efuhl;rp kfspu; muR khjpup Nkdpiyg; gs;sp> jpUtz;zhkiy.

tFg;G: 12 ghlk; : jkpo;

jpUkjp.j.Mde;jyl;Rkp
,ay; - 1
capupDk; Xk;gg; gLk;

,yf;fzj; Nju;r;r pnfhs;

1. gpioahd njhliuf; fz;lwpf
,) fhisapy; G+j;j ky;ypif kdk; tPrpaJ
2. Ngr;Rj;jkpopy; mike;j njhlu;
m) mtUf;F ey;yJ nfl;lJ ey;yhj; njupAk;.
3. Kbe;jhy; juyhk; - jd;dhy; ju ,ad;why; juyhk;
Kbj;jhy; juyhk; - nraiy Kbj;jhy; juyhk;
4. jkpopy; gpioapd;wp vOJtjw;F Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba Kaw;rpfs; ahit?
 vOj;jpidj; njspthf cr;rupf;fg;gof Ntz;Lk;.
 njhlf;fj;j py; rpyfhyk; tha;tpl;Nlh my;yJ kdj;Jf;Fs; cr;rupj;jgbNah
vOjg;goFtJ ey;yJ. e>z>d/ y>s> /o>w.u xypg;G NtWghL njupe;J xypf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
 nf>Nf> nfh> Nfh Nghd;W nfhk;Gila Fwpy; neby; NtWghl;bidg; Gupe;J
vOjNtz;Lk;.

ek;ik msg;Nghk;
gyTs; njupf
1. ,yf;fpaj;ijAk; nkhopiaAk; xUNrug; NgRfpd;w ,yf;fz E}y;
,) njhy;fhg;gpak;
2. “kPz;Lke;jg; goikeyk; GJf;F jw;F” ftpQu; Fwpg;gpLk; goikeyk;.
f) ghz;baupd; rq;fj;jpy; nfhYtpUe;jJ
c) nghjpifapy; Njhd;w paJ
q) ts;sy;fisj; je;jJ
m) f>q rup
3. “kpd;Ndu; jdpahop ntq;fjpnuhd;W VidaJ
jd;Ndu; ,yhj jkpo;”! - ,t;tbapy; gapd;W te;Js;s njhileak;
,) mbvJif> rPu; Nkhid
4. fUj;J: ,ay;G tof;fpy;> njhluikg;G vd;gJ vOtha;> gadpiy vd;W tUtNj kuG>
fUj;J : njhluikg;G> rq;fg; ghly;fs; gytw;wpy; gpwo;e;J tUfpwJ.
,) ,uz;L fUj;Jk; rup
5. nghUj;Jf
m) jkpo; mofpay; - 1. guyp.R.ney;iyag;gu;
M) epyTg;G+ - 2. jp.R. eluhrd;
,) fpil - 3. rpw;gp. ghyRg;gpukzpak;
<) ca;Ak; top - 4. fp.uh[ehuhazd;
<) 2>3>4>1
FWtpdh:
1. eil mofpay; gw;wpj; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; fUj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
 ‘eilngw;wpaYk;’ vd;Dk; ‘eil etpd;nwhOFk;’ vd;Wk; rpy nrhw;nwhlu;fisj;
njhy;fhg;gpak; ifahz;bUf;fpwJ.
 Mrpupa eilj;Nj tQ;rp: Vid
ntz;gh eilj;Nj fyp
vd;Wk; nrhy;YfpwJ.
 eil vd;w nrhy;> njspthd ghu;itNahL njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ,lk; ngWfpd;w J.
2. “glhmk; <j;j nflhm ey;ypirf;
flhm ahidf; fypkhd; Ngf” - ,,r;rq;ff; ftpijapd; mbfspy; Xir eakpf;f
nrhw;fisAk; mtw;w pw;fhd ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;GfisAk; vLj;J vOJf.
 flhm > glhmk;> nflhm - nra;Aspir msngil

3. ftpQu; rpw;gp vtw;iw tpae;J ghl> jkpopd; Jiz Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu;?

 kiy Nkl;by; #upad; kiwAk; NghJ Njhd;Wk;; nrk;ikapd;; ,aw;if mofpidAk;>
 khiythdk; rpte;jpUg;gJ Nghy; ciog;ghy; rpte;jpUf;Fk; ciog;ghsu; iffspd;
moifAk;
 njhopyhsu; Njhs;kPJ Kj;J Kj;jha; Njhd;Wk; tpau;itapd; moifAk;
 tpae;J tpae;J ghl vd; mUik kpF nre;jkpNo! cd; Jiz ,y;yhky; vd;dhy;
vg;gb ghl KbAk;.
 jkpNo! epd; Jiz Ntz;Lk; vd;W ghLfpwhu;.

4. tpbay;> tdg;G - ,U nrhw;fisAk; xUq;fpizj;Jj; njhlu; mikf;f.

 xU ehs; tpbay; Ntisapy; tdq;fisf;(fhL)fhzr;nrd;w ehd; mjd;
tdg;gpidf;fz;L kaq;fpNdd;.
rpWtpdh
1. rq;fg; ghly;fspy; xypf;Nfhyk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xU gz;ghFk; - tpsf;Ff.
 ve;j xU njhd;ikahd nkhopAk; iriffspypUe;Jk; ,irapypUe;Jk;jhd; njhlq;fp
,Uf;fpd;wd.
 ,jw;F rq;fg; ghly;fNs rpwe;jnjhU rhd;whFk;.
 “fle;jL jhid %tpUq;$b
cld;wdpu; MapDk; gwk;G nfhsw;fupNj” ,g;GwehD}w;W ghlypy;> ghupapd; gwk;G
kiyia %tUk; Nru;e;J te;jhYk; mila ,ayhJ. ,utyu; Nghy; ghb guprpy;
ngw te;jhy; ngwyhk; vd;w fUj;ij td;ikahf ciuf;fpwJ. ,g;ghlypy; ty;ypd
vOj;Jfs; kpFjpahfg; gapd;W te;J xypahy; epiwe;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
 “glhmk; <j;j” vDk; GwehD}w;Wg;ghlypy; msngilahYk;> “Gzupd; GzuhJ” vDk;
ghlypy; mzpahYk;> “Ee;ij je;ijf;F” vDk; ghlypy; nky;ypdk;> rPu; vJifahy;
epuk;gp te;J xypf;Nfhyq;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhfj; jpfo;fpd;wd.
 ,t;thW rq;fg;ghly;fspy; xypf;Nfhyq;fs; xU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gz;ghf
tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

2. “nrk;gupjp kiyNkl;by; jiyiar; rha;g;ghd; nre;epwj;Jg; G+f;fhlhk; thd

nky;yhk;” njhlu; ntspg;gLj;Jk; fhl;rp eaj;ij tpsf;Ff.
 rpte;j #upad; cwq;f nry;tjw;fhf kiyapd; Nkl;il jiyaizahf gad;gLj;jp
khiyapy; Nkw;F Nehf;fp gazpf;fpd;wJ.
 me;Neuj;jpy; thdk; rpte;j G+f;fhlhf fhl;rp mspf;fpwJ.
 ,t;thW ,t;tupahdJ ,aw;ifia fz;L ctg;G va;jpa moif $wp epw;fpwJ.
 ,jpy; cUtf mzpAk;> ctifr;RitAk; gapd;W te;J gbg;Nghu;f;F ftpijapd;
Ritapid ey;FfpwJ.

3. Vq;nfhypePu; Qhyj;J ,Usfw;Wk; - ,lQ;Rl;bg; nghUs; tpsf;F.

,lk;: jz;bayq;fhu E}ypy;> ‘nghUs; Ntw;Wik mzpf;F’ vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf mike;j
ghly;tup MFk;.
nghUs; : flyhy; #og;gl;l ,t;Tyfj;jpd; Gw ,Uis mfw;WtJ #upad; MFk;.
tpsf;fk; : kiyapy; gpwe;J ePuhy; #o;e;j ,t;Tyf capu;fspd; mf ,Uis
Nghf;FtJ jkpohFk;. Gw ,Uis Nghf;FtJ #upad; MFk;. .Mdhy; jkpOf;F <L
,iz NtnwJTk; ,y;iy.
4. gpd;tUk; ,U ghf;fq;fspYs;s Ntw;Wikia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
1. gioad fopjYk; Gjpad GFjYk;
tOty fhy tifap dhNd. - ed;D}y;
2. kPz;Lke;jg; goikeyk; GJf;F jw;F
nka;rpypu;f;fj; jkpo;f;FapNy! $tp th>th! - rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak;.
 Kjy;ghlyhd ed;D}y; tupfspy;> gioa tbtk; ,y;yhky;> fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g Gjpa
Gjpa tbtk; ngw;W jpfo;gts; ek; jkpo; md;id vd czu;j;JfpwJ.
 ,uz;lhk; ghlyhd rpw;gpapd; tupfspy;> kdpj Neaj;ijAk;> rhd;Nwhu;fisAk; ekf;F
nfhLj;j gioik tha;e;j jkpo; nkhopahdJ ek;ik GJgpf;f> $l;il jpwe;J $tp
tuNtz;Lk; vd;W czu;j;JfpwJ.
 ,uz;bw;Fkhd Ntw;Wik> GJik Ntz;Lk;> gioikia kPz;Lk; GJgpf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gNj MFk;.

neLtpdh
1. ftpijapd; eiliaf; fl;likf;Fk; mofpay; $Wfis vLj;Jf;fhl;b tpsf;Ff.
Kd;Diu:
gz;ilj; ftpQUf;F mofpay; czu;T NkNyhq;fp ,Ue;jpUf;f pwJ.
kyUk; kzKk; Nghyf;> ftpijAk; moFzu;Tk; mtu;fsplk; ,uz;lwf; fye;Js;sd.
ftpijfis mikf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; moF!mf;ftpijahy; czu;r;rpia gha;r;Rk;
tpjj;jpy; moF!
jkpo; mofpaypd; milahsk; rq;f,yf;fpakhFk;. moF gz;ghl;bd; cr;rk;. mJ ek;
nkhopapy; vq;Fk; gutp cs;sJ. ,jid gpd;tUkhW fhz;Nghk;.
• nkhoprhu; fiy
 ,yf;fpaj;ijAk; nkhopiaAk; gpupj;jwpahj mofpay; ,yf;fzk; $Wk; E}y;
njhy;fhg;gpak;.
 fiyfspy; NtWgLtJ ftpijf;fiy
 NgRgtd;> Nfl;gtd; #oYf;F Vw;g ,aw;wg;gLtJ fiy
 ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ nkhoprhu;e;j fiy.
 eilapay; tpsf;fk;
 ftpijapd; eilapy; xypf;Nfhyq;fs;> nrhw;fspd; Gyk;> njhlupay; Nghf;F
Kf;fpakhdnjhd;whFk;.
 ; ‘eilngw;w paYk;’ ‘eiletpd;nwhOFk;’ vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy;
eilapay; gw;wpa nra;jpia njuptpg;gjhf cs;sd.
 Mrpupag;ghf;Fs; tQ;rpg;ghTk;> ntz;ghf;Fs; fypg;ghTk; mlq;Fk; vd;W (njhy;)
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 nkhopf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; xU typikahd Mw;wy; ftpijapd; %yKk; ,yf;fpaq;fs;
%yKk; ntspg;gLfpd;w d.
 ftpijapd; ,aq;fhw;wy;jhd; eil.
 nrhy;tsk; gz;ghl;bd; milahsk;.
 v-fh Ky;iyf;fyp – fhisapd; ,dq;fs;
 v-fh fp.uh[ehuhazd; - ‘fpil’ ehty; - MLfspd; tif
 jdp nrhy;yhfTk;>xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l nrhw;fs; gpize;Jk; nkhopapd; rpwg;ig
czu;j;Jfpd;wd.
 rq;f ,yf;fpa nkhopapd; milahsk; MFk;.
 njhlupay; Nghf;Ffs;
 xypf;NfhyKk; nrhw;GyKk; nrhw;nwhlu; epiyAk; ghlypd; jsj;ij Vu; elj;jpg;
gz;gLj;jpg;Nghfpd;wd vd;why; ghj;jpfl;b tug;Gau;j;Jk; gzpfisj; njhlupay; tbtk;
nra;fpd;wJ.
 v-fh - ,Lf ntd;Nwh> (Gwk; 239),g;ghlypy; njhlu;fs; tupirahfTk; jpl;lkpl;L
Neu;glTk; nry;Yfpd;wd.
 Xt;nthU mbAk; tpidKw;WfNshL> jd;dpiwNthL milfpd;w d.
 18 gz;Gfis tupirg;gLj;jp gpwF> ‘Mq;F nra;gtd vy;yhk; nra;jdd; Mjypd;’ vd
njhFj;J nrhy;tJ njhlupay; rhu;e;j tbtikg;G ,jw;Fj; Jiz epw;fpwJ.
• epiwTiu
 jkpo; mofpaiyf; fl;likg;gpw;F rq;f ,yf;fpaNk rhd;whFk;.
 fUj;jpay; epiyapYk;> tbtikg;G epiyapYk; ftd <u;g;igj; jUfpd;wd.
 eilapay; vd;gJ tbtikg;gpd; gFjpfisAk; KOikapidAk; rhu;e;Nj ,Uf;fpwJ.
 rq;f ,yf;fpak; r%f – gz;ghl;Lj; jsj;jpy; rpy gz;GfisAk; Nghf;FfisAk; jd;
nrhe;j kuGfshf epWtpf;nfhz;Ltpl;lJ vd;gij ehk; mwpe;J czu;Nthkhf!

