy;.
3) jd;dhHtj; njhz;L epWtdq;fs; %yk; ,f;Foe;ijfis kPl;L kWtho;T mspj;jy;.
4) ,ytr fy;tp> njhopw;fy;tp> rpwg;G gapw;rp mspj;J Raj;njhopy; nra;a cjTjy;.
5) Raj;njhopy; njhlq;fpl cjtpf;fld; toq;Fjy;.
6) fy;tpapd; mtrpak; Fwpj;J tpopg;GzHT mspj;jy;.
6.11. Foe;ijj; njhopyhsH (Child Labour)
Foe;ij njhopyhsH vd;w thHj;ijia ,uz;L $Wfshf gphpf;fyhk;. Foe;ij
kw;Wk; njhopyhsH. ,jpy; ~Foe;ij| vd;gJ fhytajpidf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ~njhopyhsH|
vd;gJ xUthpd; tUkhdk; <l;Lk; jpwidf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. vdNt Foe;ij njhopyhsH
vd;gij> Cjpak; ngw;Nwh my;yJ ngwhkNyh> VNjDk; xU njhopypy; <LgLk;
Foe;ijfis Fwpf;fpd;wJ vdyhk;.
Foe;ij njhopyhsH Kiw cyfpd; gy;NtW gFjpfspYk; njhopw;rhiy kw;Wk;
Ruq;fq;fspYk; cs;sJ. ghypay; njhopy;, Fthhp> tptrhak;> ngw;Nwhhpd; njhopypy;
cjTjy;> kw;Wk; rpwpa tzpfj;jpy; Foe;ij njhopyhsHfs; <LgLfpd;wdH. rpy
Foe;ijfs; Rw;Wyh topfhl;bahfTk;> Xl;ly; kw;Wk; filfspy; ntapl;lHfshfTk;
cs;sdH. rpy Foe;ijfs; ml;il jahhpj;jy;> \{f;fis ghyP\; nra;jy;> FlTdpy;
nghUl;fis mLf;Fjy; Nghd;w fbdkhd gzpfspy; tYfl;lhakhf <LgLj;jg;gLfpd;wdH.
ve;j jl;gntg;gepiyapYk; Fiwthd Cjpaj;jpy; jq;fs; FLk;gj;jpw;fhf gzpGhpfpd;wdH.
Adpnrg; mwpf;ifapd;gb cyfk; KOtjpYk; 5 Kjy; 14 taJf;Fl;gl;l 158
kpy;ypad; Foe;ij njhopyhsHfs; tPl;L Ntiyj; jtpu gpw Ntiyfspy;
<LgLj;jg;gLfpd;wdH. ,e;jpahtpy; 5 Kjy; 14 taJf;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijj; njhopyhsHfspd;
vz;zpf;if 12.6 kpy;ypad; vd kjpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjpy; 0.12 kpy;ypad; Foe;ijfs;
mghafukhd Ntiyapy; <LgLfpd;wdH. If;fpa ehLfspd; czT kw;Wk; Ntshz;ik
mikg;G 70 rjtPj Foe;ij njhopyhsHfs; tptrhak; rhHe;j Ntiyfspy; <LgLtjhf
kjpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.
6.11.1. tiffs; (Types)
Adpnrg; Foe;ijj; njhopyhsHfis %d;W gphpTfshfg; gphpj;Js;sJ.
1. FLk;gj;jpd; cs;Ns:
tPl;Lg; gzpfs;> tptrhak;> Mah gzp> iftpidj; njhopy; /Fbirj; njhopy;fs;
Nghd;wtw;wpy; Cjpak; ,y;yhky; <LgLgtHfNs FLk;gj;jpd; cs;Ns fhzg;gLk; Foe;ij
njhopyhsHfs; MtH.
2. FLk;gj;jpd; cs;> tPl;bw;F ntspNa
Gyk;ngaHe;j Foe;ijj; njhopyhsHfs; tptrhak;> Fbirj; njhopy;fspy;
gUtfhyk; my;yJ KONeu Ntiyapy; <LgLtH.
3. tPl;bw;F ntspNa
filfs; kw;Wk; cztfq;fspy; Ntiy nra;jy;> njhopw;gl;liwfspy; Ntiy
nra;jy;> nkf;fhdpf; \hg;fspy; Ntiy nra;jy;> gdpad; fk;ngdpfspy; Ntiy nra;jy;>
rha njhopw;rhiyfspy;> gl;lhR njhopw;rhiyfspy; tUlf; fzf;fpy; Ntiy nra;jy;>
,d;[pdpahpq; xHf;\hg;Gfspy; Ntiy nra;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpy; <LgLtH.
1) Nghjpa fy;tpawpT ,d;ik> 2) ngw;Nwhhpd; kJ gof;fk;> 3) mbf;fb Kfthp
khw;Wjy;> 4) gpwH tPl;L Ntiyfis nra;jpl typAWj;jy;> 5) ngw;Nwhhpd; Ntiyapd;ik>
6)tUkhd gw;whf;Fiw> 7) tWik> 8) ngw;Nwhhpd; cly;eyf;FiwT> 9) fy;tpapy;
MHtkpd;ik> 9) nghpa FLk;gk;> 10) %j;j Foe;ijfs; kPJ FLk;gghuk; Rkj;Jjy;.
6.11.3. Foe;ij njhopyhsHfs; rl;lq;fs; (Child Labour Laws)
1. Foe;ijj; njhopyhsH rl;lk; -1986
rpy Ntiyfspy; Foe;ijfs; <LgLtij Kw;wpYk; jil nra;jy; kw;Wk;
Foe;ijfs; Ntiy epiyikapidf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;wit ,r;rl;lj;jpd;
Fwpf;Nfhs;fshFk;. ,e;jpa mrupayikg;gpd; 24 Mk; tpjp Foe;ij njhopyhsH
eilKiwia jil nra;fpwJ. NkYk;> ,e;jpa Fw;wtpay; eilKiw rl;lk;> ,sk;ePjp
guhkhpg;G kw;Wk; ghJfhfg;G> Foe;ijfs; rl;lk; - 2000 kw;Wk; Foe;ijj; njhopyhsH
(jil kw;Wk; xopg;G) rl;lk; - 1986> Foe;ijj; njhopyhsH eilKiwia milahsk;
fz;L> jLf;f eltbf;if vLf;f mbg;gilia toq;Ffpd;wd.
2. 1948 njhopw;rhiyfs; rl;lk;:

ve;jj; njhopw;rhiyapYk; 14 taJf;F fPNo cs;s Foe;ijfis Ntiyapy;
<LgLj;j jil nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. 15-18 taJs;stHfs; me;j njhopw;rhiyapy;> vt;tsT
Neuk; gzpapy; <LgLj;jg;glyhk; vd tpjpfs; tpjpf;fpwJ.
3. 1952- Ruq;fr; rl;lk;
,e;jr; rl;lk; 18 taJf;F fPNo cs;stHfis Ruq;fj;jpy; Ntiyapy; mkHj;j
jil nra;fpwJ.
4. 1986 - Foe;ijj; njhopyhsH (jil kw;Wk; xOq;FKiw) rl;lk;:
14 taJf;F fPNo cs;s Foe;ijfis jPq;F tpistpf;Fk; Ntiyfs; vd
gl;baypy; cs;s njhopy;fspy; <LgLj;j jil nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. 2006 kw;Wk; 2008 y;
tphpthf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
5. 2000-Foe;ijfs; ,sk; ePjp (guhkhpg;G kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G) rl;lk;:
,e;jr; rl;lk; ve;j xU mghafukhd Ntiyapy; my;yJ mbikj;jdkhf
Foe;ijia Ntiyf;F mkHj;JtJ rpiw jz;lidf;Fhpa Fw;wk; vd tiuaWf;fpwJ.
6. 2009 - midj;Jf; Foe;ijfSf;Fk; ,ytr kw;Wk; fl;lhaf;fy;tpr; rl;lk;
,e;jr; rl;lk; 14 taJf;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijfSf;F ,ytr kw;Wk; fl;lhaf;fy;tp
mspg;gij cWjp nra;fpwJ. NkYk; xt;nthU jdpahH gs;spapYs;s ,lq;fspy; 25%
gpd;jq;fpa tFg;G Foe;ijfs; kw;Wk; cly; rthy; cs;s Foe;ijfSf;F xJf;fL
P
nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd cj;jutpl;Ls;sJ.
Foe;ijj; njhopyhsHfs; cyf vjpHg;G ehs; (World Day Against Child Labour):
cyfk; KOtJk; Mz;LNjhWk; [{d; 12Mk; Njjp filgpbf;fg;gLfpwJ. If;fpa
ehLfspd; XH mq;fkhd gd;dhl;Lj; njhopyhsH mikg;gpdhy; (I.L.O) mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l
ehs; Foe;ijj; njhopyhsH gw;wp tpopg;GzHit Vw;gLj;j 2002Mk; Mz;L Kjy;
filgpbf;fg;gLfpwJ.
1) rpWtajpy; Ntiyf;F nry;tjhy; fy;tpapy; ehl;lk; ,y;iy.
2) nfhj;jbikfshf ciof;Fk; mtyepiy.
3) Fiwthd Cjpak; mjpfkhd NtiygS.
4) mghafukhd Ntiyf;F cl;gLtjhy; cly;eyf; FiwT Vw;gLfpwJ.
5) jPa gof;ftof;fq;fSf;F mbikahjy;.
6) ngz;Foe;ijfs; ghypay; gyhj;fhuj;jpw;F Ml;gLk; ghpjhg epiy.
7) ,sikapy; cioj;J KJikapy; Neha;tha;g;gl;L mtjp.
8) kdr;NrhHT Vw;gLk; epiy.
6.11.5. jLg;gjw;fhd topKiwfs; (The Ways for Preventing)
1) Foe;ijj; njhopyhsH xopg;Gr; rl;lj;ij jPtpukhf mky;gLj;Jjy;.
2) Rfhjhu Ma;thsHfs; nghWg;ghd mjpfhhpfs; mjpub Nrhjidfs; Nkw;nfhz;L
Foe;ijj; njhopyhsHfis Ntiyf;F mkHj;jpLk; KjyhspfSf;F fLk; jz;lid
thq;fpj; juNtz;Lk;.
3) epWtdj;jpd; ntspNa ,q;F Foe;ijj; njhopyhsH ,y;iy vd;w thrfj;ij vOjp
itf;f Cf;fg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
4) Foe;ijj; njhopyhsHfSf;F fy;tp toq;f Kiwrhuh fy;tp epiyaq;fs; Vw;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;.
6.12. xJf;fg;gl;l/tQ;rpf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfspd; tho;f;ifj; juj;jpid caHj;j Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;ba eltbf;iffs; (Measures to Promote the Status of Marginalised Children)
1) xU ehl;bd; Kd;Ndw;wkilahj fpuhkg;Gw kw;Wk; efHGwj;njUg; gFjpapy;
trpg;gtHfs; tWik> Ntiyapy;yhj; jpz;lhl;lk;> gs;spf;Fr; nry;y trjpapd;ik>
kUj;Jt nrytpw;F trjpapd;ik Nghd;w gpur;rpidfisf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L
rpwg;ghd jpl;lkplg;gl;l nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffis muR mikf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2) 14 taJ tiu midtUf;Fk; fl;lha ,ytrf;fy;tpia mky;gLj;JtNjhL
epy;yhky; mjpy; midj;J Foe;ijfSk; gq;FngWfpwhHfsh vd;gijf;
fz;fhzpj;J cWjp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
3) muR mikg;Gfs; kw;Wk; muR rhHgw;w mikg;Gfs;> njUf;fspy; trpf;Fk;
Foe;ijfisf; fz;lwpe;J> mtHfSf;F czT> ciwtplk; toq;fp Nghjpa
MNyhridapid toq;fp mtHfs; ngw;NwhHfsplk; nry;y tpUk;gpdhy;>
ngw;NwhHfsplk; xg;gilg;gJ> my;yJ tho;f;ifj; juj;jpid caHj;Jk; nghUl;Lf;
fy;tp trjpapid toq;FtJ Nghd;w Nritfisr; nra;tjd; %yk;> tpOk
epiyapYs;s Foe;ijfspd; tho;f;ifj; juj;jpid caHj;j toptif nra;ayhk;.
4) 15 tajpw;Ff;foP ; cs;s Foe;ijfs; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;tijAk;> ghypay;
njhopypy; <LgLtijj; jLg;gjd; %yk; vr;.I.tp njhw;W Vw;glhky; fhf;fyhk;.
5) muR rhHgw;w gy mikg;gpdH> ,f;Foe;ijfSf;F cztpidAk;> ,utpy; jq;f
,lj;jpidAk; toq;Ffpd;wdH. ,tHfspd; ngw;NwhHfisf; fz;Lgpbj;J mtHfsplk;
xg;gilf;fpd;wdH.
6) rpy muR rhHgw;w epWtdq;fs;> ,f;Foe;ijfSf;Fk; rpy njhopw; fy;tpapid
toq;fp> mtw;wpy; Nghjpa gapw;rp nfhLj;J> mtHfspd; tho;thjhuj;ijg; ngUf;fpf;
nfhs;s toptFf;fpd;wdH.
7) gs;spfspy; vr;.I.tp Neha; Fwpj;j tpopg;GzHtpid khztHfsplk; Vw;gLj;jNtz;Lk;.
vr;.I.tp itu]; njhw;W Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpidj; jLf;Fk;
topKiwfis> vr;.I.tp fy;tp %yk; gs;spfspy; khztHfSf;Fg; Gfl;l Ntz;Lk;.
8) fUTw;wpUf;Fk;NghJ jha;fF; k;> gpwe;j Foe;ijf;Fk;> vr;.I.tp itu]; njhw;wpidf;
fz;lwpAk; ghpNrhjidapidf; fl;lhak; nra;tjd; %yk; Muk;gepiyapNyNa
fz;lwpe;J> me;Nehapidg; Nghf;Fk; topfshd MNuhf;fpakhd #oy;> czT kw;Wk;
kUj;Jtk; rpfpr;irfspd; %yk; KOtJkhf ePf;fptpl KbAk;.
9) vr;.I.tpapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfSf;Fg; Nghjpa mutizg;gpidAk;>
nghUshjhu trjpapidAk; toq;Ftjd; %yk;> mikjpahd #oiy mtHfspd;
tho;tpy; cUthf;fyhk;.
10) cly;> kdk;> ghypay; hPjpahff; Foe;ijfs; ghjpg;gpw;F cs;shtijj; jLf;Fk;
tpjj;jpy;> Foe;ij cjtp ikaq;fs; kw;Wk; cjtpj; njhiyNgrp vz;fs; nfhz;L
njhlHG nfhs;gtHfSf;F> cldb cjtp nra;jy; Nghd;w gzpfs; 24 kzp NeuKk;
eilngw Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW nra;tjd; %yk; tpOkepiyapYs;s Foe;ijfspd;
tho;f;ifj; juj;jpid caHj;j KbAk;.
11) Foe;ijj; njhopyhsHfis ePf;fptpl> tpopg;GzHT kw;Wk; r%f mzp jpul;liy
cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. Foe;ijfSf;Ff; fy;tp tha;g;gpid toq;f Vw;ghLfs; nra;a
Ntz;Lk;.
12) jho;j;jg;gl;l kw;Wk; goq;Fbg; ngz;fSf;F vjpuhf eilngWk; nfhLikfis
jLf;f muR fLikahd eltbf;iffis vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
13) Foe;ijfisj; njhopyfj;jpw;F mDg;Gk; ngw;NwhH kw;Wk; ghJfhtyUf;Fk;>
njhopypy; Nrhf;Fk; KjyhspfSf;Fk; rl;lg;gb Nghjpa jz;lid toq;fpl Ntz;Lk;.
14) FWfpa fhyj; njhopw;fy;tp> Racjtpf; FOf;fs;> njhopw;gapw;rpfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy;
<LgLtjd; %yk;> Foe;ijj; njhopyhsHfspd; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij caHj;jyhk;.
15) tWikapy; thOk; Foe;ijfspd; MNuhf;fpak; mw;w cly;epiy> rpWtajpNyNa
ngz;fs; fUj;jhpj;jy;> fy;tp mwptpd;ik Nghd;w gpur;rpifisj; jPHf;Fk; tz;zk;>
fl;lha ,ytrf; fy;tp mikg;gpy; ehl;bd; midj;Jf; Foe;ijfSk; gq;F
ngWfpd;wduh vd;W murhq;fk; njhlHe;J fz;fhzpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
16) ,ytrg; Gj;jfq;fs;> rPUilfs;> tpisahl;Lr; rhjdq;fs;> njhopy; rhjdq;fs;>
fw;Fk; rhjdq;fs; kw;Wk; kjpa cztpid toq;fpf; Foe;ijj; njhopyhsHfisf;
fy;tp fw;f Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
17) Fbirg;gFjpfspy; thOk; kf;fSf;Fk; Nghjpa Rfhjhukhd Rw;Wr;#oiy
Vw;gLj;Jjy;> Neha; njhw;W tuhky; ,Uf;f Foe;ijfSf;F jLg;G+rp NghLtJ
kl;Lkpd;wp> mtw;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lduh vd;Wk; rhpghHf;f Ntz;Lk;.
18) FWfpa fhyj; njhopw;fy;tp> Racjtpf; FOf;fs;> njhopw;gapw;rpfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy;
<LgLtjd; %yk;> Foe;ijj; njhopyhsHfspd; tho;f;ifj; juj;jpid caHj;jyhk;.
19) muR khd;a tpiyapy; czTg; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; vhpg;nghUis toq;Fjy;.
20) ,ytr Glit> Ntl;b kw;Wk; rl;ilj; Jzp Nghd;wtw;iw mspj;jy;.
UNIT VII
myF 7
Fkug;gUtj;ij Ghpe;Jnfhs;sy;
(Understanding Adolescence)
7.1. Fkug;gUtk; - nghUs; (Adolescence - Meaning)
 gps;isg;gUtj;Jf;F mLj;j tsHr;rp gUtj;ijf; Fkug;gUtk; my;yJ ,isNahH
gUtk; vd;fpNwhk;.
 Foe;ij gUtj;jpw;Fk;> KjpHgUtj;jpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l gUtk; Fkug;gUtk; MFk;.
Fkug;gUtk; 12 tajpy; njhlq;fp 18 tajpy; epiwtilAk;.
 “Adolescence" vd;w nrhy; ,yj;jPd; nkhopapy; “Adolescere" vd;gjpy; ,Ue;J
ngwg;gl;lJ ,jd; mbg;gilg;nghUs; tsUjy; vd;gjhFk;.
 cyf Rfhjhu epWtdk; 11 taJ tiuapyhd gUtj;ijf; Fkug;gUtk; vd;fpwJ.
 ,g;gUtj;jpy; xUtd; mjpubahd cly; tsHr;rpapidg; ngWfpwhd;. NkYk; ghy;
tsHr;rp> jhd; vd;w czHT> jdf;F vd;w rpyj; jdpj;jd;ikfs; mtdplk;
Vw;gLfpd;wd.
 Fkug;gUtk; kdf;nfhe;jspg;G> kd mOj;jk; Nghd;w gpur;ridfs; epiwe;j
gUtkhFk;.
 jdJ vjpHfhyk; gw;wpr; rpe;jpj;J KbTfis vLf;f njhlq;Ffpwhd;.
7.1.1. tiuaiw (Definition)
utPe;jpuehj; jh$H: ,g;gUtj;ijg; Nghy gpur;rpidf;FupaJ cyfpy; NtW xd;Wk; ,y;iy
vd;W $WfpwhH.
fpyp/NghHL b.khHfd;: gUtkiljypy; njhlq;fp xU kdpjd; kw;Wk; upr;rHL V.fpq;
clw;$Wfspd; tsHr;rp KbTngWk; fhyk; Fkug;gUtk; MFk;.
];lhd;yp`hy;: ,isNahH gUtk; vd;gJ kdf;FkwYk; nfhe;jspg;Gk; epiwe;j gUtk;.
mnkupf;f Ma;thsH Foe;ijapd; midj;J mk;rq;fSk; Nfhy; KjpHr;rpailaj; njhlq;fp
KO KjpHr;rpAw;w epiyia milAk; tiu Fkug;gUtk; ePbf;fpwJ.
7.1.2. Fkug;gUtk; vd;gjhy; mwpag;gLtJ
gps;is gUtj;Jf;F mLj;j tsHr;rpg; gUtj;ijf; Fkug;gUtk; my;yJ
,isNahd; gUtk; vd;W miof;fpNwhk;. ,g;gUtk; fpl;lj;jl;l 12 tajpy; njhlq;fp 18/20
taJtiu ePbf;fpwJ ,g;gUtj;jpy; mjpubahd clypay;> cstpay; khw;wq;fs;
Vw;gLfpd;wd. ,g;gUtj;jpy; xUtd;> ghy; KjpHr;rp milfpwhd;. jdJ FLk;gj;jpw;F
mg;ghw;gl;l jdf;nfd xU jdpj;jd;ikiag; ngWfpwhd;. jdJ vjpHfhyk; gw;wpr;
rpe;jpj;J KbTfis vLf;fj; njhlq;Ffpwhd;.
,g;gUt tsHr;rpapy; Vw;g0Lk; tpaf;fj;jf;f khw;wq;fSf;Ff; fhuzk;> ngz;
Foe;ijfspd; rpidg;igfs; KO tsHr;rpAw;W ,aq;fj; njhlq;FtJ> Mz;
Foe;ijfspd; tpijg;igfs; tsHr;rpAw;W ,aq;fj; njhlq;FtJk;> ml;updy; Rug;gpapd;
`hHNkhd;fs; ,uj;jj;jpy; mjpfkhf fyf;fj; njhlq;FtJk; Nghd;wit Vw;gLtjhNyNa
MFk;. Fkug;gUtj;jpd; Vnol;lhz;Lfspy; cly; cUtj;jpYk;> cs; cWg;Gfspd;
tsHr;rpapYk; Vw;gLk; khWjy;fspd; tpiuTk; gd;Kfj; jhf;fKk; tpag;Ngw;gLj;jf;
$bait. Foe;ijj; jd;ik mbNahL khwp> ngUj;j khw;wq;fSld; KjpHr;rp Vw;glj;
njhlq;Ftjhy;> ,g;gUtj;ij Foe;ijfspd; ,uz;lhk; gpwg;G vd;W $WNthUk; cz;L.
];lhd;yp `hy; “rpf;fyhd mikjpaw;w gUtk;" vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. Mdhy; ,d;iwa
kdtpay; mwpQHfs; Fkug;gUtk; Foe;ij epiyapypUe;J xUtH KO KjpHr;rpepiyf;F
khw;wk; ngUk; gUtkhff; fUJfpd;wdH. ,g;gUtj;jpd; Kf;fpa jd;ikfs; Jupj khw;wKk;
Kuz;ghLfs; epiwe;j njsptw;w epiyAkhFk;.
7.1.3. Fkug;gUtj;jpduJ rpwg;gpay;Gfs; (Features of Adolescence)
i. cly; tsHr;rp mjpubahd khw;wq;fs;
cly; Njhw;wk;> cWg;Gfs; tsHr;rp> ghypd cWg;Gfs; ,aq;fj; njhlq;fp
ngw;Nwhuhff; $baj; jFjpiag; ngWjy;> cly; tYg; ngWjy; Mfpad Fkug;gUtj;jpd;
cly; tsHr;rpapy; Kf;fpakhdit.
ii. jd;DzHT kpFe;J fhzg;gLjy;

jd; cly;Njhw;wj;ij gw;wp mjpff; ftiy nfhz;L moFgLj;j epidg;gJ> jdJ
Ngr@R> eilAil Nghd;wtw;why; gpwH ftdj;ijf; ftu Kay;tJ Mfpad
Fkug;gUtj;jpduJ kw;NwhH rpwg;gpay;ghFk;.
iii. ghYzHT jiyJ}f;fpapUj;jy;
Fkug;gUtj;jpduJ Kjd;ikahd gpur;ridNa ghYl;l Rug;gpfs; ,aq;fj;
njhlq;Ftjhy; ghYzHT mjpfupj;Jf; fhzg;gLtJk;> khjtplha; tpe;J ntspg;gLjy;
Nghd;wit Njhd;WtJk; MFk;.
iv. Ra rhHG ngw tpiojy;
gps;isg; gUtj;ij fle;J KjpHT epiyf;Fg; Gfj; njhlq;Fk; Fkug;gUtj;jpy;
gps;isg; gUtj;jpw;Fupa ghJfhg;G> topfhl;Ljy; ngw;Nwhiu rhHe;jpUf;Fk; jd;ik
Mfpad Njitg;gLk;. Mdhy; mNj Neuj;jpy; jdpj;jpaq;f tpUg;gk;> nghUshjhu RarhHG>
jdf;nfd;W nfhz;bUf;Fk; mgpg;gpuhaq;fs; Mfpad> ngw;NwhuplkpUe;J tpyfp jd; jdpj;
jd;ikia epiyehl;lTk; tpioAk; vdNt Kuz;ghLfs; epiwe;jJ Fkug;gUtk;. ,jd;
tpisthf mjpfhu ikaq;fis vg;NghJk; vjpHg;gJk;> jd; xg;ghH FOtpduJ kjpg;Gk;
kupahijAk; ngw Kay;tJk; Fkug;gUtj;jpdiu ,d;Dk; Foe;ijahf elj;j Kw;gLtJ>
,tHfs; jq;fis KjpHr;rp ngw;w taJ te;jtdhf epiyehl;l Kw;gLtJk;>
Fkug;gUtj;jpdUf;Fg; Nghuhl;lq;fisAk; gpur;ridfisAk; cUthf;FfpwJ.
v. rf taJj; NjhoHfspd; el;G
xj;j taJilNahUld; neUf;fkhfg; gofp> Mo;e;j el;ig cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tH.
jd; FOtplk; gw;WWjp nfhz;L jpfo;tjhy; ,g;gUtj;jpduJ r%f newpfSk;>
kjpg;GfSk; xg;ghH FOthy; ngUksT epHzapf;fg;gLfpwJ. jhd; rhHe;jpUf;Fk; FOtpd;
NjitfSf;Fk;> r%f vjpHghHg;GfSf;Fk; ,ilNa Kuz;ghLfs; Njhd;Wk;NghJ>
Fkug;gUtj;jpduJ elj;ijapy; NfhshWk;> kdKwpTk; Vw;gLk; newp gpwo;e;j elj;ijf;F
mbNfhYk; gs;sp my;yJ fy;Y}upapy; Fkug;gUtj;jpduJ FO elj;ij ,uz;L
tiffspy; eilngWfpwJ. xd;W nghOJNghf;F eltbf;if> kw;Nwhd;W mopT
eltbf;if. nghOJNghf;F vd;gJ Mly;> ghly;> Nghd;wtw;iwAk;> mopT elj;ij vd;gJ
Muthuk; nra;jy;> Ntiy epWj;jk; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; Fwpf;Fk;.
vi. ,yl;rpa Nehf;Fk; ajhHj;jKk;
Fkug;gUtj;jpduJ rpwg;gpay;Gfspy; xd;W mtHfsplk; ,yl;rpa Nehf;F NtHtplj;
Jtq;FtNj. Mdhy; ,k;Kaw;rpapy; mtHfs; tho;f;ifapd; ajhHj;j epiyiaf;
ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s kWg;gH (c.k;) njhlHtupirapy; vy;NyhUk; nrd;W Nu\d;
nghUl;fis thq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij ,yl;rpakhff; nfhz;L nraw;gLtJ jtwpy;iy@
Mdhy; NehAw;wtHfSf;F tpjptpyf;F mspf;f %h@f;fkhf kWg;gJ ajhHj;j epiyia
fzf;fpy; nfhs;shjJ MFk;.
vii. njhopy; NjHTk; RarhHGj; NjitAk;
Fkug;gUtj;jpy; vjpHfhy tho;f;iff;Fj; Njitahd xd;iwj; NjHe;njLj;J>
Maj;jg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sjy; ,d;wpaikahjJ. Mdhy; kdntOr;rp rkdpiyapd;ik>
mDgtkpd;ik> KjpHr;rpf; FiwT Mfpait njhopy; NjHtpy; jilfis Vw;gLj;jf;
$bait. ,g;gUtj;jpdH ehl;lq;fs;> ftHr;rpfs;> jpwd;fs; Mfpatw;wpy; mbg;gilapy;
njhopiyj; NjHT nra;a Kbahky; jpzWtH. vdNt njhopy; topfhl;Ljy;
fpilf;fhjNghJ jpirkhwpa gwitfshf khwptpLtH.
viii. jiyikj;jd;ik
Fkug;gUtj;jpd; ,yl;rpaq;fshy; ce;jg;gl;ltH> jiyik jhq;Fk; gz;G
,j;jifNahuplk; ,ay;ghfNt fhzg;gLk;. jd;dykpd;ik> nghWg;GzHr;rp> jd;id
xj;jtHfsJ fUj;JfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy; Nghd;w gz@Gfs; fhzg;gLk;. FO tpisahl;L>
Rw;Wyh nry;Yjy;> gw;gy Nghl;bfs;> jkpo; kd;wk; Nghd;w mikg;Gfis elj;jpr;
nry;Yjy; Nghd;w nghWg;Gfisf; nfhLg;gjd; %yk; Fkug;gUtj;jpduJ jiyikg;
gz;ig tsHf;f KbAk;.
 Fkug;gUtk; vd;gJ tsHr;rp fhZk; gUtk; MFk;.
 ngz; Foe;ijfspd; rpidg;igfs; KO tsHr;rpAw;W ,aq;fj; njhlq;Fk;.
 ml;updy; Rug;gpapy; `hHNkhd;fs; ,uj;jj;jpy; mjpfkhff; fyf;fj; njhlq;Fk;.
 jd;DzHT kpFe;J fhzg;gLk;.
 ghYzHT jiyJ}f;fpapUj;jy;.
 cz;ik epiyf;F Gwk;ghd gUtk;> mjpf Mir czHr;rpfs; fhzg;gLk;.
 KjpHr;rp gUtj;jpw;Fupa Muk;gg; gUtk; (KjpHr;rp ngw;w> tsHr;rp ngw;w> thypgd;
vd;W fhl;bf;nfhs;Sjy;)
7.1.4. Fkug;gUtj;jpd; gpur;ridfs; (Problems of Adolescence)

 jd;idg;gw;wpa Fog;gk; Vw;gLk;.
 jiyKiw ,ilntsp fhzg;gLk; gUtk;.
 vjpHkiw kdg;ghd;ikAk; kuG kPwYk; fhzg;gLk;.
 ghYzHT jiy J}f;fpapUj;jy;.
 njhopiy NjHe;njLj;jy; jaf;fKk;> Fog;gKk; fhzg;gLk;.
 Fkug;gUtj;jpy; kpFe;j kdntOr;rp fhzg;gLk;.
 RarhHG tpioT fhzg;gLk; xg;ghH FO Mjpf;fk; fhzg;gLk;.
7.1.5. Fkug;gUtj;jpdupd; MHtq;fs; (Interest of Adolescence)