2. ghujpapd; fbjk; thapyhf ePq;fs; mwpe;Jnfhz;l nkhopg;gw;W> r%fg;gw;W

Mfpatw;iw tptupf;f.
Kd;Diu: “ePL Japy; ePf;f ghbte;j epyh” “ ghl;Lj;jpwj;jhNy ,t;itaj;ij
ghypj;jpl nra;jtu;”. Mk;! ,g;GfOf;F cupatu; ek; kfhtp ghujp Mthu;. “vdf;F
njhopy; ftpij> ehl;bw;F cioj;jy;” vd jd;id mwpKfg;gLj;Jk; tupfspYk;
ehl;bw;F cioj;jy; vd;w czu;T thu;j;ijapy; tho;e ;J fhl;batu;. fbjk; vOJk;
vtUk; Njitiaj; jhz;b NtnwJTk; vOjkhl;lhu;. Mdhy; ghujpapd; fbjj;jpNyh>
NjitahdJ jdf;fhf ,y;yhky; ehl;bw;fhf ,Ue;jJ vd;gjid ek;khy; ed;F
czu KbfpwJ.
ney;iyag;gUf;F:
 jd; cld; gpwe;j jk;gpf;F vOJk; cupikia ,f;fbjk; czu;j;JfpwJ.
 mtUf;F guhrf;fp Jiz ,Ug;ghs; vd;w tho;j;JjYld; njhlq;FfpwJ mtu; fbjk;.
 ney;iyag;gUf;F gy nkhop mwpT ,Ug;gJ xUtifapy; ed;ikjhd;. Vndd;why;>
mk;nkhopapy; ntspte;j nra;jpfis jkpou;f;F czu;j;j cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W
$wp ,Ug;gJ> ve;jnkhop mwpe;jpUe;jhYk; mJ jkpou;f;Fk; jkpo;ehl;Lk; cjt
Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; mtupd; nkhop gw;wpidf; fhl;LfpwJ.
 tho;f;ifapy; Kd;Ndw Ntz;Lk;. ek;gpf;if vd;w tYthd kd cWjpAld; NkNy Vw
Ntz;Lk; vd;W mwpTWj;Jk; ghujp> ,e;j cWjp jkpo;e hl;il cau;j;j gad;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;W $Wfpwhu;.
 jd;Dila cs;sj;jpy; vg;nghOJk; jkpo;ehL tho;f tho;f vd vOjpf;nfhs; vd;W
kpifahf vOe;j ehl;Lgw;wpid Mokhf njuptpf;fpwhu;.
 ehl;by; cs;s MZk; ngz;Zk; Xu; capu; <Wly; Nghd;W fUj Ntz;Lk; vd;W
$wpapUf;Fk; fUj;jpy;> kdpju;fis vt;tsT Nerpj;jpUf;fpwhu; vd;gJ njspthf
njupfpwJ.
 ehl;bd; nfhLikiaf; fz;L ntFz;bUf;fpwhu; vd;gjw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lha;>
ngz;izj; jho;ik nra;gtd; fz;izf; Fj;jpf; nfhz;lhd; vd jd; thu;j;ijf;
fdiy tPRfpwhu;.
 ehl;by; njhopy;> tzpfk;> fiyfs; ,itnay;yhk; fpisf;fpisaha; tsu;e;J
jkpo;ehNl cyfpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhd xU ts ehlhfj;jpfo Ntz;Lk; vd;W ghujpahu;
tpUk;gp ,Uf;fpwhu;.
KbTiu: xU rpW fbjj;jpy; xt;nthU tupAk;> thu;j;ijAk; mtupd; ehl;Lg;gw;iwAk;>
nkhopg;gw;iwAk; kdpj Nerpg;igAk; vt;thW giwrhw;wp epw;fpd;w d vd;gij ek;khy;
ed;F czu KbfpwJ. Mifahy; ehk; xt;nthUtUk; ek; nkhop kPJk; ehl;L kPJ
gw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd fl;Liuapd; thapyhf czu;j;JfpNwd;.

3. ‘nrhy;Nyhtpaq;fs; (ftpij)’ vd;Dk; E}y; cq;fs; gs;sp Mrpupauhy; vOjg;gl;L

cq;fs; gs;s papy; ntspaplg;gLfpwJ. mt;ntspaPl;L tpohtpw;fhd epfo;r;rp epuiy
cUthf;fp> ed;wpAiu xd;iw vOJf.

nrhy;Nyhtpak; ftpij E}y; ntspaPl;L tpoh

 ,lk; : efuhl;rp kfspu; Nkdpiyg; gs;s p> jpUtz;zhkiy
Njjp: 19.07.19
Neuk;: khiy 3 kzp mstpy;

epfo;r;rp epuy;
 ,iwtzf;fk; - khztu;fs;
 tuNtw;Giu - jpUkjp.uh.Njtp> cjtp jiyik Mrpupau;
(efuhl;rp kfspu; Nkdpiyg;gs;sp> jpUtz;zhkiy)
 jiyikAiu - jpUkjp.g.N[hjpyl;Rkp> jiyik Mrpupau;
(efuhl;rp kfspu; Nkdpiyg; gs;sp> jpUtz;zhkiy)
 rpwg;Giu kw;Wk; E}y; ntspaPL - ftpQu;. g.jhkiu (jpiug;gl ghlyhrpupau;)
 E}iy ngw;Wf;nfhs;gtu; - jpUkpF.nt.fPu;j;jpthrd;. jiyik E}yfu;.
(khtl;l ika E}yfk; > jpUtz;zhkiy)
 tho;j;Jiu - jpUkpF r. mUs;nry;td;> khtl;l fy;tp mYtyu;
jpUtz;zhkiy.
 Vw;Giu - jpUkjp. ftpQu;.b.mk;rFkhup> KJfiy jkpohrpupau;>
efuhl;rp kfspu; Nkdpiyg; gs;sp> jpUtz;zhkiy.
 ed;wpAiu - khztj;jiytp nry;tp. b. mdpjh> 12Mk; tFg;G

ehl;Lg;gz;

ed;wpAiu: ftpQu;fs; $bAs;s ,e;j mitapy; ed;wpAiuia etpy ehd;

te;jpUg;gij vd; ghf;fpakhf fUJfpNwd;.Mapuk; mYty;fs; mtutUf;F ,Ue;jhYk;>
,tUf;fhf vq;fs; jkpo; md;id GJftpQUf;fhf tUifg; Gupe;J> mtu;fis
rpwg;gpj;j midj;J cs;sq;fSf;Fk; vq;fspd; kdkhu;e;j ghuhl;Lfisj;
njuptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpNwd;.

xt;nthUtUila ciuAk; vq;fSila tho;tpd; cau;Tf;F Vw;w tiuTfs;. ,d;W

‘nrhy;Nyhtpak;’ jiyg;gpy; ftpij E}iy gilj;jspj;j vq;fs; jkpo; md;idia
ehq;fs; jiy tzq;FfpNwhk;.

vq;fSf;F topfhl;baha; jpfo;e ;j ,e;epfo;T Mz;LNjhWk; Gj;jf ntspaPl;L epfo;thf

vq;fshy; epfo;e;NjWk; vd;W cWjpaspj;J> ,Wjpaha; kPz;Lk; xUKiw ed;wp $wp
,lk; rhu;fpNwd;.
ed;wp tzf;fk;!

$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
,se;jkpNo! -rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak;
1. ,se;jkpNo! vd;Dk; ftpij ,lk; ngw;Ws;s ftpij njhFg;G E}y; ----- epyTg;G+
2. rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; gzpahw;wpa gy;fiyf;fofk; vJ? -
ghujpahu; gy;fiyf;fofk;.
3. rpw;gpapd; ve;j E}y; ,UKiw rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp tpUjpidg; ngw;wJ? –
xU fpuhkj;J ejp
4. rpw;gp vOjpa ciueil E}iy vOJf. - miyAk; RtLk;
5. rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpaj;jpd; ftpij E}y;fis vOJf.
xspg;gwit> ru;g;gahfk;> #upa epoy;> xU fpuhkj;J ejp> G+[;aq;fspd; rq;fpyp.
jkpo;nkhopapd; eil mofpay; - jp.R. eluhrd;
1. mofpaiy cUthf;Ftjw;Fj; jsk; mikj;Jj; jUfpd;w E}y; --- njhy;fhg;gpak;.
2. ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ -------- nkhop rhu; fiy
3. ve;j njhd;ikahd nkhopAk; -- > ---- ,Ue;J gpwf;fpd;wd. rkpf;iQ kw;Wk; ,irapy;
4. xypg;gpd;dy; vd;why; vd;d? XirAk; nghUSk; ,ize;jNj MFk;.
5. ‘fpil’ vd;Dk; ehtypd; Mrpupau; ahu;? - fp.uh[ehuhazd;
6. xU gz;ghl;bd; milahskhfj; jpfo;tJ ------------ nrhy;tsk;
7. ftTf;if vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? gpupj;J mwpa Kbahj
8. jp.R. eluhrd; ,aw;wpa E}y;fis vOJf.
ftpijnaDk; nkhop> jpwdha;Tf;fiy> jkpo; mofpay;> jkpopd; gz;ghl;L ntspfs;
Nghd;w E}y;fs; MFk;.
9. jp.R. eluhrd; vq;nfq;F gzpahw;wpdhu;?
kJiu fhkuhru; gy;fiyf;fofk;> Nghye;J thu;rh gy;fiyfofk;> jpUney;Ntyp
kNdhd;kzPak; Re;judhu; gy;fiyf;fofk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; jkpo; Nguhrpupauhfg;
gzpGupe;jhu;.
10. nrhy;tsk; vd;gJ ahJ?
 xUnghUs; Fwpj;JtUk; gy nrhy;yha;
 gy nghUs; Fwpj;J tUk; xU nrhy;yhAk;
 gy JiwfSf;F> gy #oYf;F> gy GidTfSf;F cupajha; nrhw;fs; tUjYk;
 czu;Tk;> njspTk; nfhz;bUg;gJk; nrhy; tsk; vdg;gLk;.
11. ,yf;fpaj;jpd; gad; ahJ?
mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,aw;WtJ ,yf;fpaj;jpd;
gadhFk;.
12. nkhopapd; ,ay;G tof;Ffis fiyapay; tof;Ffshf khw;Wgit vit?
ctkk;> cUtfk;> vr;rk;> Fwpg;G> cs;Siw> ,iwr;rp Kjyhdit MFk;.

jd;N du; ,yhj jkpo; (jz;bayq;fhuk;)

1. jz;b myq;fhuk; ve;j E}iyj; jOtp vOjg;gl;lJ? tlnkhop ,yf;fz E}y;
fhtpaju;rk;
2. jz;bayq;fhu gpupTfisf; Fwpg;gpLf. nghJtpay;> nrhy;yzpapay;> nghUszpapay;
3. jz;bapd; fhyk; --------- fp.gp. 12 Mk; E}w;whz;L
4. mzp ,yf;fzj;ij kl;LNk $Wk; ,yf;fz E}y;fs; vit? vit?
jz;bayq;fhuk;> khwdyq;fhuk;> Ftyahde;jk;.
5. gpw ,yf;fzq;fNshL mzp ,yf;fzj;ijAk; $Wk; E}y; vit?
njhy;fhg;gpak;> tPuNrhopak;> ,yf;fz tpsf;fk;> njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;> Kj;JtPupak;.
jk;gp ney;iyag;gUf;F - ghujpahu;
1. tk;r jPgpif ahuhy; vOjg;gl;lJ? ftpNfrup rhkp jPl;rpju;
2. tk;r jPgpif ahUila tuyhw;iw njuptpf;fpwJ? vl;ilaGu kd;du;fspd; tuyhW
3. tk;r jPgpif E}ypid kWgjpg;G nra;jtu; ahu;? ,sir kzp
4. fz;zd; ghl;L> ehl;Lg;ghl;L> ,tw;iw gjpg;gpj;jtu; ahu;? guyp.R.ney;iyag;gu;
5. ghujp elj;jpa ,jo;fs; ahit? #upNahjak;> fu;kNahfp
6. guyp.R.ney;iyag;gu; Mrpupauhf gzpahw;wpa ,jo;fs; vit? NyhNfhgfhup> Njrgf;jd;
7. ‘ghujp fbjq;fs;’ vd;Dk; E}iy vOjpatu; ahu;? uh.m. gj;kehgd;.
8. guyp.R.ney;iyag;gu; ghujpiatpl vj;jid taJ ,isatu;? 7 taJ
9. guyp.R.ney;iyag;gupd; gd; Kfj;ij tptup.
tpLjiyg;Nghuhl;l tPuu;> ftpQu;> vOj;jhsu;> nkhopg;ngau;g;ghsu;> ,johsu;> gjpg;ghsu;.
10. ney;iyag;gu; vOjpa E}y;fis vOJf.
ney;iyj; njd;wy;> ghujp tho;j;J> ca;Ak; top Mfpa ftpij E}iyAk;>
t.c.rpjk;gudhupd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iwAk; vOjpAs;shu;.
jkpoha; vOJNthk;
nghUs; NtWghL jUf.
mwk; - muk; - ePjp> mWf;Fk; fUtp
tsk; - tyk; - tsik> tyg;gf;fk;
fsk; - fyk; - ,lk;> ghj;jpuk;
vd;whs; - vd;why; - mts; nrhd;dhs;> mg;gbahdhy;
Nghdhs; - Nghdhy; - mts; nrd;whs;> mg;gbahdhy;
 Miz - Mid - fl;lis> ahid tpyq;F
kio - kiy

,ay; - 2
nga;nadg; nga;Ak; kio
,yf;fzj; Nju;r;r pnfhs;

1. jkpopy; jpizg;ghFghL ---------- mbg;gilapy; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

m) nghUl;Fwpg;G

2. “cau;jpiz vd;kdhu; kf;fl; Rl;Nl

m/wpiz vd;kdhu; mtuy gpwNt” - ,e;E}w;gh ,lk;ngw;w ,yf;fz E}y;…
,) njhy;fhg;gpak;

3. ahu;? vJ? Mfpa tpdhr;nrhw;fs; gadpiyaha; mike;J> czu;j;Jk; jpizfs;

KiwNa------
M) cau;jpiz> m/wpiz

4. nghUj;jp tpil Nju;f.

m) mtd; mts; mtu; - 1. csg;gLj;jhj; jd;ikg; gd;ik
M) ehq;fs; Kaw;rp nra;Nthk; - 2. csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg; gd;ik
,) ehk; Kaw;rp nra;Nthk; - 3. jd;ikg; gd;ikg; ngau;fs;
<) ehq;fs;> ehk; - 4. gjpypL ngau;fs;
m) 4>1>2>3

5. nkhopapd; nrhw;nwhlu; mikg;ig tpsf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;

cjTtd vit?
jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk; Mfpait nkhopapd; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfs; MFk;.
,it nrhw;nwhlu; mikg;ig tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;
cjTfpd;wd.

6. cau;jpizg; gd;ikg; ngau;fs;> gd;ik tpFjp ngw;WtUkhW ,uz;L njhlu;fis

vOJf.
mtu;fs; te;jhu;fs;> khztu;fs; gbj;jhu;fs;. (khztu; gbj;jhu;> mtu; te;jhu;)

ek;ik msg;Nghk;
gyTs; njupT
1. nghUj;Jf.
m) Fuq;Ffs; - 1. fd;Wfisj; jtpu;j;jd
M) gRf;fs; - 2. kuq;fspypUe;J tPo;e;jd
,) gwitfs; - 3. Fspuhy; eLq;fpd
<) tpyq;Ffs; - 4. Nka;r;riy kwe;jd
Gj;j f tpil jtW
m) 3> 1>2> 4

2. euk;GfSf;Fs; tPiz kPl;bf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ vd;W ma;ag;g khjtd; Fwpg;gpLtJ

,) kioj;Jspfs;
3. nts;sr; rkntspfs; mopaf; fhuzk;
M) kzy; ms;Sjy;

4. ngha;ah thdk; GJg;ngay; nghope;njd - mbf;Nfhbl;l nrhy;ypd; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G

<) <Wnfl;l vjpu;kiwg;nganur;rk;
5. cyf ehLfs; khw;W Mw;wiy Nehf;fpr; nrd;why; kl;LNk Gtp ntg;gkakhjiyf;
fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk; - ,j;njhlu; czu;j;JtJ
m. fhu;gd; mw;w Mw;wy; gad;ghNl NjitahfpwJ.

FWtpdh
1. ‘MSf;nfhU kuk; tsu;g;Nghk;’ vd;Dk; Kof;fj;njhlu; thapyhf vtw;iw
typAWj;Jtha;?
 kdpjDf;F Mfhuk; kio
kiof;F Mjhuk; kuk;
 kukpy;yh ,lk; kuzj;jpw;fhd tplk;.
 rpe;jpAq;fs; rpe;Jk; thdk; ngWtJ vg;gb vd;W?
 nfhQ;rk; cjTq;fs;. nfhQ;Rk; kuq;fis eLq;fs;

2. ,depiu - gpupj;Jg; Gzu;r;rp tpjp vOJf.

 ,dk; +epiu-
 kt;tPW xw;wope;J capuPW xg;gTk; - ,depiu

3. kdpjd; jd; Nguhir fhuzkhf ,aw;if tsq;fisf; fLikahfr; Nrjg;gLj;jpajd;

tpisit ,d;W re;jpj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpwhd; - ,U njhlu;fshf;Ff.
 kdpjd; jd; Nguhir fhuzkhf ,aw;if tsq;fisf; fLikahfr; Nrjg;gLj;jpdhd;.
 mjd; tpisthy; ,d;W Mgj;ij re;jpf;nfhz;bUf;fpwhd;.

4. ‘efuk; gl;il jPl;bants;is itukhfpwJ ’ - tpsf;fk; jUf.

 kiof;fhyj;jpy; jpBnud te;j #upadhy;> eide;j cyfk; Fspu; fha;fpwJ.
 Fspj;J Kbj;j efuk; gspr;nrd ,Ue;jJ.
 <uj;jpd; Jspfspy; #upa fjpu; gl;L ituk; xspu;tJg;Nghy; fhl;rp mspj;jJ.
rpWtpdh
1.’ePu;e piyfspypUe;J cjLfs; Ftpj;J
cwpQ;RfpwJ xspf;fjpu;fs;’ - ,f;ftpijapd; mb>
‘J}q;Fk; gdpePiu thq;Fk; fjpNuhNd’ vd;Dk; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghlypd; njhlu;r;rpaha;
miktij eaTiu
nra;f.
 ma;ag;g khjtd; ghlypy; kio nga;j gpd; tUk; #upadpd; fjpuhdJ ePu; epiyfspy;
cs;s ePiu cjL Ftpj;J cwpQ;RfpwJ.
 ePu; epiy ePiu cwpQ;r Neuk; vLf;Fk;. tapW epiwe;jJk; Xa;ntLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;.
 Mdhy; J}q;Fk; gdpePiu vd;Dk; ehl;Lg;Gw ghlypy;> gdpapd; Jspia #upadpd;
fjpu;fs; thq;fpf;nfhs;fpd;wd.
 xspf;fjpu; te;jTld; gdpj;Jspfs; gUfg;gl;L> kpr;rk; ,y;yhky; Ngha;tpLk;.
 ,U ghly;fspYk;> fjpuhy; ePu; JspAk;> ePu; epiyAk; gUfg;gLk; moif Rl;bf;fhl;b>
,aw;ifapd; moif njsptha; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

2. thilf;fhyj;jpy; Nfhtyu;fs; vt;thW ghJfhg;igj; Njbdu;?

 cyfk; FspUkhW Gjpa kioahdJ nghope;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
 jho;thd gFjpfspy; vy;yhk; ePuhdJ epuk;gp tUtjhy;>
 NfhiyAila Mau;> mt;tplj;ij ntWj;Jtpl;L> Nklhd ,lk; Nehf;fp jd; ML>
khL> vUik> gRf;fis Xl;br;nry;fpd;w du;.
 vg;nghOk; Nkar;rYf;F te;Jf;nfhz;bUe;j gioa ,lj;ij kioapd;
nghUl;LtplLtpl;L> NtW ,lk; Nehf;fp nry;tij rq;flkhff; fUjpdhu;fs;.
 mtu;fs; #ba fhe;js; kyu; kioePu; nrhl;b nrhl;b frq;fp ,Ue;jJ.
 Fspiu Nghf;fpf;nfhs;s Mau;fs; $l;lkhf mku;e;J neUg;G %l;b Fspu; fha;e;jdu;.
 Fspuhy; mtu;fs; gw;fs; eLq;fpd.
 ,t;thW thil fhyj;jpy; Nfhtyu;fs; jd;id ghJfhj;Jf;nfhz;ldu;.

3. kionts;s ghjpg;gpypUe;J fhj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Kd;ndr;rupf;if eltbf;iffisf;

Fwpg;gpLf.
 Nguplu;f; fhyq;fspy; jhq;ff; $baitahf Gjpa fl;Lkhdq;fis mikf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 ePu;topg; ghijfSf;fhd njspthd tiuglk; cUthf;fg;gl;L mg;ghijfisj;
njhlu;e;J guhkupf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 r%ff; fhLfs; tsu;g;Gj; jpl;lq;fisr; r%f ,af;fkhf tsu;j;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 flw;fiu Xuq;fspy; rJg;G epyf; fhLfis tsu;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

4. gj;jpiag; gbj;J Ie;J tpdhf;fis cUthf;Ff.

,ay;ghfNt…. (tpfh gf;f vz; : 43)
 ngUkioiaj;jhq;ff; $ba Vw;ghLfis ,aw;if vt;thW mikj;jpUf;fpwJ?
 ehk; nts;sr;rkntspfis vt;thnwy;yhk; mopj;Jtpl;Nlhk;?
 nefpopahYk;> jplf;fopTfshYk; ePu;topfspy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfs; ahit?
 ,aw;if nts;sr; rkntspfis mopj;jjhy; Vw;gl;l ghjpg;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
 nts;s ghjpg;gpypUe;J ek;ik fhj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vdpy; ahJ nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;?
neLtpdh
1. ‘nefpop jtpu;j;J epyj;ij epkpu;j;J’ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; Rw;Wr;#oy; Mu;tyu;
gRikjhrdhUld; ePq;fs; elj;jpa fw;gidf; fye;Jiuahly; fUj;Jfisj; njhFj;J
vOJf.
 Kd;Diu: capupdq;fs; tho;tjw;F mbg;gil kioahFk;
• kioahdJ gUtk; jg;gpAk;> ngha;j;Jk; tpLfpwJ.
• fhuzk; jpl;lkpLjypd;wp ngUefu ngUf;fk;.
• ePu; Nkyhz;ikapy; ftdk; nrYj;jhikAk; MFk;
 gUt khw;w j;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
• ,e;jpahtpy; gy khepyq;fspy; nts;sg;ngUf;Fk;> ep\h> jhNd> tu;jh Nghd;w
ngUk;Gay;fs; tho;tpd; mbg;gilfisg; ghjpj;jpUf;fpd;wd.
• ekJ ehl;by; Ie;J Mz;Lfspy; twl;rpAk; Vw;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
• ,j;jifa khWgl;l ,aw;if epfo;Tfs; Neu;tjw;fhd fhuzk; vd;d?
• Gtp ntg;gkakhjNy MFk;.
• Njitahd kuq;fs; ,d;ikAk;> fhw;W khR miljYk;> gRikf;Fby; thAf;fSNk
MFk;.
 ,aw;ifr; rkepiy
• Gtp Nfhs; kl;LNk capupdq;fs; tho;tjw;fhd cfe;j #oiyj;jUfpwJ.
• ,r;#oyhy; jhtu capupdq;fs;> tpyq;fpdq;fs; Njhd;wpd.
• ,t;Tapupdq;fs; xd;nwhd;iw xd;W rhu;e;J tho;fpd;wd.
,tw;Wf;fhd czTr;rq;fpypNa ,aw;ifr; rkepiy MFk;.
 Gtp ntg;gkakhjy; kdpjd; cUthf;fpa rpf;fy; .
 Mu;bf; gFjp> fle;j Kg;gJ Mz;Lfspy; ehd;F ,yl;rk; rJu ikapy;fs;
cUfpAs;sJ.
 fhu;gd; il Mf;irL> kPj;Njd;> iel;u]; Mf;i]L> XNrhd;> ePu; thA ,itfis
gRikf;Fby; thAf;fs; vd;wiog;gu;.
 ,jd; msT mjpfkhf mjpfkhf Gtp ntg;gkilaj; njhlq;FfpwJ.
 ,jdhy; fhyepiy khw;w k; Vw;gl;L> Gtpapd; ,af;fk; Fiwe;J tUfpwJ.
 #upa Mw;wy;> fhw;W Mw;wy;> i`l;u[d; Mw;wy;> jhtu Mw;wy; Nghd;w Mw;wy;fis
Nehf;fp cyf ehLfs; XusNtDk; nrd;why; kl;LNk ntg;gkakhjiy jLf;f KbAk;.
 1992 –y; UNFCC fhyepiy khw;wk; gw;wpa gzpj;jpl;lg; Nguitia cUthf;fpaJ.
 xt;nthU Mz;Lk; gRikf;Fby; thAf;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ Fwpj;j ciuahly;
njhlu;e;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;w J.
 ,t;thAf;fis ntspNaw;Wk; njhopw;rhiyiaf; nfhz;Ls;s ehLfs;> rPdh>
mnkupf;fh> u\;ah> [g;ghd; Kd;dzpapy; cs;sd. ,g;gl;baypy; ,e;jpahTk; cs;sJ.
 2001 Mk; Mz;bw;Fg; gpwF Gtpapd; ntg;gk; Mz;bw;F Mz;L cau;e;Jf;nfhz;Nl
,Uf;fpwJ.
 ,t;thW cau;e;Jf;nfhz;Nl Nghdhy; mLj;j 50 Mz;Lfspy; fly;ePu; kl;lk; cau;e;J>
200Nfhb kf;fs; nts;sj;jhy; ghjpg;gilthu;fs;.
 ,tw;iw rupnra;Ak; nghWg;G kdpj r%fj;jpw;F cz;L.
 ngUkioiaj; jhq;ff;$ba Fsk;> Fl;il> Vup> MW> tbfhy;> tha;f;fhy;fs;>
nts;sr; rkntspfs; Nghd;wit mopf;fg;gl;L FbapUg;GfshfTk;> fy;tp
epWtdq;fshfTk;> njhopw;rhiyahfTk; khwptpl;ld.
 jkpo;ehl;by; kiof;fhyq;fspy; ePiur; Nrkpj;J itf;Fk; ePu; Nkyhz;ik mikg;Gfs;
,Ue;jd.
 nts;sr;rkntspfs;
 nts;sr;rkntsp vd;gJ Mw;wpd; ePNuhl;l topapy; ,aw;if cUthf;fpa fhg;guz;.
 nts;sg;ngUf;f fhyq;fspy; ePiu cwpQ;Rk;> khrpid jLf;Fk;> kz; mupg;igj;
jLf;Fk;.
 jplf;fopT kw;Wk; nefpop
nefpopiaAk; jplf;fopTfisAk; nfhl;b ePu;topg; ghijfisf; FWf;fp nts;sr;
rkntspfs; ,y;yhky; nra;Jtpl;Nlhk;.
 ,d;W Mw;wpy; ghiwfs; njupAk; mstpw;F kzy; ms;sg;gl;L> nts;sg;ngUf;F
Vw;gLtjw;F fhuzkhapw;W.
 epyj;jb ePu; kl;lk; Fiwa Muk;gpj;Jtpl;lJ.
 Gay;> kio> ngUnts;sk;> ,aw;ifr; rkepiy> Gtp ntg;gkakhjy;> ,aw;if
tsq;fisf; fhj;jy;> ePu;epiyfisg; ngUfr; nra;jy;> Nguplu;f; fhyq;fspy;
Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba eltbf;iffs; Fwpj;Jj; njhlu;e;J ciuahl Ntz;ba
,d;w paikahikAk; NjitAk; ekf;F ,Uf;fpwJ.
 KbTiu: ehl;il fhg;gJ khztu;fs; xt;nthUtupd; flik MFk;. Mjyhy; Kjypy;
nefpopia gad;gLj;jhj epiyia cUthf;FtJk;> jplf;fopTfis jdpahf
gpupj;Jf;nfhl;ltJk; ,d;iwa ek;Kila Kf;fpa gzp MFk;. Mz;Lf;nfhU kuk;
xt;nthUtUk; el;L itg;gij Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. nefpopiaj; jtpu;j;J
ehl;il jiy epkpur; nra;Nthk;.