 XH ,isNahupd; MHtk; Kf;fpakhf mtdJ Ez;zwpT> ghypdk; kw;Wk; #o;epiy
xg;ghH FO Nghd;wtw;iw nghUj;jjhf mikAk;.
 NkYk; FLk;gj;jpd; r%fg; nghUshjhu me;j];J> mtdJ MSikg; gz;Gfs;
Mfpatw;iwAk; nghWj;J mikAk;.
MHtj;jpd; tiffs; (Types of Interest)
1. nghOJNghf;F MHtk; (thndhyp Nfl;ly;> njhiyf;fhl;rp ghHj;jy;)
2. jdpg;gl;l MHtk; (Mil> mzpjy; Kfg;nghopT)
3. fy;tpapy; MHtk;
4. njhopy; MHtk;
5. kjk; kw;Wk; flTs; kPJ MHtk;
6. r%f MHtk;> tpisahl;by; MHtk;
7.1.6. Fkug;gUtj;jpduJ FO elj;ij (Group Behaviour of Adolescence)
 Fkug;gUtj;jpdH jd; xj;j taJilNahUld; Mo;e;j el;G> jhd; rhHe;jpUf;Fk;
r%ff; FOf;fspd; kjpg;GfisAk;> vjpHghHg;GfisAk; epiwNtw;Wk@ kdepiy
nfhs;tjhy; xg;ghH FO ,isNahupd; r%fnewp elj;ijia epHzapg;gjpy; ngUk;
gq;F tfpf;fpwJ.
 xg;ghHFOtpdhy; gw;WWjp> jd;dyq;fUjhik> $l;L kdg;ghd;ik Nghd;w
ew;gz;Gfs; tsHr;rpailfpd;wd.
 jPa ez;gHfspd; rfthrj;jhy; Fkug;gUtj;jpdupd; r%f newpgpwo;e;j elj;ijf;F
Ml;glf;$Lk;.
7.1.7. Fkug;gUtj;jpdhpd; xOq;F (Discipline of Adolescence)
 Fkug;gUtj;jpdH xU Kd;khjpupahd rKjhaj;ij Vw;gLj;j epidg;gH.
 ,tHfs; flTs;> nrhHf;fk;> tho;f;ifapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gw;wp
NgRtH.
 rKjhaj; njhz;L> kdpj Neak;> ,uf;fFzk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; tpUg;gk; nfhs;tH.
 jiyikg;gz;G (Leadership)
 Fkug;gUtj;jpdH ,yl;rpaq;fshy; ce;jg;gl;ltHfs;.
 jiyik jhq;Fk; gz;G ,j;jifNahuplk; ,ay;ghfNt fhzg;gLk;.
 jd;dykpd;ik> nghWg;GzHr;rp> jd;id xj;jtHfsJ fUj;Jf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;
Nghd;w gz;Gfs; fhzg;gLk;.
 FO tpisahl;L> Rw;Wyh nry;Yjy;> gw;gy Nghl;bfs;> jkpo;kd;wk; Nghd;w
mikg;Gfis elj;jpr; nry;Yjy; Nghd;w nghWg;Gfisf; nfhLg;gjd; %yk;
Fkug;gUtj;jpduJ jiyikg; gz;ig tsHf;f KbAk;.
7.2. Fkug;gUtj;jpdhpd; elj;ijfis mtHfspd; ,ay;ghdr; #oypy; Muha;jy; (Study of
Adolescent Behaviour in their Natural Settings)
,isNahH gUtk; Mq;fpyj;jpy; adolescence vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;gUtNk
kdpjtpUj;jpg;gUtq;fspy; kpf Kf;fpakhd xU gUtkhff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ vdyhk;.
,g;gUtk; gps;isg;gUtj;jpd; Kbtpd; NghJ Muk;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,f;Fkug;gUtk; vDk;
nrhy;yhdJ ,yj;jPd; nkhopapypUe;J Njhd;wpaJ. ,J gUtkilAk; taJ my;yJ
KjpHr;rp Nehf;fp tsHjy; vd Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. vdpDk; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; gpd;
Vw;gl;l tpisTfNs ,f;Fkug;gUtj;jpw;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;Fk; Njitia
cz;L gz;zpaJ vdyhk;.
nghJthf ,g;gUtkhdJ 10-24 taJf;Fl;gl;l tiu Fwpg;gjhf nfhs;sg;gl;lhYk;
cstpayhsupd; tiuaiwg;gb Mz; ngz; ,U ghyhupYk; 12 taJ Kjy; 18> 20
tajpw;Fs; rhjhuzkhf KbtilfpwJ vdTk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. vdpDk; ,g;gUtk; 25
taJtiu ePbg;gijAk; $wyhk;. ,g;gUtj;jpid gpd;tUkhW ,yFthfg; gpupj;J
Nehf;fyhk;.
1) 10-14 taJf;fpilg;gl;l tiu ,isNahH gUtj;jpd; Muk;gg;gFjp
2) 15-19 Fkug;gUtj;jpd; ,ilg;gUtk;
3) 20-24 Fkug;gUtj;jpd; filrpg;gFjp vdf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
vdpDk; ,g;gUtj;jpy; rpe;jid> jpwd;fs;> Mw;wy;fs;> vjpHghHg;Gfs;> Mirfs;>
cly; cWg;Gf;fs; Mfpatw;wpy; Jupjkhd khw;wq;fs; epfOk; gUtkhfNt
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk; ,isNahH gUtj;jpd; Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;l ,isNahH
mstpaypd; je;ijahd (G.Stanly Hall) ];Nld;yp N`hy; ,g;gUtk; xU neUf;fbahd
Jd;gkpf;fgUtk; “storm and stress" (FKwYk; mOj;jKk; epiwe;j gUtk;) vd;fpd;whH.
mj;NjhL ,g;gUtj;jpy; epfOk; epfo;r;rpfs; gpd;dH epfOk; tho;f;if
eltbf;iffSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jitaha; tpsq;fp mtd; gz;G eyj;ij
rPHnra;fpd;wd vd;W mtH $Wfpd;whH. vdpDk; ,f;Fkug;gUtj;jpy; cly; tsHr;rp>
kdntOr;rp> Rje;jpu czHr;rp> r%f tsHr;rp> me;epakhf;fg;gLjy; vd;gd kpf
Kf;fpakhd tplaq;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. cly; tsHr;rpia Nehf;Fk; NghJ
cauj;jpYk; vilapYk; Fwpg;glj;jf;f khw;wk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. ngz;fs; Mz;fis tpl
tpiuthf tsHr;rp milfpd;whHfs;. ,jpy; %is tsHr;rpAk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.
clypaypd; khw;wq;fs; tpisthf kdntOr;rpj; jhf;fq;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.
NkYk; Stanly Hall ,d; fUj;Jg;gb> ,g;gUtk; fw;gid ,yl;rpaq;fspdhYk;
ghypay; ce;jy;fspdhYk; #og;gl;l gpur;rpidf;Fupa gUtk; vd;fpd;whH. NkYk;
,g;gUtj;jpNyNa `hHNkhd;fs; Kjy;jlitahf Ruf;fpd;wd. clypy;
vy;yhg;gFjpfspYk; cly;tsHr;rp rPuhf eilngwhikapdhy; rktaJila ,Utupd;
cly; ,ay;Gfis xg;gpLk;NghJ rpyNtisfspy; NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,UtuJ cly;fSk; rkmstpy; rpy Ntis tsHr;rpaile;jpUf;fTk; $Lk;.
,t;thwhf> ,ay;Gfs; Njhd;Wk; Ntfk; NtWgLtjpy; `hHNkhd;fspd; njhopw;ghL>
Nahrid> epiyik> jiyKiw ,ay;Tfspd; jhf;fk; cl;gl gpw fhuzpfSk; gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;fpd;wJ. mj;NjhL Fkug;gUtk; gps;isg; gUtj;jpd; epiyapypUe;J xUtH KO
KjpHr;rp epiyf;F khw;wk; (transition) ngWk; gUtkhFk;. ,jd; Kf;fpa jd;ik Jupj
khw;wkhFk;. ,g;gUtk; ,yl;rpaq;fs; epiwe;j gUtkhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdpDk;
,e;j yl;rpaq;fs; cz;ik epiyAld; nghUe;jhjdthf (unrealistic) fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
,tw;Wld;> r%f mwg;gz;GfSk; ,g; gUtj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,itNa ,g;
gUtj;jpdiug; gpw gUtj;jpdupypUe;J gpupj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.
Fkug;gUtk; “Kuz;ghLfs; epiwe;j gUtk;" (stage of contradictions) vdTk;

miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ngw;Nwhupd; Kuz;ghL> jd;idg; gw;wpa ftiy> fy;tp> njhopy;>
vjpHfhyk; gw;wpa ftiyfSk; Vf;fKk; epuhirAk;> kdf;Fog;gKk; epiwe;j gUtkhf
,g;gUtk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,g; gUtk; gw;wpf; $wpa vupf;rd; jdf;Fupa jdpj;Jtj;ij
my;yJ Ra milahsj;ij jUk; gUtk; vdf; $Wfpd;whH. ,g;gUtj;jpy; rpwg;ghd r%f
tsHr;rp ngWfpd;whd;> r%f KjpHr;rpapidAk; nghUj;jg;ghl;bidAk; milfpd;whd;. ,jd;
tpisthf r%fg; gpur;rpidfis jd;dy Nehf;Fld; mZfhky; r%fj;jpy; gpwuJ
cupik> fUj;Jf;fs; Mfpatw;Wf;F kjpg;Gf; nfhLf;fpd;whd;. NkYk; gpwUld;
xj;Jioj;Jr; nraw;gLthd;.
gy ez;gHfisg; ngw;wpUg;gNjhL jd;idg; gw;wpa cz;ikahd kjpg;gPl;ilg;
ngw;wpUg;ghd;. vdpDk; r%fj;jpy; jkJ nghWg;Gf;fis KO mstpy; Vw;fj; Njitahd
jpwd; ,g; gUtj;jpduplj;jpy; KOikahf tsHr;rp ngw;wpUf;fhJ. ,k; KO tsHr;rp KjpH
gUtj;jpNy xUtdplk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt Fkug;gUtj;jpduplj;jpy; r%f epiyikfspy;
nraw;glf; $r;rKk; Fog;gKk; fhzg;gLk;. mj;NjhL taJ> epiy> mwpT Mfpatw;wpy;
jd;idnahj;j gpwupd; kjpg;igg; ngwTk; jd;id kw;wtH Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w
kNdh epiyAk; Vw;gLk;. ,jd;NghJ xg;ghH FOtpd; njhlHG Vw;gLk;. NkYk; mwnewp>
xOf;f tsHr;rpfs; ,g;gUtj;jpy; Kd;Ndw;wk; milfpd;wd. jd; tajpid xj;jtupd;
mwelj;ijfisAk;> fUj;Jf;fisAk; gpujpgypf;Fk; tifapy; ,J mike;jpUf;Fk;.
,tHfs; kuGtop te;j ngw;NwhHfshy; Gfog;gLk; mwg;gof;fq;fspy; KO
ek;gpf;ifaw;wtHfshff; fhzg;gLthHfs; vdyhk;. mj;NjhL ,f; Fkug;gUtj;jpdupilNa
jiyik jhq;Fk; gz;Gfs; ,ay;ghfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. jd;dykpd;ik> nghWg;GzHr;rp>
jd;id xj;jtHfsJ fUj;Jf;fSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy; Nghd;w gz;GfSk; ,tHfsplj;jpy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
7.3. Fkug;gUtj;jpdhpd; elj;ijfis tpisahl;by; my;yJ gs;sp mikg;gpy; Muha;jy;
(Study of Adolescebt Behaviour at Play or School Settings)
Fkug;gUtj;jpdhpd; elj;ijfis mth;fs; tpisahLk; nghOJ my;yJ gs;sp
mikg;gpy; Muha ngw;Nwhh;fSk; Mrphpah;fSk; ,ize;J nray;gLtJ kpfTk; mtrpak;.
gs;spfspy; rhuzh; ,af;fk;, NCC, NSS, r%d Nrit, tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfspy;
gq;Nfw;wy;, Ez;fiyfspy; gapw;rp mspj;jy; Nghd;w nray;Kiwfspy; Fkug;gUtj;jpdiu
gq;Nfw;fr; nra;tjd; %yk; mth;fspd; elj;ijfis ehk; Muhayhk;.
Fkug;gUtj;jpdUf;F Ra Ml;rp Kiw, khzth;fs; Mh;tr; nray;fSf;F tha;g;gspf;f
ty;y ,irr; rq;fk;, thndhyp rq;fk;, mwptpay; rq;fk; my;yJ fofk;, fiyr;
rq;fq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw epWtp elj;Jjy; Mfpait, Fkug;gUtj;jpdiu Mf;fg;G+h;tkhd
topfspy; ,l;Lr; nry;fpd;wd. vdNt gs;sp mikg;G my;yJ tpisahl;lhdJ,
Fkug;gUtj;jpdUf;F kpfTk; ,d;wpaikahj xd;whfj; jpfo;fpwJ.
7.4. Fkug;gUtj;jpdiu MuhAk; Kiwfs; (Methods of Studying Adolescence)
cstpay; Ma;T (Psychological Study) vd;gJ jdp kdpjH my;yJ FOf;fspd;
mDgtq;fs; kw;Wk; elj;ijfis cstpayhsHfs; gFg;gha;e;J elj;Jk; Ma;Tfisf;
Fwpf;Fk;. ,tHfsJ Ma;Tfis fy;tp> njhopy;> gpzp rhHe;j cstpay; Ma;Tfshf
tifg;gLj;jyhk;. Ma;T vd;gJ nka;ikapidf; fz;lwpAk; GyikrhH gapw;rpahff;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. kdpj elj;ijfisg; ghjpf;fpd;w gy;NtW fhuzpfisAk; Muha;e;J
xt;nthd;whf jdpikg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; my;yJ Fiwg;gjd; %yk; ve;j xd;W ,y;yhj
NghJ my;yJ ve;jf; fhuzp nraw;gLk;NghJ kdpj elj;ij khWgLfpd;wJ vd;gjid
r%f cstpashsHfs; fz;lwpfpd;whHfs;. cstpay; Kiwfshdit nghJ mwpT>
mDgt mwpT> Nghd;wtw;wpy; cs;s Fiwfisf; fisaNt Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. cstpay;
Vida r%f mwptpay; Ma;T KiwfSld; jdJ Ma;T Kiwfisg;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. r%f cstpay; Ma;Tfspy; gad;gLj;Jk; Ma;T Kiwfshtd>
1) cw;WNehf;fy; (Observation)
2) NeHfhzy; ml;ltizfs; (Interview Schedules)
3) jdpahs; Ma;T (Case Study)
4) fye;Jiuahly; (Interaction)
7.4.1. cw;WNehf;fy; (Observation)
Fkug;gUtj;jpdhpd; elj;ijfis mtHfs; mwpahkNy jd;Gyd; mDgtj;NjhLk;
#o;epiyNahLk; $He;J ftdpj;J mwptJ. ,NjKiw njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; fhzyhk;. mjpy;
epiwe;Js;s cstpay; fUj;Jf;fs; jd;mDgt ntspg;ghlhfTk;> gpwkhe;jupd;
tho;tpaiy cw;WNehf;fp ciuj;jjhfTk; ,Uf;ff; fhzyhk;.
cw;WNehf;fiy fUtpfspy;yhky; mstPLfis nra;Ak; Kiw vd;W $wyhk;.
Fkug;gUtj;jpdh; jq;fsJ ez;gh;fSld; tpisahLk; NghJ my;yJ gs;spapy; mth;fis
mwpahky; cw;WNehf;fp elj;ijfspd; jd;ikfis ghh;j;J gjpT nra;J gpd;dh;
tptug;gLj;jTk; tpsf;fg;gLj;jTk; nra;ayhk;.
cw;WNehf;fypd; gbfs; (Steps of Observation)
1. Kiwahf jpl;lkpLjy; (Proper Planning)
Fkug;gUtj;jpdhpd; ve;j tifahd elj;ijfis cw;WNehf;fp gjpT nra;tJ
vd;W tiuaWj;jy;. mth;fspd; Fwpg;gpl;l elj;ijfis njhpT nra;J gjpT nra;jy;.
cw;WNehf;fy; fhy msit eph;zak; nra;jy;. NghJkhd fhy ,ilntspiaAk;
mikj;jy;. gjpT nra;jypd; jd;ikia Kd;dNu njspTgLj;Jjy;. cw;WNehf;Fgthpd;
,lj;ijAk; njhpT nra;jy;. cw;WNehf;fj; Njitahd gapw;rpfis Kd;dNu ngWjy;.
2. nray;gLj;Jjy;
Fkug;gUtj;jpdh; tpisahLk; ,lk; kw;Wk; gs;spapy; mth;fs; mkUk; ,lj;ij
ed;F njhpe;J itj;jpUj;jy;. cw;WNehf;Fgth; Fkug;gUtj;jpdUf;F njhpahky; ,Uf;Fk;
gb ,Ue;J cw;WNehf;Fjy;. cw;WNehf;fg;gl Ntz;ba nray;ghLfis njspthf vOjp
itj;J mitfNshL Fkug;gUtj;jpdhpd; elj;ijfis xg;gpl;L gjpT nra;jy;. xU
nray;ghl;bid cw;WNehf;f NghJkhd fhy mtfhrk; vLj;Jf;nfhz;L
mr;nray;ghl;bid gjpT nra;jy;.
3. gjpTnra;jy;
cw;WNehf;Fk; NghNj gjpT nra;jhy; cldbahf jfty;fs; fpilf;fpwJ. xU
nray;ghl;il cw;W Nehf;fp gpd;dh; mitfisg; gw;wp gjpT nra;jYk; xU nray;ghl;bd;
KOikia njhptpf;Fk;. vdNt, ,t;tpuz;L KiwfspYk; gjpTfis Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.
4. tpsf;Fjy;
cw;WNehf;fy; fUtpfis gad;gLj;jp gjpTnra;j tptuq;fis tpsf;Fjy;.
Fkug;gUtj;jpdhpd; elj;ijfis mth;fspd; nray;ghl;bd; jd;ikfis cw;WNehf;fypd;
mbg;gilapy; vspjhf tpsf;fyhk;.
7.4.2. NeHfhzy; ml;ltizfs; (Interview Schedules)
NeHfhzy; vd;gJ NeUf;FNeH xUtH kw;nwhUtiu re;jpj;J tha;nkhopahf
jfty;fis Nfl;Lg; ngWjiy Fwpg;gjhFk;. ,jpy; jfty; jUgthpd; fy;tpepiy> taJ>
kdepiy Nghd;wit fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLk;. tpil jUNthuJ Kfghtq;fisAk;> Fuy;
khWghLfisAk; jaq;Fk; ,lq;fisAk; ftdpj;J> mtHfs; nrhy;yhjJ jtpHf;f
Kay;tijAk; Cfpj;jwpa KbAk;. cly; nkhopiaAk; fz;lwpa Ntz;Lk;.
NeHfhzypd; mikg;G:
1. NeHfhzy; njhlf;fg;gFjp
2. NeHfhzy; ikag;gFjp
3. NeHfhzy; ,Wjpg;gFjp
1. NeHfhzy; njhlf;fk;
NeHfhzypy; njhlf;fj;jpy; Ngl;bf; fhz;gtNuhL cwit Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk;
mwpKfk; eilngWk;.
2. NeHfhzypd; ikag;gFjp
NeHfhzypy; ikag;gFjpapy; Ngl;b fhz;gtH. Ngl;b nfhLg;gthplk; tpdhf;fs;
Nfl;ghH. ,jpy; ,iltpidahf Ngl;b fhz;gtH Ngl;b nfhLg;gthpd; cly;nkhop> Cik
nkhop Nghd;w gy;NtW epiyfisAk; ghHj;J mjd;%yk; tpilfs; ,Ue;jhy; vLj;Jf; n
fhs;thH.
3. NeHfhzypd; ,Wjpg;gFjp:
,g;gFjpapy; Ngl;bahdJ ,dpikahf KbTWk; tifapy; ed;wp$wp tpil ngWjy;
eilngWk;. mj;Jld; NeHfhzYf;fhd KbT Kiwg;gb mwptpf;fg;gLk; vd;Wk; $wg;gLk;.
NeHfhzypd; tiffs;:
1. newpgLj;jg;glhj NeHfhzy; (Non-directive Interview)
,J fl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhj/tbtikf;fg;glhj NeHfhzyhFk;.
,tw;wpy; Ngl;b fhz;gtH Ngl;b nfhLg;gtiu ve;jtpj;jpYk; fl;Lg;gLj;jhky;>
fUj;Jf;fis Rje;jpukhfTk; KOkdJld; jUk;gbAk; KOikahf fUj;Jf;fis
ntspg;gLj;j tha;g;gspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Ngl;b nfhLg;gtiu Cf;fg;gLj;jp KOikahd tphpthd fUj;Jf;fis
ntspf;nfhzu Ntz;Lk;.
Ngl;b nfhLg;gthplk; ,ilapilNa tpdhf;fs; Nfl;Lk; ,izg;Gr; nrhw;fis
gad;gLj;jpAk; tphpthf jfty;fis Nrfhpj;J gjpT nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
,t;tif NeHfhzypy; NeHfhzypd;NghJ Kd;$l;bNa jahhpf;fg;glhj tpdhf;fshf
Nfl;fg;gLfpwJ. ,t;tif NeHfhzypy; vt;tpjkhd epHge;jKk; fpilahJ.
2. newpg;gLj;jg;gl;l NeHfhzy;: (Directive Interview)
,J fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l/tbtikf;fg;gl;l NeHfhzyhFk;.
 ,t;tif NeHfhzypy; Kd;$l;bNa Kiwahf jpl;lkpl;L tpdhf;fs; jahhpf;fg;gl;L
,Uf;Fk;.
ngUk;ghYk; %ba tif tpdhf;fNs ,lk; ngWk; (Mk;/,y;iy vd gjpyspf;Fk;
tifapy;)
,t;tif NeHfhzypy; Ngl;b vLg;gtH tpUk;Gk; tifapy; gjpy;
fpilj;jpLk;Nghf;Fk; fhzg;gLk;.
3. Mokhd NeHfhzy;: (Depth Interview)
,t;tif NeHfhzypy; gjpy; jUNthuJ kdg;ghd;ikfs;> nfhs;if gpbg;Gfs;>
czHr;rp nfhe;jspg;Gfs; Nghd;wtw;iw mwpAk;gbahd tpdhf;fs; Nfl;fg;gLk;. Ngl;b
nfhLg;gthpd; cs;fplf;iffisAk;> vij vjpHg;gJ? vij Mjhpg;gJ Nghd;wtw;wpw;fhd
rhpahd fhuzq;fis mwpAk;gbAk; mike;jpUf;Fk;.
4. FiwawpAk; NeHfhzy;: (Diagnostice Interview)
,it ngUk;ghYk; kUj;JtkidfspYk;> r%f njhz;L epWtd NrtfHfs; kw;Wk;
mwpTiugfHNthuhy; elj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,it ngUk;ghYk; gpur;ridfSf;F chpa
fhuzq;fis fz;lwpa elj;jg;gLtjhFk;.
5. #o;epiy NeHfhzy;: (Situational Interview)
#o;epiy NeHfhzy; xU jPtpukhd CLWTk; KiwahFk;. ,J kNdhepiy,
czh;r;rpfs; my;yJ jplkhd ek;gpf;if Nghd;w csepiy, r%ff; fhuzpfSf;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jUfpwJ. tpilaspg;gthpd; xU mDgtk; my;yJ nraYldhd
tpilaspg;gthpd; xU mDgtk; my;yJ nraUldhd tpyfpa my;yJ ,ize;j
epiyapy; msit ephpzapf;Fk;. Neh;fhzy; #o;epiyapy; nefpo;rr ; p czh;Tfs;
kiwKfkhff; Fwpf;fg;gl;l czh;TfSf;Fk; jPh;khdj;jpw;F mbg;gilaha; mikAk;.
Muha;r;rpiaj; njhlh;tjw;fhffj; Njitahd Kf;fpakhd tpguq;fisf; fhz #o;epiy
NeHfhzy; xU topKiwahFk;.
Nkw;fz;l NeHfhzy;fspy; Fkhug;gUtj;jpdhpd; elj;ijfis fz;lwpa Mokhd
NeHfhzNy rpwe;jjhf ngUk;ghYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
NeHfhzy; ml;ltiz (Interview Schedule)
nghJthd tpguk; (General Information)

khzthpd; ngaH :
gs;spapd; ngaH :
ghypdk; : Mz; ngz;
taJ :
13 14 15
,Ug;gplk; :
fpuhkk; efuk;
gs;spapd; tif : Mz;fs; ngz;fs; ,Ughyh;
OC BC SC / ST
[hjp :
kjk; : ,e;J fpwpj;jtH ,];yhk;
Nkyhz;ikapd; tif :
murpdh; jdpahh; nkl;hpf;FNyrd;
je;ijapd; fy;tpj;jFjp : :
8k; tFg;G tiu fy;Yhp
njhopy; fy;tp njhopy;El;gf;fy;tp

y
jhapd; fy;tpj;jFjp : 8k; tFg;: G tiu fy;Yhp kw;Wk;
mjw;f;F Nky;
je;ijapd; njhopy; : NkNd]h; fpshh;f; nlf;dprpad;
GNuhgrdy;
jhapd; njhopy; : Ntiyghh;gg
; th; ,y;yj;jurp
rpwe;j NeHfhzYf;fhd topKiwfs;:
1) jpl;lkply;
2) nray;gLj;Jjy;
3) gjpT nra;jy;
1) jpl;lkply; :
NeHfhziy vt;thW elj;JtJ? vq;F elj;JtJ? vd;d vd;d tpdhf;fs; Nfl;gJ
vd;d Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf vd;gij Kiwahf jpl;lkpl Ntz;Lk;. NeHfhzypy; ve;j tifia
gad;gLj;JtJ vd;W jpl;lkpl Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhd tpdhf;fs;> tpdhthpir jfty;fspd;
msT> jd;ik Nghd;wtw;iw jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
2) nraw;gLj;Jjy;:
NeHfhzy; vd;gJ xUtUf;nfhUtH Kfk; ghHj;J NgRk; nray;ghlhFk; (Face to
Face). vdNt Ngl;b vLg;gtH Ngl;b nfhLg;gtUld; ed;F mwpKfkhf ey;y
el;GwitAk;> kdneUf;fj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. rpy Ntisfspy; Ngl;b
jUgtH top jtwp rk;ge;jkw;w fUj;Jf;fis $wpdhy; Nfhgg;glhky; nkd;ikahd
Fuypy; jtw;iw czHj;jp ek;topf; nfhzu Ntz;Lk;. Ngl;b fhz;gtH njhlHe;J
tstsntd;W Ngrpf; nfhz;buhky; Ngl;b nfhLg;gtiu Ngrr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. Ngl;b
jUNthhpd; cly;epiy> mtrug; gzp> kdepiy> #oy; Nghd;wtw;iw fUj;jpy; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. jfty; jUNthH kdk; tUe;Jk;gbahd nrhw;fisAk; eltbf;iffisAk;
jtpHj;J Ngl;b jUNthhpd; KO xj;Jiog;igAk; ngw Ntz;Lk;.
3) gjpT nra;jy;:
NeHfhzypy; Ngl;b fz;ltw;iw etPd njhopy;El;gk; nfhz;L xyp xspg;gjpT
fUtp %yk; gjpT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. tbtikf;fg;gl;l Ngl;bahf ,Ue;jhy; jpl;lkpl;lgbNa
FwpaPl;Lg; gl;bay;/ml;ltizapy; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
NeHf;fhzypd; epiwfs;
xU ghlj;jpy; Vw;gl;Ls;s gpur;ridia ed;whf mwpe;J nfhs;s ,k;Kiw
MrphpaUf;F cjTfpwJ.
Fkhug;gUtj;jpdhpd; gpur;ridfis mwpaTk;> mtHfspd; csfplff;iffis
ntspf; nfhzuTk; NgUjtpahf cs;sJ.
NeHfhzy; vd;gJ gpur;ridfSf;F cldbahf jPHT fhzTk;> eilKiw
nray;ghLfSf;F cfe;jjhfTk; cs;sJ.
,k;Kiwapd; %yk; njspthd jfty;fs; Nrfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
khztH NrHf;if> gzp epkpj;jk;> kUj;Jtk;> njhopy; topfhl;ly;> ePjptprhuiz
Nghd;wtw;wpw;F cjtpahf cs;sJ.
NeHfhzypd; Fiwfs;:
Ngl;b vLg;gtH kpfTk; jpwikahdtuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,J vy;NyhUf;Fk;
nghUe;jhJ.
,k;Kiw mftaj;jd;ik nfhz;lJ. vdNt Ngl;b vLg;gthpd; nrhe;j tpUg;G
ntWg;GfSf;F cl;gl;ljhFk;.
mjpf fhyKk;> nghUl; nryTk; Vw;gLfpwJ.
7.6.3. jdpahs; Ma;T (Case Study)
nghUs;:
xU Foe;ijiag; gw;wp> xU rKjhaj;ijg; gw;wp> XH ,dj;ijg;gw;wp> xU ehl;ilg;
gw;wp> xU FLk;gj;ijg; gw;wp> xU thypg FOitg; gw;wp vy;yh tpguq;fisAk; Nrfhpj;J
Ma;T nra;tNj ~jdpahs; Ma;T| my;yJ ~jdpahs; tuyhW| vdg;gLk;. ,k;Kiw
jdpeghpd; Fwpg;gpl;l gpur;ridia Ma;T nra;J FiwjPH eltbf;iffis
ghpe;Jiug;gjhy; ,k;Kiw kUj;Jt Kiw (Clinical Method) vd;Wk; $WtH.
jdpahs; Ma;T Nehf;fk;
jdpahs; Ma;tpd; Nehf;fkhdJ xU Foe;ijiag; gw;wp> xU egiug; gw;wp> xU
gFjpiag; gw;wp> xU ghlj;ijg; gw;wp Mokhf Ghpe;J nfhs;sy; MFk;.
Fkhug;gUtj;jpdhpd; elj;ijiag; gw;wp Kw;wpYkhf njhpe;J nfhs;tjw;F
mtHfspd; ,d;iwa epiyik> gpur;ridfs;> Rw;Wr;#oy;> rk;ge;jg;gl;l fhuzpfs;
mlq;fpa nra;jp Fwpg;Gfs; Nrfhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
nkhj;jj;jpy; jdpahs; Ma;tpd; Nehf;fk; gpur;ridfisf; fz;lwpe;J jPHT
fhZjNy MFk;.
jdpahs; Ma;T - gbepiyfs; (Caste Study Steps)
Neubahd cw;WNehf;Fjy; %yk; my;yJ mstPL %yk; gpur;ridfspd; ,ay;ig
jPHkhdpj;jy;.
gpur;ridfs; vt;thW cUthfpapUf;Fk;> vt;thW KbTngWk; vd;gij Cfpj;jy;.
jw;fhypf fUj;Jf;fis my;yJ fUJNfhs;fis thpirg;gLj;Jjy;.
fUj;Jf;fis rhpghHj;jy;.
jtwhd elj;ijf;F chpa fhuzq;fis ePf;Ftjw;Fhpa topKiwfis fz;lwpjy;.
gpd; njhlH nray; (Follow-up)
jdpahs; Ma;T rpwg;gpay;Gfs; (Case Study – Special Features)
nra;jpf; Fwpg;Gfs; KOikahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
nra;jpfs; epahakhdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gjpTnra;j Fwpg;Gfis ufrpakhf ghJfhj;jy;.
nra;jpj; njhFg;G mwptpay; G+Htkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 jfty;fs; gad;glf;$bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 jfty;fs; xU njhluhf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.
jdpahs; Ma;tpy; Nrfhpf;fg;gl Ntz;bait
xU Foe;ijapd; gpur;rid gw;wpa Ma;tpw;F fPo;f;fz;l tpguq;fis Nrfhpf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd r%f cstpaywpQH ~vhpf;]d;| (Erickson) $wpAs;shH.
milahsf; Fwpg;Gfs;
FLk;g tuyhW
gs;sp tuyhW
cly; kw;Wk; MNuhf;fpa tuyhW
r%f tuyhWk; njhlHGfSk;
MSikg; gz;Gfs;
jdpahs; Ma;T – cjhuzq;fs;
1. kpf cah; miltpidAilNahh;.
2. jd; jpwikf;F kpff; Fiwthfr; nray;gLNthh;.
3. elj;ijf; NfhshW cila khzth;fs;.
4. tFg;gpy; kw;w khzth;fSf;F Kd;Ndhbaha; tpsq;FNthh;.
jdpahs; Ma;T - epiwfs; (Advantages)
jdpahs; Ma;tpid mbf;fb gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ> MrphpaH ,ij fw;gpj;jypd; xU
gFjpahff; fUjyhk;.
Fkhug; gUtj;jpdhpd; gpur;ridfis Ma;T nra;J mtHfspd; fw;wiy Nkk;gLj;j
cjTfpwJ.
Foe;ijfspd; elj;ij gw;wpa mwpFwpfis ngWtjpy; MrphpaUk; topfhl;LgtUk;
mjpf tpopg;GzHT cilatHfshfTk;> Ez;zwpT cilatHfshfTk; cs;sdH.
jdpahs; Ma;T Fiwfs; (Limitations)
,J fhyj;ij tPzhf;fk; KiwahFk;.
,J mftaj; jd;ik tha;e;jJ.
vy;NyhUk; mwpthspfshf ,Ug;ghHfs; vdf; $w KbahJ
7.6.4. ,iltpiz Ghpjy;/fye;JiuahLjy; (Interaction)
nghUs;:
fye;Jiuahly; vd;gJ xUtH kw;nwhUtUld; ciuahb gy;NtW nra;jpfisAk;>
nray;ghLfisAk; Kiwg;gLj;jjyhFk;. fye;Jiuahly; %yk; Fkug;gUtj;jpdhpd;
cl;fplf;iffs; ntspf; nfhzug;gLfpwJ. Fkug;gUtj;jpdhplk; ciuahLjy; Nfs;tp
Nfl;ly; kw;Wk; nray;gLjy; ,iltpid GhpjyhFk;. ,iltpid GhptJ %yk; mth;fsJ
eltbf;iffisf; nfhz;l jfty;fis jpul;b mij gFj;jha;T nra;J mjd; %yk;
mth;fsJ kd,ay;Gfis mDkhdpf;fyhk;. ,jdhy; mth;fspd; kdj;jpwd;fspd;
tsh;r;rpiaAk; Nkk;ghl;bidAk; Ma;T nra;J rhpahd Nkk;ghL ,Uf;fpwjh my;yJ
VNjDk; gpur;ridfs; ,Uf;fpd;;wdth vd;W fz;lwpayhk;. ,e;j ,iltpidfis
Fkug;gUtj;jpdhpd; ,ay;ghd #oypy; Kd;dNu eph;zapf;fg;gl;l nray;ghLfis
ntspg;gLj;Jk; elj;ijfis mwpe;J nfhs;sf;$ba ciuahlyhfTk; jfty;
Nrfhpg;gjhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;.
fye;Jiuahlypd; gbepiyfs;:
1) jpl;lkply;
2) NjHT nra;jy;
3) nray;gLj;Jjy;
4) KbTf;F tUjy;
1) jpl;lkply;: fye;Jiuahly; vq;Nf epfo;j;JtJ? vd;d vd;d gpur;ridfis ikakhf
nfhs;tJ? Nghd;w gy;NtW mk;rq;fisAk; kdjpy; nfhz;L Kiwahf jpl;lkpl
Ntz;Lk;.
2) NjHT nra;jy;: fye;Jiuahly; epfo;j;j ahH? ahiu? NjHT nra;tJ> ve;jkhjphpahd
Nfs;tpfis Nfl;gJ Nghd;w mk;rq;fis NjHT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
3) nray;gLj;Jjy;: fye;Jiuahliy Fkug; gUtj;jpdhplk; vg;NghJ epfoj;JtJ vd;W
KbT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhd Neuk; fhyk; ghHj;J nray;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
rhpahd xyp> xsp mikg;Gfisf; nfhz;L njhopy;El;g hPjpahf gjpT nra;jNyhL
epfo;it nray;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
4) KbTf;F tUjy;
fye;Jiuahlypy; myrp Muhag;gl;l fUj;Jf;fs; vit vit vdTk;>
mtw;wpw;fhd jPHT fhz xU FOit mikj;J KbT vLj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk;
rhpahd Kbit ngw Kbfpd;wJ.
fye;Jiuahly; - epiwfs;:
khztHfs; MHtkhf fye;J nfhs;fpwhHfs;.
khztHfspd; Ez;zwpT J}z;lg;gLfpwJ.
rpwe;j nghOJNghf;F mk;rkhfTk; mikfpwJ.
gy;NtW fUj;Jfs; ntspapy; tUfpd;wJ.
fye;Jiuahly; - Fiwfs; :
fhy tpuak; Vw;gLfpwJ.
gpur;ridfis MuhAk;NghJ topjtwpr; nry;y tha;g;G cUthfpwJ.
taJ tpj;jpahrk; ngUk; gpur;ridahFk;.
Fkhug;gUtj;jpdiu Ghpe;Jf;nfhs;Sjy; (Understanding Adolescence)