2. ‘Cu;$bj; Nju; ,Of;Fk;NghJk;’ Nju; tlj;ijg; gpbf;Fk; Kjy; fukhf ,Ue;j

kUjdpd; gz;G eyj;ij tptup.
Kjy;fy;
(cj;jkNrhod;)
Kd;Diu:
gapu;fis thoitg;gJ kioahFk;. mk;kio ngUkioahfp> nts;skha;j;
Njq;Fifapy; gapu;fisNa mopj;JtpLfpwJ. ,jw;F fhuzk; ,aw;if
ePu;j;Njf;fq;fis Kiwahf guhkupf;fg;glhikNa MFk;. ,ij czu;j;Jk; tifapy;
mike;j ‘Kjy;fy;’ vDk; rpWfijapy; tUk; kUjdpd; gz;G eyd;fisf; fhz;Nghk;.
thndhyp nra;jpiaf; Nfl;L mile;j gjw;wk;:
tq;ff;flypy; cUthd fhw;wOj;j jho;T kz;lyj;jhy; gyj;j kio nga;af;
$Lk; vd;w nra;jpiaf;Nfl;lTld;> kUjg;gd; Jbj;Jg;Nghdhd;. ‘rk;ghtpw;fhf ePiu
vjpu;g;ghu;j;Jtpl;L> kio fhl;ba fUizahy; ,g;nghOJjhd; ehw;W el;L xUthuk;
Md ‘Foe;ijg; gapu;fs; jhd;’ kioapd; mjpf md;gpdhy; kio ePu; tay;KOJk;
 %o;fp fplf;fpwNj! ‘,d;Dk; xUehs; kio ePu; Njq;fpdhYk;> kio kPz;Lk; nga;jhYk;
gapu;fs; mopfptpLNk’ vd kpfTk; tUe;jpdhd;.
kUjg;gdpd; Nahrid:
cgup ePu; tbtjw;fhd kjifg; ghu;j;j mtDf;F ,Uczu;T Njhd;wpaJ. ePu;
tbtjw;F topapy;yhky; kz;bf;fple;j fhl;lhkzf;Fr; nrbiag;ghu;j;J mjpu;e ;jJ
xd;W> ,ij mfw;wpdhy;> epyj;jpy; cs;s ePiu tbfl;lyhk; vd;w Nahrid
kw;nwhd;whFk;.
Cu; $b Nju; ,Of;fyhk; :
mr;nrbfis mfw;Wtjw;F Cupy; cs;stu;fis mioj;jhy;> midtUk;
Nru;e;J tpiutpy; mfw;wptpl;L> gapiu fhf;fyhk; vd;w kfpo;r;rpapy;> vjpupy;
tha;f;fhypy; kPd; gpbj;j kUjdplk; $wpdhd;.; mjw;F mtd; ,J elf;fhj fhupak; vd
gjpy; msp;j;Jtpl;L jd; Ntiyapy; %o;fpdhd;.
Cupy; ngupa kpuhrhd fhspag;gd; fpotidg;ghu;j;J nra;jpia njuptpj;jhd;. Cuhu;
,tu; thu;j;ijf;F kjpg;Gf;nfhLg;ghu; vd;w vz;zj;jpy;. Mdhy; mtu; mij
kWj;Jtpl;lhu;. ehk; mioj;jhy; $yp Nfl;ghu;fs;. mJkl;Lky;yhky; ehis mtru
Ntisahf jd; kfs; CUf;F nry;y ,Ug;gjhfTk; njuptpj;jhu;.
‘eh$u; gpr;ir’ vDk; ngau; nfhz;l ‘gpNuk; Fkhu;’ Cupy; gbj;j gl;ljhup. Xu;
mikg;gpw;F jiytd;. mtid re;jpj;Jg;Ngrpdhy;> ,f;fhupak; if $Lk; vDk;
ek;gpf;ifapy;> mtdplk; nrd;w kUjDf;F
mJTk; Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jJ. Cu; $b Nju; ,Og;gJ> ,Of;fhfpaJ.
nghJeyk; kpf;ftd; ,td;:
,Jtiu ,td; jd; epyKk; ePu; %o;FfpwJ vd;w gijg;gpy; ,Uf;fpwhd;
vd;why; ,y;iy. ,tDf;F epyNk fpilahJ. ,e;j Cupy; cs;s mWgJ Fop
epyj;jpy; ,k;kpAk; jdf;F fpilahJ. jd; ifAk; fhYk;jhd; nrhj;J. ,e;j Cu;
,y;iy vd;whYk; Cu; Cuhf nrd;W $ypf;F Ntiyg;ghu;g;gtd;. Vd; tUe;j
Ntz;Lk;? vd kidtp jpl;Lfpwhs;.
jd;dpiy kwe;jtd;
Cu; tho xj;Jiog;G Nfl;l mtDf;F cjtp fpilf;fhjjhy; nrayw;W
,Ue;jhd;. jdf;F itj;j cztpd; RitAk; mwpahJ filikf;F rhg;gpl;lhd;.
jd;dk;gpf;if:
,utpy; kidtp mtid Njl> mtd; tPl;by; ,y;iy. eL ,utpy; jd;dhy;
Kbe;jtiu Kaw;rp nra;Nthk; vd;w vz;zj;jpy; jz;zPupy; ,wq;fp nrbfis
mWj;Jg;Nghl;Lf;nfhz;bUe;jhd;. mij fz;l kidtp jhDk; ,wq;fpdhs;. kWg;G
njuptpj;j midtUk; xt;nthUtuhf ,wq;fpdu;. ‘jilapd; fw;fis Kjypy;
ePf;fpatd; ,td;’ ‘,td; itj;j Kjy; fy;’ vy;yhiuAk; ,wq;f itj;jJ.
KbTiu:
ey;yJ nra;a cld; ahu; tUthu;fs; vd jtpf;fhjPu;fs;. jhd; Kd;te;jhy;>
gpwu; epr;rak; gpd;dhy; tUthu;fs; vd;gjw;F ,f;fij xU rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhfj;
jpfo;fpwJ.

3. Gay; jhf;fj;jpdhy; FbapUg;GfSf;F mUfpy; mWe;Jf;fplf;Fk; kpd; ,izg;Gfisr;

rupnra;af; Nfhup cq;fs; Cu; kpd;thupa NkyhsUf;Ff; fbjk; vOJf.

tpLeu;
v];.mUzhj;up>
18/7> <Rtud; Nfhapy; njU>
tz;zhug;ghisak;>
flY}u; - 1
ngWeu;
cau;jpU.Nkyhsu; mtu;fs;>
kpd;thupa mYtyfk;>
 flY}u;.

Iah>

tzf;fk;.
nghUs;: Gayhy; mWe;J fplf;Fk; kpd; ,izg;Gfisr; rupnra;a Ntz;Ljy; rhu;G

ek;khtl;lk; Mz;LNjhWk; ,aw;if Ngupluhy; ,d;dy;gl;Lf;nfhz;ljhd;

,Uf;fpwJ. ,g;nghOJk; tPrpa Gayhy; ghjpg;Gf;F Mshfp ,Uf;fpNwhk; vd;gijAk;
mwptPu;fs;.
Gay; mbj;J gj;J ehl;fs; fle;Jk; vq;fs; FbapUg;G gFjpf;F ,d;Dk; kpd;rhu
,izg;G nfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy. kpd; ,izg;G fk;gpfs; mWe;J fplg;gijAk;
rupnra;atpy;iy. kpd;rhuk; ,y;yhky; ngupJk; mtjpAWfpNwhk;. gbf;Fk;
khztu;fSf;F Nju;Tf;fhyq;fSk; neUq;fptpl;ljhy;> kpd;rhuk; ,y;yhky; gbg;gjw;F
kpfTk; Jd;gg;gLfpwhu;fs;. Foe;ijfis ,uT Neuj;jpy; cwq;f itg;gJk; rpukkhf
cs;sJ. cly; eyk; Fd;w patu;fSk; jtpf;fpwhu;fs;. Mifapdhy;> vq;fspd;
,d;dy;fis fUj;jpy; nfhz;L tpiue;J jf;f eltbf;if vLf;FkhW gzpTld;
Nfl;Lf;nfhs;fpNwd;.
ed;wp
,lk;: flY}u; ,g;gbf;F>
Njjp; : 1;2.02.19 cz;ikAs;s

$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
ngUkiof;ghyk;

1. mz;ikapy; nts;sg;ngUf;fhy; ghjpj;j khepyq;fis Fwpg;gpLf.

jkpo;ehL> [k;K fh\;kPu;> cj;jufhz;l;> Nfush> gPfhu;.
2. rkPgj;jpy; ek;ik ghjpj;j Gay;fspd; ngau;fis vOJf.
ep\h> jhNd> tu;jh> xf;fp> f[h
3. 2005 - y; Kg;igapy; xNu ehspy; nga;j kioapd; msT ----994 k.kP
4. ,aw;if rkepiy ,of;Fk;NghJ Vw;gLk; tpisTfs; ahit?
Gay;> ngUkio> ngUnts;sk;.
5. tq;ff;flypYk; mugpf;flypYk; cUthFk; Gaypw;F ngau; itf;Fk; ehLfs; vit?
vit?
,e;jpah> ghfp];jhd;> ,yq;if> tq;fNjrk;> khyj;jPT> kpahd;ku;> Xkd;> jha;yhe;J.
6. flypy; cUthFk; Gay;fSf;F ngau; itg;gjw;Ff; $l;ikg;ig cUthf;fpaJ vJ?
ru;tNjr thdpiy Ma;T epWtdk;.
7. ,aw;if rkepiy vd;w hy; vd;d?
kiog;nghoptpd; %yk; capupdq;fs; gpwe;jd. ,e;j capupdq;fs; xU FOthf
xd;iwnahd;W rhu;e;J tho;gpd;wd. ,tw;Wf;fhd czTr;rq;fpypNa ,aw;ifr; rkepiy
MFk;.
8. gRik Fby; thAf;fs; vit? vit?
fhu;gd; il Mf;i]L> kPj;Njd;> iel;u]; Mf;i]L> XNrhd;> ePu;thA Nghd;wit
MFk;.
9. Gtp ntg;gkakhjiy jLg;gjw;fhd khw;W Mw;w y;fs; vit?
#upa Mw;wy;> fhw;W Mw;wy;> i`l;u[d; Mw;wy;> jhtu Mw;wy; Nghd;wit MFk;.
10. Gtp ntg;g kakhjiy jLf;f If;fpa ehl;L mikg;G Njhd;wpa Mz;L vJ? ehL
vJ?
1992 Mk; Mz;L> upNah b n[dpNuhtpy;
11. gRikFby; thAf;fis ntspNaw;Wk; njhopw;rhiyfisf; nfhz;l ehLfs; vit?
rPdh> mnkupf;fh> u\;ah> [g;ghd;> ,e;jpah
12. kpfTk; ntg;gkhd Mz;lhf ve;j Mz;il mwptpj;jdu;? 2009
13. cyfpy; vj;jid gq;F ePuhy; #og;gl;bUf;fpwJ? %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F.
14. vj;jid tpOf;fhL kf;fs; ePu; ,y;yhky; jtpf;fpwhu;fs;? 40 tpOf;fhL
15. nts;sr;rkntsp vd;gJ ---- Mw;wpd; ePNuhl;l topapy; ,aw;if cUthf;fpa fhg;guz;
MFk;.
16. nts;sr;rkntspapd; gad;fs; ahit?
nts;sg; ngUf;Ff; fhyq;fspy; ePiu cwpQ;Rtjhy; nts;sg;ngUf;F Vw;gLtJ
FiwAk;. ePu; khriltijj; jLf;Fk;. kz; mupg;igj; jLf;Fk;. twl;rpf; fhyq;fspy;
ePu;kl;lk; Fiwe;Jtplhky; ghJfhf;Fk;. cgupePu;f; fhy;tha;fSk; nts;sf;fhyq;fspy;
cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk;.
17. fle;j 40 Mz;Lfspy; Vw;gl;l Nguplu;fspy; ngupJk; ghjpj;jJ vit? 85 rjtPjk;
nts;sg;ngUf;F.
18. tpLjiyf;F Kd; ,Ue;j ePu; epiyfspd; vz;zpf;if--- Vwj;jho 50>000
19. Njrpa Nguplu; Nkyhz;ik cUthf;fg;gl;l Mz;L --- 23. 12. 2003

gpwnfhU ehs; Nfhil - ma;ag;g khjtd;