Fkug;gUtk; vd;gJ tsHr;rp fhZk; gUtk; MFk;. ,g;gUtk; vy;yhtw;wpYk;
tsHr;rp kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wk; milAk; gUtk; MFk;. cly; mikg;Gfs; cs;NsAk;>
ntspNaAk; Ntfkhf tsHr;rpaile;J Kd;Ndw;wk; fhzg;gLk;. mjpfkhf cly;
Njhw;wq;fspy; khw;wk; Vw;gLk; fhyk; ,J. vYk;G> rij kw;Wk; euk;G tsHr;rpay; jPtpu
Kd;Ndw;wk; fhzg;gLk;. clypy; cs;s tsHr;rpapy; cr;repiy milAk;. mijg;Nghy;
epidthw;wypYk; rpwg;ghf cw;W Nehf;fypYk; fhuzq;fisf; fz;lwpjYk;>
mwpthw;wypYk; tsHr;rpapd; cr;repiy fhzg;gLk;. uh]; vd;ghupd; $w;Wg;gb Fkug;gUtk;
tho;f;ifapd; Muk;g epiyapd; njhFg;G MFk;. tsHr;rp khw;wj;jpy; Foe;ij gUtj;jpy;
mLj;jgbahf Fkug;gUtk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpwJ.
,isNahH gUtj;jpy; fhyb vLj;J itf;Fk; xt;nthU kdpjHfspilNaAk; gy
elj@ij khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. ,k;khw;wq;fs;> Vida gUtq;fspypUe;J mtHfis
NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;LtjhfTk; mike;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdpDk; Fkug;gUtj;jpd;
njhlf;fj;ij clypay; mbg;gilapNy tpsf;fKbfpd;wJ. Mdhy; ,g;gUtj;jpd; KbT
kdtpaybg;gilapy; tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,dp ,e@elj@ij khw;wq;fs; ehk; tpupthf
Nehf;FNthk;.
elj;ij khw;wq;fs; (Behavioural Changes)
,isNahHfsplj;jpy; elj;ij uPjpahfTk; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. ,J r%f>
murpay;> rka czHr;rpfspd; NghJ gy topfspy; khw;wkilfpwJ. jhd; xU
fiyQdhfTk; xU tPudhfTk;> NkijahfTk; tpsq;f tpUk;Gfpd;whd;. ngw;Nwhupd;
fl;Lg;ghLfspypUe;J rpwpJ rpwpjhf xJq;Ffpwhd;. mj;NjhL Rje;jpuj;ij tpUk;GtNjhL
jiltpjpf;Fk; NghJ rr;ruT nfhs;thHfs;. mit jtpu FOthf nraw;gl;L gpur;rpidf;F
jPHT fhz MHtk; nfhz;bUg;ghHfs;. NkYk; xUtdpd; kdf; fUj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
elj;ijfs; khw;wk; ngWfpd;wJ.
,isQd; xUtd; r%f gpur;rpidfis jd;dpiy Nehf;Fld; mZfhky;
r%fj;jpy; gpwUila cupikfs;> fUj;Jf;fSf;F kjpg;gspf;Fk; Nehf;Fld; mDFthd;.
NkYk; gpwUld; xj;Jioj;Jg; NghFk; jd;ikAk; jhd; nra;Ak; NtiyfSf;F jhNd
nghWg;Ngw;Fk; jd;ikAk; xU gpur;rpid gpwiu vt;thW ghjpf;Fk; vd czHe;J
nraw;gLthd;. mj;NjhL r%fj;Jld; xd;wpg;Ngha; r%feyid tsHg;gjpy; ftdk;
nrYj;Jthd;. NkYk; ,isNahHfs; FOf;fshf NrHe;J nraw;gLk; NghJk; mtHfsJ
elj;ijapy; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. mjhtJ xUtd; FOtpYs;s xU egiug; ghHj;J
nraw;gLk;NghJ mtdplj;jpy; eil> cil> ghtid vd;gtw;wpy; khw;wk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
ghlrhiyapy; eilngWk; tpohf;fspd; NghJ gq;Nfw;W gy jpwikfisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpwhd;. mit jtpu r%f tsHr;rpfspd; gpwg;gplKk; ,t;,isNahH gUtk;
vd;W $Wkstpw;F rkak@ rhH r%f Nritfspy; <LgLtNjhL> rka topghL> rka
rlq;Ffs;> rka tpohf;fspd;NghJk; <Lgl;L jiytHfshf kpspHthHfs;. ,t;thwhf
,isNahH nraw;ghLfspy; elj;ij uPjpahd khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLtij ehk; mwpayhk;.
Mjyhy;jhd; ngw;NwhHfs; ,g;gUtjpYs;s gps;isfspd; elj;ijfis jpdKk;
fz;fhzpj;J epjhdkhf tsHf;fNtz;ba kpf Kf;fpakhd nghWg;ig tfpf;fpd;wdH.
,g;gUtj;jpy; gps;isfspd; elj;ijfSk; rpe;jidfSNk mtHfspd; vjpHfhy
tho;Tf;fhd mbj;jsk; vd;gjhy; ngw;NwhHfs; jq;fsJ gps;isfis rupahd Kiwapy;
tsHg;gjd; %yk; tPl;Lf;Fk; ehl;Lf;Fk; ew;gpui[fis cUthf;f KbAk;.
Foe;ijg;gUtj;jpdhpd; clypaf;f elj;ijr; nray;ghLfs; (Understanding of the
Physical Behaviours of Children)
Foe;ijg;gUtkhdJ 3 taJ Kjy; 12 taJ tiu cs;s fhyfl;lkhFk;.
,g;gUtj;jpid Kd;Foe;ijg; gUtk; (3 Kjy; 6 taJ tiu) gpd; Foe;ijg; gUtk; (6
Kjy; 12 taJ tiu) vd ,uz;lhfg; gphpf;fyhk;.
cly; khw;wk;: ,g;gUtj;jpy; epfOk; cly; tsHr;rpapd; Ntfk;. jto; eilg; gUt
tsHr;rpapd; Ntfj;ijtpl nkJthf epfo;fpwJ. jto;eilg; gUtj;jpy; Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l
Foe;ijfspd; gof;fq;fshd J}q;Fjy;. grpj;J cz;Zjy;> jhfj;jpw;F ePH mUe;Jjy;>
rpWePH> kyk; fopj;jy; Mfpad NkYk; Kiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,g;gUtj;jpy; if> fhy;>
Ngr;R cWg;Gfs; Mfpad KOtsHr;rp miltjhy; ,tw;iwf; Foe;ijfs; KOj;
jpwDld; gad;gLj;jj; njhlq;Ffpd;wdH. ,sq; Foe;ijfspd; NgRk; jd;ikAk;> Ngr;rpd;
msTk;> jd; taijnahj;j gpwFoe;ijfNshLk;> taJ te;NjhHfNshLk; ,zf;fkhd
elj;ijia tsHj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fg; ngupJk; cjTfpd;wd.
r%f khw;wk;: ,g;gUtj;jpy; taJ te;NjhH nfhz;Ls;s vjpHghHg;GfSf;Fg; Gwk;ghfNt
,sq;Foe;ijfs; ele;J nfhs;fpd;wdH. MfNt taJ te;Njhupd; fUj;Jg;gb> ,sq;
Foe;ijfspd; elj;ijfs;> r%f ,ay;Gilajhff; fUjg;glhky; r%f ,ay;gw;wjhfNt
fUjg;gLfpwJ. vspa tpisahl;LfSf;Fupa cly; jpwd;fisf; fw;wy;> jd;idg;gw;wpa
cz;ik epiyg;gl;l fUj;jpid ngWjy;> xj;j tajpdUld; ,ize;J nray;gLjy;>
gbj;jy;> vOJjy;> fzf;fpLjy;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> vjpHkiwahd elj;ij jhf;FjYzHT> jd;dyk;> khw;Wg; ghypdf;
Foe;ijfis ntWg;GzHNthL Nehf;fj; njhlq;Fjy; Nghd;w r%f ,ay;gw;w elj;ijfs;
,g;gUtj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,t; tajpy; nghk;ik tpisahl;L ebj;Jf; fhl;Ljy;>
gy ghfq;fis itj;J xU nghUis cUthf;Fjy; Nghl;b itj;J tpisahLjy;>
thndhyp> jpiug;glk; njhiyf;fhl;rp> fzpg;nghwp Mfpatw;wpy; toq;fg;gLk; tpisahl;L
epfo;rr
; pfis kpFe;j MHtj;NjhL ghHf;fTk;> Nfl;fTk; nra;jy; Mfpadtw;iwf;
Foe;ijfs; tpUk;gpr;nra;fpd;wd. ngw;NwhuplKk; cld; gpwe;NjhuplKk;> ,sq;Foe;ijf;Fr;
rupahd cwT ,y;iynadpy; mf; Foe;ijapd; Raahd;ik ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Foe;ijfsplk; Vw;gLk; xOf;f khw;wk;:
cstpayhsHfs; xOf;f tsHr;rpapy; 4 epiyfisf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH. Kjy;epiy
~gl;lwp epiy| ,e;epiyapy; kfpo;rr
; p> Jd;gk; vdg@gLk; ,U ,yf;Ffshy; Foe;ijapd;
elj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. kfpo;rr
; p jUk; nray;fspy; Foe;ijfs; <LgLtH@ njhy;iy
juf;$ba nray;fisj; jtpHg;gH. mLj;jepiyapy; Foe;ijahdJ jd;idtpl %j;Njhuhd
ngw;NwhHfs;> MrpupaHfs; Nghd;w> jk; kPJ Mjpf;fk; nrYj;JNthupd; nrhw;gb elf;fj;
njhlq;FfpwJ. ,e;epiy ~Mjpf;f epiy| my;yJ ~Msg;gL epiy| MFk;. %d;whtJ
epiyahd ~r%f epiyapy;| r%f gof;f tof;fq;fshy; mjd; elj;ij
ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. r%f Vw;Gs;s elj;ijiaNa Foe;ij Nkw;nfhs;Sk;. ek;kpy;
gyUila xOf;f tsHr;rp ,e;epiyapNyNa Njq;fp epw;Fk;. ,ijtpl caupa
epiynahd;Wk; cz;L ,ijj; jdpj;j epiyik vdyhk;. ,e;epiyapYs;shtdpd@
elj;ij mtd; nfhz;Ls;s xOf;fk; gw;wpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fshy; ce;jg;gLtjhFk;.
,e;epiyapYs;std;> r%fNk jpuz;L te;J vjpHj;j NghjpYk; jhd; cWjpahf ek;Gk;
mwnewpfspdpd;Wk; gpwokhl;lhd;.
ey;yit> jPait gw;wpa Foe;ijfsJ juq;fs; KjpatHfspd; fUj;Jfspdpd;Wk;
khWg;gl;lit vd;gij gpahN[Ak; Nfhy;gHf; Nghd;NwhUk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;dH. xOf;fk; gw;wpa
,ay;ghd Nehf;fk; xOf;fk; gw;wpa rhHGNehf;fk; Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wp gpahN[
tpsf;fpAs;shH. rpW Foe;ijfs; xOf;fk; gw;wp ,ay;ghd Nehf;fKilatHfs;.
elj;ijapd; tpisAk; mjd; msTk; Kf;fpak; vd;W fUJtH. elj;ijf;F gpd; mikAk;
Nehf;fj;ij fUj;jpy; nfhs;shH. cjhuzkhf jpz;gz;lj;ij jha;f;F njupahky; vLj;Jj;
jpz;gjw;F KaYk;NghJ mUfpy; ,Ue;j 2 NjePH Nfhg;igfs; fPNo tpOe;J nehWq;fpd.
gpwpnjhU ehs; tPl;L Ntiyf;fhup if jtwp 4 NjePH Nfhg;igfis fPNo Nghl;L
cilj;J tpl;ljhff; nfhs;Nthk;. rpW Foe;ijfs;> Ntiyf;fhupf;Fj; jhd; mjpf
jz;lid nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy; mts; jhd; mjpf NjePH Nfhg;igfis
cilj;jts; vd;W thjk; GhptH.
RkhH 11-12 taij milAk;NghJ xOf;fk; gw;wpa rhHG Nehf;fj;ij (elj;ijia
mjd; gpd; mike;jpUf;Fk; Nehf;fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L kjpg;gpLjy;) ,tHfs;
milfpwhHfs;. 12 taJf;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijfs;> jq;fsJ czHr;rpfs;> Njitfs;
Nghd;wtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; gpwuJ elj;ijfis kjpg;gpLtH. jk;ik gpwHepiyapy;
itj;Jg; ghHf;Fk; jpwdpd;wp nraw;gLtH. Mdhy; 12 tajpw;F Nkw;gl;l epiyapy;
rkurg;Nghf;F kd;dpf;Fk; gz;G Nghd;wd mjpf mstpy; fhzg;gLk;.
Fkhug;gUtj;jpdhpd; clypaf;f elj;ijr; nray;ghLfs; (Understanding of the Physical
Behaviours of Adolescence)
,g;gUtj;jpy; mf kw;Wk; Gw cly; cWg;Gfs; KO tsHr;rp milfpd;wd.
Rug;gpfs;> jirfs;> euk;G kz;lyk;> [Puz kz;lyk;> cauk; kw;Wk; vil ,g;gUtj;jpy;
mjpf mstpy; nray;gLfpd;wd. ,jak;> ,uj;j Xl;lk;> Neha;jjLg;G rf;jp Kjypad
mjpf mstpy; ,aq;Ffpd;wd.
,g;gUtj;jpy; xUtuplk; Vw;gLk; Kf;fpakhd tsHr;rp> KjpHr;rp vd;gjhFk;.
KjpHr;rp vd;gJ cly; kw;Wk; cs;sk; ,tw;wpd; KOtsHr;rpahFk;. Mz;fSf;F
KjpHr;rp gy;NtW fhuzq;fshy; khWgLfpwJ. nghUshjhu #o;epiy> tho;f;ifj;juk;>
jpUkzk; epfOk; fhyk; Nghd;witfs; ngz;fspd; KjpHr;rpf;Ff; fhuzpfshf
mikfpd;wd.
ngz;fSf;Fj; jir Kjypy; tsHr;rpailfpd;wJ. mjdhy; ,tHfs; tl;lkhd
Njhw;wj;ijg; ngWfpd;wdH. me;juq;f Kbfs; tsu Muk;gpf;fpd;wd. cUtk;> ,Lg;G>
khHgfq;fs; tsHr;rpailfpd;wd. Mz;fSf;Ff; Fuypy; fufug;ghd ngUj;j khw;wKk;>
kPir> jhb> me;juq;f Kbfs; Nghd;wit tsHjYk; eilngWfpd;wd. ngz;fspd; Fuy;
nkd;ikahfTk;> ,dpikahfTk; mikfpd;wd. ,g;gUtj;jpy;jhd; ngz;fSf;F
gUtkiljy; eilngWfpwJ. ,jdhy; ngz;fs; nkype;Jk;> gae;Jk; fhzg;gLtH.
Mz;fSf;F ghypd cWg;G tsHjYk;> ghypd tpe;J cUthjYk; eilngWfpd;wd.
clypay; khw;wq;fs; ehk; Nehf;Ffpd;w NghJ g+g;Gg;gUtk; njhlq;FtjpypUe;J
Fkug;gUtk; Muk;gpf;fpd;wJ. ,g;gUtj;jpy; xUtd; gps;isAky;y KjpHe;jtDky;y. ,J
Mz; ngz; ,U ghyupdUf;Fk; Vwf;Fiwa 11 tpw;Fk; 14 tpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l taJfspy;
Muk;gpj;J 18-21 tajpdpy; KbtilAk;.
,g;gUtj;jpy; Kf;fpakhd clypay; khw;wq;fshf ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gf;fs;
KjpHr;rpailAk;> ngz;fspy; Kjy; khjtplha; Vw;gLk;. Mz;fspy; g+g;G cNuhkk; Njhd;wp
tpe;J ntspg;gLk;. vdpDk; ntspj;Njhw;w tsHr;rpiaf; fhl;bYk; cs;SWg;Gfspd;
tsHr;rp mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;. Mz;gps;isfsplj;jpy; Kfj;jpy; mUk;G kPir
Kisf;fj; njhlq;FtJld; Fuy;tis Kd;Ndhf;fpj; js;sg;gLtijAk;> rpy Ntisfspy;
Kfj;jpy; gUf;fs; Njhd;WtijAk; fhzyhk;.
ngz; gps;isfsplj;jpy; Kfj;jpy; GJg;nghypTk; rpy Ntisfspy; gUf;fisAk;
clypy; xUtpj g+upg;igAk; fhzyhk; vdpDk; Fkug;gUtj;jpy; xUtDila tsHr;rpapy;
NtfKk; jPtpuKk; mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j tifapy; vYk;Gf;$L tsHfpwJ.
,jdhy; cauKk; vilAk; mjpfupf;fpd;wJ. mj;NjhL> clypd; cs;SWg;Gf;fs; %is
vd;gdTk; tsHr;rp ngWfpd;wJ. vdpDk; Mz;> ngz; Nghd;wtHfsplj;jpy; gpd;tUk;
clypay; khw;wq;fis ehk; fz;Lnfhs;sKbfpd;wJ.
ngz;
 cauKk; epiwAk; mjpfupj;jy;
 khHgfq;fs; gUj;jy;
 ghYWg;igr; #oTk;> fk;kq;fl;LfspYk; Nuhkq;fs; tsHjy;
 mjfsT tpaHj;jy;
 ,Lg;Gg;gFjp mfd;W tpupjy;
 njhilfs; gUj;jy;
 ghYWg;G gUj;jy;
 Kfj;jpy; gUf;fs; Njhd;wy;
 khjtplha; Muk;gpj;jy; vd;gtw;iwf; $wyhk;.
Mz;
 cauKk; epiwAk; mjpfupj;jy;
 jirfs; tpUj;jpailjy;
 Njhs;fs; mfd;W tsHjy;
 Fuy;tis ntspj;js;sp tsHjy;
 Fuy; fl;ilf; Fuyhf khw;wkiljy;
 fk;kq;fl;Lfs;> khHG> ghYWg;ig #o;e;j gFjpfspy; Nuhkq;fs; tsHjy;
 mjpfsT tpaHj;jy;
 ghYWg;G (tpijfSk; Mz;FwpAk;) gUj;jy;
 Kfj;jpy; gUf;fs; Njhd;wy;
Nghd;w Njhw;wq;fis clypay; khw;wq;fshf ehk; nfhs;sKbfpd;wJ. vdpDk; NkNy
$wg;gl;l tsHr;rpapy; Mz;fSf;Fk; ngz;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; NtWghLfs; epyTfpd;wd.
Muk;gj;jpy; ngz;gps;isfspd; tsHr;rp Ntfj;ij tpl Mz; gps;isfspd; tsHr;rp Ntfk;
,uz;L tUlq;fs; jhkjpj;Nj Muk;gpf;Fk;. Mdhy; 18 tajpid milAk; NghJ
Mz;fspd; tsHr;rp ngz;fspd; tsHr;rpia tpl NkNyhq;fpf; fhzg;gLk; vdyhk;.
r%f khw;wk;
,tHfs; FOtpdupd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; ele;J nfhs;fpd;wdH. kw;wtHfspd;
czHr;rpfis mwpe;J nfhs;fpd;wdH. ,Ue;jhYk; r%ff; fl;Lg;ghLfSf;F Vw;g ele;J
nfhs;s Kay;fpd;whHfs;. ,g;gUtj;jpy; xU Foe;ijapd; r%f tsHr;rpapy; $l;lhspfspd;
gq;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpwJ. xt;NthH Mz; my;yJ ngz; gps;isAk; VjhtJ xU
$l;lhspf; FOthy; ngupJk; tsHr;rpailfpd;wd. ,g; gUtj;jpYs;NshH jq;fSf;F kd
epiwtspf;Fk; tpisahl;LfspYk; ngupatHfsplkpUe;J ghuhl;Lfs; fpilf;Fk;
tpisahl;LfspYk; kl;Lk; NrHfpd;wdH. ,g;gUtg; gps;isfs; gyNuhL goFk; tha;g;Gfs;
mjpfupj;jpUg;gjhy; mtHfspd; MHtq;fSk; jpwd;fSk; mjpfupf;fpd;wd.
xOf;f khw;wk;
Fkug;gUtj;jpdH xU Kd;khjpupahd rKjhaj;ij Vw;gLj;j epidg;gH. ,tHfs;
flTs;> nrhHf;fk;> tho;f;ifapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> rpwg;ghd Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Nghd;wtw;iwg;
NgRtH. ,tHfs; r%fj; njhz;L> kdpjNeak; cjTk; Mw;wy; Nghd;wtw;wpy; tpUg;gk;
nfhs;tH.
MSik tsHr;rp : ,g;gUtg; gps;isfs; vJ ey;yJ? vJ nfl;lJ? vd;gij ed;F
njupe;J nfhz;Nl tPL gs;sp ,tw;iwnahl;ba #oy;fspy; jtwhd elj;ijfspy;
<LgLfpd;wdH. ,jw;F Kjy; fhuzk; jdJ $l;lhspfSila ey;nyz;zj;ijAk;
ghuhl;ilAk; ngWtJ MFk;. ,uz;lhtJ> ngupatHfs; tpjpj;Js;s mjpfhuk;> fl;Lg;ghL
,tw;wpypUe;J Rje;jpuk; ngWk; Nehf;F MFk;. ,g;gUtg; gps;isfsplk; MHtk;
ngUFfpwJ. murpay; jpiug;glk;> Milfs;> kjk;> clYWg;Gfs;> ghypdk;> vjpHfhyj;
njhopy;fs;> jFjpf; FwpaPLfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; kpFe;j MHtk; fhl;Lfpd;wdH. ngupatHfs;
tpjpj;Js;s tpjpfs;> fl;Lg;ghLfs; Nghd;wtw;iw kWjypf;fj; njhlq;Ffpd;wdH.
Raahd;ik tsHr;rp : FLk;gj;jpy; ey;Ywit tsHf;fhj gps;isfs;> gs;spr;
nray;fspYk; gpwNuhL goFtjpYk; ,zf;fkw;w elj;ijia ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdH.
,jdhy; ,tHfspd; Raahd;ik ngupJk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,g; gUtj;jpy; mjpfk;
cz;Ztjhy;> cly; vilf; $bf; fhzg;gLk; gps;isfs;> jq;fspd; ez;gHfshy;
“Fz;Lkzp"> “Kl;ilNfh];" vdf; NfypAk; fpz;lYk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wdH. ,jdhy;
,tHfSf;Fj; jq;fisg; gw;wpa jho;T kdg;ghd;ik vOtNjhL mtHfspd; Raahd;ik
ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
UNIT VIII
myF 8
Foe;ij tsHr;rp kw;Wk; tpisahl;L
(Play and Child Development)
8.1 tpisahl;L – nghUs; (Play - Meaning)
tpisahl;L (Game) vd;gJ rpy Ntisfspy; fw;gpj;jy;
Nehf;fj;Jf;fhfTk; elj;jg;gLk; fl;likg;Gf; nfhz;l xU nraw;ghL MFk;.
tpisahl;L rpy rkaq;fspy; Ntiy> vd;gJld; njhlHGilaJ Nghy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy;> Ntiy Cjpaj;Jf;fhfr; nra;ag;gLtJ. tpisahl;L
xU fiy vd;Wk; Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ cz;L. Mdhy; fiyiag; Nghy;
czHTfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; xd;whf tpisahl;L ,Ug;gjpy;iy. ,Ue;jhYk;>
vg;NghJk; ,tw;Wf;F ,ilNaahd vy;iyfs; njspthf ,Ug;gjpy;iy. njhopy;
Kiw tpisahl;L tPuHfSf;F tpisahl;L tUkhdj;Jf;fhd xU njhopyhfNt
cs;sJ.
“Xb tpisahL ghg;gh - eP Xa;e;jpUf;f yhfhJ ghg;gh. $b tpisahL
ghg;gh" vd;gJ ghujpapd; $w;W. tpisahl;L midj;J kdpjHfSk; ,ay;ghf
tpUk;gp <LgLk; nraw;ghLfspy; xd;W. ehk; tpisahl;Lf;fis Nghl;bahf
tpisahLfpd;Nwhk;. ,jdhy; kdpjHfs; ntw;wp Njhy;tpia rhjuzkhff;
nfhz;Ls;sdH.
tpisahl;L vd;gJ xUth; jdJ Xa;T Neuj;jpy; ,ay;ghf <LgLk;
nray;ghl;bid Fw;gjhFk;. ,J xUthpd; Mf;frpe;jidia mjpf mstpy;
ntspg;gLj;Jk; nrayhFk;.
8.2. tpisahl;bd; gz;Gfs; (Characteristics of Play)
tpisahl;L Kiwahy; gy ew;gad;fs; tpisfpd;wd. fl;lhakpd;ikahy;
Foe;ijfs; MHtj;JlDk; gw;WlDk; fw;wypy; <LgLfpd;wdH. fy;tp gw;wpa
kdg;ghd;ik mtHfsplk; khwp mwpT ed;F tsuj; njhlq;FfpwJ. rpWtHfsplk;

gbg;gpy; gw;Wk; ftHr;rpAk; Vw;gl;L mjpfkhff; fw;gH. tpisahl;L Foe;ijfl;F
cly; tsHr;rpiaAk; kd tsHr;rpiaAk@ ey;Ffpd;wJ@ Gyd;fl;Fg; gapw;rp
jUfpd;wJ. nghUs;fspd; cz;ikahd jd;ikfis mwptpf;fpd;wJ. mt;tg;
nghOJ Njhd;Wk; ,ay;g+f;fq;fis ed;ndwpfspy; topg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
tpisahl;L Kiwahy; Foe;ijfs; gy;NtW gl;lwptpidg; ngWfpd;wdH.
mtHfs; gy;NtW Jiwfspy; nrayhw;wTk;> gy;NtW nghUs;fisf; fhzTk;
gy;NtW kf;fsplk; gofTk; tha;g;Gfs; cz;lhFk;.
NkYk;> tpisahl;L Foe;ijapd; fw;gidahw;wiy tsHf;fpd;wJ.
ghtid> tpisahl;bd; xU Kf;fpaf; $W. ghtidAyfpy; ,aq;Fk;
Foe;ijfl;F CQ;ry; fg;gyhf khWfpd;wJ. kuf;fl;il Fjpiuahfpd;wJ.
rpWFr;rp Nkhl;lhuhfp tpLfpd;wJ. capupy;yhjit capUs;sit ahfpd;wd>
NgRfpd;wd. mk;kh mg;gh tpisahl;L> fil itj;jy;> gs;spf;$lk; itj;jy;
Nghd;w tpisahl;Lfs; Foe;ijfspd; ghtidAyfpy; Njhd;Wk; ,d;gf;
fhl;rpfs;> caH fw;gidfs;.
md;wpAk;> tpisahl;lhy; xj;JzHr;rp> tpjpfSf;flq;fy;> jiytUf;Ff;
fl;Lg;gly;> Gwq;$whik> gpwH fUj;ij mwpjy;> ntw;wpj;Njhy;tpfis
xd;WNghy; ghtpj;jy; Nghd;w Fbikg; gz;Gfs; tsHfpd;wd. tpisahl;L
xOf;fj;ijAk; mwpitAk; rPHgLj;Jfpd;wJ: fisg;igg; Nghf;Ffpd;wJ.
,ay;g+f;f Mw;wiyj; jpwe;J tpl;L gy nra;jpfis vspjpy; fw;fTk;>
ifj;jpwid tsHj;Jf; nfhs;sTk; tha;g;gspf;fpd;wJ. ,k;Kiwahy;
kdpjg;gz;Gk; tsHfpd;wJ vd;W ek;Gfpd;wdH. kdpjd; jdpahf
,aq;Fk;nghOJ Ntz;ba JzpT> Gj;jp$Hik> tplhKaw;rp> jd;dk;gpf;if>
jd;dlf;fk; Nghd;w gz;Gfs; tsh@fpd;wJ.
ekJ ,ay;G tho;f;iff;F> ciog;G> czT> mj;jpahtrpa Njitfshf
,Uf;fpd;wd. gapw;rpfSk;> ,aw;if czTfSk;> ek;Kila MNuhf;fpaj;ij
tYt+l;Lfpd;wd. Mdhy;> fhiyapy; vOk; NghJ Nrhk;gy; jiyJ}f;FfpwJ.
ehisf;F ghHj;Jf; nfhs;syhk; vd;W> ,d;iwa fhiyia flj;JfpNwhk;.
,jdhy;> Foe@ijfspd; RWRWg;G FiwfpwJ nkl;lhghyprk; rPHFiyfpwJ.
cly; jpRf;fspy; Nyf;bf; mkpyk; NrHe;J jir ,Wf;fj;ij mjpfupf;fpwJ