1. ma;ag;g khjtd; vOjpa ftpij E}ypidf; Fwpg;gpLf. kiof;Fg; gpwFk; kio>
ehndd;gJ NtnwhUtd;> ePu;ntsp.
2. ma;ag;g khjtd; ,aw;wpa ftpij FWk;glk; ---- ,d;W
neLey; thil - ef;fPuu;
1. neLey;thilapd; ghl;Lilj; jiytd; ahu;? ghz;bad; neLQ;nropad;
2. neLey; thilapd; ghf;fspd; vz;zpf;if --- 188
3. ey;thilahfTk;> neLthilahfTk; ahu; ahUf;F ,Ue;jJ?
ghriwapy; jq;fpa jiytDf;F ey; thilahfTk;> jiytid gpupe;j jiytpf;F
neLthilahfTk; ,Ue;jJ.
Kjy;fy; - cj;jkNrhod;
1. Kjy;fy; fijapy; tUk; fijkhe;ju;fs; ahu;?
kUjd; - kioePu; Njf;fj;ij tbfl;l Nghuhbatd;
khup - kPd; gpbj;jtd;
Ky;iyak;kh fpotp - tajhfpAk; ciog;gts;
ngupag;gh - fhspag;gd; kpuhR
eh$u; gpr;ir - gpNuk; Fkhu; vd;W ngau; khw;wpf;nfhz;ltd;.
my;yp - kUjdpd; kidtp
2. cj;jkNrhodpd; ,aw;ngau; -- nry;tuh[;
3. Kjy;fy; rpWfij ,lk; ngw;w E}y; --- ‘jQ;irr; rpWfijfs;’
4. cj;jk Nrhod; elj;jp te;j jpq;fs; ,jopd; ngau; ----- fpof;F thry; cjak;
5. cj;jk Nrhod; ,aw;wpa rpWfij E}iy vOJf.
kdpjj;jPTfs;> FUtp kwe;j tPL
6. cj;jk Nrhod; ,aw;wpa Gjpdq;fis vOJf.
njhiyJ}u ntspr;rk;> frf;Fk; ,dpik> fdy; G+f;fs;.
ehy;tifg; nghUj;jq;fs;
1. jpiz vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit?
,uz;L tifg;gLk;. 1. cau;jpiz> m/wpiz
2. ghy; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit?
5 tifg;gLk;. Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy;> gyu;ghy;> xd;wd; ghy;> gytpd;ghy;
3. ,lk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit?
3 tifg;gLk; 1. jd;ik> 2. Kd;dpiy> 3. glu;f;if
4. vz; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit?
2 tifg;gLk; 1. xUik 2. gd;ik
5. gjpypL ngau;fs; ahit?
mtd;> mts;> mtu;> mJ> mit
 ,ay; - 3
Rw;wj;jhu; fz;Nz cs
,yf;fzj; Nju;r;r p nfhs;

1. nghUs; Fog;gkpd;wp vOJtjw;Fupa fhuzq;fSs; nghUe;Jtijj; Nju;f.

,) epWj;jf;Fwpfis cupa ,lq;fspy; ,l;L vOJjy;
2. ty;ypdk; kpFk;> kpfhj; njhlu;fspd; nghUswpe;J nghUj;Jf.
,) 4> 3> 1> 2
3. NtnwhU nghUs; mikAkhW nrhw;fisr; Nru;j;Jj; njhluikf;f
khztu;fs; tupirapy; epd;W mwptpay; fz;fhl;rpiaf; fz;ldu;.
khztu;fs;tupirapy; epd;W mwptpay; fz;fhl;rpiaf; fz;ldu;.
4. fPo;f;fhZk; nrhy;YUGfisg; gpupj;Jk; Nru;j;Jk; ,UntW njhluikf;f
(v.fh)
Kd; - mtd; Kd;te;J $wpdhd;
mtd;Kd; te;J $wpdhd;

jhNd - ,uhkd; jhNd ghbdhd;!

- ,uhkd; jhNdghbdhd;
nfhz;L - fj;jpf;nfhz;L kuj;ij ntl;bdhd; (rj;jk;)
fj;jp nfhz;L kuj;ij ntl;bdhd; (fUtp)
tpl;lhd; - mtd; njUtpy; Ngha; tpl;lhd;
mtd; njUtpy; Ngha;tpl;lhd;

5. fhw;Gs;s p ,lhky; vOJtjdhy; Vw;gLk; nghUs;kaf;fj;jpw;Fr; rhd;W jUf.

mts; mf;fhs; tPl;bw;Fr;nrd;whs;.
,jpy; mtSila mf;fhs;> tPl;bw;Fr; nrd;w hsh? mts;> mf;fhspd; tPl;bw;F
nrd;whsh? vd nghUs; NtWghl;bid Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.

6. ryry> te;J te;J> fyfy> tpk;kp tpk;kp ,tw;wpy; ,ul;ilf;fpstpj; njhlu;fis

vOjp> mtw;iw vOJk; Kiwiaf; $Wf.
 khyjp tFg;gpy; ryryntd;W Ngrpdhs;
 khyjp tFg;gpy; fyfyntd;W rpupj;jhs; - ,ul;ilf;fpstp njhlu;fs;
 New;W cdf;F fha;r;ry; rupahfptpl;ljh vd te;J te;J ghu;j;Njd;
 khyjp Gj;jfk; njhiye;Jnghdij vz;zp tpk;kptpk;kp mOjhs; - mLf;Fj;njhlu;fs;.

7. jpUtsu;r;nry;td;> jpUtsu; nry;td; - ,tw;w py; rupahd njhlu; vJ? mjw;fhd

,yf;fz tpjp ahJ?
jpUtsu; nry;td; vd;gNj rupahd njhluhFk; - tpidj;njhifr; nrhy;Yf;fpilapy;
ty;ypdk; kpff;$lhJ.

ek;ik msg;Nghk;
gyTs; njupf.
1. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,y;yhj nrhw;fs;> rq;ffhyr; r%fj;jpy; eilKiwapy;
,Ue;Js;sd. mit………
M) jpUkzKk; FLk;gKk;

2. nghUj;jkhd tpiliaj; Nju;e;njLf;f.

M. mQ;Q hb - 2. G+kzp
3. ,tw;iw thapYf;Nf nrd;W ,d;Kfj;Jld; tuNtw;ghahf vd;W [yhYj;jPd; &kp
Fwpg;gpLtJ ahJ?
<) ,it midj;Jk; (tf;fpuk;> mtkhdk;> tQ;rid)

4. “cth cwte;J $Lk;

cLgjp> ,utp xj;jhu;” - ahu; ahu;?
,) ,uhkd;> Rf;uPtd;

5. “vq;fs; je;ijau; ehnld;w Ngr;rpdpNy” - vd;Dk; ghujpapd; ghly; ntspg;gLj;JtJ

<) je;ijtopr; r%fKiw

FWtpdh
1. Gf;f py;> jd;kid - rpWFwpg;G tiuf
 rpy ,lq;fspy; jw;fhypfj; jq;Fkplk; ‘Gf;fpy;’ vdg;gLk;.
 jpUkzj;jpw;Fg;gpd; fztDk; kidtpAk; ngw;NwhuplkpUe;J gpupe;J> jdpahf
thOkplk;’jd;kid’ vdTk; toq;fg;ngw;Ws;s d.

2. epiyahik Fwpj;J> rtup ciuf;Fk; fUj;J ahJ?

 ,uhkidf; fz;ljhy;> jd;Dila ngha;ahd cyfg; gw;W mope;jJ.
 jhd; Nkw;nfhz;bUe;j jtk; gypj;jJ.
 jd;Dila gpwtpAk; xope;jJ vd epiyahikia gw;w p ciuf;fpwhs;.

3. vjpu;ghuhj epfo;Tfis [khYj;jPd; &kp vt;thW cUtfg;gLj;Jfpwhu;?

 Mde;jk;> Nrhu;T> mw;gj;jdk; ,it vy;yhk; vjpu;ghuhj epfo;Tfs;.
 ,it vjpu;ghuhj> mioahj tpUe;jhspfs; vd;W cUtfg;gLj;Jfpwhu;.

4. ‘Jd;G csJ vdpy; md;Nwh Rfk; csJ?” vd;w ,uhkdpd; $w;W gpd;tUk; ,U
gonkhopfspy; vjw;Fg; nghUe;Jk;?
m. epoypd; mUik ntapypy; njupAk;.
 ,uhkd; fhl;bw;Fr; nrd;W Jd;GWthNd! vd Ffd; tUe;Jtijf;fz;L > ,uhkd;
Jd;gk; vd;W xd;W ,Ue;jhy;jhNd ,d;gk; vd;gJ Gyg;gLk;.
 ,jd;nghUshdJ> epoypd; mUik ntapypy; njupAk; vd;w gonkhopf;F
nghUe;Jtjhapw;W.

rpWtpdh
1. gz;ila tpupe;j FLk;gj;jpd; njhlu;r;rpNa ,d;iwa $l;Lf;FLk;gk; - vt;thW?
 ,y;yw tho;tpd; ,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy; ngUikfs; epiwe;j kf;fSld; epiwe;J>
mwj;jpid tpUk;gpa Rw;wj;NjhL Nru;e;J> jiytDk; jiytpAk; kidawk; fhj;jNy>
,y;tho;tpy; gadhFk; vd rq;ffhy kf;fs; vz;zpdu;.
 mjd; njhlu;r;rpahfNt> ,d;iwa r%f mikg;G ‘$l;Lf;FLk;gj;ij’ typAWj;JfpwJ.

2. FfNdhL Ituhfp> tPlzNdhL vOtuhd epfo;tpid tpsf;fp vOJf.

 ,uhkd;> tPlzDf;F Kb#l;b kfpo;e;j jUzj;jpy;> FfDld; Nru;e;J ehq;fs; Itu;
MNdhk;. gpd;du;> fjputd; kfdhfpa Rf;uPtDld; mWtu; MNdhk;.
 cs;sj;jpy; md;Gnfhz;L vq;fsplk; te;j md;gNd> cd;Dld; Nru;e;J vOtu;
MNdhk; vd;whu;.
 cd; je;ijauhfpa jaujDf;F> ,jdhy; $Ljy; Gjy;tu;fs; fpilj;jjhy; ngUik
milfpwhu;.
 ,t;thW ,uhkd; tPlzidAk; jd; jk;gpahff; nfhz;L ngUik milfpwhu;.
3. “tUgtu; vtuhapDk;
ed;wp nrYj;J” - ,lQ;Rl;bg; nghUs; tpsf;Ff.
 ,lk; : rj;jpa %u;j;jp nkhopg;ngau;j;j ‘tpUe;jpdu; ,y;yk;’ vDk; ftpij jiyg;gpy;
,lk; ngw;Ws;s tupfs; MFk;.
 nghUs; : tf;fpuk;> mtkhdk;> tQ;rid ,tw;iw ,d;Kfj;NjhL tuNtw;ghahf.
mtu;fs; tUifahy; mDgtg; ghlj;ijg;ngw;wjhy; mtu;fSf;F ed;wp nrYj;J
vd;W $WfpwJ ,t;tupfs;.
 tpsf;fk; : kdpj kdk; kdpju; thOk; ,y;ykhFk;. ,e;j ,y;yj;jpw;F Mde;jk;>
Nrhu;T> mw;gj;jdk; vd;W khwp khwp tpUe;jpdu;fs; te;J Nghthu;fs;. vy;yhiuAk;
tuNtw;f Ntz;Lk;.
 Jf;fkhfpa tpUe;jpdu; tUifahy; kdk; vd;w tPL Jg;GuT milfpwJ. tpUe;jpdu;
tUiff;fhf tPl;il J}rp jl;b Jg;GuT nra;J tuNtw;f Ntz;Lk;.
 tf;fpuk;> mtkhdk;> tQ;rid> ,tw;iw thapYf;Nf nrd;W tuNtw;f Ntz;Lk;.
mtw;w hy; Gjpa mDgtq;fs; fpilg;gjhy;> ed;wp nrYj;JkhW Mrpupau; $Wfpwhu;.

4. jhAk; je;ijAk; gzpf;Fr; nry;Yk; ,d;iwa #oypy; FLk;g cWg;gpdu; vd;w

Kiwapy; ePq;fs; FLk;gj;Jf;Fr; nra;Ak; cjtpfs; ahit?
 fhiyapy; vOe;J> vd;Dila Ntiyia ahiuAk; vjpu;g;ghu;f;fhky; ehNd
nra;Jf;nfhs;Ntd;.
 vd; je;ijf;Fk;> jhAf;Fk; VNjDk; Ntiyia nra;J cjtpahf ,Ug;Ngd;.
 khiyapy; gs;sp tpl;L tPL jpUk;gpa ehd;> cilkhw;wp iffhy;> Kfk; fOtptpl;L
ghlk; gbg;Ngd;.
 mk;khtpw;F cjtpahf mtu;fs; te;jTld; rhg;gpLtjw;F rpw;Wz;b vLj;J itg;Ngd;.
 vd; mg;gh te;jTld; mtu; nfhz;L nrd;w czT ghj;jpuq;fis fOtp itg;Ngd;.
 rikj;j czit rhg;gpLtjw;F czT Nkirf;F nfhz;Lte;J itg;Ngd;.
 midtUk; rhg;gpl;l gpwF> ghj;jpuj;ij fOTk; ,lj;jpy; nfhz;L NghLNtd;.
 tpLKiwapy; vd; ngw;Nwhupd; mDkjpAld; gf;fj;J tPl;bw;F tpisahlr;nry;Ntd;.
 nkhj;jj;jpy; njhy;iy juhj ey;yg;gps;isahf ele;Jf;nfhs;Ntd;.

5. rlhAitj; je;ijahf Vw;W> ,uhkd; Mw;wpa flikfis vOJf.

 fOF Nte;jd; rlhA> ,uhtzd; rPijiar; rpiwnaLj;jNghJ jLj;Jr; rz;ilapl;Lf;
fhag;gLfpwhd;.
 ,uhkdplk; ele;jijf; $Wfpwhd;. gpd; ,we;JtpLfpwhd;.
 jd; je;ijapd; ez;gdhfpa fOFNte;jid jd; je;ijahfNt fUjp> xU kfdhf
,Ue;J ,Wjp rlq;fpid nra;fpwhu;.
 fz;ltu; tpaf;Fk;gbahd mfpy; kuf;fl;ilfis mLf;fp. jUg;ig Gw;fis gug;gp>
G+f;fisJ}tp> kzyhy; mofpa Nkil mikj;J
 jd; je;ijahfpa rlhAit jd; fuq;fshy; J}f;fp rlq;F nra;Ak; Nkilapd; kPJ
fplj;jpdhu;.
 ,Wjp rlq;if kfd; Nghy ,Ue;J Mw;w pdhu;.

neLtpdh:

1. FLk;gk; vd;Dk; rpwpa mikg;gpypUe;Nj kdpj r%fk; vd;Dk; gue;j mikg;G

fl;likf;fg;gLfpwJ - vt;thW? tpsf;Ff.
 Kd;Diu:
 FLk;gk; vd;w cauikg;gpd; %yNk cyfr;r%fk; ,aq;FfpwJ.
 rq;f fhyj;jpy; FLk;g mikg;G NkNyhq;fpa xd;w hf ,Ue;jJ.
 FLk;gk; njhlq;fpf; Fyk;> $l;lk;> ngUq;FO> r%fk;> vd;w mikg;Gtiu tpupT
ngWfpwJ.
 FLk;gk; :
 FLk;gk; vDk; mikg;G Vw;gLtjw;F mbg;gil jpUkzNk.
 ‘jpUkzk;’>’FLk;gk;’ Mfpa ,uz;L nrhw;fSk; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpYk; rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fspYk; vq;Fk; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy.
 FLk;gk; vDk; nrhy; KKjd;Kjypy; jpUf;Fwspy;jhd; tUfpwJ.
 rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ‘Flk;ig’’FLk;G>fLk;G’ Mfpa nrhw;fs; FLk;g mikg;NghL
njhlu;Gilait.
 ‘FLk;G’ vDk; nrhy; $b thOjy; vd;Wk; nghUs;gLfpwJ.
 thoplk;
 rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy;> ,y;> kid> Fuk;ig> Gyg;gpy;> Kd;wpy;> Fby;> $iu> tiug;G>
Kw;w k;> efu;> khlk; Kjypa nrhw;fs; FLk;gq;fspd; tho;tplq;fspy; cs;s
NtWghLfisr; Rl;Lfpd;wd.
 ‘kid’ vDk; nrhy;’ek;kid’> ‘jd;kid’> vk;kid> vd rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; gy
,lq;fspy; thoplj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; Kjd;ikr; nrhy;yhf cs;sij mwpayhk;.
 kze;jfk;
 fztDk; kidtpAk; Nru;e;J ,y;yw tho;tpy; <Lglf;$ba njhlf;f
fl;lNk’kze;jfk;’ vdg;gLfpwJ.
 FLk;gKk; capu;fisg;Nghd;Nw Njhd;wp tsu;e;J> gy epiyfis milfpwJ.
 ,j;jifa ePz;l ghijapd; njhlf;fk; jpUkzNk MFk;..
 jha;topf; FLk;gk;
 rq;ffhyj;jpy; jhNa jiyik Vw;wpUe;jhs;.
 jpUkzj;jpw;F gpd;Gk; ngz; jd; ,y;yj;jpNy tho;it njhlu;e;j jha Kiw
,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ.
 ‘,tsJ kfd;’ vd;w njhlNu NkNyhq;fpaJ.
 jha;top nrhj;Jk; tsq;fSk; nry;tq;fSk; ngz;fSf;Fr; nrd;W Nru;e;jd.
 je;ijtopf; FLk;gk
 Mz; r%f Kiw tYthd Ntu;
 kidAw kfspu;f;F MltNu capu; – (FWe; -125)
 nghUs; tapw; gpupT> Nghu;> tho;tpay; rlq;Ffs;> FLk;gk;> jpUkzk; vdg; gy;NtW
r%ff; fsq;fspy; fhz ,aYk;.
 jdpf;FLk;gk;
 jha;> je;ij> Foe;ij %tUKs;s jdpf;FLk;gk; kpfTk; neUf;fkhdJ vd;gjhy; ,J
njhlf;fepiy> vspa kw;Wk; neUf;fkhd FLk;gk; vdg;gLk;.
 jdpf;FLk;gtif> r%fg; gb epiyapy; ,Wjpahf Vw;gl;l xd;whFk;.
 njhopy; r%fj;jpy; ngUk;ghd;ikahf ,Ue;jhYk;> Mjpf;Fbapy; Kf;fpakhd FLk;g
Kiwahf ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ vd;w xU thjk; cz;L.
 epiwTiu:
 ,y;yw tho;tpd; ,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy; ngUikfs; epiwe;j kf;fSld; epiwe;J>
mwj;jpid tpUk;gpa Rw;wj;NjhL Nru;e;J> jiytDk; jiytpAk; kidawk; fhj;jNy
,y;tho;tpy; gadhFk; vdr; rq;ffhy kf;fs; vz;zpdu;.
 rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpd; njhlu;r;rpahfNt ,d;iwa r%f mikg;G Kiw jkpo;r;
r%fj;jpd; milahsg; ngUkpjkhFk;.

2. gz;gpd; gbkkhfg; gilf;fg;gl;l ,uhkd;> gpw capu;fSld; nfhz;bUe;j cwT

epiyiag; ghlg;gFjp top epWTf.
Kd;Diu : jha;> je;ij> cld; gpwg;G Mfpa cwTfis vy;iyf;fle;J tpupT
gLj;jp epw;gtd; ,uhkd;. mtDila md;gpw;F ve;j NtypfSk; ,y;iy. mJ
vy;iyf; fle;jJ vd;gjw;F cjhuzkhf> ek; ghlg;gFjpapy;> Ntld;> gwit> vspa
Kjpats;> thduk;> vjpupd; jk;gp MfpNahuplk; mtd; fhl;Lk; md;G ekf;F njsptha;
fhl;b epw;fpd;wd.
 Ntltdpd; kPJ nfhz;l md;G:
fq;if fiuia flg;gjw;F ,uhkDf;F cjtpa Ffd;> ,uhkd; kPJ msTfle;j
md;ig fhl;b epw;fpwhd;. me;j md;ig czu;e;j ,uhkd;> mjw;F ifkhwhf> Ffdplk;
gpd;tUkhW $Wfpwhd;.
“eP vd; jk;gp. ,yf;Ftd; cd; jk;gp. rPij cd; mz;zp> Fspu; flYk; ,e;epyKk;
vy;yhk; cdNj MFk;. ehd; cd;Dila VtYf;F Vw;g gzpGupgtd;”
,e;epfo;T ,uhkDila gz;gpd; cr;rj;ij giwrhw;w p epw;fpwjy;yth?
fOF Nte;jldplk; fhl;ba gupT:
fOF Nte;jd; rlhA> ,uhtzd; rPijiar; rpiw vLj;jNghJ jLj;Jr; rz;ilapl;Lf;
fhag;gLfpwhd;. ,uhkdplk; ele;jijf; $Wfpwhd;. gpwF ,we;Jtplfpwhd;. jd;
je;ijapd; ez;gdhfpa rlhAit jd; je;ijahfNt vz;zp> mtDf;F ,Wjp
rlq;fpid kfdhf ,Ue;J nra;J Kbf;fpwhd;. vd;Nd! mtDila gupT!
%jhl;b Jwtpia jhahf Vw;w gz;G:
rtup vd;w ngz; Jwtp> jhd; tho;tpy; xU KiwNaDk; ,uhkid fhZjNy jhd;
nra;Ak; jtk; vd;W fhj;jpUe;jhs;. ,uhkidf; fz;lJk;> jd;Dila gpwtp gyd;
Kbe;jJ. ,dp vdf;F gpwtp Ntz;lhk; vd;W $Wfpwhs;. ,uhkd; mtis md;id vd
mioj;J> jhq;fs; vd;Wk; vdf;F jha; vdf; $wp mtis kfpo;tpf;fpwhd;. ifkhW
fUjhj md;gpw;F vLj;Jfhl;L ,td; vd;gJ ekf;F ed;F GydhfpwJ.
vjpupd; jk;gpia jd; jk;gpahf fUjpatd;:
,uhtzdpd; jk;gpahf ,Ue;j tPlzd;> ,uhtzdpd; jfhj nraiy jz;bj;jtd;.
fhuzk; jd; mz;zidtpl ,uhkd; kPJ ,Ue;j md;G. me;j md;ig kjpj;j ,uhkd;
mtidAk; jd; jk;gpahf Vw;W> jd; je;ij jruDf;F ,j;jid Gjy;tu;fs;
Mfptpl;Nlhk;. ,dp cd; je;ij Mfpa jrujDf;F ngUikjhd; vd jd; je;ijia
mtd; je;ijahf fUJkhW nra;j ifkhW ahUf;F tUk;?
KbAiu:
nra;e;e d;wpia ghuhl;Ljy; mtrpak; vd ts;Stu; $wpa topia gpd;gw;wpatd;
,uhkd;. mtd; md;G vd;w gz;gpw;F fhl;rpahf ek;Kd; vd;Wk; epiyj;jpUf;fpwhd;.

3. ‘cupikj;jhfk;’ fijapy; rNfhjuu;fs; ,UtUk; xd;wpizahky; ,Ue;jpUe;jhy;…

fijiaj; njhlu;e ;J vOjp Kbf;f.
cupikj; jhfk;
(G+kzp)
Kd;Diu:
tl;lhu tof;fpy; vOjg;gl;l ,r;rpWfijapy;> tWikf;fhf epyj;ij mlF itj;j
xUtd;> gapu; itf;Fk; jUzj;jpy; jtpf;Fk; gupjtpg;gpid ,f;fij czu;j;JfpwJ.
ciog;gtDf;F epyk; nrhe;jk;. mjid Vkhw;wp mjpfhu tu;f;fk; mgfupf;f KbahJ.
kf;fs; tpopj;jhy;> jiynjwpf;f XbtpLthu;fs; vd;gij czu;j;Jk; fijahf
,f;fij tpsq;fp epw;fpd;wJ.
fijapd; KbT NtW tpjkha; NghapUe;jhy;..
mz;zp %f;fk;khtpd; Ngr;R:
cd; jk;gp mtd; ghfj;ij flDf;fhf mlF itj;jpUf;fpwhdhk;. nrhj;ij
gpupj;Jf;nfhL vd;W miye;jhd; ,y;iyah? ,d;W mij fl;bf;fhf;f topapy;yhky;
tpl;Ltpl;L epw;gJ vdf;F re;Njh\k;jhd; vd;W $Wfpwhs;.
mz;zd; Kj;ijadpd; Ngr;R:
Ntz;lhj Ngr;R ekf;nfjw;F? Foe;ijahf epidr;R mtid tsu;j;j ekf;F
ey;y ghlk; Gfl;bl;lhd;. fl;b te;j ngz;lhl;b Ngr;irf; Nfl;L> vd; rl;ilia
gpbj;jtd; ,y;iyah? ,d;W mtd; fQ;rpff;F topapy;yhky; epd;w hy; $l vdf;F
ftiy ,y;iy. gl;lhy;jhd; Gj;jp tUk;.
Cu; fhuu; :
kio J}wp vy;yhUk; GQ;irapy ntjntijf;f Muk;gpr;rpl;lhq;f. cd; jk;gp
ghtk; tptrhak; ghf;fhk tPl;Lf;Fs;s Klq;fp fplf;fpwhd;. mtd; thq;fpa gzj;ij
 vg;gbahtJ nfhLj;Jtpl;L> mtDf;F me;j epyj;ij jpUg;gp jur;nrhy;Nyk;g;gh.
Mapukl ,Ue;jhYk; mtd; cd; jk;gp ,y;iyah? vd;wu; Cuhu;.
jk;gp nts;isad; :
ahUk; vdf;fhf mtdplk; Ngr Ntz;lhk;. ehd; vd; epyj;ij cOfpNwd;. me;j
gq;fhU rhkp vd;djhd; nra;awhd; ghu;f;fpNwd;. vdfpwhd;.
epfo;e;j rk;gtk;:
vJTk; vOjhj gj;jpuj;jpy; fPNo ifnaOj;J Nghl;Lf;nfhLj;jjd; tpisT>
mtd; epyj;ij cOk;nghOJ> gq;fhUrhkp fhtypAld; te;J mtid ifJ nra;jdu;.
midtUk; vjpu;j;J Nfl;l nghOJ> cupik gj;jpuk; vOjp nfhLj;jpUf;fpwhd;.
vd;dplk; mjpf njhif thq;fp ,Uf;fpwhd; vd;W> ngha; rhd;iw nka;ahf;fp mtid
eLj;njUtpy; epw;f itj;J tpl;lhu; gq;fhUrhkp.
nts;isr;rhkpapd; epiy:
epyj;jpw;F epyKk; Ngha;tpl;lJ> mrYf;F tl;bAk; fl;b jPu;e;J tpl;lJ.
thq;fhj gzj;ij mjpfkhf $wp tho;Nt ghukhfptpl;lJ.

ty;ypd nka;fis ,l;Lk; ePf;fpAk; vOJf.