kdjpy; mOj;jk; cUthfpwJ. Nrhk;gy;> mrjp> $b tho;tpd; cj;Ntfk;
FiwfpwJ. gpzpfs; vspjpy; Foe;ijfis mbikg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. tpisahl;L
,jpy;> Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf cs;sJ.
tpisahl;L> clypy; Njq;fpapUf;Fk; fopTfis ntspNaw;WtJld;>
ey;ynjhU fisg;ig cUthf;fp> rPuhd ,af;fk;> ,Wf;fk;> mOj;jk;
rPHgLtJld;> kd mOj;jk; cUthf;Fk; `hHNkhid khw;Wk; ty;yikia
jUfpd;wd. ed;whf grpnaLj;J> Neha; vjpHg;G Mw;wy; mjpfupf;fpwJ. vdNt>
Foe;ijfspd; md;whl ,af;fq;fspy;> fbd ciog;G> tpisahl;L Nghd;w
fhuzpfisAk;> Nahfh> jpahdk; Nghd;w mk;rq;fisAk; Nkw;nfhs;tJ ey;yJ.
vdNt> ciog;G> gapw;rpfs;> tpisahl;L fpl;lhj Njfj;Jf;F khw;whf>
eilgazk;> eilgapw;rpia mtrpak; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. eil gapw;rpahy;>
uj;j Xl;lk; vy;yh jpRf;fspYk; Nkk;gLtJld;> clypy; jpR ,Wf;fk;> gpbg;ig
cUthf;Fk; Nyf;bf; mkpyk; ntspNaWfpwJ. RWRWg;G mjpfupg;gJld;> ekJ
nkl;lhghyprk;> czT jd;ikahjy;> [Puzk; rpwg;gilfpwJ. elg;gJ>
Foe;ijfspd; clYf;F> fhy;fSf;F> kdJf;F xU Gj;JzHr;rpia
Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
cly; typikf;F tpj;jpLfpwJ. gpzpfs; Fiwa> kiwa tha;g;ig
cUthfpj; jUfpd;wJ. gy;NtW tpisahl;Lfis> rpW tajpy;
tpisahbdhYk;> gzpf;F nrd;w gpd;> ,JNghd;w mk;rq;fs; kwe;J tpLfpd;wd.
ePr;ry;> Ntf Xl;lk;> nkJ Xl;lk;> clw;gapw;rp epiyaj;jpy; gapw;rp
Nkw;nfhs;tJ> Njhl;l Ntiy> ehl;bak; Mfpait> kpfr;rpwe;j gapw;rpfshf
cs;sd. eilgapw;rp vspjhdJ. eilg;gapw;rpf;F topelj;Jk; ty;YdHfs;>
jdpahf ikjhdk;> ,lk; Njitapy;iy.
midj;J efuq;fspYk;> fhiy Neuq;fspy;> $l;lk;> $l;lkhNth>
jdpahfNth ele;J nry;NthH vz;zpf;if mjpfupj;J tUtJ> khw;wj;Jf;fhd
mwpFwpahf njupfpwJ. khj;jpiu> kUe;Jfis ek;Gtijtpl> eilg;gapw;rpfis
,ad;wtiu filg;gpbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd> kUj;JtHfs; gyH typAWj;Jfpd;wdH.
mjpfhiyapy; vOe;J elf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W> vjw;fhf typAWj;JfpwhHfs;
vd;why;> Rj;jkhd fhw;iw Rthrpf;f top tFf;Fk;. mjpfhiyapy; vOe;jhNy>

md;iwa ehspd; Nrhk;giy Kw;wpYkhf jtpHf;f KbAk;. gzpGupAk; ,lq;fspy;>
ftdj;ij nrYj;j tha;g;G Vw;gLk;. Foe;ijfs; kj;jpapYk;> ,Nj
eilKiwia> nky;y> nky;y gof;fg;gLj;jpdhy;> mtHfSk; ehsiltpy;>
jq;fs; MNuhf;fpaj;ij Nkk;gLj;j Jtq;FtH.
rpWtHfs;> tpisahl;L kw;Wk; Gjpa tp~aq;fis nra;tjpy; khj;jpuk;
mjpfk; tpUg;gk; nfhs;tjpy;iy. Fwpg;ghf> mtHfs; Mr;rupakhd tp~aq;fis
nra;tjpYk;> FO tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLtjpYk; mjpf MHtk;
nfhz;ltHfshf cs;sdH. ,J rpWtHfSf;F rpwe;j kfpo;r;rpiaAk;>
cw@rhfj;ijAk; toq;FtJ khj;jpukd;wp> mtHfspd; FO nraw;ghl;Lj;jpwd;
kw;Wk; r%fj;Jldhd njhlHig mjpfupg;gjw;Fk; cjTfpd;wJ.

jiyikg; gz;Gfs;
Xuhz;L Ngr;R thHj;ijapy; xUtiug; gw;wp fw;Wf; nfhs;tijtpl xU
kzp Neu tpisahl;by; fw;Wf;nfhs;syhk; vd;whH gpNsl;Nlh vd;w fpNuf;f
mwpQH. tpisahl;Lfs; kdpjdpd; jiyikg; gz;Gfis tsHf;fpd;wd. xU
tpisahl;bd; tpjpKiwfisj; njupe;J nfhs;tJ mtw;wpd;gb elg;gJ
kw;wtHfSld; xUq;fpize;J tpisahLtJ XH mzp vd;w czHTld;
tpisahLtJ vjpuzpahdhYk; ntw;wp ngw;wtiug; ghuhl;LtJ ekJ gyk;
kw;Wk; gytPdq;fisg; Gupe;J nfhs;tJ. XH mzpapd; jiytuhf ,Ue;J
tpisahLtJ Njhy;tpaile;jhYk;> tpisahl;il tpl;Ltplhky; njhlHe;J
tpisahb mLj;j Nghl;bapy; ntw;wp ngw Kay;tJ Nghd;wit tpisahl;L
tPuHfsplk; tsUk; gz;Gfs; MFk;. ,itaidj;Jk; jiyikg; gz;Gfis
tsHf;Fk; gaw;rpfshFk;.
Nfhgg;gLtJk;> mij ntspg;gLj;J tJk; Fwpf;Nfhis mila
cjthJ vd;gJ XH mzpapd; jiytDf;F ed;F njupAk;. jdJ tpisahl;L
tPuHfis Cf;Ftpj;J> mwpTiu ey;fp> gapw;rp mspj;J> mtHfis rpwg;ghf
tpisahl itg;gJ jhd; mzpj;jiytdpd; flik. tpisahbg; gof;fkpy;yhj
caH gjtpapy; cs;stHfs; gyH> Nfhgj;ij nfhg;gspj;J> jdf;F fPo;g;
gzpGupgtHfis Nftykhf jpl;b> jz;lidfis toq;fp> mtHfspd;
RafTutj;ij rpijj;J> MHtj;ijAk; Fiwj;J> caH mjpfhupfs; kPJ

ntWg;igAk; Vw;gLj;jp tpLfpd;wdH. Mdhy;> tpisahl;L gof;fKs;s
mjpfhupfspd; elj;ij ,jpypUe;J NtWgl;bUf;Fk;. xU tpisahl;L tPud; vd;w
Kiwapy; ehd; gy jtWfisr; nra;Js;Nsd;. vdNt kw;w tPuHfs; ehd; jtW
nra;j NghJ mtHfs; vd;id kd;dpj;jJ Nghy mtHfisAk; ehd; kd;dpf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gJjhd; xU tpisahl;L tPuupd; kdg;ghd;ikahf ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j
kd;dpf;Fk; kdg;ghd;ik xU rpwe;j jiyikg; gz;ghFk;. mJ xU tpisahl;L
tPudplk;jhd; ,Uf;Fk;.
tho;f;ifapy; ehk; tpOfpNwhkh vd;gJ Kf;fpaky;y tpOe;jgpd; ek;khy;
vo Kbfpwjh vd;gJjhd; Kf;fpak;. tho;f;if vd;gJ xU NghHf;fsk;. ehk;
midtUk; NghH tPuHfs;. jpdKk; rthiy re;jpf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. mtw;wpy;
Njhy;tpfisAk;> NtjidfisAk; jOt Ntz;bAs;sJ. mg;gb Njhw;W
tpOtjpy; jtwpy;iy. mJ jtpHf;f KbahjJ. Mdhy; kPz;Lk; vo Ntz;Lk;.
mg;NghJjhd; mLj;jfl;l Nghupy; gq;F ngwKbAk;. vj;jid Kiw tpOe;jhYk;
tpisahl;L tPud; vOthd;. Fj;Jr; rz;iliag; ghUq;fs;. fPNo tpOe;j tPud;>
clypy; capH ,Uf;fpwJ vd;why; vOe;J epd;W kPz;Lk; rz;ilf;Fj; jahH
vd;fpwhd;. tho;tpy; ntw;wp ngw ,e;j kdg;ghd;ikia Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. mjw;F tpisahl Ntz;Lk;.
8.3. tpisahl;bd; tiffs; (Kinds of Play)
1. cs;sf tpisahl;L>
2. ntspaf tpisahl;L.
3. Nfhl;L tpisahl;L>
4. Nfhby;yh tpisahl;L.
5. FO tpisahl;L>
6. jdp tpisahl;L
7.3.1. cs;sf tpisahl;L
,lq;fSf;F cs;Ns tpisahLk; tpisahl;Lfis cs;sf tpisahl;L
vd;W miog;ghHfs;.
v.fh.:
 rJuq;fk;
 Nfuk;
 VzpAk;> ghk;Gk;
 jhak;
 Nkirg; ge;J
 G+g;ge;J
7.3.2. ntspaf tpisahl;L
,lq;fSf;F ntspNa tpisahLk; tpisahl;Lfis ntspaf
tpisahl;L vd;W miog;ghHfs;.
v.fh.:-
 JLg;ghl;lk;
 fug;ge;J
 $ilg;ge;J
 cijge;J
 tiyg; ge;jhl;lk;
 vwpge;JK\
7.3.3. Nfhl;L tpisahl;L
tpisahl;il Nfhl;Lf;Fs;Ns tpisahbdhy; mJ Nfhl;L tpisahl;L.
v.fh.:-
 Xl;lk;>
 rhf;F Xl;lk;
 mQ;rNyhl;lk;
7.3.4. Nfhby;yh tpisahl;L
tpisahl;il Nfhl;Lf;F ntspNa tpisahbdhy; mJ Nfhby;yh
tpisahl;L.
v.fh.:-
 ePsk; gha;jy;
 cauk; gha;jy;
 NfhY}d;wp tpisahLjy;
7.3.2. FO tpisahl;L
tpisahLk; tpisahl;il FOthf tpisahbdhy; mJ FO
tpisahl;L.
v.fh.:-
 fphpf;nfl;
 $ilge;J
 cijge;J
 tiyg;ge;jhl;lk;
 vwpge;J
 fpl;bg;Gs;S
 fpspj;jl;L
7.3.6. jdp tpisahl;L
tpisahLk; tpisahl;il jdpahf tpisahbdhy; mJ jdp
tpisahl;L.
v.fh.:-
 Xl;lk;
 rhf;F Xl;lk;
 ePsk; gha;jy;
 cauk; gha;jy;
 NfhY}d;wp gha;jy;
 rJuq;fk;
 fuk;
 VzpAk; ghk;Gk;
 jhak;
 Nkirg;ge;J
kdpjd; jdJ cly; jpwd;fis jplkhf;fpnfhs;Sk;
gupNrhjpj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; fsq;fspy; tpisahl;L Kf;fpakhdJ. mNdf

tpisahl;Lfs; clypdJ typikia> jhq;Fjpwid> Ntfj;ij> RWRWg;ig>
xUq;fpaf;fj;ij gapw;rpf;F cl;gLj;Jfpd;wd. cliy Kjd;ikahf
<LgLj;jpdhYk; tpisahl;by; rpwg;ghf Ml cs xOf;fKk;
xUKidg;gLj;jYk; ,d;wpaikahjJ.
tpisahLtjhy; kdpjd; cly; eyj;ijAk;> kd eyj;ijAk;> r%f
eyj;ijAk; ngwyhk;. tpisahl;Lfis tpisahLtjhy; xw;Wik tsHfpd;wJ.
tpisahl;Lfis tpisahLtjhy; xt;nthUtuplKk; jiyikj;Jtj;jd;ik
tsHfpwJ.
8.4. Foe;ij tsHr;rpapy; tpisahl;bd; gq;F (Role of Play in Child
Development)
‘ehl;bd; tsHr;rpf;F tpisahl;L mtrpak;| vd;w Fwpf;Nfhspd;
mbg;gilapy;> 2001y; Njrpa tpisahl;Lf; nfhs;if %yk; midj;Jg;
gs;spfs;> fy;Y}upfspy; clw;gapw;rpia fl;lhak; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w cWjp
vLj;jJ. gs;sp> fy;Y}upfspy; clw;fy;tp kw;Wk; tpisahl;Lg; gapw;rpfspy;
Foe;ijfis MHtj;NjhL fye;J nfhs;s itg;gjhy; ey;y cly;eyk;
Vw;gLtNjhL> gbg;gbahf tsUk; gUtq;fspy; gytpj ed;ikfSk;
kiwKfkhff; fpilf;fpd;wd. tpisahl;L Foe;ijfspd; tsHr;rpf;F>
 cWjpahd jirfs;> vYk;G tsHr;rp> %l;L NrUk; ,lq;fspy; cWjp.
 mjpf Mf;]p[d; vLj;Jf;nfhs;tjhy; gue;J> tpupe;j MNuhf;fpakhd
EiuaPuy;.
 typikahd ,jak;.
 rPuhd uj;j Xl;lk;.
 ed;whf grp vLj;J> xt;nthU Ntisf;Fk; ed;whf czT
cl;nfhs;Sjy;
 clypy; cs;s midj;J cWg;GfSk;> xd;NwhL xd;W ,ize;J
rpwe;j nray;ghL.
 vy;NyhNuhLk; NrHe;J tpisahLtjhy; kdpjNea czHT Vw;gLjy;.
 rhjp> kj Ngjkpy;yhky; ey;y ez;gHfs; fpilj;jy;.
 Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; fhuzkhf ey;y Nghl;b kdg;ghd;ik cz;lhFjy;.
 kdk;> cly; ,uz;ilAk; tpisahl;L/clw;gapw;rpfspy; nrYj;Jtjhy;
nfl;lg; gof;f tof;fq;fSf;F mbikahtJ jtpHf;fg;gLjy;.
 rhjidfs; tho;f;iff;F mtrpak; vd;gij czur; nra;Ak; tha;g;Gfs;.
 Rj;jj;NjhL $ba xOf;fk;.
 cWjpahd jd;dk;gpf;if.
 mjpf re;Njh~k;.
 GJikahf nra;J ey;y NgUk; GfOk; thq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w cj;Ntfk;.
 kpf Kf;fpakhf ehl;Lg;gw;W Vw;gLjy;.
cly; tsHr;rpNahL $ba ey;y kd tsHr;rp fhuzkhf gs;spg;
ghlq;fis ed;whf Gupe;Jnfhz;L> kdjpy; gjpa itj;J ey;y kjpg;ngz;fs;
ngWfpwhHfs;.
ve;j KbT vLf;Fk;NghJk; kpfTk; njspthf ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. clw;gapw;rp/
tpisahl;Lfspy; <LgLk; Foe;ijfspd; %is> kw;w Foe;ijfistpl 25%
mjpfk; nray;gLtjhf tpQ;Qhdpfs; cWjp nra;Js;shHfs;.
clw;gapw;rp cWjpahd ,jaj;ij> %isia rpwg;ghf nray;gl
J}z;bf;nfhz;Nl (Regular release of key hormones of SEROTONIN, DOPAMINE
and NOREPINEPHRINE) ,Uf;fpwJ. Foe;ijf;F xU tug;gpurhjkhf
epidthw;wiy mspf;fpwJ.
kdtypik> eil> cly; mikg;Gfs; rpwg;Gg; ngw;W> %is tsHr;rpAk;
njspthf ,Ug;gjhy;> clw;gapw;rpapy; <LgLk; Foe;ijfs; vg;NghJk; cyfpd;
cr;rpapy; ,Ug;gJNghy czHfpd;wdH.
8.5. Foe;ijg;gUt tpisahl;L nray;ghLfs; (Play Activities of Childhood)
tpisahl;Lg; gUtnkd;why; mJ Js;spj; jpupAk; rpWtaJg; gUtk;jhd;.
tho;f;ifapd; Rikawpahj Rje;jpukhd fl;Lg;ghlw;w fhyk;.
Xb tpisahL ghg;gh eP
Xa;e;jpUf;fyhfhJ ghg;gh
$b tpisahL ghg;gh
khiy KOJk; tpisahl;L vd;W
tof;fg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;S ghg;gh
vd;W ghujpahH mwpTWj;Jtijg; Nghy; khiy NeukhdJk;> CHg; nghJ
kuj;jpy; gwitfnsy;yhk; xd;W$b Muthu xyp vOg;Gtijg; Nghy;>
,isNahH vy;yhUk; $b MHg;gupj;J tpisahLk; fhl;rp fhz;NghiuAk; kfpor;
nra;tjhFk;.
,stajpdH vy;yhUk; Xuplj;jpy; te;J $b tpisahl;ilj;
jPHkhdpf;fpd;wdH. tpisahl;bd; jd;ikf;Nfw;g tPLk; tPjpAk; CH ke;ijAk;
tpisahl;Lf; fskhfpd;wd. ,tHfspd; tpisahl;Lf;fsk; kpfTk; tpupe;jJ.
jdpahf> ,Utuhf> FOthf ,ize;J tpisahb kfpo;fpd;wdH. ,isNahH
tpisahl;Lfs; ngUk;ghYk; FO epiyapy; mike;J midtiuAk; jk;ghy;
,izj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; tpupe;j jsj;ijf; nfhz;litahf cs;sd. ve;jNthH
Mrpupaupd; cjtpAkpd;wp ,isNahHfNs $bj; jPHkhdpf;Fk; mtHjk;
tpisahl;Lfspy;> fw;gidj; jpwDk; rpe;jidahw;wYk; ebg;Gj; jpwDk;
mgupkpjkhd rf;jpAk; ntspg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;tpisahl;Lfs; nghOJNghf;F
epiyapy; mike;jhYk; kd kfpo;r;rpiaNa mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit.
ngupNahuJ tpisahl;Lfspy; ,jidf; fhz;gjupJ.
,isNahH tpisahl;Lfs; rpWtH tpisahl;Lfs;> rpWkpaH
tpisahl;Lfs;> ,UghyUk; MLk; tpisahl;Lfs; vd;W tifg;gLj;jp ,q;F
tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
rpWtH tpisahl;Lfs; (Boys Games)
rpWtH jdpj;Jk;> rpWkpaH jdpj;Jk;> rpWtH rpWkpaH ,ize;Jk; gy
tpisahl;Lfis ehl;Lg; Gwq;fspy; tpisahLfpd;wdH. ,jpy; rpWtHfs; MLk;
tpisahl;LfNs kpFjp. ,it Gw tpisahl;LfshfNt (mjhtJ tPl;bw;F
ntspNa nrd;W MLjy;) cs;sd. ,tw;wpy; Nghl;b tpisahl;LfSk; cz;L>
cly; jpwd; tpisahl;LfSk; cz;L> mwptpw;Fk; NtiyAz;L.
rpWtHfs; xNu khjpupahd tpisahl;bid vy;yhf; fhyq;fspYk;
MLtjpy;iy. mJ fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk; khWgLk;. xU fhyf; fl;lj;jpy;
fpl;bg;Gs; vd;why; kW fhyf; fl;lj;jpy; gk;guk;> Nfhypf; Fz;L mLj;Jf; fgb>

ePr;ry; vd;W khwpf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;. xt;nthU tpisahl;bw;Fk; xU gUtk;
(rPrd;) cz;L. me;je;jg; gUtj;jpw;Fj; jf;fthW jq;fisj; jahHgLj;jpf;
nfhs;fpd;wdH.
rpWtHfs; gr;irf; Fjpiu> gk;guk;> fpl;bg;Gs;> ge;J> Nfhypf; Fz;L>
Gspa Kj;J> fgb> fs;sd; NghyP]; Nghd;w tpisahl;Lfspy; kpFe;j MHtk;
fhl;Lfpd;wdH. rhd;whfg; gr;irf; Fjpiu tpisahl;L vt;thW Mlg;gLfpwJ
vd;W fhz;Nghk;.
gr;irf; Fjpiu
tpisahl;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; gl;L tUgtiuj; NjHe;njLj;Jf; nfhs;tH.
gl;L tUgtH fhiy ePl;bj; jiuapy; FWf;fhf mkHe;J nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
tpisahl;by; gq;Fnfhs;Sk; Vida rpWtHfs; ePl;ba fhypy; glhky; Fjpj;Jj;
jhz;l Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dH fhy; Nky; fhy;> fhy; Nky; if> if Nky; if vd;W
mkHe;jpUg;gtH cauj;ijf; $l;bf;nfhz;Nl tUthH. me;j cauq;fisAk;
jhz;btpl;lhy; mkHe;jtH vOe;J Fdpe;J epw;ghH. mijAk; mtH KJfpy; if
Cd;wpj; jhz;l Ntz;Lk;. mjpYk; cauk; $bf; nfhz;Nl NghFk;. ahuhy;
Fwpg;gpl;l cauj;ijj; jhz;l Kbatpy;iyNah mtH Njhw;wtuhff;
fUjg;gLthH. Njhw;wtH jiuapy; mkHe;J fhiy ePl;l Ntz;Lk;. kWgbAk;
Ml;lk; njhlUk;> rpWtuJ cly; jpwidf; fhz;gjw;Fupa tpisahl;lhf ,J
mikAk;. etPd tpisahl;Lfspy; xd;whd cauj; jhz;Ljy; (High Jump) vd;w
tpisahl;L ,jid xj;jjhFk;.
fgb
rpWtHfs; MLk; fgb tpisahl;Lk; kpfr; rpwe;j cly; jpwd;
tpisahl;lhFk;. cly; jpwNdhL %r;Rg; gapw;rpia tsHf;Fk; fskhfTk; ,J
tpsq;FfpwJ.
XLjy;> jhTjy;> Fjpj;jy;> tisjy;> jhz;Ljy;> RoYjy; Nghd;w
nray;fis cs;slf;fpadthfr; rpWtH tpisahl;Lfs; mike;J
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
rpWkpaH tpisahl;Lfs; (Girls Games)
rpWkpaH jdpj;Jf; fufu tz;b> fpr;Rf; fpr;Rj; jhk;g+yk;> rpy;Y

tpisahl;L> nghk;ik tpisahl;L> g+g;gwpf;f tUfpNwhk; Nghd;w
tpisahl;Lfis tpisahLfpd;wdH. cly; jpwidtpl mwpTj; jpwid
tsHf;Fk; tifapNyNa rpWkpaH tpisahl;Lfs; mike;Js;sd. ,tHfspd;
tpisahl;Lf; fsk; Fwpg;gpl;l vy;iyf;F cl;gl;lJ. ngUk;ghyhdit
Nghl;bapd;wp Mlg; ngWk; mf tpisahl;Lfs;. NkYk; nkd;ikj; jd;ik
tha;e;jit. rpWkpauJ tpisahl;Lfspy; ghly;fs; rpwg;gplk; ngWfpd;wd.

g+g;gwpf;f tUfpNwhk;
rpWkpaH FOthf ,ize;J MLk; tpisahl;L ,J. rpWkpaH g+f;FO>
g+g;gwpf;Fk; FO vd ,U FOf;fshfg; gpupe;J vjpHvjpH tupirapy; epd;W
nfhs;tH. g+f;FOtpy; ,lk;ngWk; rpWkpaH xt;nthUtUk; xU g+tpd; ngaiuj;
jq;fSf;Fr; #l;bf; nfhs;tH (rpyH jq;fs; ngaUf;Fg; gpd;dhy; Njtp g+>
fkyh g+> vopy; g+ vd;W #l;bf; nfhs;tJk; cz;L). ahH ahH ve;jg; g+tpd;
ngaiur; #l;bAs;sdH vd;gJ g+g;gwpf;Fk; FOtpw;Fj; njupahJ. g+g;ngaH
njupahj epiyapy; Njtp g+> fkyh g+ vd;W ngaiuf; Fwpg;gpl;Nl miog;gJk;
cz;L. g+g;gwpf;Fk; FOtpdUf;Fj; jdpg; ngaH #l;lg;gLtjpy;iy.
Kjypy; g+g;gwpf;Fk; FO vjpHtupirapy; epw;Fk; g+f;FOit Nehf;fp>
“g+g;gwpf;f tUfpNwhk;”> “g+g;gwpf;f tUfpNwhk;” vd;W ghbf; nfhz;Nl
Kd;Ndwpr; nry;tH. gpd;G g+f;FOtpdH “ve;jg; g+itg; gwpf;fpwPH?” “ve;jg;
g+itg; gwpf;fpwPH?” vd;W ghbf; nfhz;L Kd;Ndhf;fp tUtH. g+f;FO
Kd;Ndhf;fp tUk;NghJ g+g;gwpf;Fk; FOtpdH gpd;Ndhf;fpr; nry;tH. kPz;Lk;
g+g;gwpf;Fk; FOtpdH “Njtp g+itg; gwpf;fpNwhk;”> “Njtp g+itg; gwpf;fpNwhk;”
vd;W ghbf; nfhz;L Kd;Ndhf;fpr; nry;tH. ,g;gbahf ,U FOtpdUk; ghbf;
nfhz;Nl Kd;Ndhf;fpAk; gpd;Ndhf;fpAk; nrd;W tUtH.
,Wjpapy;> gwpf;fg; NghFk; g+ milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;lTld;
milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;l rpWkpAk; g+itg; gwpf;Fk; FOtpypUe;J xU rpWkpAk;
Kd;dhy; te;J vjpHvjpH epd;W nfhs;tH. FOtpYs;s VidNahH xUtH gpd;
xUtuhff; fapW ,Of;Fk; Nghl;bapy; epw;gijg; Nghy; epd;W nfhs;tH. gpd;
g+g;gwpf;Fk; FOtpdH jhq;fs; tpUk;gpa g+itj; jq;fs; gf;fk; ,Of;f Kaw;rp

Nkw;nfhs;tH. g+itg; gwpj;Jj; jq;fs; gf;fk; NrHj;Jf; nfhz;L kPz;Lk;
tpisahl;ilj; njhlUtH. filrpg; g+itg; gwpf;Fk; tiu tpisahl;Lj;
njhlHe;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;.
g+f;fspd; ngaHfis mwpjy;> khjq;fspd; ngaHfis mwpjy;> ,Oitg;
Nghl;b> cly; jpwd; vd;W kfpo;r;rpahf ,t;tpisahl;L Mlg;ngWk;.

rpwg;G
rpWkpaH tpisahl;by; XLjy;> Fjpj;jy;> RoYjy;> nehz;Ljy;> ghLjy;
vd;w nray;fs; Kjd;ikaha; mikfpd;wd. NkYk;> fPo;g;gbjy;> nghWg;Gld;
ele;J nfhs;Sjy;> ghJfhg;GzHT Nghd;wtw;wpd; gapw;rpf; fskhfTk; rpWkpaH
tpisahl;Lfs; mike;jpUg;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.
,UghyH tpisahl;Lfs; (Co-Education Games)
rpWtH> rpWkpaH Mfpa ,UghyUk; gq;Nfw;Fk; tpisahl;Lfs; FO
tpisahl;LfshfNt mike;Js;sd. gj;J tajpw;F cl;gl;l rpWtH rpWkpaNu
,t;tpisahl;Lfspy; fye;J nfhz;L MLfpd;wdH. xNu FOthfNth> ,U
mzpfshfg; gpupe;Njh (Mz;fs; ngz;fs; vd;W my;y) tpisahLfpd;wdH.
fz;zh %r;rp> g+rzpf;fha;> FiyFiyah Ke;jpupf;fha;> xU Flk; jz;zp
Cj;jp> ahU nfhk;G?> nehz;b> fy;yh? kz;zh? Nghd;w tpisahl;Lfs;
,UghyuhYk; tpisahlg;gLfpd;wd. ,UghyUk; gq;F ngWk; vypAk; g+idAk;
tpisahl;ilg; ghHf;fyhkh?
vypAk; g+idAk;
vypAk; g+idAk; tpisahl;by; gq;F ngWNthH tl;lkhf epd;W nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. mtHfspy; xUtH vypahfTk; xUtH g+idahfTk; ebf;f Ntz;Lk;.
vypahf ebg;gtH tl;lj;jpw;F cs;NsAk; g+idahf ebg;gtH tl;lj;jpw;F
ntspNaAk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,g;nghOJ g+id> “vyp vd;dh nra;AJ?” vd;w
tpdhNthL ghliyj; njhlq;Fk;. mjw;F tl;lj;jpy; epw;NghH “J}q;FJ” vd;W
gjpy; $w Ntz;Lk;. kPz;Lk; “vyp vd;dh nra;AJ?” vd;W g+id Nfl;Fk;.
njhlHe;J Nfl;Lf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;. vypapd; nray;fSf;F Vw;g tl;lj;jpy;
cs;NshH “vOe;jpupf;fpJ> gy; Nja;f;fpJ> rhg;gpLJ> rl;il NghLJ” vd;W gjpy;
$wpf; nfhz;Nl tuNtz;Lk;. filrpahf “ntspNa tug; ghf;FJ” vd;W
$wpaTld; g+id vypiag; gpbf;fj; jahuhfptpLk;. g+id tl;lj;jpw;F cs;Ns
te;Jtpl;lhy; vyp ntspNa Xb tpLk;. g+id ntspNa te;jhy; vyp
tl;lj;jpw;Fs; XbtpLk;. tl;lj;jpy; epw;NghH vypf;F Mjuthfr; nray;gLtH.
mijAk; kPwpg; g+id vypiag; gpbj;Jtpl;lhy; Ml;lk; Kbe;JtpLk;. gpd; NtW
,UtH vypAk; g+idAkhf khwp tpisahl;ilj; njhlUtH. ahH jpwikahdtH
vypah? g+idah? - vd;W gyk; ghHg;gJk;> rpwpNahupd; ebg;Gj; jpwid
ntspg;gLj;JtJk; ,e;j tpisahl;bd; mbg;gilahFk;.
,UghyH tpisahl;Lfs; Nghyr;nra;jy; vd;w gz;igf;
nfhz;litahfTk; ebg;Gf; $Wfis cs;slf;fpaitahfTk; mike;Js;sd.
$bahLk; czHitAk; ngUkfpo;r;rpiaAk; Cl;Lk; ,t;tpisahl;Lfspy;
ghypdg; ghFghL (Mz; ngz; Ngjk;) Njhd;Wtjpy;iy. Mnzd;d
ngz;nzd;d vy;yhk; Xupdk;jhd; vd;w rkj;Jtj; jj;Jtj;ijg; giw
rhw;Wtdthf ,UghyH tpisahl;Lfs; cs;sd.
8.6 tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLtjdhy; fpilf;Fk; ed;ikfs; (Benefits of Play)
1) ek;gpf;if mjpfupj;jy;
rpWtHfs; xU tpisahl;by; <LgLk;nghOJ> mtHfSf;F jkJ
jpwikia ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd re;jHg;gk; cUthfpd;wJ> Ra tpopg;GzHT
Vw;gLfpd;wJ. mNjNghd;W> mtHfs; jhk; tpUk;Gk; tpisahl;by; <Lgl;L>
mjd;%yk; KOikahd kfpo;r;rpia miltjw;fhd re;jHg;gKk; fpilf;fpd;wJ.
2) rPuhd clw;gapw;rp toq;fg;gLjy;
FO tpisahl;by; <LgLk; xU rpWtd;> jdJ mjpfkhd Neuj;ij
tpisahl;bw;F nrytopj;J> gy nraw;ghLfis mjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;fpd;whd;.
mjpy; Kf;fpakhf njhlHr;rpahd gapw;rpfSf;F mtH cs;thq;fg;gLfpd;whH.
vdNt> mtH Neha; vjpHg;G rf;jp nfhz;ltuhfTk; KOikahd Rfhjhu
MNuhf;fpak; cs;s eguhfTk; khWfpd;whH.