1. vd;Dila ek;gpf;if KOtJNk Gjpaj; jiyKiw kPJjhd;. mtu;fs; vy;yh
gpur;rpidfisAk; xU rpq;fj;ij Nghy vjpu;nfhz;Lj; jPu;g;g hu;fs;.
vd;Dila ek;gpf;if KOtJNk Gjpa - jiyKiw kPJjhd;. mtu;fs; vy;yh
gpur;rpidfisAk; xU rpq;fj;ijg; Nghy vjpu;nfhz;L-; jPu;g;ghu;fs;.

2. vj;jid Kiw eP kw;wtu;fs; Kd;Ndwp nry;tjid fz;L xd;Wk; nra;tjwpahJ

ek;gpf;ifapd;wp Jd;G Wtha;. epiwa jd;dk;gpf;if nfhs;.
vj;jid Kiw eP kw;wtu;fs; Kd;Ndwpr; nry;tjidf; fz;L xd;Wk; nra;tjwpahJ
ek;gpf;ifapd;wpj; Jd;GWtha;. epiwa jd;dk;gpf;iff; nfhs;.

3. ek; tho;f;ifapd; juk; ekJ ftdj;jpd; juj;ij nghWj;jpUf;fpwJ. Gj;jfk;

gbf;Fk;nghOJ $u;e;jf; ftdk; mwpit ngWtjw;Fk; tsu;g;gjw;Fkhd mbg;gil
NjitahFk;.
ek; tho;f;ifapd; juk; ekJ ftdj;jpd; juj;ij nghWj;jpUf;fpwJ. Gj;jfk;
gbf;Fk;nghOJ $u;e;jf; ftdk; mwpitg; ngWtjw;Fk; tsu;g;gjw;Fkhd mbg;gilj;
NjitahFk;.

4. khztu;fs; ngw;Nwhu;fis jkJ ez;gu;fshf ghtpj;J el;Gf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jkJ

,d;g Jd;gq;fis ngw;Nwhu;fSld; gfpu;e;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
khztu;fs; ngw;Nwhu;fisj; jkJ ez;gu;fshfg; ghtpj;J el;G - nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
jkJ ,d;g Jd;gq;fisg; ngw;Nwhu;fSld; gfpu;e;J- nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

5. MrpupaUf;F fPo;gbjy; vd;Dk; Fzk;> cz;ikahdtw;iw njupe;Jf;nfhz;L

mwpahikapid mfw;wp gy ey;ydtw;iw fw;W nfhLf;Fk;.
MrpupaUf;Ff; fPo;gbjy; vd;Dk; Fzk;> cz;ikahdtw;iw njupe;Jf;nfhz;L
mwpahikapid mfw;wp gy ey;ydtw;iwf; fw;W nfhLf;Fk;.

jpUf;Fws;
fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. glj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;Lgpbf;f. (gf;f vz; 77)
,) rpdk;vd;Dk; Nru;e;jhiuf; nfhy;yp ,dk;vd;Dk;
Vkg; Giziar; RLk;.

2. flypd; ngupaJ vJ?

M) gad; Muhahky; xUtu;nra;j cjtp
 3. gpd;tUk; ehybahu; ghlypd; nghUSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;lwpf.
m) ,UNtW cyfj;J ,aw;if: jpUNtW
njs;spau; MjYk; NtW.
4. fPo;f;fhZk; GJf;ftpijf;Fg; nghUe;Jk; jpUf;Fwisj; Nju;e;njLf;f. (gf;f vz; 77)
nry;,lj;Jf; fhg;ghd; rpdk;fhg;ghd; my;,lj;Jf;
fhf;fpd;vd; fhthf;fhy; vd;?

5 itafKk; thdfKk; Mw;wyupJ - vjw;F?

m. nra;ahky; nra;j cjtp

6. gifAk; csNth gpw? nghUs; $Wf.

ek;Kila Kf kyu;r;rpiaAk;> mfkyu;r;rpiaAk; nfhy;Yfpd;w gif typik rpdj;ij
tpl NtW cz;Nlh vd;gNj ,jd; nghUshFk;.

7. nghUj;Jf.

m) itaj;Js; tho;thq;F tho;gtd; - nja;tj;Js; itf;fg;gLk;

M) gad;J}f;fhu; nra;j cjtp - ed;ik flypd; ngupJ
,) rpdk; - Nru;e;jhiuf; nfhy;yp
<) gopg;gLt nra;ahu; - eLtd;ik ehZgtu;
c) fhyj;jpdhw; nra;j ed;wp - Qhyj;jpd; khzg; ngupJ

FWtpdh
1. Kay;thUs; vy;yhk; jiy vd ts;Stu; ahiur; Rl;Lfpwhu;?
mwj;jpd; ,ay;N ghL ,y;tho;f;if tho;gtu;> Kaw;rpr; rpwg;GilNahiu
tplNkk;gl;ltu; Mthu;.
2. Qhyj;jpd; ngupaJ vJ?

,d;d gad; fpilf;Fk; vd;W Muhahky; xUtu; ekf;Fr; nra;j cjtpapd; msit
Muha;e ;jhy;. mjd; ed;ik fliytplg; ngupjhFk;.

3. kwf;ff; $lhjJ> kwf;ff; $baJ vtw;iw?

xUtu; ekf;Fr; nra;j ed;ikia kwg;gJ ey;yjd;W. mtu; nra;j jPikia
mg;nghONj kwe;JtpLtJ ey;yJ.

4. nry;tk; ,Ug;gjw;fhd topahf ts;Stk; ciug;gd ahit?

xUtUila nry;tk; FiwahkypUf;f top vJ vd;w hy;> mtu; gpwUila
ifg;nghUis tpUk;ghjpUj;jyhFk;.

5. rpdj;ij Vd; fhf;f Ntz;Lk;?

xUtu; jd;idj;jhd; fhj;Jf;nfhs;s tpUk;gpdhy;> rpdk; tuhky; fhj;Jf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. fhf;fhtpl;lhy;> rpdk; ek;ikNa mopj;JtpLk;;.

rpWtpdh
1. md;Gk; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;tho;f;if gz;Gk; gaDk; mJ - ,f;Fwl;ghtpy;
gapd;W tUk; mzpia tpsf;Ff.
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; epuy;epiw mzp gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
mzp : xU nra;Aspy; Kjypy; nrhw;fis tupirahfTk; mr;nrhw;fSf;Fupa
nghUis mLj;J tupirahfTk; mikj;Jf; $WtJ epuy; epiw mzp MFk;.

v - fh: md;Gk; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;tho;f;if

 gz;Gk; gaDk; mJ

tpsf;fk; : md;Gk; mwKk; cilajhf ,y;tho;f;if tpsq;Fkhdhy;> mJNt

tho;f;ifapd; gz;Gk; gaDk; MFk;.

nghUj;jk; : ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; md;Gk;; mwDk; xU tupirapy; $wp> mtw;w pw;Fupa

nghUis gz;Gk; gaDk; vd tupirg;gLj;jpf; $wpAs;sjhy; ,f;Fwl;gh epuy; epiw
mzpf;Fg;nghUj;jkhapw;W.

2. ,y;tho;f;if rpwg;Gw mwnewpNahL tho;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ts;Stu; top epd;W

tpsf;Ff.
 md;Gk; mwKk; cilajhf ,y;tho;f;if tpsq;Fkhdhy;> mJNt tho;f;ifapd;
gz;Gk; gaDk; MFk;.
 mwj;jpd; ,ay;NghL ,y;tho;f;if tho;gtu;> Kaw;rpr; rpwg;GilNahiu tpl Nkk;gl;ltu;
Mthu;.
 cyfj;jpy; thoNtz;ba mwneapapy; epd;W tho;fpd;wtu;> thDyfj;jpy; cs;s
nja;tj;Jf;F ,izahf kjpf;fg;gLthu;.
,t;thW ,y;tho;f;if rpwg;Gw mwnewpNahL tho;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd ts;Stu;
typAWj;Jfpwhu;.

3. vtw;iwnay;yhk; tpl ed;w p cau;e;jJ? - Fws; top tpsf;Ff.

 ehk; gpwu;f;F ve;j cjtpAk; nra;ahjpUe;j nghOJ> gpwu; ekf;F xU cjtp
nra;jpUe;jhy; mt;Tjtp ,e;j kz;ZyifAk;> tpz;ZyifAk; tpl ngupajhFk;.
 jf;f rkaj;jpy; xU nra;j rpwpa cjtp MdhYk;> mJ jFe;j Neuj;jpy;
nra;ag;gl;ljhy; mt;Tjtp cyfj;ijtpl kpfg;ngupajhFk;.
 vt;tpj gaidAk; Muhahky; xUtu; nra;j cjtpapd; gaid ehk; Ma;e;J
ghu;j;jhy; mJ fliytpl ngupjhFk;.
 xUtu; jpid msNt cjtp nra;jpUe;jhYk;> mjd; gaid mile;jtu; mjid
gid msT cau;thf fUjtu;.
 ,t;thW xUtu; nra;j cjtpahdJ cyiftpl> fliytpl> <NuO cyiftpl
ngupaJ vdf; $Wfpwhu;.

4. rpdj;jhy; tUk; Nfl;bidf; $Wf.

 rpdk; vd;Dk; gifahdJ> ek; kfj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; rpupg;igAk;> kdjpy; Njhd;Wk;
kfpo;r;rpiaAk; nfhy;Yk;.
 jd;idf;fhj;Jf;nfhs;s tpUk;Ggtd;> rpdk; tuhky; fhj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
,y;iyNay; me;j rpdNk mtid mopj;JtpLk;.
 rpdk; jd;id Nru;e;jtiuAk; mopj;JtpLk;. ekf;F ghJfhg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;
cwTfisAk; mopf;Fk; gifahFk;.
 Mifahy; rpdj;ij xU nghUshff; nfhs;shky; ,dpa tho;T tho;thahf vd;W
ts;Stu; $Wfpwhu;.