3) cwTfis tsHj;Jf;nfhs;sy;
gapw;rpfs; kw;Wk; tpisahl;Lf;fspd;NghJ> rpWtHfs; Vida gy
rpWtHfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpahsHfSld; cwTfis Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;fpd;wdH.
,jdhy; rpWtHfspd; vjpHghHg;Gfs; epiwNtw;wg;gLtJld;> mtHfs;
r%fj;Jld; jkJ jpwikfis gfpe;Jnfhs;fpd;wdH.

4) fy;tpapYk; jpwikahdtHfshf khWfpd;wdH
FO tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLgtHfs; fy;tpj; JiwapYk; jk;ik
rpwe;jtHfshf tsHj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdH. tpisahl;by; <LgLk;nghOJ Neu
Nkyhz;ikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> xOf;fk; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghL vd;gtw;iw
fw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wikapdhNyNa mtHfs; fy;tpapYk; rpwe;jtHfshf khw
fhuzkhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
5) ntw;wpf;F toptFj;jy;
FO tpisahl;by; <LgLk; xU rpWtd; ntw;wp> Njhy;tp Mfpa
,uz;bidAk; vjpHnfhs;thH. ,jdhy; mtuplk; Njhy;tpiaj; jhq;fpf;nfhs;Sk;
jd;ik> ntw;wpia nfhz;lhLk; Kiwik kw;Wk; ,t;thwhd
re;jHg;gq;fspd;NghJ jkJ mzpapd; Vida tPuHfspd; epiyikia
mwpe;Jnfhs;sy; Nghd;wtw;iw mtH fw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;whH. ,it midj;Jk;
mtH vjpHfhyj;jpy; jdJ ,yf;Ffis ntw;wpnfhs;tjw;F mjpf gq;fspg;G
nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
6) kjpf;Fk; kdg;ghq;if Vw;gLj;jy;
FO tpisahl;by; <LgLk; xUtH gapw;rpahsHfs;> MrpupaHfs;>
eLtHfs; kw;Wk; jkJ rfhf;fis kjpj;J elf;f Ntz;ba xU fl;lhak;
,Uf;fpd;wJ. vdNt> tpisahl;by; cz;lhFk; ,e;j VidNahiu kjpf;Fk;
gof;fk;> gpd;dH mJ mtuJ tho;ifapYk; jhdhfNt epiyj;J epw;fpd;wJ.
7) FLk;gj;Jldhd <Lghl;il Cf;Ftpj;jy;
xU rpWtd; tpisahl;by; <LgLk; nghOJk;> mjw;fhd
gapw;rpfspd;NghJk; mtuJ ngw;NwhH> rNfhjuHfs; kw;Wk; cwtpdHfs; mjid
ghHg;gjw;Fk;> mtDf;F jkJ Mjuit toq;fp mtid cl;rhfg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;
NghthHfs;. ,t;thW nra;tjdhy;> Fwpj;j rpWtd; jdJ FLk;gj;jpdUld;
nfhz;Ls;s <LghL NkYk; mjpfupf;fpd;wJ.
,t;thW gy ed;ikfis Vw;gLj;Jk; tpisahl;Lf;fs; epr;rak; xU
rpWtdpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F ngupa mstpy; gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ vd;gjpy; ve;j
khw;Wf; fUj;Jk; ,y;iy.
“clypid cWjp nra;” vd;W $wpa ghujpahH “Xb tpisahL ghg;gh"
vd;Wk; ekf;fhf ghb cs;shH. rj;JzT> clw;gapw;rp> khiy Neu
tpisahl;Lf;fspdhy; ek; cliy MNuhf;fpakhf itj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
clYk; kdKk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlHG cilajhy; kdkfpo;r;rpapdhy; cly;
Gj;JzHr;rp milfpd;wJ.
tpisahl;Lf;fspdhy; FOxw;Wik> tpl;Lf;nfhLf;Fk; kdg;ghd;ik>
ntw;wp> Njhy;tpia Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> el;GzHT> cw;rhfk;
tsUtJld; clypy; cs;s fopT cg;Gfs; tpaHitahf ntspNaWk;. mjpf
tpaHit ePuhtpahFk; NghJ ek; cly; FspHe;J cly; ntg;gk; rPuhfpd;wJ.
tpaHitr; Rug;gpfs; ek; clypd; XH $yff; fUtpahfg; gad;gLfpd;wJ. ek;
cly; gUkidf; Fiwf;f cjTk; ‘~lhg;ikd;| vd;w Ruf;Fk; nghUs;
%isapy; Ruf;fpd;wJ.
8.7. Foe;ijfSila tpisahl;by; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; (Factors
Influencing Children’s Play)
1. Foe;ijfspd; kfpo;r;rp
Foe;ijapd; kfpo;r;rpNa mf;Foe;ijia tpisahl itf;fpwJ. vdNt
Foe;ijapd; tpisahl;bd; kPJ kfpo;r;rpNa fhuzpahf mikfpwJ. gpuha;L
jdJ ,f;nfhs;ifapy; tpisahl;L vd;gJ Foe;ijf;F cstpay; hPjpahd
rpfpr;iria mspf;fpwJ vd;W fUJfpwhh;.
2. Foe;ijfspd; Nkk;ghL kw;Wk; tsh;r;rp
tpisahl;bd; kPJ mf;Foe;ijapd; Nkk;ghL kw;Wk; tsh;r;rp
rhh;e;jitfs; fhuzpfshf mikfpd;wd.
3. mwpT tsh;r;rp
Foe;ijapd; mwpTfl;likg;Gf;F tpisahl;L cjTfpwJ. tpisahl;L

vd;gjd; jd;kakhjy; kw;Wk; Nghyr; nra;jYk; njhlh;r;rpahf mike;J
‘,lkspj;jiy’ Vw;gLj;jp Gjpa fl;likg;Gfis %d;W gbepiyfspy;
tpisahl;il gpd;tUkhW mikf;fpwJ. mitfs; 1) nray;gLk; tpisahl;L 2)
FwpaPl;L mbg;gilapyhd tpisahl;L kw;Wk; tpjpKiwfSld; $ba
tpisahl;L.
4. vjph;ghh;j;jy;
Foe;ijfspd; vjph;ghh;g;G, mf;fiw, nghWg;Gzh;T kw;Wk; vjph;fhyr;
rpe;jidAld; $bajhf tpisahl;L ,Uf;Fk;.

5. czh;r;rp ntspg;ghL
Foe;ijfspd; cs;sj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; czh;Tfis ntspg;gLj;Jgitahf
tpisahl;L ,Uf;Fk;.
6. cs;Szh;T
Foe;ijfspd; cs;Szh;Tfs; Fwpg;gpl;l taJf;F Kd;dNu Kjph;T
epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ mth;fsJ tpisahl;il fUtpahff; nfhz;L
ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
7. cly; Mw;wy;
Foe;ijfspd; cly; MNuhf;fpak; Mw;wy; cly; ciog;G tpisahl;by;
Mjpf;fk; nrYj;JfpwJ.
8. kuGk; #o;epiyAk;
Foe;ijfspd; kuGk; #o;epiyAk; tpisahl;by; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;JfpwJ.
8.8. Foe;ijfspd; cly;, r%f, kdntOr;rp kw;Wk; mwpT tsh;r;rpapy;
tpisahl;bd; gq;F (Contribution of Play to Children’s Physical, Social,
Emotional and Cognitive Development)
tpisahl;L vd;gJ Foe;ijfSf;F ntWk; nghOJNghf;F fUtpahf
kl;Lk; ,y;yhky; mJ Foe;ijfspd; cly;, r%f, kdntOr;rp kw;Wk; mwpT
tsh;r;rpf;F cjTtjhf mika Ntz;Lk;. mj;jifa tpisahl;Lf;fis
tpisahl Foe;ijfis Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
8.8.1. Foe;ijfspd; cly; tsh;r;rpapy; tpisahl;bd; gq;F (Contribution of
Play to Children’s Physical Development)
Foe;ijfs; gpwe;jTld; jq;fsJ cly; miritAk; mjd; %ykhf
mjd; cly; NjitfisAk; epiwT nra;J nfhs;fpd;wdh;. grpf;Fk; Foe;ij
mOJ jdJ jhaplk; jdJ grpiag; Nghf;fpf; nfhz;lhYk;, mJ jdJ if
kw;Wk; fhy; mirTfisf; nfhz;L jhdhfNt tpisahl;Lf;fhd ce;Jjiy
ngWtjhy; if kw;Wk; fhy;fspd; ,af;fj;jpy; tsh;r;rp Vw;gLfpwJ. xU taJ
Foe;ij elf;f Muk;gpf;Fk; NghJ mq;Fk; ,q;Fk; Xb Xb tpisahb jdJ
if kw;Wk; fhy;fis elg;gjw;fhf xd;wpizj;J elj;jiy Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ.
,J Nghy; Foe;ijfs; Muk;gj;jpy; jdJ nghk;ikfis capUs;s
nghUl;fshf fw;gid nra;J nfhz;L cly;jir ,af;fj;ijAk; euk;G
kz;ly ,iritAk; xUq;Nf ,af;fp Ngr gapw;rp ngWfpwJ. gs;spg;gUt
Foe;ijfspd; cly; cWg;Gfs; midj;Jk; tpisahl;bd; %yk;
tsh;r;rpailfpwJ. Fkug;gUt Foe;ijfspd; cly; cWg;Gfs; tYthtd jir
mikg;Gfis tpisahl;bd; %yk; ngWfpd;wdh;.
8.8.2. Foe;ijfspd; r%f tsh;r;rpapy; tpisahl;bd; gq;F (Contribution of
Play to Children’s Social Development)
rpW Foe;ijfs; jq;fs; gUt Foe;ijfsplk; MNuhf;fpakhd
,iltpiz Ghptjw;fhd mbj;jsk; mikfpwJ. Foe;ijg;gUj;jpy; gpwUld;
,ize;J tpisahl, rl;ljpl;lq;fSf;F fl;Lg;gl;L tpisahl, ek;gpf;if,
tpl;Lf;nfhLj;Jy;, cjTjy; Nghd;w r%fj; jpwd;fisg; ngWfpd;wdh;. Fkug;
gUt Foe;ijfsplk; tpisahl;bd; %yk; mth;fs; tho;ehs; KOtJk; gy
r%fj; njhlh;Gfisg; ngWfpd;wdH;. ez;gh;fs; FOtpid mikj;J
tpisahLfpd;wdh;.
8.8.3. Foe;ijfspd; kdntOr;rp tsh;r;rpapy; tpisahl;bd; gq;F (Contribution
of Play to Children’s Emotional Development)
rpW Foe;ijfspd; gak;, Nfhgk;, nghwhik, kfpo;r;rp Nghd;w
kdntOr;rpfs; tsh;r;rpailfpd;wd. gs;spg;gUt Foe;ijfspd; Neh;kiwahd

kfpo;r;rp, md;G, ghJfhg;Gzh;T, ijhpak;, FOczh;T Nghd;w kdntOr;rpfs;
tsh;r;rpailfpd;wd. Fkug;gUt Foe;ijfsplk; kd mOj;jk; FiwfpwJ,
MSik tsh;rr
; p, jiyikg;gz;Gfs; Nghd;wit tsh;r;rpailfpd;wd.
8.8.4. Foe;ijfspd; mwpT tsh;r;rpapy; tpisahl;bd; gq;F (Contribution of
Play to Children’s Cognitive Development)
tpisahl;bd; %yk; rpW Foe;ijfspd; nghJ mwpT, mDgt mwpT,
nkhop mwpT tsh;fpd;wJ. tpisahl;L Mf;fr;rpe;jid, kdj;jpwd;fs;,
nray;jpwd;fSld; mwpTj;jpwid Foe;ijg;gUtj;jpy; tsh;f;fpwJ.
Fkug;gUtj;jpy; mwpTfl;likg;ig mth;fspd; mwpthw;wYf;Nfw;g tsh;f;fpwJ.
tpisahl;by; xU jdp Mw;wiy tsh;j;Jf;nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
myF 10
Foe;ij tsHr;rpapd; kPJ efukakhjy; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu khw;wk;
(Urbanisation and Economic Change on Child Development)
10.1 efukakhjy; (Urbanisation)
ehL KOtJk; efukakhjy; Ntfkhf eilngw;W tUfpwJ. efuq;fspy; kf;fs;
njhif mjpfupj;J tuf; $ba #oypy; efu kf;fs; Fwpg;ghf ciof;Fk; kf;fs;
Vuhskhd tho;thjhug; gpur;ridfis vjpHNehf;fp tUfpd;wdH. ngUefuq;fspYk;> rpW
efuq;fspYk; Fbirtho; kf;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupj;J tUfpd;wJ.
jkpofj;jpYk; efukak; ntFNtfkhf epfo;e;J tUfpwJ. 2011 kf;fs; njhif
fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb jkpo;ehL ,e;jpahtpNyNa mjpf mstpy; efukakhd khepykhfj@
jpfo;fpwJ. nkhj;jKs;s 7.21 Nfhb kf;fs; njhifapy; fpl;lj;jl;l 3.5 Nfhb kf;fs;
efHg;Gwq;fspy; jw;nghOJ tho;e;J tUfpd;wdH. ,J 48.45 rjtpfpjkhFk;. vjpHtUk; 20
Mz;Lfspy; ,J NkYk; mjpfupf;Fnkd vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j efHkak; fLikahd
gpur;ridfisAk;> rthy;fisAk; Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
kf;fs; efuq;fs; kw;Wk; Ch;fspy; thOk; tpfpjk; mjpfhpg;gJ efukakhjy; MFk;.
kf;fs; fpuhkg;Gwg; gFjpfspypUe;J efug;Gwg; gFjpfSf;F ,lk;ngah;tNj efukakhjy;
MFk;. ,J nghJthf ehL tsh;e;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; nghOJ epfo;tjhFk;.
10.1.1. efukak; - gpd;dzp
,e;j efuka epfo;Tg;Nghf;F fpuhkg;Gw tWikapd; tpisthf kf;fs;
ngUkstpyhd ,lk; ngaHT fhuzkhf epfo;e;J tUfpwJ. ,J efHg;Gw Vio kf;fspd;
tho;f;ifapYk; ngUk; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
2011 kf;fs; njhif fzf;Fg;gb ,e;jpahtpy; 2001k; Mz;L 5161-Mf ,Ue;j
efuq;fspd; vz;zpf;if jw;NghJ 7935-Mf caHe;jpUf;fpwJ. jkpofj;jpy; 10
khefuhl;rpfs;> 125 efuhl;rpfs; cs;sd. khefuhl;rp fTd;rpyHfs; 820> efuhl;rp
fTd;rpyHfs; 3694 cs;spl;l nkhj;jk; 4652 NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l gpujpepjpfs; efu
epHthfj;jpy; gzpahw;wp tUfpd;wdH. jkpof Kjy;tupd; tp\d; 2023 mwpf;ifapy; 10
cyfj;juk; tha;e;j efuq;fis cUthf;f cWjpaspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 24 kzp Neu ePH
tpepNahfk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> Fg;igfs;> fopTfsw;w efuq;fs; vd;W mLf;fLf;fhf
nrhy;yg;gl;lhYk; ,e;j Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;w Fwpg;gpl;l jpl;lq;fs; ,y;iy. mj;Jld;
kf;fspd; Njitf;Nfw;g ,y;yhky; ngU epWtdq;fspd; Njitf;Nfw;g cUthf;Fk; ghHit
2023 Mtzj;jpy; cs;sJ.
,j;jifa efHg;Gwq;fspd; vz;zpf;if caHT ehl;bd; nghUshjhu
tsHr;rpiaAk;> Kd;Ndw;wj;ijAk; khw;Wtjhf Kjyhspj;Jt epGzHfSk;>
Ml;rpahsHfSk; $Wfpd;wdH.
10.1.2 2011 kf;fs; njhif fzf;fPL gb efHkaj;jpw;F %d;W Kf;fpa fhuzq;fis
Fwpg;gplyhk;.
1. fpuhkg;Gw tWikapdhy; epykw;w tptrhapfSk;> rpW epy tptrhapfSk;> jypj;>
ngz;fs; cs;spl;ltHfSk; fzprkhd mstpy; efHg;Gwq;fis Nehf;fp ,lk;
ngaHe;Js;sdH.
2. ngUk; fhHg;gNul; epWtdq;fs; epyk;> ePH cs;spl;l ,aw;if tsq;fis mgfupj;J
fhyq;fhykhf tptrhaj;ij ek;gpapUe;j kf;fis tho;thjhuj;jpw;F topapy;yhky;
Mf;Ffpd;wdH. mtHfspy; gyH efHg;Gwq;fSf;F ,lk; ngaHe;J nry;fpd;wdH.
3. ,ay;ghf efHg;Gwq;fspy; mjpfupj;J tUk; kf;fs; njhif@ Vuhskhd Gjpa
lTd;\pg;Gfs; Nghd;w efuq;fs; ngUepWtdq;fspd; Njitianahl;b
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. gy efuq;fSf;F FbngaUk; kf;fs; ngUk;ghYk; fl;Lkhdk;>
Rikg;gzp> tPl;LNtiy Nghd;W Kiwrhuhj; njhopy;fspy; <LgLfpd;wdH.
eythupaq;fs; ,tHfSf;fhf mikf;fg;gl;lhYk;> mtHfs; mbg;gil trjpfNsh>
Nghjpa tUkhdNkh ,y;yhky; tho;e;J tUfpd;wdH. ,e;jg; gFjpfs; kPJ mjpf
ftdk; nrYj;jpl Ntz;Lk;. ,ijnahl;b ekJ Kiwrhuh mikg;Gfspd;
CopaHfis gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
Njrpa nghUshjhuj;jpw;fhd mbg;gil $Wfs; fpuhkKk; efuKk; ,ize;j
tsh;r;rpahFk;. GJikiaj; J}z;l, thzpg tsh;r;rp, mwptpay; njhopy;El;gk; kw;Wk;
njhopw;rhiy tsh;rr
; pf;fhf nghUshjhu tsq;fs; kw;Wk; kdpj tsq;fs; xU ,lj;jpy;
mjpfkhf Ftpe;J fplg;gJ efukakhf;fypd; jhf;fk; MFk;.
fy;tp ngw, cly;eyk;, r%fNritfs; kw;Wk; fyhr;ryhu nray;fs;
fpuhkq;fistpl efuq;fspy; jhd; mjpfkhf vspjpy; fpilf;fpwJ. efuq;fspy; Foe;ijfs;
caph; thOk; tpfpjk; fpuhkq;fistpl mjpfkhf cs;sJ. cly; ey mf;fiw mjpfkhf
cs;sJ. efu kf;fs; njhif mlh;j;jpahdJ murpw;F ey;y jukhd mbg;gil
nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfis vspjhf Fiwe;j tpiyapy; toq;f KbfpwJ.
cjhuzkhf, xU jdpegh; Fiwe;j tpiy kw;Wk; Fiwe;j Kaw;rpapy; mbg;gil
trjpfshd Rj;jkhd ePh kw;Wk; kpd;rhuk; ,tw;wpid vspjhf mila KbfpwJ.
efuq;fspy; kdpj tsq;fis tsh;g;gjw;F gs;spfs;, fy;Y}hpfs; kw;Wk;
gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; epWtg;gl;ld. ,jpy; khzth;fSf;F xU tphpe;j tha;g;gpid
toq;Ftjw;Fk; mth;fspd; vjph;fhy tho;f;iff;Fk; gy;NtW fy;tpg;gphpTfis
toq;Ffpd;wd. efuq;fspy; gy;NtW gphpT kw;Wk; kjj;jpidr; rhh;e;jth;fs; xd;whf
,ize;J tho;fpd;wdh;. ,J kf;fspilNa ey;y Ghpjy; kw;wk; kdpj Neak; ,tw;wpid
tsh;f;fpwJ, NkYk; fyhr;rhu jilfis mfw;WfpwJ. ,j;jifa efu tho;f;ifapd;
gy;NtW gad;fis vy;yhUk; mDgtpf;f KbahJ. mghpkpjkhd kf;fs; njhif cah;T
kw;Wk; jpl;lkplhj Kd;Ndw;wkhdJ efuj;jpy; vjph;kiwahd nghUshjhu, r%f kw;Wk;
Rw;W#oy; gpur;ridia cUthf;FfpwJ.
10.1.3 efukakhjy; cUthf;Fk; tpisTfs; (Effects of Urbanisation)
efukakhjy; vd;gJ fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; ,Ue;J kf;fs; efuj;jpw;F FbNaWtjhFk;.
Ntiytha;g;G> fy;tp> kUj;Jtk; kw;Wk; nrhe;j fhuzq;fSf;fhf kf;fs; efuq;fis
Nehf;fp tUfpd;whHfs;.
tptrhak; vd;gJ xU yhgfukhd njhopyhf ,y;yhky; Ngha;tpl;lJ.
fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; NtW njhopy;fSk; rupahf mikatpy;iy. vdNt fpuhkq;fspypUe;J
kf;fs; efuq;fSf;F tUfpd;whHfs;.
efukakhjiy Cf;Ftpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; njhopy;kakhjy;> tHj;jfkakhjy; kw;Wk;
mjpfg;Nghf;Ftuj;J Nritfs; kw;Wk; jfty; gupkhw;wk; Mfpait MFk;.
efukakhjiy tptrhaky;yhj kw;wj;njhopy;fisr; nra;gtHfspd; vz;zpf;if
kw;Wk; kpFe;j kf;fs;njhif mlHj;jpiaf; nfhz;L mwpayhk;.
jkpo;ehl;bd; efukakhjypd; msT 2011 kf;fs; njhif fzf;Fg;gb Vwf;Fiwa
48.4 tpOf;fhL MFk;. ,e;jpahtpy; ngupa khepyq;fspy; jkpo;ehL efukakhjypy; Kjy;
,lj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwJ.
jkpo;ehl;by; =ngUk;GJ}H> fhQ;rpGuk;> muf;Nfhzk; Mfpa gFjpfs; Ntfkhd
njhopy; tsHr;rpahYk;> nrd;id efUf;F mUfhikapy; ,Ug;gjhYk; mjpNtfkhf
efukakhf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ,jdhy; me;jg; gFjpfs; mjpNtfkhf Rw;Wr;#oy;
rPHNfl;bid re;jpj;J tUfpd;wd.
mq;fPfupf;fg;glhj Mf;fpukpg;Gfs;> fhypahf cs;s murhq;fj;jpw;F nrhe;jkhd
,lq;fspy; Kiwg;gLj;jg;glhj Fbirfs; ngUFjy; Mfpait efHGwr; #oYf;F
gy;NtW rPHNfLfis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
efukakhjypd; fhuzkhf efug;gFjpfisr; Rw;wpYs;s tptrha epyq;fs; kw;Wk;
Gy;ntspfs; Mfpait njhopw;rhiy kw;Wk; FbapUg;Gg; gFjpfshf khw;wg;gl;Ls;sd.
ngUfptUk; Nghf;Ftuj;Jk; mjd; neuprYk; Rw;W#oy; khRglf; fhuzkhfpd;wd.
vhpnghUs; Njitf;fhf kuq;fSk; GjHfSk; mopf;fg;gLtjhy; gRk;Gy;ntspfs;
Fiwe;J kiog;nghopT Fiwfpd;wJ.
capupdq;fs; thOk; ,lq;fshd gRikg;gFjpfs; mopf;fg;gLtjhy; efHgFjpfspy;
gpuhzthAtpd; msT Fiwe;J fhw;W khRgLfpd;wJ.
Ntfkhfg; ngUfptUk; efHGw kf;fs; ngUf;fj;jpdhy; khefu> efu> Rfhjhu
trjpfs; ghjpf;fg;gLtNjhL Nrit trjpfspd; FiwghLfSk; cz;lhfpd;wd.
epyj;jpd; Njitf;F Vw;gLk; Nghl;bapdhy; epyj;jpd; kjpg;gPL mjpfupj;J tPl;L
thlifAk; mjpfupf;fpwJ.
10.1.4 efukakhjiyf; Fiwg;gjw;fhd topfs; (The ways for Reducing Urbanisation)
fpuhkk; jhd; ,e;jpahtpd; ,jak; vd;whH fhe;jp. mj;jifa fpuhkq;fis
tsg;gLj;jpdhy; efukakhjy; FiwAk;.
muR tptrhaj;jpw;F Kd;Dupik nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. murpd; jpl;lq;fspy; tptrhak;
kw;Wk; tptrhak; rhHe;j njhopy;fs; nropf;f mjpf epjp xJf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. murpd;
jpl;lq;fs; fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; rpwg;ghfr; nray;gLkhW ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
muR fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; ,Uf;Fk; njhopyhsHfs; mjpfk; Njitg;gLk;
njhopy;fisg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; ,Uf;Fk; njhopw;rhiyfspd; fopTfs; mg;gFjp kf;fspd;
tho;thjhuq;fis mopj;J tplhky; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
jukhd fy;tp kw;Wk; kUj;Jtk; fpuhk kf;fSf;Ff; fpilf;f top nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
NkYk; fpuhkj;J kf;fSk; jq;fs; Chpd; trjpfis mjpfupf;fj; jq;fshyhd
xj;Jiog;ig toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
ehl;bd; midj;Jg; gFjpfSk; rPuhf tsUk;NghJ kf;fs; xU rpy ,lq;fspy;
FtptJ FiwAk;.
10.2. Foe;ij tsHr;rpapd; kPJ efu fyhr;rhuj;jpd; jhf;fk; (Impact of Urban Culture on
Child Development)
Foe;ij tsHr;rpapd; kPJ efu fyhr;rhuk; gy;NtW jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
mit>
1) cly; tsHr;rpapy; Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fs;
2) mwpT tsHr;rpapy; Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fs;
3) r%f tsHr;rpapy; Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fs;
4) kdntOr;rp tsHr;rpapy; Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fs;
5) xOf;f tsHr;rpapy; Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fs;
1) cly; tsHr;rpapy; Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fs;

fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; Foe;ijfs; tpisahLk; Nfhyp> gk;guk;> Fr;rpfk;G> fpl;bGs;>
G+r;nrhy;yp> fgb> Rl;bf;fy;> gy;yhq;Fop> fs;sd; Nghyp];> ePuhly; Nghd;w ve;jtpjkhd
tpisahl;LfisAk; efHGwq;fspy; fhz ,ayhJ. ,jdhy; Foe;ijfs; cly;hj P pahf
ghjpg;gilfpd;wdH. efHGwq;fspy; jpwe;jntsp ,lq;fs; ,y;yhj fhuzj;jpdhy;
cly;rhHe;j tpisahl;Lfs; tpisahl Kbahky; tYtw;w cliyg; ngw;wtHfshf
cs;sdH. efHGwthrpfs; mjpf trjpg;gilj;jtHfshf cs;s fhuzj;jpdhy; Jhpj
czTfs; kw;Wk; ghf;nfl;Lfspy; milf;fg;gl;l czTfis cz;L gytPdkw;w kw;Wk;
Fz;L cliyg; ngw;W mtjpAs;W tho;fpd;wdH. ,jdhy; ngz; Foe;ijfs; 10
tajpNyNa G+g;nga;jp tpLfpd;wdH. Mz;fs; cly;tYtw;W fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.
2) mwpT tsHr;rpapy; Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fs;
mjpfkhd Clf trjpfs; efHGwq;fspy; fzhg;gLtjhYk;> mtw;wpy; etPd
njhopy;El;gq;fis gad;gLj;jp tUtjhYk; mtw;iw ghHf;Fk; Foe;ijfs; ntFrPf;fpuk;
KjpHr;rp ngw;W Ngrj; njhlq;fptpLfpd;wdH. mj;Jld; gy;NtW Jiw rhh;e;j etPd mwpT
mth;fsplk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. efHGwq;fspy; caHfy;tp vspikahf fpilg;gjhy;
mtw;iwg; ngw;W rhpahd tajpNyNa ey;y njhopiy nrd;wile;J nghUshjhuhPjpahd
caHT ngw;WtpLfpd;wdH. efHGw Foe;ijfs; fpuhkg;Gw Foe;ijfisg;Nghy; ntspNa
tpisahl nry;y Kbahj fhuzj;jpdhy; fzpdpapNyNa %o;fptpLfpd;wdH. vdNt fzpdp
rhHe;j mwpjpwd; tsHr;rpapy; rpwg;Gw;W tpsq;Ffpd;wdH. Mdhy; efh;Gw Foe;ijfsplk;
gz;ila kw;Wk; mDgt mwptpid vLj;Jf;$wp topfhl;l Ms; ,y;iy.
3) r%f tsHr;rpapy; Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fs;
efu tho;f;if vd;gJ ,ae;jpukakhd tho;f;ifahFk;. gzk; <l;Ljy; vd;gJ
kl;LNk Fwpf;Nfhshf nfhz;L efuthrpfs; nray;gLfpd;wdH. vdNt Foe;ij gpwe;j
11/2 taJ Kjy; Foe;ij ghJfhg;G gzpg;ngz;fsplk; xg;gilj;J tpLfpd;wdH. ,jdhy;
rpWtajpNyNa cwTfspy; ghrk; kw;Wk; md;G Vw;glhky; Raeyj;Jld; tho;fpwJ. gpwiu
kjpf;fhjpUj;jy;> cwTfis njhpahjpUj;jy;> ,uf;fk;> ghpT Nghd;w Fzeyd;fs;
njhpahkNyNa tsHfpwJ. Mdhy; gpw nghJ epWtdq;fSld; mjpfkhf njhlHG
nfhz;Ls;sjhy; nghJ mwpTj;jpwdpy; Xq;fp ,Uj;jy;> Muha;e;jwpAk; jpwd;> Njly;>
jd;dk;gpf;if Nghd;w Fzq;fs; NkNyhq;fp ,Uf;Fk;. ngUk;ghYk; Mq;fpytopf; fy;tpNa
fw;gjhy; jha;nkhopj; jpwdpy; Fiwe;Jk; gpwnkhopapy; rpwe;Jk; tpsq;FtH. vdNt jdpj;J
,aq;Fk; ty;yik ngw;wtHfshf ,Ug;gH. NkYk; mf;Foe;ijahdJ kpff; Fiwe;j
tajpNyNa r%f tsHr;rp Vw;gl;L vjpHfhy tho;it thoj; jahuhfpwJ.
4) kdntOr;rp tsHr;rpapy; Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fs;
efHGwf; Foe;ijfs; fpuhkg;Gw khztHfistpl md;G> ghrk; Nghd;w cwTfspy;
Fiwe;J fhzg;gLtjhy; nghWik ,oe;J vspjpy; Nfhgk; nfhs;gtHfshf fhzg;gLtH.
efHGwg; ngw;Nwhh;fs; vg;nghOJk; gzk; gzk; vd gugug;ghf Xbf;nfhz;bUg;gjhy;
kpfTk; gjw;wkhfNt ,Ug;gH. jdJ jpUkz tho;tpYk; xUrpyNu ntw;wp milfpd;wdH.
ngUk;ghyhNdhH Njhy;tp mile;J tpthfuj;J tiu nry;Yk; epiyapy; cs;sdH.
vspjpy; Gul;rpahsHfshfTk; khwptpLtH. vjpYk; tpiuthf nray;gl Ntz;bajpUg;gjhy;
vg;NghJk; ntsptl;lhu kf;fsplk; njhlHG nfhz;ltuhfNt ,Ug;gH. kdmOj;jk;
mjpfKilath;fshf ,Ug;gh;. ,th;fisg; ghh;j;J tsUk; Foe;ijfSk; rpW taJ
KjNy kdntOr;rp, kdmOj;jk; mjpfk; cilath;fshfTk; mjidf; fl;Lg;gLj;j
Kbahjth;fshfTk; cs;sdh;. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; ,th;fspd; czTg; gof;ftof;fk;
kw;Wk; thOk; Kiw MFk;.
5) xOf;f tsHr;rpapy; Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fs;
efHGw Foe;ijfs; ngw;Nwhhplk; kw;Wk; FLk;g cWg;gpdh;fsplk; md;ghf
,Ug;gijtpl ntsptl;lhuj;jpy; jdf;F ,zf;fkhd xg;ghH FOTld; NrHe;J ,Ug;gH.
,jdhy; rf Foe;ijfspd; gof;ftof;fq;fs;> nray;ghLfs; Nghd;wit vspjpy; xl;bf;
nfhs;fpwJ. rka rlq;Ffs;> tPl;by; eilngWk; gy;NtW tpUe;Jfs; vJTk;
njhpahkNyNa tsHe;J tpLfpd;wdH. vdNt vt;tpjkhd Md;kPf <LghL> kuGfisg;
NgZjy; Nghd;wtw;wpy; MHtk; ,d;wp ,Ug;gH. Md;kPf <LghL Fiwtjhy; xOf;fr;
nray;ghLfspy; gpd;jq;fpNa ,Ug;gH. nghOJNghf;F mk;rq;fshf Njitaw;w
nray;ghLfspy; <Lgl;L jd; tho;it mopTghijapy; ,l;Lr; nry;fpd;wdH. Nghijf;F
mbikahjy;> ngz;fSld; jfhj cwT> Njitapy;yh gpur;ridfspy; rpf;fpj; jtpf;Fk;
epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gLtH. xOf;ff; fy;tpia ghlGj;jfj;jpd; %ykhfg; Nghjpf;f
Ntz;bAs;sJ mth;fSf;F mJ Fwpj;j eilKiw mwptpidg; Nghjpf;f Ms; ,y;iy.
10.3 Foe;ij tsHr;rpapd; kPJ kf;fs; njhif mlh;j;jpapd; jhf;fk; (Impact of Population
Density on Child Development)
kf;fs; njhif mlHj;jp vd;gjd; tpsf;fk;:
xU rJu fpNyh kPl;lH gug;gpy; thOk; kf;fspd; ruhrup vz;zpf;ifia nfhz;Nl
kf;fs; njhif mlHj;jp fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.
10.3.1 kf;fs; njhif mlHj;jpAk; mjd; tpisTfSk;:
[dneUf;fk; kpFe;Js;s efHGw gFjpfspy; kf;fspd; ,Ug;gpl Njit mjpfupj;J
fhzg;gLtjhy; FbapUg;Gfs; Fiwe;j gug;gsT nfhz;L fhzg;gLk;. mbg;gil Rfhjhu
trjpfSk; Rw;WGw J}a;ikAk; Fiwe;j mstpNyNa ,Uf;Fk;. ikjhdk;> E}yfq;fs;
Fiwe;j mstpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
10.3.2. kf;fs; njhif mlHj;jpahy; Foe;ij tsHr;rp Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fs;:
1) cly; tsHr;rp:
FbapUg;Gfs; Fiwe;j mstpy; ,Ug;gjhy; tPl;bw;F ntspNa tpisahl
Kbahjjhy; Foe;ijfspd; clypaf;fKk; clw;gapHrpAk; Fiwe;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.
2) kd tsHr;rp:
tFg;giwapy; MrpupaH khztH tpfpjk; caHe;J fhzg;gLtjhy; fw;wypy; mjpf
ftdk; nrYj;j Kbahky; NghfpwJ.
3) r%f tsHr;rp:
Foe;ijfs; rKjhaj;jpy; gy;NtW gpupTfis rhHe;Njhuplk; gof NeupLtjhy; r%f
tsHr;rp Vw;gLtJ vspjhfpwJ.
4) kdntOr;rp tsHr;rp:
IdneUf;fb kpf;f gFjpfspy; cs;s Foe;ijfsplk; md;Gk; gupTk; Fiwe;J
fhzg;gLk;.
5) xOf;f tsHr;rp:
Foe;ijfspd; ngw;NwhHfSk; MrphpaUk; tpopg;Gld; nray;gl;lhy; kl;LNk xOf;f
tsHr;rp Vw;gLk;.
10.4 Foe;ij tsHr;rpapd; kPJ FLk;g ,lk;ngah;tpd; jhf;fk; (Impact of Migration of
Family on Child Development)
FLk;g mikg;gpYk; r%f mikg;gpYk; ,lg;ngaHTfs; gy;NtW khw;wq;fisf;
nfhz;L te;jpUf;fpd;wd. ehl;bd; nghUshjhu tsHr;rpAk;> efuq;fspy; fpilf;Fk;
tha;g;GfSk; fpuhkj; njhopyhsHfis mjpfkhf trPfupj;jjpy;> efukakhf;fy;
mjpfupj;jjd; tpisthff; FLk;g mikg;Gf;F nfhLj;J te;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ,d;W
kiwe;J tUfpwJ. $l;Lf; FLk;gq;fSf;F caupa me;j];ij mspj;J te;jpUf;Fk;
,e;ehl;by;> rpwpa FLk;gq;fs; $l rpjwpf; fplf;Fk; mtyk; cUthfp cs;sJ.
ngUk;ghd;ikahd Foe;ijfs;> KOikaw;w FLk;gq;fspy; tsHfpwhHfs;. xU
fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb> ehnlq;fpYk; RkhH 58 kpy;ypad; Foe;ijfs; tiu> ,g;gbf;
fpuhkq;fspYk;> nrhe;j CHfspYk;> ngw;NwhH ,y;yhky; tsHfpwhHfshk;. ,J nkhj;j
rpwhHfspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; 20%. ,uz;L ngw;NwhUk; te;J NghFk; tpUe;jhspfs; Nghy.
mk;kh kl;LkhtJ cld; ,Uf;Fk; Foe;ijfs; mq;Nf MrpHtjpf;fg; ngw;wtHfs;. jhj;jh
ghl;b ,y;yhj FLk;gq;fspy;> rpwhHfisj; J}uj;Jr; nrhe;jq;fSld; tpLNthUk;
,Uf;fpwhHfs;. ,f;Foe;ijfs; re;jpf;Fk; f\;lq;fs; Vuhskhdit.
efuq;fSf;F ,lg;ngaHTfs; nfhz;L tUtJ ntspr;rj;ij vd;W ek;gg;gLfpwJ.
Mdhy;> fpuhkq;fSk; FLk;gq;fSk; ngWtnjd;d> ,og;gnjd;d vd;W MuhAk; NghJ
,uz;LNk ,Ue;jhYk;> gpd;dNj mjpfnkd;W njupfpwJ. fpuhkq;fspy; ngUk;ghyhd
Mz;fs;> kidtp kf;fis tpl;Ltpl;L efuq;fSf;F Ntiy Njb ,lk;ngaHe;Jtpl>
FLk;gr; nrhj;jhd tpisepyj;jpy; kidtp> kf;fs; ghLgLfpwhHfs;. Mz;fs; efupy;
epue;jukpy;yhj cjpup Ntiyfisr; nra;J gzk; rk;ghjpj;J tPl;Lf;F mDg;GfpwhHfs;.
rpy Mz;LfshdJk; nfhQ;rk; fhY}d;wpa gpwF> tptrhaj; njhopyhsp kidtp
kf;fisAk;> mLj;jLj;j fl;lj;jpy; cw;whH cwTfisAk; efUf;F mioj;Jf;
nfhs;fpwhd;. ,ijNa kw;wtHfSk; nra;fpwhHfs;. kidtpf;F Ntiy Vw;ghL nra;J
Kjypy; mtiu kl;Lk; $g;gpl;Lf; nfhs;Sk; Mz;fNs ,tHfspy; mjpfk;.
,t;thW Ntiyepkpj;jk; efuq;fSf;Fg; NghFk; Mz;fs;> fpuhkj;jpy; tpl;Lr;
nry;Yk; kidtp kf;fis tUlj;jpw;F xU Kiw jhd; ghHf;fNt KbfpwJ. rpy
FLk;gq;fspy; ngw;NwhH ,UtUNk Ngha; tpl> gps;isfs; jhj;jh> ghl;baplk;
tsHfpwhHfs;. Mz;Lf;nfhU Kiw te;J NghFk; mk;kh mg;ghit me;epaHfisg; Nghyg;
ghHf;fpwhHfs;. te;j mk;kh jpUk;gpg; NghFk; NghJ gps;is fyq;FtNjh mOtNjh
,y;iy. ngUk;ghyhd ngw;NwhH “,ijnay;yhk; rfpr;rpf;fwJ nuhk;g f\;lk; jhd;. Mdh>
vq;f Foe;ijNahl vjpHfhyj;Jf;fhfj; jhNdd;D nedr;rp jhd; kdrj; Njj;jpf;fNwhk;>"
vd;fpwhHfs;.
NghFk; efuq;fspy; Ntiy fpilf;Fk; mjpU\;lkpUe;jhy;> fpuhkj;J tpisepyj;jpy;
Xuhz;by; rk;ghjpf;Fk; gzj;ij rpy khjq;fspy; fLikahf cioj;Jr; rk;ghjpj;J
tpLthHfs;. efhpNyNa epue;jukhfj; jq;fptpLk; Mir rpyUf;F ehsiltpy; Vw;gLtJz;L.
,Ug;gpDk;> fpuhkj;jpypUe;J Ntiy nra;J tPl;Lf;Fg; gzk; mDg;gpf; nfhz;L gy
Mz;Lfshf thOk; ,lk;ngaH njhopyhspfs;> KJik neUq;Fk; NghJ fpuhkj;Jf;Nf
Ngha; tpLthHfs;. mq;Nf tsHe;J epw;Fk; thypg kfd;fs; efUf;F NtiyNjb
XLthHfs;. mt;tg;NghJ te;J nry;thHfs;. jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;sTk;> kidtp
gpurtpf;Fk; gps;isiaf; fhzTk; te;J nry;tJ kl;Lk; ,Uf;Fk;.
efupypUe;J fpuhkk; jpUk;gpapUf;Fk; jhj;jh> Ngug; gps;isfisg; ghHj;Jf;
nfhs;thH. ,JNghy xU Row;rpahf ,e;j ,lg;ngaHTfs; epfo;fpd;wd. “vq;f CHfs;y
,g;g ,isQHfNs ,y;y. vy;yhUk; efuq;fSf;Fg; Ngha;tpLfpwhHfs;. Foe;ij
fhg;gfq;fSk;> KjpNahH ,y;yq;fSk; Nghy ,Uf;fpwJ vq;fs; tl;lhuNk>" vd;W
$WfpwhHfs;.
jpwd; ,Uf;Fk; rpy rpwhHfs; gbg;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;j Kbahky; ,Ug;gjhf
MrpupaHfs; nrhy;fpwhHfs;. gps;isfisg; gbf;f itf;fntd;W ngw;NwhH efupy;
f\;lg;gl> ,tHfSf;F gbg;gpy; ehl;lk; Ngha;tpLtjhy;> gbg;G jilg;gl;L ngw;NwhUld;
NrHe;J njhopyhsHfshFk; ,isaHfs; epiwaNt ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. “fy;tpapy;
gpd;jq;FtJld;> ,tHfSf;fhd r%fg; ghJfhg;Gk; Fiwe;J NghfpwJ. vg;NghJk;
ghJfhg;gw;w czHTlNd tsHfpwhHfs;>" vd;fpwhH XH MrpupaH. ,e;jf; Foe;ijfspd;
vjpHfhyNk Nfs;tpf;Fwpahfp tpLfpwJ. jw;rkak; ,J ngupanjhU r%fg; gpur;rpid.
FLk;g ,lg;ngah;tpd; tpisTfs; (Effects of Family Migration)
FLk;g ,lg;ngah;tpd; tpisthy; Foe;ijfspd; cly;epiy ,lk;ngaHe;j ,lj;jpd;
#oYld; xj;Jiof;f kWf;fpwJ.
 FLk;g ,lg;ngaHr;rpahy; Foe;ijfspd; nkhoptsk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
FLk;g ,lg;ngaHr;rpahy; Foe;ijfs; ez;gHfs; Fohk; kw;Wk; cwTfs;
midj;ijAk; kwe;J kdk; tho;f;ifAld; xd;Wglhky; vjpHtpisTfis
Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
FLk;g ,lg;ngaHr;rpahy; khztHfspd; fy;tpawpT ghjpf;fg;gl;L milT kjpg;ngz;
FiwfpwJ.
Gjpa gs;spapy; khztHfs; jdpj;jPthf nray;gLk;gb MfpwJ.
FLk;g ,lg;ngaHtpy; Foe;ijfisg; ngw;NwhHfs; cld; mioj;Jr; nry;yhky;
ghl;b> jhj;jh> khkh vd;Dk; cwTfsplk; tpl;Lr; nry;Yk;NghJ mtHfsJ
kdepiy ghjpf;fg;gl;L tpUk;gj;jfhj gpur;ridfs; Vw;gLfpwJ.
FLk;g ,lg;ngaHtpdhy; muR rl;ljpl;lq;fSf;F cl;gl KbahkYk;> rYiffisg;
ngw KbahkYk; Xb xspe;J tho Ntz;ba #o;epiy Vw;gLfpwJ.
ntspehLfSf;F ,lk;ngaUk;NghJ mq;F cs;s nkhop Gjpjhf ,Ug;gjhy;
mbg;gil Njitfs; vijAk; ngw Kbahky; Klq;fpf; fplf;f
Ntz;bajhapUf;fpd;wJ.
gpw ehl;L fyhr;rhuk;> kuG> gz;ghL Nghd;wit gw;wp njhpahky; xU jdpj;jPT
Nghd;w tho;f;if tho Ntz;bajhfpwJ.
FLk;g ,lg;ngah;tpd; tpisthy; Foe;ijfspd; czT> cil Nghd;wit khw;wk;
miltJld; MSik tsHr;rpAk; ghjpg;G milfpwJ.
 tho;thjhuj;jpd; nghUl;Nl FLk;g ,lg;ngaHT ,Ug;gjhy; tWik epiy
FiwfpwJ@ nghUshjhu tsHr;rp fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J Foe;ijfspd; tsHr;rpf;F
Cf;fj;ij mspf;fpwJ.
10.5 Foe;ij tsHr;rpapd; kPJ Rw;Wr;#oy; tpisTfspd; (fhw;W> ePH> xyp) jhf;fk;
(Impact of Environmental Effects (Air, Water and Noise) on Child Development)
kdpjHfspd; cly;> kdk; kw;Wk; r%f mikg;gpd; kPJ Rw;Wr;Roy; Kf;fpag;
gq;fhw;WfpwJ. ,tw;wpd; kPjhd tpisTfs; NeupilahfNth kiwKfkhfNth
jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. mjpf kf;fs; njhif > mwptpay; njhopy;El;g rhjdq;fspd;
msTf;fjpfkhd gad;ghL> fhw;W> ePH> xyp ,tw;wpy; khRghl;bid Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
Rw;Wr;Roy; khRghl;bw;Fk; (fhw;W> ePH> xyp) Foe;ijfspd; cly;> mwpTj;jpwd;
kw;Wk; r%f czHT Nkk;ghl;bw;Fk; neUq;fpa njhlHG cs;sJ. ,k;khRghL fhuzkhf
Foe;ijfspd; ,ay;ghd tsHr;rp vd;gJ kiwe@J tUfpwJ. xU ,ae;jpuj;jdkhd
tho;f;iff;Ff; Foe;ijfs; gof;fg;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wdH.
nghJthfr; Rw;Wr;Roy; jw;NghJ khRghL mile;j epiyapy; cs;sjhy;>
cstpay; mbg;gilapy; ghHj;jhy; ey;y tpisTfistplj; jPa tpisTfNs mjpfk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Rw;Wr;#oy; tpisTfs; :
fhw;W khRghl;bd; tpisTfs; mwpTj;jpwd; NfhshW> kPl;lwpjypy;
NfhshW> kwjp> Foe;ijfspd; cly;
tsHr;rp r%f, kdntOr;rp tsHr;rp
ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. Njhy; Neha;, kd
gjw;wj;Jld; %isr;rpijTk; Vw;gLfpwJ.
ePH khRghl;bd; tpisTfs; mwpTj; jpwd; tsHr;rpf; FiwghL> nkhop

tsHr;rpf; FiwghL> ftdf; FiwghL>
kwjp> ftd khw;wk;> elj;ijf; NfhshW>
gs;sprhH nray;jpwdpy; gpur;rpid> Nghijg;
gof;fj;jpw;F mbikahjy;. xt;thj;jd;ik
Vw;gLfpwJ. Rfhjhukhd tho;T tho
Kbatpy;iy.
xyp khRghl;bd; tpisTfs; thrpj;jy; jpwdpy; FiwghL> ePz;l fhy
kwjp> Nfl;ly; FiwghL> mwpTrhH
FiwghL> Cf;ff; FiwghL> fw;wy;
miltpy; Fiw Cf;fKilik> fw;gpj;jy;
FiwghL> fw;gpj;jypy; KOikapd;ik>
fw;gpj;jypy; FWf;fPL> nkhopj;jpwd;
FiwghL> xOq;fpd;ik> rpytifahd
xypf;F eldk; Mlj; J}z;lg;gLjy;.
fhJNfshik> vhpr;ry;> kd mOj;jk;>
kdepiy ghjpg;G Nghd;wit
Foe;ijfSf;F Vw;gLfpwJ.
fy;tpapd; gq;F :
 Rw;Wr;Roy; fy;tp kw;Wk; ed;newpf;fy;tpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jUk;NghJ> xOf;fKk;>
Rj;jKk;> khztHfspilNa Nkk;gLk;.
 tpOkf; fy;tp> ,t;Tyfpy; fhzg;gLk; nghUl;fSk;> ,lq;fSk; jdf;nfd xU
rpwg;Gj; jd;ikiaf; nfhz;Ls;sij khztHfSf;F czHj;Jk;. ,jdhy;
khztHfs; Rw;Wr;#oiyg; ghJfhf;f> rpwg;ghd tpUk;gj;jF fw;wy; elj;ijia
ntspg;gLj;JtH.
 mwptpay; fy;tp Rfhjhuf; Nfl;bid khztHfSf;Fg; Gupa itf;Fk;.
 fw;wy; gaDilik MFk;NghJ> ehl;L eyj;jpy; mf;fiw nfhz;L jd;dhy;
Rw;Wg;Gwk; khrilahjthW fw;wy; elj;ij ntspg;gLk;.
 Rw;Wr;#oy; Rj;jj;jpw;Fk;> ghJfhg;gpw;Fk;> MrpupaUk;> fy;tp epiyaq;fSk;
Kd;khjpupahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; fopT Nkyhz;ik> Nghf;Ftuj;J Nkyhz;ik Nghd;wit
mtrpak; ,lk; ngw Ntz;Lk;.
10.6 ,e;jpahtpy; Foe;ij tsHr;rpapy; jhuhskak;> jdpahHkak;>cyfkak; ,tw;wpd;
tpisTfs; (Effects of Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization (LPG) on Child
Development with special reference to India)
1990fspd; Jtf;fj;jpypUe;J - Fwpg;ghf> 1991,y; etPd jhuhska rPHjpUj;jq;fs;
jPtpug;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,r;rHP jpUj;jq;fSf;F %d;W Kf;fpa ,yf;fzq;fs; cz;L.
mitahtd:
jhuhskak;> jdpahHkak;> cyfkak;.
,tw;iw ,izj;J etPdjhuhskaf; nfhs;iffs; vd;Wk; my;yJ RUf;fkhf
etPdjhuhskak; vd;Wk; miog;gJ tof;fk;. etPd jhuhskak; vd;gJ ,e;jf;
nfhs;iffspd; jj;Jt mbg;giliaAk; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;nwhlH MFk;. ,jd; gFjpahd>
NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s %d;W ,yf;fzq;fs; xt;nthd;iwg; gw;wpAk; rupahd Gupjy;
mtrpak;.
10.6.1. jhuhskakhf;fy; (Liberalization)
Kjyhspj;Jtk; Nkiy ehLfspy; 17-18Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; Njhd;wp tsHe;Jte;j
fl;lj;jpy; mjw;F Ke;ija fhyj;jpy; murHfsplk; rpy tzpfHfs; rpwg;G rYiffs;
ngw;W te;jdH. murHfSk; FWepy kd;dHfSk; jdpahH njhopy; KidNthH kPJk;
tzpfj;jpd; kPJk; gy epge;jidfisAk; tupfisAk; tpjpj;J te;jdH. ,itnay;yhk;
Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; jq;Fjilaw;w tsHr;rpf;F ,ila+whf ,Ue;jd. 18Mk; E}w;whz;bd;
gpw;gFjpapYk; 19Mk; E}w;whz;bYk; tsHe;J tUk; Kjyhspfs; kPJ muR fl;Lg;ghLfs;
tpjpf;ff; $lhJ vd;w Nfhl;ghL Kjyhsp tHf;fj;jpd; rhHghf Mjhk;];kpj;> upf;fhHNlh
Nghd;w gpupl;b\; ehl;L murpay;-nghUshjhu mwpQHfshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j ~muR
jiyaPlhik| vd;w jj;Jtk; jhd; jhuhska jj;Jtk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd;
jj;Jt ,ay; gpd;Gykhf ,Ue;jJ ~jdpegH Rje;jpuk;| vd;w Nfhl;ghL. ,e;j Nfhl;ghl;bd;
cz;ikahd cs;slf;fk; muR jiyaPNl nghUshjhuj;jpy; ,y;iy vd;gJ my;y.
khwhf> Kjyhspfspd; nray;ghLfs; kPJ muR fl;Lg;ghL $lhJ vd;gJ jhd;. lhf;lH
mk;Ngj;fH mtHfs;> “muR jiyaPL ,d;ik jhd; ~Rje;jpuk;| mspf;Fk;" vd;w thjj;ijg;
gw;wp gpd;tUkhW kpfr; rhpahf Fwpg;gpLfpwhH:
“ahUf;F ,e;j Rje;jpuk;? epyg;gpuGtpw;F Fj;jifia caHj;j Rje;jpuk;.
KjyhspfSf;F Ntiy Neuj;ij mjpfupf;f Rje;jpuk;. njhopyhspapd; $ypia Fiwf;f
Rje;jpuk;."
NkYk; jhuhskak; vd;gJ Kjyhspfs;ghy; jhuhsk; kl;LNk. 18-19Mk;
E}w;whz;Lfspy; jhuhska jj;Jtj;ij Kd; itj;jtHfs; fhydp Mjpf;fj;ij
vjpHf;ftpy;iy. jj;jk; ehl;L Kjyhspfspd; Ruz;lYf;F cyfpd; ngUk;gFjpia
cl;gLj;Jtjw;F Nkiy Kjyhspj;Jt muRfs; fhydpahjpf;fj;ij Nkw;nfhz;ldH
vd;gJ tuyhW! MfNt murpd; ikag;gq;Fld; jhd; Kjyhspj;Jtk; tsHe;jJ> cyfk;
KOtJk; gutpaJ. mNjNghy; jhd; Kjyhspj;Jt muRfspd; tupf; nfhs;iffs;>
ciog;ghsp kf;fspd; cupikg; Nghuhl;lq;fs; ghy; mtw;wpd; mZFKiw vd;git
vy;yhNk> jhuhska jj;Jtk; ve;j tifapYk; murpd; gq;if epuhfupf;ftpy;i y
vd;gijAk;> mNjrkak; Kjyhspfs;ghy; jhuhskhd mZFKiw vd;gNj ,jd;
cs;slf;fk; vd;gijAk; ,it ekf;F njspthf;Ffpd;wd. ,e;j ehzaj;jpd; kWgf;fk;
jhd; ciog;ghsp kf;fs; kPJ jhuhska muRfs; VtptpLk; mlf;FKiwj; jhf;Fjy;fs;.
cz;ikapy; jhuhskak; vd;gJ ,e;jpa kw;Wk; me;epa Kjyhspfs; kPJ ve;j fl;Lg;ghLk;
tpjpf;fhky;> mtHfs; jq;Fjilapd;wp yhgNtl;ilapy; <LgLtij Cf;Ftpf;Fk;
nfhs;ifahFk;. ,jd; kWgf;fk;> ngUKjyhspfspd; Ruz;liyAk; mjw;F Mjuthd
murpd; nfhs;iffisAk; eltbf;iffisAk; vjpHj;Jg; NghuhLk; kf;fs;kPJ fLk;
mlf;FKiwia fl;ltpo;j;J tpLtjhFk;.
 ,e;jpa tzpf re;ijapy; may;ehl;L nghUl;fis mDkjpg;gJ jhuhskakhf;fy;
vdg;gLk;. gp.tp.eurpk;kuht; fhyj;jpy; kd;Nkhfd; rpq;-d; Mjutpy; nfhz;L
tug;gl;lJ.
 kypT tpiyapy; jukhd nghUl;fs; EfHNthHfis ehb te;jd. EfHNthH jq;fs;
trjpf;Nfw;g NjHe;njLf;f cjtpaha; ,Ue;jJ.
 ,e;jpahtpy; jahupf;fg;gl;l nghUl;fs; me;epa nghUl;fspd; tuthy; Nghl;b Vw;gl;L
juk; cau toptif Vw;gl;lJ.
 gy;NtW rl;lq;fs; nray;gl Jtq;fpaJ. (EfHNthHf;fhf)
 me;epa KjyPLfs; ,e;jpa njhopy;fspy; ngUfpaJ.
 EfHNthiu Fwpitj;J me;epa fk;ngdpfs; Nghiu Jtf;fpd.
 kf;fsplk; Nrkpg;G gof;fk; Fiwe;J EfHNthH fyhr;rhuk; ngUfp fldl;ilfis
Rkf;Fk; epiy te;jJ.
 rpW njhopy;fs; me;epa nghUl;fspd; Nghl;bia jhq;f Kbahky; eype;J Nghapd.
jhjh
 mbg;gil nghUl;fshd czT> cil> jz;zPH Nghd;wit tpiy caHe;J
fhzg;gl;ld.
 fduf kpd;dZ rhjdq;fs; Kd;Dupik ngw;wjhy; tptrhak; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
,oe;jJ.
 me;epaehl;L gy;fiyfofq;fs; CLUtpajhy; jq;fs; tpUk;gpa ghlj;Jiwia
gbf;f fbdkhf mike;jJ.
 Nghl;bfis rkhspf;f fy;tp epWtdq;fspd; fl;likg;G trjp ngUfpdhYk; juk;
cautpy;iy.
 ,itNa jhuhskakhjypdhy; Vw;gl;l jhf;fq;fs; MFk;.
Foe;ij tsHr;rp kPJ jhuhskakhf;fy; nfhs;if :

fyg;Gg; nghUshjuhf; nfhs;ifiaf; ifahSk; ekJ ehl;bd; Kf;fpaf;
nfhs;if> eyg; nghUshjhuijg; NgZtJk;> mjd; %yk; kdpj tsj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtk;
MFk;. Foe;ijfspd; eyk; Nkk;gLj;jg;gLtjd; thapyhf> ehl;bd; tsHr;rp
mjpfupf;fg;gLk; vd;gJ cWjpahfptpl;l epiyapy;> mwptpay; njhopy; El;g tsHr;rpapid
,e;jpahtpy; fhz> jhuhskakhf;fy; nfhs;ifiaf; filg;gpbg;gJ murpw;F mtrpakhf
cs;sJ.
Mjyhy; 1991-96 fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;> eurpk;kuht; mtHfs; gpujkuhf ,Ue;jNghJ
“jhuhskakhf;fy;" nfhs;if eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mjd; tpisthf ,e;jpa tHj;jfr;
re;ijahdJ me;epa ehLfspd; nghUl;fSf;F> jhuhskhfj; jpwe;J tplg;gl;lJ. flj;jy;>
jpUl;Lj;jdkhd me;epa ehl;Lg; nghUl;fs; tpw;gid Nghd;w epiy khwp> gd;dhl;Lg;
nghUl;fSk; ,e;jpar; re;ijapy; vspjhf Eioe;J> EfHNthupd; Mjiug;ngw> kypT
tpiyapy; jukhdg; nghUl;fs; tpw;gid nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
NkYk; may; ehl;by; <l;lg;gLk; ,e;jpaHfspd; tUthAk;> jilapd;wp ,e;jpahtpy;
KjyPL nra;ag;gl ,f;nfhs;if Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ. ,jdhy; Kf;fpakhff; fy;tp tsHr;rp
,e;jpahtpy; mjpfupf;fj; njhlq;fpAs;sJ.
jhuhskakhf;fy; nfhs;iffspdhy;> Foe;ijfs; mwpTj;jpwDld; njhopy;El;g
mwpitAk; ngWfpd;wdH. jhuhskakhf;fy; nfhs;if> Foe;ijfs; eyj;jpy; ed;ikfs;>
jPikfs; vd ,Utpj tpisTfisTk; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
tpisTfs; :
1. me;epag; nghUl;fspd; tuT mjpfupg;gjhy; mjidr; rhHe;j Ntiytha;g;G
mjpfupf;fpwJ. mjhtJ nghUs; tpw;gidf;fhd cupkk; ngw cjTk; gzpahsHfs;
Ntiytha;g;G mjpfupj;jy;> Nghf;Ftuj;J mjpfk; Njitg;gLtjhy;> mjw;fhd
gzpahsHfs; Ntiytha;g;G mjpfupj;jy; Nghd;wit.
,jdhy; FLk;g tUtha; mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ ,ay;ghfNt Foe;ijfspd; kdepiy
kfpo;rr
; pfukhf mikfpwJ. mJ jd;dk;gpf;ifiaAk;> r%f czHitAk;
Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ. tUtha; mjpfupg;G> tsHr;rprhH nray;ghLfSf;F
Cf;fkspf;fpwJ.
2. jhuhskakhf;fy; nfhs;ifahy; midj;Jg; gpupT kf;fSk;> midj;J tifahd
nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; cupik ngWfpwJ. mjdhy; thfdk;> ifalf;fj;
njhiyNgrp> njhiyfhl;rp Nghd;wtw;wpd; gad;ghl;L trjpfisg; gad;gLj;jhjtNu
,y;iy vdyhk;.
,jdhy; Foe;ijfSf;Ff; fw;wy; mDgtq;fs; tpuptilfpd;wd. mwpjpwd; tsHr;rp
ngUFtJld; Ez;zwpTj;jpwDk; vspjhf milahsk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. fw;wy;
fbdq;fs; Fiwf;fg;gl;L vspikahf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
3. jhuskakhf;fy; nfhs;ifahy; murpd; nghJr; nryT mjpfupf;fg;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ
muR fy;tp kw;Wk; fy;tp njhlHghd eltbf;iffSf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
je;J> nrytpdk; mjpfupg;gjhy; ehl;by; fy;tp tsHr;rp caHfpwJ.
,jdhy; Foe;ijfSf;F rj;jhzczT> kpjptz;b> kbfzpdp> rPUil> ghl
Gj;jfq;fs; Nghd;wit ,ytrkhff; fpilg;gjhy;> fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; kd
mOj;jkpd;wp eilngWfpwJ. ,ytrf; fy;tpAk;> cjtpj;njhifAk; khztHfisf;
fw;wypy; MHtKld; <Lglitg;gJld;> mtHfspd; fw;wYf;Fg;
nghWg;GzHr;rpiaAk; jUfpwJ.
4. jhuhskakhf;fy; nfhs;ifahy; jd;dpiwT epiy> kw;Wk; EfHNthH tpopg;GzHT
Vw;g;gLfpwJ.
,jdhy; Foe;ijfs; ghJfhg;G czHitAk;> cw;rhfkhd kdepiyAk;
ngWtJld;> jkJ Mf;Fikj;jpwidAk; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. mjDld; Ra
tpopg;GzHT epiyapYk; cs;sdH.
5. jhuhskakhf;fy; nfhs;ifahy; midj;Jg; gzpfSk; kpd;dpay; kakhdjhy;>
midj;Jg; nghUl;fSk; ,izajsj;jpd; %yk; re;ijaplg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy;
midj;J tifahd gzpfSf;Fk; NritfSf;Fk; mq;fPfhuk; fpilf;fg;ngWfpwJ.
,jdhy; Foe;ijfs; jq;fSila Mf;Fikj;jpwidAk;> MSik tsHr;rpiaAk;
ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. Foe;ijfs; myq;fhug; nghUl;fisj; jahupj;Jk;>
kl;ghz;lq;fs;> Jzpfs; ,tw;iw myq;fupj;Jk; ,izajsj;jpd; %yk; (Md;-
iyd;> thl;];-Mg; %yk;) tpw;gid nra;J jq;fspd; jdpj;Jtj;ijf;
fhl;Lfpd;wdH.
6. jhuhskakhf;fy; nfhs;ifahy; tpw;gid mjpfupj;J> nghUl;fSf;fhd gfpHT
rkg;gLj;jg;gLtjhy; EfHT mjpfupf;fpwJ. ,J Foe;ijfSf;F mtrpakhdjhfTk;
,Uf;fyhk;> mtrpakw;wjhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;.
,jdhy; Foe;ijfspd; vz;zk; mjidg; gad;gLj;JtjpNyNa ,Ug;gjhy;
mtHfspd; Neuk; tPzbf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; fw;wypy; ftdkpd;ik> tpisahl;by;
ehl;lkpd;ik> NrhHT> mr;r czHT> gs;sp nry;yhik Nghd;wit Vw;gLfpd;wd.
7. jhuskakhf;fy; nfhs;ifahy; ngw;NwhHfs; fy;tpapd; kPJ mf;fiw
nfhs;tJtjpy;iy. mtHfs; jq;fs; njhopy; Nky; nfhz;Ls;s <Lghl;lhYk;>
Ntiyr; RikahYk; tPl;L Ntiyfisf; Foe;ijfs; kPJ Rkj;Jfpd;wdH. mjpYk;
Fwpg;ghfg; ngz; Foe;ijfs; mjpfk; tPl;L Ntiyfspy; <LgLj;jg;gLtjhy;> gs;sp
nry;yhik> mbf;fb gs;spf;F tpLg;G vLj;jy; Nghd;wit epfo;fpd;wd. ,jdhy;
Foe;ijfSf;Ff; fw;wypy; ntWg;G> mr;rk;> MHtkpd;ik Vw;gLfpwJ.
8. jhuhskakhf;fy; nfhs;ifahy;> midtUf;Fk; Foe;ijfis xU
Mjhukhff;nfhs;Sk; vz;zk; cUthfpAs;sJ. cjhuzkhff; Foe;ijfspd;
Cl;lr;rj;jpidf; fhuzq;fhl;bg; gy nghUl;fspd; tpw;gidahsHfs; Foe;ijfis
tpsk;guj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. (fhk;g;shd;> `hHypf;]>; nfyhf;]; Nghd;w
czTg;gz;l tpsk;guq;fs;) ,JTk; xU tifahd Foe;ijj; njhopy; MFk;. ,J
ePz;l fhyj;jpy; kdpj tsk; jukpd;wp ,Ug;gjw;F tha;g;gspf;fpwJ.
,jdhy; Foe;ijfs; fw;wypy; FiwghL milfpd;wdH. gs;spf;F xOq;fhfr;
nry;yhikahy; fw;wypy; fbdq;fis vjpH nfhs;fpd;wdH. Clfq;fspd; jhf;fk;
fw;wypy; myl;rpaj;jd;ikiaf; fhl;LfpwJ. rpy rkaq;fspy; jtwhd ghijf;Fk;
mioj;Jr; nry;fpwJ.
10.6.2 jdpahHkakhf;fy; (Privatization)
jdpahHkak; vd;gjd; xU Kf;fpa mk;rk; nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fspd; gq;Ffis
jdpahUf;F tpw;gJ vd;gjhFk;. jdpahHkak; vd;gJ nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fspy; murpd;
gq;Ffis jdpahUf;F tpw;gJ kl;Lk; my;y. murpd; nghWg;G vd;W fUjg;gl;L te;j gy
Jiwfis - nghJed;ik Nehf;fpy; nray;gl Ntz;ba Jiwfis - jdpahuplk;
xg;gilj;J> yhg mbg;gilapy; mit nray;glyhk; vd;W mDkjpg;gJ jdpahHkaf;
nfhs;iffspd; ,d;ndhU kpf Kf;fpa mk;rk;. fy;tp> MNuhf;fpak;> kw;Wk; fl;likg;G
Jiwfs; ,jw;F kpfr;rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;. ekJ ehl;by; fy;tpapYk;
MNuhf;fpaj;jpYk; ePz;lfhykhf jdpahH mikg;Gfs; gq;fhw;wp te;Js;sd vd;gJ
cz;ikjhd;. Mdhy; ,t;tikg;Gfs; yhgNehf;fj;Jld; fle;j fhyq;fspy;
nray;gl;ljpy;iy. ngUk;ghYk; r%fNkk;ghL vd;w Nehf;fpy; nray;gl;lit. ,tw;wpy; gy
tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l fhyj;jpy; r%fj;njhz;L vd;w Nehf;Fld; epWtg;gl;lit. gy
rkaq;fspy; rhjp> rka r%f mbg;gilapYk; $l cUthf;fg;gl;L> mNjrkak; midj;J
rka> r%f khzt khztpaiuAk; NrHj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; epWtdq;fshf ,aq;fpd. Mdhy;
1991f;Fg;gpd;> jdpahHkak; vd;gJ fy;tpj;JiwapYk; MNuhf;fpaj; JiwapYk; KOf;f
KOf;f tzpfkakhfNt mkyhfpAs;sJ.
xU Jiwia jdpahUf;F jpwe;JtpLtJ vd;gJ ntWk; epHthf Vw;ghL my;y.
jpwd; Fiwe;j nghJNkyhz;ikf;Fg; gjpyhf jpwd;kpf;f jdpahH Nkyhz;ik vd;w
jtwhd glg;gpbg;ig Kd;itj;J> ,ij epahag;gLj;j MSk; tHf;fq;fs; Kay;fpd;wd.
kWGwk;> murplk; fhR ,y;iy> MfNt jdpahuplk; fy;tpiaAk; MNuhf;fpaj;ijAk;
xg;gilg;gijj; jtpu NtWtopapy;iy vd;Wk; thjplg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j thjq;fs;
jtwhdit. gpur;rpid Nkyhz;ikj; jpwd; my;y. jdpahH Jiw Nkyhz;ik
nghJj;Jiw Nkyhz;ikia tpl mjpfj;jpwd; nfhz;lJ vd;W fUj ve;j MjhuKk;
fpilahJ. nrhy;yg;Nghdhy;> Vuhskhd jdpahH epWtdq;fs; e\;lj;jpy; rpf;fp fhzhky;
Nghfpd;wd. kWgf;fk;> r%f Nehf;fq;fisAk; epiwNtw;wpf; nfhz;Nl nghJj;Jiw
epWtdq;fs; yhgfukhf ,aq;fp tUfpd;wd. mNjNghy;> murplk; fhR ,y;iy vd;W
nrhy;tJ> nry;te;jHfs; kPJk; ,e;ehl;L> gd;dhl;L ngUk; fk;gdpfs; kPJk; cupa
tifapy; tupfs; tpjpj;J tsq;fis jpul;l muR jahuhf ,y;iy vd;gijNa
fhl;LfpwJ.
cz;ikapy;> jdpahHkak; vd;gjd; nghUs;> nghJNehf;F mbg;gilapy;
nray;gLj;jg;gl;L te;j Jiwfis jdpahH yhg Nehf;fpy; nray;gLj;JtJ vd;gjhFk;.
,jd; kpf Kf;fpa tpisT Vio kf;fSf;F fy;tpAk; MNuhf;fpa trjpfSk;
vl;lhf;fdpahf khWtJ vd;gjhFk;. gzk; cs;stHfSf;F kl;LNk fy;tpAk;
MNuhf;fpaKk; fpilf;Fk; vd;w epiyf;Fj;jhd; ,j;Jiwfspy; muR jdJ nghWg;ig
Gwf;fzpj;J jdpahuplk; ,tw;iw xg;gilg;gjd; tpisTfs; ,l;Lr; nry;Yk;.
mNjNghy;jhd; fl;likg;G trjpfs; tp\aKk;. rhiyfs;> ,ju Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs;>
Ntshz; tpupthf;fg; gzpfs;> ghrdk; cs;spl;l midj;J JiwfisAk;
eltbf;iffisAk; jdpahH Jiwapd; ifapy; xg;gilj;J yhgNehf;fpy; mit ,tw;iw
nray;gLj;jyhk; vd;w ghijia ehk; jdpahHkaj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rkhf ghHf;f Ntz;Lk;.
jhuhskak;> jdpahHkak; ,uz;Lk; ,ize;J mkyhf;fg;gLk; epiyapy;> ,j;Jiwfspy;
yhgNehf;fpy; nray;gLk; jdpahH mikg;Gfis xOq;FgLj;JtJk; mtw;wpd; kPJ r%f
newpKiwfis tpjpj;J nray;gLj;JtJk; kpfTk; rpf;fyhd tp~aq;fshf MfpAs;sd.
fy;tpapy; jdpahHkaf; nfhs;if:
,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; mile;j NghJ fy;tp vd;gJ murpay; rhrdj;jpy;
khepyg;gl;baypy; (State List) ,lk; ngw;wpUe;jJ. njhlf;fg;gs;sp Kjy; gy;fiyf;
fofq;fs; tiu midj;Jk; muR epWtdq;fshfNt ,Ue;jd. jpU.M.C.rhf;yh
(M.C.Chagla) mtHfs; kj;jpaf; fy;tp mikr;ruhf ,Ue;jNghJ 1960-,y; fy;tp khepyg;
gl;baypy; ,Ue;J> nghJg;gl;baYf;F (Concurrent List) khw;wg;gl;lJ. ehL KOtJk;
fy;tpiag; gutyhf;f ,e;jpa mstpy; fy;tp mikg;Gfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. ,jd;gb ehL
KOtjw;Fk; xNu khjpupahd ghlj;jpl;l Vw;ghl;ilg; gpd;gw;wpg; ghlj;jpl;lk; mikf;f>
kj;jpa ,ilepiyf;fy;tp thupak; (CBSE) cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk; ,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;ij
Vw;Wr; nray;gl jdpahH Raepjpg; gs;spfSk; 1966 Kjy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;ld.
,ij Kd;Ndhbahff; nfhz;L khepyf; fy;tpj;JiwfSk; “nkl;upf;FNyrd; NghHL">
“Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpad; NghHL" Nghd;w fy;tp thupaq;fis epWtp mtw;wpd; %yk;
tbtikf;fg;gl;l ghlj;jpl;lq;fisg; gpd;gw;wpr; nray;gl jdpahH Raepjpg; gs;spfs;
mDkjpf;fg;gl;ld. NkYk; 1992y; cyfshtpa jhuhskakhf;fy; (Global Liberalization)
nfhs;if> ,e;jpahtpYk; Vw;fg;gl;L caHfy;tpapYk; jdpahH Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; te;jJ.
fy;tpapy; jdpahH kakhjyhy; Vw;gLk; ed;ikfs;:
jdpahH fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; fy;tpf;fl;lzk; nrYj;jp fy;tp ngWtjhy;
khztHfsplk; nghWg;Gk;> mf;fiwAk; Vw;gl;L fy;tpapy; Kidg;G Vw;gLfpwJ. jdpahH
fy;tp epWtdq;fspilNa Nghl;b Vw;gLtjhy; xt;nthU epWtdKk; jj;jk; fy;tpj;
juj;ijj; njhlHe;J caHj;jpf; nfhs;sTk;> epiy epWj;jTk; nra;fpd;wd. fy;tpj;ju
caHthy; kdpjts Nkk;ghL Vw;gl;L> ehl;bd; nghUshjhu tsHr;rp mjpfupf;Fk; tha;g;G
mjpfupf;fpwJ.
fy;tpf;fhf fl;lzk; nrYj;Jtjhy; ngw;NwhHfs; jq;fs; gq;fpidAk;>
nghWg;igAk; czHe;J> MrpupaHfs; kw;Wk; mjpfhupfs; MfpNahH vjpHghHf;Fk;
xj;Jiog;ig ey;FfpwhHfs;. jdpahH gs;spfspd; vz;zpf;if tUle;NjhWk; Ntfkhf
tsHe;J tUtjhy; gbj;j ,isQHfSf;Ff; Fwpg;ghf MrpupaH gapw;rp Kbj;j
,isQHfSf;Fj; jdpahH Jiwapy; Ntiytha;g;G Vw;gLfpwJ.
jdpahH epWtdq;fspy; MrpupaHfspd; CjpaKk;> gpw rYiffSk; mtHfsJ
jpwikNahL njhlHG gLj;jg;gLtjhy; mtHfsJ Ntiyj;jpwd; mjpfupj;J
khztHfSf;F mspf;fg;gLk; fy;tpapd; juk; caHfpwJ.
fy;tp> jdpahH kakhjyhy; cz;lhFk; jPikfs;:
fy;tpf; $lq;fs;> yhg Nehf;fj;ijNa Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;L nray;glj;
njhlq;fp tzpf epWtdq;fshfNt khwptpLfpd;wd. “jukhd fy;tpia mspf;fpd;Nwhk;"
vd;w ngaupy; Gj;jfq;fs;> rPUilfs;> fhyzpfs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J trjp> kjpa czT>
tpLjp trjp> Rw;Wyh> ed;nfhil vdf; $wp kpf mjpfkhd njhifiaf; fy;tpf;
fl;lzkhfg; ngWfpd;wd. fy;tpf;fl;lzk; Kjy; gy;tiff; fl;lzq;fis t#ypg;gjhy;
Vio khztHfs; ,j;jifa gs;spfspy; nrd;W fy;tpiag; ngWtnjd;gJ ntWk;
fdthfNt cs;sJ. jdpahH gs;spfspilNa tpahghug; Nghl;b Vw;gLtjhy; NjHTfs;
elj;JtjpYk;> fy;tpia toq;FtjpYk; Nkhrbfs; epfo;j;jg;gLfpd;wd. yQ;rKk;> CoYk;
fy;tpj;Jiwapy; Eioe;J khztHfspd; fy;tpiar; rPuopf;fpd;wJ.
fy;tpahdJ khztdpd; KO MSikiaAk; tsur; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;
jdpahH fy;tp epWtdq;fs; khztHfis kjpg;ngz; ,ae;jpuq;fshf khw;wp
nghJj;NjHTf;Fj; jahuhtJ xd;Nw Fwpf;Nfhs; vdr; nray;gLfpd;wd.
fy;tpapy; jdpahupd; gq;fspg;ig Vw;gjw;fhd jPHT:
tsHe;J tUk; kf;fs; njhifg; ngUf;fj;jpd; tpisthf midtUf;Fk; murhy;
fy;tpia toq;f ,ayhJ. vdNt fy;tpj;Jiwapy; jdpahupd; gq;fspg;G muR
fl;Lg;ghl;LlDk; eilngw Ntz;Lk;. ekJ ehLk; rHtNjr ehLfSld; Nghl;b Nghl;L
Kd;Ndw fy;tpapy; jdpahH gq;fspg;G %yk; ey;y jukhd fy;tpAk;> Ntiy tha;g;Gk;
khztHfSf;Ff; fpilf;f tha;g;Gs;sJ.
jdpahH fy;tp epWtdq;fis mDkjpg;gNjhL kl;Lk; muR epd;W tplhky; muR
me;epWtdq;fisj; njhlHe;J fz;fhzpj;J tu Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; gpd;tUk;
gupe;Jiufisf; $wp mtw;iwj; jdpahH epWtdq;fs; ruptug; gpd;gw;w Mtz nra;a
Ntz;Lk;.
gupe;Jiufshtd:
nghUsPl;Ltij xd;iwNa Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;L efug; gFjpfspy; kl;LNk
nray;gLk; jdpahH fy;tp epWtdq;fs; fpuhkq;fspYk; mjpfstpy; gs;spfisj; jpwf;fr;
nra;jy;. gs;spapd; vy;yh tFg;GfspYk; Fwpg;gpl;l tpOf;fhL Vio khztHfSf;F
xJf;fp mtHfsplk; kpff;Fiwe;j fy;tpf; fl;lzj;ij t#ypj;jy;. MrpupaHfspd; jFjp>
khj Cjpak;> khztH-MrpupaH tpfpjk; cs;spl;ltw;iw muR fy;tpj;JiwNa epHzak;
nra;J mjidj; jdpahH epWtdq;fs; filgpbf;fpd;wdth? vd;gij cWjp nra;jy;.
caH fy;tpapy; fpuhkg;Gw khztHfSf;Ff; Fwpg;gpl;l msT ,l xJf;fL P nra;J mit
jdpahH fy;Y}upfspy; rupahfg; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwjh? vdf; fz;fhzpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
fy;tpapd; kPJ jdpahHkakhf;fspd; jhf;fk;
 jdpahH %yk; ,e;jpahtpd; caHfy;tp Njitia rkhspf;fyhk;.
 jdpahH gy;fiyfofq;fNshL murpdH gy;fiyfofq;fs; ,ide;J Nghl;bapl;L
nray;gLtjhy; fy;tpj;jj juk; caUk;.
 juKs;s ehl;L eyd; fUJk; caHfy;tp epWtdq;fis murhq;fk; typAWj;jp
mikf;f tha;g;Gs;sJ.
 juk; Fiwe;j jdpahH epWtdq;fs; murpdhy; jLj;J epWj;j tha;g;Gs;sjhy;
jukhf nray;gl Kw;gLk;.
 jdpahH epWtdq;fSf;F mjpf Rje;jpuk; nfhLg;gJ caHfy;tpapy; Mjpf;fk;
Vw;gl;L juk; Fiwa tha;g;Gs;sJ.
 jdpahH JiwapdH gzpGupAk; MrpupaHfSf;F rupahd Cjpak; nfhLf;fhky;
,Ug;gjhYk; juk; Fiwa tha;g;Gs;sJ.
 ,e;jpahtpy; muR epjp cjtp ngWk; fy;Y}upfspy; fl;lha epjp t#y; nra;tJ
fhzg;gLk;.
Foe;ij tsHr;rp kPJ jdpahHkakhf;fy; nfhs;if :
cs;ehl;Lg; ghJfhg;G> ,uhZtk;> ntspAwT> epjp jtpu ehl;bd; ngUk;ghyhd
Jiwfs; midj;jpYk;> jdpahH gq;Nfw;igg; ngUkstpy; mDkjpg;gijNa
jdpahHkakhf;fy; vd;fpNwhk;.
ehl;bd; eyj;ijNa Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,e;jpah> 1950 Kjy; 1990 tiu
XusT jdpahH Jiwf;F ,lkspj;jhYk;> jkJ fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fs;NsNa mjd;
nray;ghLfis itj;jpUe;jJ. jfty; njhopy; El;g tsHr;rp fhuzkhf ,e;jpahTk;
cyf ehLfSld; jkJ nghUshjhu epiyapy; <LnfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;jpy;>
jdpahH Jiwapy; jkJ jhuhskakhf;fy; nfhs;ifia tYg;gLj;jpaJ.
,jd; tpisT ,e;jpa r%fj;jpy; Foe;ijfs; Kjy; ngupatH tiuapYk;> rpW njhopy;
Kjy; ngU thzpfk; tiuapYk;> jdpahs; gz;G Kjy; $l;lhz;ikg; gz;G tiuapYk;
gytpj jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. jdpahHkakhjy; Foe;ijfspd; fy;tp tsHr;rp
MSik tsHr;rp> mwpT tsHr;rp> gz;ghl;L tsHr;rp Mfpatw;wpy; gytpj tpisTfis
Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd. fy;tpapy; jdpahHkakhf;fy; juk;> rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; fw;gpj;jYf;Fk;
fw;g;gpNghUf;Fk; fw;wYf;Fr; rhjfkhd #o;epiyfis cUthf;FfpwJ. #o;epiyapd;
Njitf;Nfw;g fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfis khw;wpaikj;jy;> ngw;NwhHfspd; jpUg;jpf;Fk;>
Foe;ijfspd; tpUg;gj;jpw;Fk; Vw;g tFg;giwr; #oiy mikg;gJ jdpahHkakhf;fypd;
tpisNtahFk;.
jdpahHkakhf;fy; tpisTfs;
 jdpahH fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; ngw;NwhHfs; fy;tpf;fl;lzk; mjpfk; nrYj;jpg;
gbf;f itg;gjhy;> Foe;ijfsplk; nghWg;G mjpfupj;J fy;tpapy; Kidg;G
Vw;gLfpwJ.
 jdpahH fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; Foe;ij ikaf; fy;tpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
mspg;gjhy;> MrpupaH- khztH cwT neUf;fkhfpwJ.
 jdpahHkakhjypdhy; gs;spf; fl;ilg;G trjp> gy;NtW rpwg;GfSld;
mikf;fg;gLfpwJ. gs;spfspy; ePr;ry; mbf;fg; gapw;rp mspg;gJ> jw;fhg;Gf;
fiyfSf;Fg; gapw;rp mspg;gJ> tpUg;Gk; me;epa nkhopfisf; fw;f tha;g;gspj;jy;
Nghd;wtw;why;> Foe;ijfspd; MSikj;jpwd; tsHr;rpailfpwJ.
 jdpahHkakhjypy; gzpj;jpwd; mbg;gilapNyNa Kd;Ndw;wk; fhzKbAk; vd;gij
khztHfs; mDgtf; g+Htkhff; fw;gjhy;> jd;Kidg;Gld; nraypy; <LgLk;
kdg;ghd;ikiag; ngWfpd;wdH.
 jdpahHkakhjypy; jdpahs; kjpg;Gg; Nghw;wg;gLtjhy;> Foe;ijfs; jq;fs;
nghUg;Gilikia czHfpd;wdH.
 jdpahHkakhjypy; gilg;ghw;wYf;F Kd;Dupik mspg;gjhy;> Foe;ijfspd;
Mf;Fikj;jpwd; mtHfs; tpUk;Gk; Jiwapy; tpaj;jF tifapy; ntspg;gLfpwJ.
 jdpahHkakhjypy; Muha;r;rpf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jUtjhy;> Foe;ijfspilNa
fhuz-fhupa rpe;jpj;jy; jpwDk; gFj;jhuhAk; jpwDk; tsHfpd;wd.
 jfty; njhopy; El;gj; Jiwapy; jdpahH Jiwapd; gq;fspg;G mgupjkhf
,Ug;gjhy;> mjid gad;gLj;Jk; tha;g;Gg;ngw;w Foe;ijfs kPj;jpwk; kpf;Nfhuhf
tsHfpd;wdH.
 jdpahHkakhjypy; gpd;D}l;lk; clDf;Fld; fpilg;gjhy;> fw;wy; tYg;ngWfpwJ.
 jdpahHkakhjypy; Foe;ijfs; cl;fhl;rp topf;fw;wypy; jq;fs; fw;wiy
Nkk;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. mjhtJ gpur;ridapd; KOg; gupkhzj;ijAk; Ra
mDgtq;fs; thapyhff; fz;Lzuf; $ba Mw;wiyg; ngWfpd;wdH.
vjpHkiw tpisTfs;
 ,yhg Nehf;fpy; jdpahHkak; cs;sjhy;> mNj kdg;ghd;ik Foe;ijfspilNa
tsHfpwJ. mjhtJ vr;nraiyf; nra;jhYk;> mjpy; jdf;F vd;d Mjhak;
cs;sJ vd;W Foe;ijfs; rpe;jpf;fpd;wdH.
 Foe;ijfspilNa Vw;wj;jho;tpidf; fw;gpf;fpwJ.
 jdpahHkakhf;fj;jhy;> nry;thf;F cilNahH vf;fhupaj;ijAk; rhjpf;f KbAk;
vd;w jg;ngz;zj;ij tsHj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdH.
MrpupaH gq;F
 MrpupaH jj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jiy epfo;j;j Ntz;Lk;.
 jdpahH kakhjypy; mwptpay; fy;tpf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jug;gLtjhy;>
mjDld; ,izj;Nj mwnewpf;fy;tpiaAk; Foe;ijfSf;Fg; Gfl;l Ntz;Lk;.
 jdpahHkakhjy; nghJeyj;jpid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf> vd;w kdg;ghd;ikiaf;
Foe;ijfSf;F cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.
10.6.3. cyfkakhf;fy; (Globalization)

“vd;d tsk; ,y;iy ,e;jj; jpUehl;by; Vd; ifia Ve;j Ntz;Lk; ntspehl;by;?
xOq;fha; ghLgL taf;fhl;by; caUk; cd; kjpg;G may;ehl;by;!" vj;jid Mz;Lfs;
cUz;NlhbdhYk;> vj;jid E}w;whz;Lfs; fle;jhYk; mopahj fy;ntl;lhf vd;Wk;
epiyj;J epw;Fk; cz;ik tupfs; ,g;ghly; tupfs;. cyfkakhjiy ,ijtpl njspthf
xU ghlypd; gy;ytpapy; ,e;jpa ehl;bd; nry;tr; nropg;igAk; cyfkakhjy; vd;Dk;
nfhs;ifia mjd; tpisTfNshL vLj;Jf;$wpa ftpQupd; tupfs; fhyj;jhy; mopahj
fhtpak;. ,g;ghly; tupfis ehk; njspthfg; Gupe;J nfhz;lhNy cyfkakhjy; vd;why;
vd;d vd;W njs;sj;njspthf tpsq;fptpLk;.
,jid ,d;Dk; njspthf tpsf;f Ntz;Lnkdpy;> cd; tPl;by; ,Ue;J muprp
vLj;J th> ehd; vd; tPl;by; ,Ue;J ckp vLj;J tUfpNwd;> ehk; ,uz;ilAk; xd;whf
fye;J Cjp Cjp rhg;gpLNthk;. ,Jjhd; mg;gl;lkhd cyfkakhjy;. Kjyhspj;Jt
ehLfs; ek;ikg; Nghd;w tsHe;J tUk; ehLfis ,g;gbj;jhd; Vkhw;wp tUfpd;wd. xU
ehl;ilNa Vkhw;wp murpay; thjpfSk;> Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfSk; Vw;wk; ngUk;
nfhs;ifjhd; "cyfkakhjy;".
cyfkakhjy; - nghUs; :
cyfkakhjy; vd;gijg; nghUshjhuj; njhlHgpy; gad;gLj;jj; njhlq;fpaJ
1981k; Mz;by; jhd;. tsHe;J tUk; ehLfSf;F caHe;j tho;f;ifj; juj;ijAk;>
tsj;ijAk; nfhz;L tUfpd;wJ vd;gJk; Kjy; cyf ehLfSf;Fk;> %d;whk; cyf
ehLfSf;Fk; epjp tsj;ijg; ngUf;f cjTfpwJ vd;gJ xU rhuhupd; fUj;J. kw;nwhU
fUj;J nghUshjhu> r%f> #oy; mbg;gilapy; cyfkakhjiy xU vjpH kiwahd
fUj;jhf mikfpwJ. ,jd;gb cyfkakhjy; tsHe;J tUfpd;w ehLfspd; cupikfis
eRf;FfpwJ vd;Wk; tsk; tUk; vd;W epidj;j Ntisapy; nfhs;is yhgk; <l;LtijNa
Nehf;fkhf nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;Wk; nghUs; nfhs;syhk;.
cyfkakhjy; vd;Dk; nrhy; %d;W tpjq;fspy; nghUs; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; njhiyJ}u njhlHgpy; Vw;gl;l gpuk;kpf;fjf;f Kd;Ndw;wjhy;@
 cyfj;jpy; cs;s ehLfSf;fpilNaahd njhiyT RUq;fp mtw;wpw;fpilNa
cw;gj;jp nra;j nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; epjp trjpf;fhd re;ij cyfshtpa mstpy;
mike;jply;.
 Vw;WkjpfSf;fhd midj;J jilfSk; ePf;fg;gl;L xt;nthU ehl;L nghUSk; gpw
ehl;L re;ijfspy; vspjpy; nrd;wiljy;.
 Ntshz; tpiynghUl;fs;> njhopw;rhiyfspy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; nghUl;fs;
Nghd;wit mwpTrhH nghUshfTk;> ehl;bd; nghUshjhuj;ij jPHkhdpf;Fk;
$WfshfTk; mikfpwJ>
cyfkakhjYf;fhd fhuzpfs;
 jdpahH kakhf;fk; nfhs;if tsik ngw;wJ.
 jhuhskakhf;fk; nfhs;if vOr;rp ngw;wJ.
 EfHNthHkak; tuNtw;G ngw;wJ.
 mwptpay; kl;lUk; njhopy;El;g Gul;rpapd; tpistha; Fiwe;j nrytpy; nghUl;fs;
cw;gj;jp.
 jfty; njhlHG Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l mgupkpjkhd tsHr;rp.
cyfkakhjYk; gz;ghLk;:
cyfkakhjy; ,d;W cyfk; KOtJk; gutptpl;l fhw;W Nghy Rw;wptUfpwJ.
cyfj;jpd; gy ehLfspd; ghuk;gupakpf;f gy gz;ghLfis fhzhky; Nghfr; nra;tjpy;
,e;j nfhs;if ngUk;gq;F Mw;wp tUfpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf ghuk;gupaj;jpy; rpwe;J
tpsq;fpa ek; ,e;jpa ehL ,d;W> tsq;fis ,bj;J> gz;ghl;ilf; fisj;J> kdpj
Neaj;ij tpLj;J gzk; xd;iwNa Fwpf;Nfhsha;f; nfhz;L nrayhw;wp tUk;
cyfkakhjy; nfhs;ifapd; rpy tpisTfis ,q;F fhzyhk;.
tpisTfs;
cyfkak; vd;w Nfhl;ghl;bw;F Vuhskhd mk;rq;fs; cz;L. Mdhy; ,q;F>
nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffs; rhHe;j mk;rq;fis ,q;F fhzyhk;. nghUshjhuuPjpapy;
cyfkak; vd;gjw;F fPo;f;fz;l ,uz;L Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; cz;L.
 ruf;F ,wf;Fkjp kw;Wk; Vw;Wkjp rhHe;j fl;Lg;ghLfis ePf;fp> “Rje;jpu" gd;dhl;L
tHj;jfj;ij Cf;Ftpg;gJ. ehl;bd; nghUshjhuj;ij ,e;j tifapy; gd;dhl;L
tzpfj;jpw;F KOikahf jpwe;J tpLtJ. ,J nghUl;fSf;Fk; NritfSf;Fk;
nghUe;Jk;.
 epjptbtpy; %yjdj;ij ehl;Lf;Fs;Ns tuTk; mjd; tpUg;g;g;gb ehl;il tpl;L
ntspNa nry;yTk; jq;Fjilapd;wp mDkjpg;gJ.
Kjy; mk;rk; tsUk; ehLfspd; njhopy; tsHr;rpf;Fg; ngUk; rthyhf mikAk;.
rkj;Jtk; mw;w gd;dhl;Lr; re;ijfspy; Rje;jpu tHj;jfk; vd;gJ tsUk; ehLfSf;F rk
MLfskhf ,Uf;fhJ. ,wf;Fkjp kPjhd fl;Lg;ghLfis ePf;FtJk; my;yJ ePHj;Jg;
Nghfr; nra;tJk; ,wf;Fkjp tupfisf; Fiwg;gJk; tsUk; ehLfspd; re;ijfis
ifg;gw;w gd;dhl;L ngUk; fk;gdpfSf;F tha;g;ghfNt mikAk;. Rje;jpu tHj;jfk; NgRk;
tsHe;j Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfs; gy fhuzq;fis Kd;itj;J tsUk; ehLfspypUe;J
nghUl;fis ,wf;Fkjp nra;tij jtpHg;ghHfs; vd;W mDgtk; ghlk; Gfl;LfpwJ.
cyh tUk; epjp %yjdk;
cyfkak; vd;gjd; ,uz;lhtJ nghUshjhu mk;rk; epjp %yjdk;
jq;Fjilapd;wp ehLfspd; vy;iyfisj; jhz;b jd; tpUg;gg;gb gazpg;gJ vd;gjhFk;.
xU ehl;bd; nghUshjhu nfhs;iffisg; nghWj;jtiuapy;> ,Jjhd; cyfkaj;jpd; kpf
Kf;fpa mk;rk;. Vndd;why;> ntspehLfspy; ,Ue;J epjpahf %yjdk; xU ehl;Lf;Fs;Ns
jd; tpUg;gg;gb Eioayhk;. mNjNghy; ntspNawyhk; vd;w epiy Vw;gLk; nghOJ me;j
ehL jdJ nghUshjhu nfhs;iffis jd; Njitf;F Vw;wthW mikj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;
mjpfhuj;ij fzprkhd mstpw;F ,of;fpwJ. muR xU nghUshjhu eltbf;ifia
Nkw;nfhz;lhy; epjp %yjdk; mij vg;gb ghHf;Fk; vd;gijg; gw;wp muRfs;
ftiyg;gLk; epiy cUthfpwJ. murpd; eltbf;if Vw;GilaJ my;y vd;W
epjp%yjdk; fUjpdhy; mJ ehl;iltpl;L jdJ gzj;ij vLj;Jf;nfhz;L NtW
ehLfspd; epjpr;re;ijfSf;Fr; nrd;WtpLk; vd;w mr;rj;jpNyNa muRfs; nray;gLk;
epiy cUthfpwJ. ,jdhy; murpd; tuT-nryT nfhs;iffs; epjp%yjdj;ij
jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpNyNa mikfpd;wd. ,jpy; xU kpfg; ngupa [dehaf kWg;G
mk;rk; cs;sJ. epjp %yjdj;jpw;F cyif cyhtUk; cupikiaf; nfhLj;J tpl;ljd;
tpisthf> NjHjy; Neuq;fspy; kf;fs; eyd;fhf;Fk; tifapy; muR tuTnryT mikAk;
vd;W thf;FWjp nfhLj;J tpl;L> Ml;rpf;F te;jTld; f[hdh fhyp> tuTnryT
,ilntsp $bdhy; epjp%yjdk; ehl;iltpl;L ntspNa Ngha;tpLk; vd;W thjpLtJ
tof@fkhfp tpl;lJ.
epjp %yjdk;> Fwpg;ghf me;epa %yjdk;> tuNtw;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk;> mjd;
kPJ fl;Lg;ghLfs; tpjpf;ff; $lhJ vd;gJk; cyfkak; vd;gjd; Kf;fpa mk;rk;. Mdhy;
xU ehl;Lf;Fs; me;epa %yjdj;ij <Hg;gjw;F ,J kl;Lk; NghjhJ. Vndd;why;>
gd;dhl;L %yjdk; cyfpy; vq;F Ntz;LkhdhYk; nry;yyhNk. vdNt> mjid xU
ehl;Lf;Fs; <Hf;f tupr;rYiffs; cs;spl;l gy rYiffisf; nfhLf;f Ntz;ba
epHg;ge;jk; Vw;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW me;epa %yjdj;jpw;F rYiffs; mspj;jhy; cs;ehl;L
KjyhspfSf;Fk; mNj rYiffis mspf;f Ntz;ba epHg;ge;jKk; Vw;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy;
muRf;F Vw;gLk; tup tUkhd ,og;ig <Lfl;b> tuTnryT gw;whf;Fiwia tuk;Gf;Fs;
epWj;j> ciof;Fk; kf;fSf;Fr; Nru Ntz;ba khdpaq;fis ntl;LtNj MAjkhfpwJ.
fy;tpapy; cyfkakhjypd; jhf;fk; (Impact of Globalisation on Education)

 cyfkakhjypd; ,e;jpa fy;tp ed;ik ngw Ntz;Lkhdhy; kdpj rf;jpapy;
typik ngw Ntz;Lk;.
 ,e;jpa fy;tp epWtdq;fSk;> mit toq;Fk; gl;lq;fSk; ehL fle;J mq;fPfhuk;
fpilf;Fk; nghJ jhd; ,e;jpah cyfkakhjypd; gaid ngw KbAk;.
 ,e;jpa epWtdq;fspd; jiyik nghWg;gpw;F jpwikapd; mbg;gilapy;
ve;ehl;ltiuAk; gzpapy; mkHj;jj; jahuhapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 njhiyJ}u fy;tp thapyhf tsHe;j ehLfspypUe;J jFjp Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf Nghjpa
mwpit ngw tha;g;Gfs; ,Ue;Jk; mjid gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s mwpTk;
njhopy;El;gKk; ,q;F ,y;iy.
 ek; ehl;bd; kPjhd tsHe;j ehLfspd; Mjpf;fj;ij rkd; nra;a ek; ehl;L
epWtdq;fs; gpw ehl;L nghUl;fisAk; NritiaAk; ek; ehl;L fyhr;rhuj;jpw;F
Vw;wJ Nghy; khw;wp ,e;jpaHfspd; EfHTf;F toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
 cyfkakhjypd; rpy tpUk;gj;jfhj tpisTfspypUe;J kf;fis fhf;f
murhq;fj;jpd; jiyaPL mtrpak;.
 ehLfSf;fpilahd Kiwaw;w Nghl;b epfo;tij rHtNjr KftHfs; fy;tpia
cUthf;Ftjd; tpjpfisAk;> topKiwfisAk; khw;w Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk;
tsUk; kw;Wk; tsHe;j ehLfs; ,ize;J nray;gLtJ Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLk;.
 jw;NghJ cyfpy; Ngrg;gl;L tUk; jhuhskakhjy;> jdpahHkakhjy; kw;Wk;
cyfkakhjy; Nghd;w nfhs;iffspd; gad;fis mDgtpf;f ehk; nghUshjhu
uPjpahfTk; fyhrhu uPjpahfTk; Maj;jg;gLj;JtNj MFk;.
 ,lkhw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F fy;tp kpf Kf;fpakhd rhjdk; MFk;. vdpDk;
vq;Fk; cyfkakhFk; ,e;ehspy; fy;tp fw;gpNghuhy; epHzapf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. jdp
kdpjDk; FOf;fSk; fy;tpia cWjp nra;fpwJ.
 cyfkakhjypd; gaid ehk; mila Ntz;Lk; vd;why; ,e;jpahtpy; fy;tp
epWtdq;fs; toq;f$ba gl;lq;fs;> gpw ehLfspd; Vw;g@igAk; ngwf;$bajhf
mika Ntz;Lk;.
cyfkakhjypdhy; fw;wypy; Vw;gLk; jhf;fk;
 tpiuthd tsHr;rpia rkPg fhykhf fz;Ls;s cyfkakhd nghUshjhu mwpT
ngUf;fj;ij rkhspf;f cyfkakhd fy;tpapd; mtrpak; vd;gij ek; ehL
mwpe;Js;sJ.
 ,jdhy; kpd;fw;wy;> fw;wypy; nefpOk; jd;ik> njhiy epiyf;fy;tp kw;Wk;
gd;dhl;L gapw;rp gl;liwfs; Vw;gl;L mwpT tsHr;rp Vw;gLk;.
 21-k; E}w;whz;Lf;fhd fy;tp vd;gJ Nghl;bAld; $ba jhuhs re;ijkak;
mbg;gilapy; fy;tp miktjhy; cyfkakhjy; Njitg;gLfpwJ.
 juKs;sJk; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; kdpjts Nkk;ghL mika tha;g;Gs;sJ.
 jfty;njhlHG njhopy;El;gj;ij gad;gLj;jp fy;tpapy; cw;gj;jp rhHe;j
gupkhzj;ij ju tha;g;Gs;sJ.
 cyfkakhjy; njhopy;El;gj;jhYk;> mwpT tsHr;rpahYk; ,aq;Fk;
nray;ghlhdjhy; ek; ehl;bd; nghUshjhuk; Kd;Ndw;wk; mila tha;g;Gs;sJ.
 cyf ehLfspilNa mjpf ,iltpid nfhz;l fy;tp fpilg;gjhy; mwpTg;guty;
Vw;gLk;.
 tpahghu fy;tpapYk; Nkyhz;ik fy;tpapYk; mjpf mOj;jk; fpilg@gjhy;
,e;jj@Jiwfspy; mjpf Ntiytha;gG
; Vw;gLfpwJ.
 fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g mike;j fy;tpapd; fiyj;jpl;lj;Jld; $ba cyfj;juk; tha;e;j
nra;Kiw fy;tpAk; fpilf;f VJthfpwJ.
cyf kakhjYk; mjd; tpisTfSk; (Globalization and its Effects)
nghUshjhuk;:
1955k; Mz;Lf;Fk; 2007k; Mz;Lf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; cw;gj;jpg;
nghUl;fspd; gd;dhl;L tzpfk; 100 klq;Ff;F Nkyhf mjpfupj;J cs;sJ. 21k;
E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; tpuptile;j tzpfk; me;epa KjyPL> me;epa nrythzp vd
vz;zw;w fhuzq;fshy; xt;nthU ehSk; 1.5 bupy;ypad; mnkupf;f lhyHfs;
ngWkjpahd gy ehl;L ehza tzpfk; eilngWfpwJ. tzpfg; Nghl;bfSf;Fj; jhf;Fg;
gpbf;f cyf tzpfr; re;ijapy; gy epWtdq;fs; Nghl;bg; Nghl;Lf;nfhz;L nghUshjhuj;
re;ijfis gpbf;f cyfkakhjiy ek;gp kf;fis Vkhw;wp tUfpd;wd. gy ehLfis
tWikapypUe;J kPl;gjw;F cyfkakhjy; xU fUtp vd;W tsHe;j ehLfs; $Wfpd;wd.
Mdhy; cz;ikapy; tsUk; ehLfspd; nghUshjhuj;ij mopj;J ehl;bid kl;LNk
Kd;Ndw;wg; ghijapy; nfhz;L nry;fpd;wd.
ntspNaw;wg;gLk; kdpj ciog;G:
mnkupf;fhtpy; cs;s 31% kUj;JtHfs; ,e;jpaHfs;> 36% njhopy; ty;YeHfs;
,e;jpaHfs;> 55% NgH jfty; njhopy; El;gj;jpy; gzpahw;wp tUfpd;wdH. jq;fs;
ciog;ig me;epa ehl;Lf;fhf nrytpLfpd;wdH. fhuzk; tskhd Cjpak;> nry;tr;
nropg;G. xt;nthU ,e;jpa khztHfspd; fdT mnkupf;fhtpy; Ntiy tha;g;gpid ngw
Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj MFk;.
tzpfk;:
cyf ehLfs; gy ,e;jpahit xU tzpfr; re;ij vd;w xU ghHitapNy
ghHf;fpd;wd. ek; ehl;L tsq;fis cwpQ;rp gpd; mjid ekf;Nf tpw;gid nra;fpd;wd.
Nfh-Nfh Nfhyh xU ghl;by; jahupg;gjw;F 100 ypl;lH jz;zPH cwpQ;rg;gLfpwJ.
"nts;isjhd; moFjhd;" vd;W ek; ,e;jpag; ngz;fis %is ryit nra;J
myq;fhur; re;ijfis ek; ehl;by; jpwe;J fWg;G mofpy;iy vd;W ek;ik ek;g
itf;fpd;wd. cyf mofpg; Nghl;bfSk;> ntw;wpahsHfSk; vd;gJk; ngUk; tzpf
murpay; MFk;.
EfHTf; fyhr;rhuk;:
kf;fspd; EfHTf; fyhr;rhuNk xU ehl;bd; nghUshjhuj;jpd; mbg;gil. Mdhy;
cyfkakhjy; fhuzkhf kf;fs; cs;ehl;L nghUl;fis kwe;Jtpl;L ntspehl;L
nghUl;fspd; kPJ Nkhfk; nfhz;L tho;fpd;wdH. Cl;lr;rj;J epiwe;j ek; czT
tiffs;> Pizza, KFC, gHfH vd;w me;epa nghUl;fspd; Kd;dhy; mope;J Ngha;tpl;lJ.
,jdhy; MNuhf;fpak; epiwe;j ek; kf;fs; ,d;W kUj;JtHfspd; gpd;dhy; Xbf;nfhz;L
,Uf;fpd;wdH. NkYk; juk; Fiwe;j irdhg; nghUl;fs; ek; re;ijia Mf;fpukpj;Jf;
nfhz;L ek; ,e;jpa nghUl;fis ntspNaw;Wfpd;wd. ,jdhy; gy njhopyhsHfs;>
iftpid fiyQHfs; Ntiy tha;g;gpid ,oe;J tWikapy; thLfpd;wdH.
fs;sr;re;ij:
cyfkakhjypd; fhuzkhf 2010k; Mz;by; cyfg; Nghijg; nghUs;> tzpfk;
Mz;L xd;Wf;F 320 gpy;ypad; mnkupf;f lhyH tUkhdk; ngw;wJ vd If;fpa ehLfs;
mYtyfk; mwptpj;Js;sJ. mwpa %ypif Fzk; nfhz;l jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs; vd
xt;nthd;Wk; fs;sr; re;ijapy; tpw;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;nfd Kiwahd tpjpKiwfNsh>
jzpf;iffNsh fpilahJ. ,jdhy; gy ehLfspd; nghUshjhuk; mope;J tUfpd;wd.
gz;ghL:
xU nkhop mope;J tpl;lhNy mjd; gz;ghL> fyhr;rhuk; vd rfyKk;
mope;JtpLk;. cyfpd; 35% fbjq;fs;> je;jpfs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; nkhop Mq;fpyk;. cyfpd;
40% thndhyp epfo;r;rpfs; Mq;fpyj;jpy; eilngWfpd;wd. ,izaj;jpYk; Mq;fpyNk
Kjd;ik nkhopahfj; jpfo;fpwJ. cyfj; njhlHGfis cUthf;Fk; mNj Ntisapy; gy
gz;ghl;Lf; fyhr;rhuq;fspd; MzpNtiuNa mopj;Jtpl;lJ. jha;nkhopapy; NgRtJ
mrpq;fk;> mtkhdk; vd;W epidf;Fk; rKjhaj;jpy; tho;e;J tUfpNwhk;. Edp ehf;fpy;
Mq;fpyk; Ngr Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ,d;iwa ,isa jiyKiwapdH> ngw;NwhHfspd; fdT.
cyfkakhjypd; gq;F ,d;wpaikahjJ.
Foe;ij tsHr;rp kPJ cyfkakhf;fy; nfhs;if
cyfkakhjy;
cyf ehLfspd; nray;ghLfshd cw;gj;jp> Vw;Wkjp-,wf;Fkjp> mtw;wpw;fhd
re;ijapLjy;> gzg; guptHj;jidr; nray;ghLfs;> fy;tp> fiyj;jpl;lk;> tq;fpf;
nfhs;iffs;> fyhr;rhuk;> gz;ghL Nghd;w midj;J elntbf;iffSk; gd;dhl;L mstpy;
midtUk; njupe;J nfhz;L> mtw;Wld; ,iltpidahw;wNy ~cyfkakhjy;’ vdg;gLk;.
,jw;Fg; Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; jfty; njhlHG njhopy; El;gj; Jiwfspd; Jupj
tsHr;rpAk;> mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jj; njupe;J nfhz;l kf;fspd; fy;tpawpTk; Kf;fpaf;
fhuzq;fshf mikfpd;wd.
NkYk; muRfspd; ~jhuskakhf;fy;|> ~jdpahH kakhf;fy;| Nghd;w nfhs;iffSk;
EfHNthHkaKk; cyfkakhjYf;F tYt+l;LfpwJ. ,jdhy; cyfehLfSf;F
,ilNaahd njhiyT RUq;fp> neUf;fk; mjpfkhfpAs;sJ cyfkakhjy; vd;w nrhy;
1980,y; Kjd;Kjypy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpahtpy; Foe;ij tsHr;rpapd; kPJ cyfkakhf;fypd; tpisTfs;
md;whl tho;tpy; Foe;ijfspd; nray;ghLfs; cyfkakhjy; nray;ghl;Lld;
njhlHg;Gg;gLj;jgl;Ls;sJ. vt;thnwdpy;> fzpdp kw;Wk; gpw jfty; njhlHg;G
rhjdq;fspd; %yk; njhlHg;G nfhz;Lk;> ,iza jsk;> nraw;iff;Nfhs;> je;jpfk;gp
Nghd;w Clq;fs; topNa jfty;fisj; njuptpj;jy;> kw;Wk; gupkhwpf; nfhs;Sjy; %yKk;
Foe;ijfspilNa cyfkakhjy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
tpisTfs;
 Nkw;fj;jpa ehfupfj;ijg; gpd;gw;Wjy;> kw;Wk; cs;ehl;Lf; fyhr;rhu
kjpg;GfSf;Nfw;g Nkw;fj;jpa fyhr;rhu kjpg;GfSf;F ,lk;jUjy; (jpUkz
tpUe;jpy; ghuk;gupa czTld;> rhz;l;tpl;r;> gh];jh E}Ly;]; vdg; gpwehl;L
czT tiffSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jUjiyf; Fwpf;fpwJ)
 cly; eyk;> czT jhdpaq;fs;> fy;tp vd kj;jpa khepy murpd; nghUshjhuf;
nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; mjd; khw;wq;fs; cyfkakhjy; nfhs;ifAld; njhlHG
nfhz;bUg;gjhy;> mJ Foe;ijfspd; eyj;ij Neha; thapyhfNth> Cl;lr;rj;Jf;
FiwghL thapyhfNth> cly; gUkd; mjpfupg;G thapyhfNth jhf;fj;jpid
Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
 Foe;ijfSf;fhd cupikfs; gw;wp> Foe;ijfs; njhpe;J nfhs;fpd;wdH.
 cyfkakhjypdhy; Cl;lr;rj;J epiy> cly; eyk;> gs;spapy; NrHj;jy; kw;Wk;
fy;tp milT> FLk;gk; ,lg;ngaHT kw;Wk; tUtha; Nghd;w r%ff; fhuzpfshy;
Vw;gLk; ghjpg;gpdhy;> cstpay; uPjpahfr; rpy khWgl;l elj;ijfisf; Foe;ijfs;
ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdH.
 FLk;g cWg;gpdHfspd; elj;ijkhw;wq;fs; Foe;ijfspd; r%f kd czHr;rpiag;
ghjpf;fpwJ.
 fiyj;jpl;lk;> fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; Nghd;wit Foe;ijikaf; fw;wyhf
cUg;ngw;Ws;sJ.
 cyfkakhjy; Foe;ijfspd; tWik epiy> fy;tp tpfpjk;> nghJr; nryT>
Foe;ijfSf;F cz;lhFk; fhak; Nghd;wtw;wpw;fhd kUj;Jt rpfpr;ir> Foe;ij
td;nfhLik kw;Wk; Gwf;fzpg;G Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wpa tpopg;GzHT ngwr;
nra;fpwJ.
 Foe;ijfSf;Ff; fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g mwpTj;jpwid tsHj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;
kdg;gf;Ftj;ij mspf;fpwJ.
 Foe;ijfspd; fy;tp> kpd;dpay; kakhf;fg;gl;L> ,iza topf; fw;wy; mjpfupf;fj;
njhlq;fpAs;sjhy; kdg;ghlk; nra;jy; epiy khwp> Njitg;gLk; jfty;fisj;
jhNd Njbj; ngWjy;> ngw;w jfty;fspypUe;J nghUj;jkhdtw;iwf; NjHT nra;J>
mwpitf; fl;likj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; vd khw;wk; fz;Ls;sJ.
 Foe;ijfsplj;jpy; ~tpisTwh rpe;jpj;jiy| jUfpwJ.
 Foe;ijfsplj;jpy; Kad;W-jtwpf; fw;wy; gz;ig tsHf;fpwJ.
 nghUshjhu tsHr;rp> Nkw;fj;jpa fyhr;rhuk;> njhopy; El;g tsHr;rp Mfpatw;why;
fw;wy; fUtpfis gad;LJtjpy; MHtj;ijj; J}z;LfpwJ.
 Foe;ijfspd; jha; nkhopAld;> Mq;fpynkhopAk; tsk;ngw cjTfpwJ.
 Foe;ijfspd; mwpT> jpwd;fs;> fw;wy; nray;ghL Mfpatw;wpy; khw;wk; nfhz;L
tug;gl;Ls;sJ.
 Foe;ijfspd; kdg;ghd;ik> ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; jdpahs; Ntw;Wik ,tw;wpd; kPJ
ftdk; nfhs;sr; nra;fpwJ.
 Foe;ijfs; jq;fs; tho;tpay; mDgtq;fisg; Gupe;J nfhs;sTk; mtw;iwg;
ngw;NwhHfsplKk;> MrpupaHfsplKk;> ez;gHfs; kw;Wk; xg;ghH FOtpdUlDk;
ntspg;gilahfg; gfpHe;J nfhs;sj; J}z;LfpwJ.
 Foe;ijfs; Ra-tpopg;GzHTld; nray;gl itf;fpwJ.
 gd;dhl;Lf; fyhr;rhuk; Fwpj;j GupjSzHit tsHfpwJ.
 khw;wq;fisg; gFj;jhuhAk; J}z;Ljiy mspf;fpwJ.
 FbngaHjyhy; cz;lhFk; tpistpidg; gpuj;Nafkhf vjpHnfhs;Sk;
kdg;gf;Ftj;ijf; jUfpwJ.
vjpHkiwj; jhf;fq;fs;
 xt;nthU rKjhag; gz;ghl;Lf;Fk; cupa tl;lhu nkhopfs; nry;thf;F ,oj;jy;.
 khztHfs; mwptpy; Nkk;gl;ltHfshapUe;jhYk;> Nkd;ikahd tpOkq;fisAk;
mwnewpfisAk; fw;fhky; Nghtjhy;> r%fj;jpy; newpgpwo; elj;ijfSk;
Fw;wq;fSk; kype;J fhzg;gLjy;.
 Nky;ehl;L Nkhfk; mjpfupg;gjhy;> fy;tp ngw;wtHfs; gd;dhl;L kdg;ghd;ik
nfhz;ltHfshfTk;> goikthjpfs; gaq;futhjj;jpy; <LghL nfhz;ltHfshfTk;
khwptpLjy;.
MrpupaH gq;F
 cyfkakhjypd; epiyiaf; Foe;ijfSf;F ,d;iwa rKjhaj;jpd;> gz;ghl;bd;
mbg;gilapy; Gupe;J nfhs;sr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
 njhopy; El;g tsHr;rpiaf; ifahSk; jpwidf; fw;gpj;J> mjpy; Kfhk;
nfhs;shjthW Foe;ijfisj; jahHgLj;j Ntz;baJ Mrpupaupd; flikahFk;.
 ,t;thW Foe;ijfspd; tsHr;rpapy; jhuhskakhjy;> jdpahHkakhjy;>
cyfkakhjy; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w tpisTfisf; fz;Nlhk;. ,e;epiyapidg; Gupe;J
nfhz;L> tUq;fhy khzt rKjhaj;jpdiuj; jukpF tsHr;rpg; ghijapy; nfhz;L
nrYj;Jk; tifapy;> fw;gpj;jiy epfo;j;j Ntz;baJ Mrpupa - khztHfsJ
flikahFk;.
NkNyhl;lkhf ghHf;Fk;NghJ cyfkakhjy; vd;gJ mUikahd> kpf
,d;wpaikahj nfhs;if Nghd;W Njhd;Wk;. Mdhy; rw;W cw;W Nehf;fpdhy; vspjhf
Gupe;JtpLk;> Njq;fha;Jz;bw;F tiyapy; khl;ba vypfs; vd;W xNuabahf ,e;j
nfhs;if Mgj;jhdJ vd;W nrhy;yptpl KbahJ. ,d;W jfty; njhopy;El;gk;> kw;Wk;
mwptpay; tpQ;Qhd tsHr;rpapy; ek; ehL Kd;Ndw ,f;nfhs;ifNa ngupJk; cjtpaJ!
,d;W ,e;jpah gy ehLfis gpd;Df;Fj; js;sp Kd;Ndwp tUtJ ekf;F ngUikNa!
Mdhy; ek; milahsq;fs; vy;yhk; mope;j gpwF ahUf;fhf> ahUila tsHr;rpf;fhf ek;
Kd;Ndw;wk;? rpe;jpj;jpLNthk;> njspe;jpLNthk;> vdf;nfd;d vd;W xJq;fpr; nry;yhky; ek;
cld;gpwg;GfSf;F Njhs; nfhLg;Nghk;. xU ehs; ek; fdT ehafH APJ. mg;Jy; fyhk;
fz;l fdT epidthf khWk;.
xU ehs; epr;rak; tpbAk;
mJ cd;dhy; kl;LNk KbAk;!
jhuhskahkhjy;> jdpahHkakhjy;> cyfkakhjy; Nghd;witfshy; fy;tpapd; kPJ
Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fs;. fy;tpapd; kPJ jhuhskakhf;fypd; jhf;fj;ij NeHkiw vjpHkiw vd
,U tifgLj;jyhk;.
NeHkiw jhf;fq;fs;
 njhlHe;J cyf ehLfspypUe;J epjp cjtp fpilf;fpwJ.
 epjp cjtp mjpfkhf fpilg;gjhy; fy;tp nryT FiwfpwJ.
 ,e;jpahtpd; nghUshjhu tsHrpf;F cjTfpwJ.
 njhopw;fy;tp ngw;wtHfspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupg;gjhy; njhopy;El;gq;fspd; jd;ik
Nkk;gLfpwJ.
 ntspehLfSf;F nrd;W gbf;f Ntz;ba mtrpaj;ij Vw;gLj;jhky; cs;SupNy
cyf juj;NjhL fw;f cjTfpwJ.
vjpHkiw jhf;fq;fs;
 gd;dhl;L caHfy;tp nfhLf;Fk; epWtdq;fs; newpgLjg;glhjit.
 Kd;Ndwpa ehLfspy; cs;s kjpg;Gkpf;f gy;fiyfofq;fs; mNj juj;Jld; ek;
ehl;bYk; nray;gLk; vd cWjp $w ,ayhJ.
 ek; ehl;by; Coyw;w epHthfj;jpd; %yk; kl;LNk juKs;s gd;dhl;L epWtdk;
juj;Jld; nray;gl ,aYk;.
 vjpHkiw jhf;fj;ij Fiwf;f ekJ ehl;Lg;gw;Wk;> kf;fSf;fhd njhz;Lk; kpf
mtrpak;.

Childhood and Growing Up

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Childhood and Growing Up

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myF 1

Foe;ijapd; tsHr;rpAk; Kd;Ndw;wKk;

1. tsHr;rp cUg;ngUf;fj;jhy; capupapd; mikg;gpYk;> nray;ghl;bYk;> Vw;gLk;

2. tsHr;rpia Gwtaj;jd;ikNahL Kd;Ndw;wk; juj;NjhL njhlHGilajhy;> Jy;ypakhf

3. tho;ehs; KOtJk; tsHr;rp Kd;Ndw;wk; tho;ehs; KOtJk; njhlHe;J

5. clypd; gy ghfq;fspy; tsHr;rp capupapd; ,af;fj;jpy; Vw;gLk; xl;Lnkhj;j

6. tsHr;rp Fwpg;gpl;l jpiriaf; Kd;Ndw;wk; tupirf;fpukkhdJk;>

7. tsHr;rp tpfpjk; tho;f;ifapd; vy;yh Kd;Ndw;w tpfpjk; tho;f;ifapd; vy;yh

8. tsHr;rpapy; jdpahs; Ntw;Wikfs; gy;tif Kd;Ndw;wq;fspy; - cly;> mwpT>

9. tsHr;rp> kugpdhy; ngupJk; fw;wy;> mDgtq;fSk; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijj;

1.7 kuG kw;Wk; #o@epiy (Nature and Nurture)

Foe;ij tsHr;rpapd; Nfhl;ghLfs;

3.1 vupf;rdpd; cs r%ftpay;G tsHr;rpg; gbepiyfs; (Erikson’s Psycho-social Stages)

vupf;rd; vd;ghH kdpj tsHr;rpapy; ghYzHr;rp Nghd;w cly;Njit

gbepiyfs; r%fr; nry;thf;Ffs; r%fg; gpur;ridfs;

; pahN[apd; mwpjpwd; tsHr;rp gbepiyf;Nfhl;ghL (Jean Piaget’s Theory of Stages

gpahN[apd; mwpjpwd; tsHr;rp epiyfs;

gpahN[apd; mwpjpwd; tsHr;rp gbepiyf; Nfhl;ghL

Rtpl;]Hyhe;J ehl;L mwpQuhd [Pd; gpahN[ vd;ghuJ fUj;Jg;gb> mwpjpwd;

kdpjdplk; ,ay;ghfNt ,U mbg;gilg; Nghf;Ffs; ,Ug;gjhf gpahN[ fUJfpwhH.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: gpwe;j Foe;ijf;F jha;g;ghy; kl;Lk; czthf mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. Vnddpy;

(c-k;) ghHj;jy;> gw;Wjy; vd;Dk; ,uz;L cly;jpwd;fisg; ngw;wgpd; mtw;iw Kiwahf

1) Gyd; ,af;f epiy (0 Kjy; 2 taJ tiu)

1) Gydpaf;f epiy (Sensory Motor Stage)

 gpwg;G Kjy; 2 Mz;Lfs; tiu.

,e;epiyapy; Foe;ij gy;NtW nghUl;fspd; gz;Gfisj; jdJ Gyd;fspd; topNaAk;

RUq;ff; $wpd; Gyd; ,af;fepiyapy; Foe;ijapd; nray;ghL Ez;zwpT ghHj;jy;>

2) nraYf;F Kw;gl;l epiy (Pre-operational Stage)

 2 Kjy; 7 Mz;Lfs; tiu.

1) Kd; fUj;J cUthjy; epiy: 2 Kjy; 4 Mz;Lfs; tiu csf;FwpaPLfis

2) cs;SzHT epiy: 4 Kjy; 7 Mz;Lfs; tiu xU rkaj;jpy; xU nghUspd; xU

nkhop tsHr;rp njhlq;FfpwJ. Mdhy; nrhw;fs; Foe;ijapd; jdpj; Njitfs;>

(c-k;) rpW Foe;ijfs; nghk;ikfis rpW Foe;ijahf ghtpj;J Fspg;ghl;b cilazptpj;J>

· ,e;epiyapYs;s Foe;ijfspd; rpe;jidapy; nefpo;r;rp fhzg;glhJ Kd;gpd; khw;wk;

3) gUg;nghUs; epiy (Concrete Operational Stage)

 7 Kjy; 12 Mz;Lfs; tiu.

gpahN[apd; fUj;JfsJ fy;tp tpisTfs;

3.3 NfhyngHfpd; ey;nyhOf;f tsHr;rp Nfhl;ghL (Kohlberg’s Moral Development)

Nfhy;gHf; (1969) toq;fpa Nfhl;ghL “mwpTg;Gyk; rhHe;j xOf;fr; rpe;jid

1. jz;lid - ntFkjp Nehf;F

,J xOf;fr; rpe;jidapy; Kjy;epiy. Vwj;jho %d;W tajpy; xU Foe;ij

2. gpbj;jit - gpbf;fhjit Nehf;F

,J xOf;fr; rpe;jidapd; ,uz;lhk; epiy ,e;epiyapy; xU Foe;ij. “jdf;F

3. ey;y igad; - ey;y gps;is Nehf;F

,J xOf;fr; rpe;jidapd; %d;whk; epiy. gyUk; “rup" vdf; fUJtJ

xOf;fkhdJ vdf; Foe;ij fUJfpd;wJ. mNjNghy; gyUk; “jtW" vdr; nrhy;tJ

4. rl;lk; - xOq;F Nehf;F

5. rKjhak; jdpkdpj Nehf;F

,J xOf;fr; rpe;jidapd; Ie;jhk; epiy “r%f eyd;fisg; ghjpf;fhj jdpkdpj

6. cyf xOf;f Nehf;F

,J xOf;fr; rpe;jidapd; causT epiy xUtH jd; kdr; rhl;rp jhd;

Nfhy;gHf;fpd; Nfhl;ghL gy;NtW khWjYf;Fk; rPuikg;Gf;Fk; cs;shfp te;Js;sJ.

1. Kd;ndhOf;f epiy/kuGf@F Kw;gl;l epiy (Pre Conventional Stage)

,jpy; jz;lid ntFkjp Nehf;Fk;> gpbj;jit gpbf;fhjit Nehf;Fk;

2. kunghOf;f epiy/kuG epiy (Conventional Stage)

,jpy; ey;y igad; Nehf;Fk;> rl;lk; xOq;Fk; Nehf;Fk; mlq;fpAs;sd. ,jpy;

3. nfhs;ifnahOf;f epiy/kuGf@Fg@ gpe@jpa epiy (Post Conventional Stage)

,jpy; rKjha jdpkdpj Nehf;Fk;> cyf xOf;f Nehf;Fk; mlq;fpAs;sd.

3.6 g;uhd;/ngd; ngHd;dhpd; Rw;Wr;#oy; Nfhl;ghL (Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems

4.1. mwpKfk; (Introduction)

(Media and Child Development)

9.1 Clf tsHr;rp (Media Development)

Clfj;Jiw Ntfk; ngw;W mwptpaypd; tsHr;rpahy; ,d;W gy;NtW

khjkpUKiw ,jo; vdTk;> njhiynjhlHG Clfq;fs; thndhyp>