5. fPo;f;fhZk; Fwspy; VfNjr cUtf mzp vt;thW gapd;W tUfpwJ vd;gij

tpsf;Ff.
rpdk;vd;Dk; Nru;e ;jhiuf; nfhy;yp ,dk;vd;Dk;
Vkg; Giziar; RLk;.
mzp : xU nra;Aspy; ,U nghUs;fisf;$wp mtw;wpy; xd;iw kl;Lk;
cUtfg;gLj;jpf; $WtJ VfNjr cUtf mzp MFk;.

v - fh: rpdk; vd;Dk; Nru;e;jhiuf; nfhy;yp ,dk;vd;Dk;

Vkg; Giziar; RLk;
 tpsf;fk; : rpdk;> jd;idr; Nru;e;jtiuAk; mopf;Fk; neUg;G. mJ xUtuJ Rw;wk;
vd;Dk; ghJfhg;Gj; njg;gj;ijAk; Rl;lopf;Fk;

nghUj;jk; : ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; rpdj;ij flyhf cUtfpf;fhky;> ,dj;ij fg;gyhf

cUtfg;gLj;jp cs;sjhy; ,f;Fwl;gh VfNjr cUtf mzpf;Fg;nghUj;jkhapw;W.

neLtpdh
1. nra;e;ed;wpawpjNy mwk; vd;gij thAiw tho;j;jpd; Jiznfhz;L epWTf.
Kd;Diu:
cyfg;nghJkiw vd;W Nghw;WjYf;F cupa jpUf;Fws;> vf;fhyj;jpw;Fk;>
ve;ehl;ltUf;Fk;> vk;kf;fSf;Fk; Vw;w tifapy; mwpTiu $Wk; mw E}yhf
jpfo;fpwJ. ‘ts;Std; jd;id cydpDf;Nf je;J thd;Gfo; nfhz;l jkpo;ehL’
vdg;Nghw;wg;gLk; ts;Std; nra;e;ed;wp kwthikf; Fwpj;J kf;fSf;F vLj;Jiuf;Fk;
fUj;jpid gpd;tUkhW fhz;Nghk;.
ed;wpapd; msT:
 ehk; gpwu;f;F ve;j cjtpAk; nra;ahjpUe;j nghOJ> gpwu; ekf;F xU cjtp
nra;jpUe;jhy; mt;Tjtp ,e;j kz;ZyifAk;> tpz;ZyifAk; tpl ngupajhFk;.
 jf;f rkaj;jpy; xU nra;j rpwpa cjtp MdhYk;> mJ jFe;j Neuj;jpy;
nra;ag;gl;ljhy; mt;Tjtp cyfj;ijtpl kpfg;ngupajhFk;.
 vt;tpj gaidAk; Muhahky; xUtu; nra;j cjtpapd; gaid ehk; Ma;e;J
ghu;j;jhy; mJ fliytpl ngupjhFk;.
 xUtu; jpid msNt cjtp nra;jpUe;jhUk;> mjd; gaid mile;jtu; gid msT
cau;thf fUjtu;.
ed;wp kwthik:
 xUtu; ekf;Fr; nra;j ed;ikia kwg;gJ ey;yjd;W: mtu; nra;j jPikia
mg;nghJNj kwe;JtpLtJ ey;yjhFk;.
 ve;j mwj;ij mopj;jtUf;Fk; jg;gpg; gpiof;f tha;g;gpUf;fpwJ. xUtu; nra;j
cjtpia kwe;Jtpl;ltUf;F ca;Nt ,y;iy.
KbTiu:
 ,t;thW gpwu; nra;j ed;wpia kwf;ff; $lhJ vd kdpju;fSf;F ts;Stu;
mwpTWj;Jfpwhu;.

2. rpdj;ijf; fhj;jy; tho;it Nkd;ikg;gLj;Jk; - ,f;$w;iw Kg;ghy; top tpupj;Jiuf;f.

Kd;Diu:
cyfg;nghJkiw vd;W Nghw;WjYf;F cupa jpUf;Fws;> vf;fhyj;jpw;Fk;>
ve;ehl;ltUf;Fk;> vk;kf;fSf;Fk; Vw;w tifapy; mwpTiu $Wk; mw E}yhf
jpfo;fpwJ. ‘ts;Std; jd;id cydpDf;Nf je;J thd;Gfo; nfhz;l jkpo;ehL’
vdg;Nghw;wg;gLk; ts;Std; ‘rpdk; nfhs;shik’ Fwpj;J kf;fSf;F vLj;Jiuf;Fk;
fUj;jpid gpd;tUkhW fhz;Nghk;.
rpdj;ij fhj;jy;:
 jd; rpdk; nry;YgbahFk; nkypatuplj;jpy; nfhs;shky; fhg;gtNu cz;ikapy; rpdk;
fhg;gtu;. nry;Ygbahfhj typatuplj;jpy;> fhj;jhy; vd;d? fhf;fhtpl;lhy; vd;d?
rpdj;ij vt;tplj;Jk; fhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 jPikahd tpisTfs; rpdj;jhNyNa Vw;gLk; vd;gjhy; ahuplj;Jk; rpdk; nfhs;s hky;
mij kwe;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;.
rpdNk ngupa gif:
 rpdk; vDk; gifahdJ ek; Kfj;jpd; rpupg;igAk;> kdj;jpDila kfpo;r;rpiaAk;
mopj;JtpLk;.
 xUtu; jd;idj;jhd; fhj;Jf;nfhs;s tpUk;gpdhy;> rpdk; thuhky; fhj;Jf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. fhf;fhtpl;lhy;> rpdk; ek;ikNa mopj;JtpLk;.
jd;id Nru;e;jtiuAk; mopj;JtpLk;:
 rpdk;> jd;idr; Nru;e;jtiuAk; mopf;Fk; neUg;G. mJ xUtuJ Rw;wk; vd;Dk;
ghJfhg;Gj; njg;gj;ijAk; Rl;lopj;JtpLk;.
KbTiu:
 rpdj;ij nghUshff; nfhz;L kdpjd; tho;tJ kfpo;itj; juhJ. Jd;gj;ijjhd; jUk;
vd ts;Stu; czu;j;Jfpwhu;.

$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
jkpou; FLk;g Kiw - gf;jtj;ry ghujp
1. FLk;gk; vDk; nrhy; Kjd;Kjypy; ------ jhd; ,lk;ngWfpd;w d. jpUf;Fwspy;
2. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; FLk;ig vDk; nrhy; vj;jid Kiw gapd;W tUfpwJ? 20 Kiw
3. FLk;G vDk; nrhy;ypd; nghUs; ahJ? $b tho;jy;
4. rq;f ,yf;fpak; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; FLk;g tho;tplq;fspd; ngau;fis Fwpg;gpLf.
,y;> kid> Fuk;ig> Gyg;gpy;> Kd;w py;> Fby;> $iu> tiug;G> Kw;wk;> efu;> khlk;
MFk;.

5. kze;jfk; vd;why; vd;d?

kzk;Gupe;j fztDk; kidtpAk; Nru;e;J ,y;yw tho;tpy; <Lglf;$ ba njhlf;ff;
fl;lNk ‘kze;jfk;’ vdg;gLfpwJ.

6. gf;jtj;ry ghujp vOjpa E}y;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf

,yf;fpa khdpltpay;> gz;ghl;L khdpltpay;> jkpou; khdpltpay;> jkpofg; goq;Fbfs;>
ghzu; ,dtiutpay;> tuyhw;W khdpltpay;> jkpou; czT> jpuhtpl khdpltpay;
Nghd;w E}y;fs; MFk;.

tpUe;jpdu; ,y;yk; - [yhYj;jPd; &kp

1. jhfq;nfhz;l kPndhd;W - vd;w jiyg;gpy; nkhopg;ngau;g;G ftpijapid ntspapl;ltu;
ahu;?
vd;. rj;jpa%u;j;jp
2. [khYjPd; gpwe;j ehL ---- Mg;fhdpjhdj;jpy; gpwe;jtu;
3. #/gp jj;Jtg; gilg;gpd; ‘khd];tp’ ftpij njhFg;ig vOjpatu; ahu;? [khYjPd;
&kp.
fk;guhkhazk;
1. fk;gu; jhk; ,aw;wpa E}Yf;F ,aw;wpa ngau;? ,uhkfhij > ,uhktjhuk;
2. fk;gUila fhyk;---- fp.gp. 12 Mk; E}w;whz;L
3. ,uhkd; jd; cwthf fUjpatu;fs; ahu;? ahu;?
Ffd;> rlhA> rgup> Rf;uPtd;> tPlzd;
4. ek; ghlg;gFjpapy; fk;guhkhazj;jpy; ve;nje;j fhz;lq;fspypUe;J ghly;fs;
vLf;fg;gl;ld?
ghyfhz;lk; jtpu> kw;w Ie;J fhz;lkhfpa> mNahj;jpah fhz;lk;> Muzpa fhz;lk;>
fpl;fpe;jh fhz;lk;> Aj;j fhz;lk;.
cupikj; jhfk; - G+kzp
1. cupikjhfj;jpy; tUk; fij khe;ju;fs;
Kj;ijad; - mz;zd;
%f;fk;kh - mz;zp
nts;isr;rhkp - jk;gp
nts;isr;rhkpapd; kidtp
gq;fhUrhkp - NkY}U kpuhR
2. cupikjhfk; vDk; rpWfij ve;j E}ypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ? ‘G+kzp rpWfijfs;’
3. G+kzpapd; ,aw;ngau; --- G+ khzpf;fthrfu;
4. G+kzpapd; rpWfijfs; ahit?
mWg;G> tapWfs;> uPjp> nehWq;fy;fs;
5. G+kzp vOjpa ehty;fis vOJf.
ntf;if> ieNtj;jpak;> tug;Gfs;> tha;f;fhy;> gpwF> mQ;Qhb> nfhk;ik
6. rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp tpUJ ngw;w G+kzpapd; Gjpdj;ij vOJf. mQ;Qhb
7. G+kzp vLj;j jpiug;glj;jpd; ngaupidf; Fwpg;gpLf.
fUNtyk;G+f;fs;.

,ay; - 4
nry;tj;Js; vy;yhk; jiy
,yf;fzj; Nju;r;r pnfhs;

1. ntz;ghtpw;F Vw;g mLj;j rPu; vd;dthf mikf;fyhk;? nghUj;jkhd rPupidf; nfhz;L

Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gq;fs;.
m) md;Ng - jfspaha;
M) thd;kio - J}wypy;
,) fz;zpuz;Lk; - ,y;yhu;
<) ntz;zpyT - fha;fpwJ
c) nta;Nahd; - fha;e;jpl

2. %d;whtJ rPu; mikj;J vOJf.

m) fy;tp fiuapy fw;gtu;
M) fy;yhNu MapDk; Nfl;f
,) ey;yit nra;apd; eyNk
<) mtkjpg;Gk; Md;w nghUs;
c) cz;zhJ Nehw;ghu; rhd;Nwhu;.

3. nghUj;Jf.
m) khr;rPu; - Njkh> Gspkh
M) fha;r;rPu; - Njkhq;fha;> Gspkhq;fha;
,) tpsr;rPu; - fUtpsk;> $tpsk;
<) Xuirr;rPu; - ehs;> kyu;

4. ntz;ghtpw;Fupa jisfs; ahit?

 ,aw;rPu; ntz;lisAk;> ntz;rPu; ntz;lisAk; ntz;ghtpw;Fupa jisfs; MFk;.

5. xU tpfw;gk;> gy tfw;gk; vd;why; vd;d?

 ntz;ghtpy; ehd;fbfSk; XnuJif ngw;W tUtJ xU tpfw;gk; MFk;.
 ntz;ghtpy; Kjy; ,uz;lb XnuJifAk;> mLj;j ,uz;lb XnuJifAk; ngw;W
tUtJ gy tpfw;gk; MFk;.

ed;ik msg;Nghk;
gyTs; njupf
1. “fhtpndk; fyNd: RUf;fpndk; fyg;ig” - ,j;njhlupy; ‘fyd;’ czu;j;Jk; nghUs;
,) ,irf;fUtp
2. Rujh elj;jpa ftpij ,jo;………….
M) fhtpak;
3. “tpz;NtW: tpz;ntspapy; ,aq;F fpd;w
ntz;kjpAk; nrq;fjpUk; KfpYk; NtW” - njhlu; jUk; KOikahd nghUs;.
<) tpz;> tpz;ntspapy; cs;s ntz;kjp> nrq;fjpu;> Kfpy; midj;Jk; NtW NtW
4. RtbNahL nghUe;jhj xd;iwj; Nju;T nra;f.
,) fLf;fha;
5. ‘Fopkhw;W’ ve;jj; JiwNahL njhlu;Gila nrhy;?
M) fzpjk;

FWtpdh
1. ,ilaPL - vtw;iwf; FwpaPlhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ?
,ilaPL vd;w ftpij> ftpQupd; ftpij rhu;e;j vz;zk;> mjid ntspg;gLj;Jk;
tz;zk;> vOjg;gl;l ftpijia cs;thq;Fk; thrfdpd; kdepiy Nghd;w tw;iwf;
FwpaPlhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
2. trdk;> ftpij NtWghL jUf.
 vJif Nkhid Nru;f;fhky;> mbasit mwpe;jplhky;> vOJfpd;w tbte;jhd; trdk;.
 ahg;gpy; te;J mlq;Fk; thu;j;ijfNs ftpij MFk;.
3. ‘vj;jpirapYk; NrhW jl;lhJ fpl;Lk;’ - ahu;f;F?
 fiyj;njhopypy; ty;y Gytu;fSf;F vj;jpirapy; nrd;whYk; mj;jpirapy; czT>
jtwhky; fpl;Lk;.
4. mf;fhyj;Jf; fy;tpKiwapy; kddg; gapw;rpf;F cjtpa E}y;fs; vit?
 Mj;jp#b> nfhd;iwNte;jd;.

rpWtpdh
1. “%d;w hd fhyk; Nghy; xd;W” - vit? Vd;? tpsf;Ff.
 %d;whd fhyk; Nghy; xd;W vd;gJ vz;zk;> ntspaPL> Nfl;ly;.
 ek; kdjpy; cs;sij epidg;git vz;zkhFk;.
 ehk; vz;zpaij ntspapLtJ ntspaPlhFk;.
 mij Nfl;gtu; ek; vz;zpaijNa Gupe;Jf;nfhs;thu;fsh vd;gJ> ahuhYk; czu
Kbahj xd;whFk;.
 mij ntspg;gLj;Jk; Kfkhfj;jhd; ,f;ftpijapy>; ‘nrhy;y tpUk;gpaJ vy;yhk;
nrhy;ypy; tUtJ ,y;iy’ vd;W rp. kzp Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.

2. ePtpu; Mrpupauhdhy; khzhf;fiu md;gpdhy; vt;tifapy; newpg;gLj;JtPu;?

 tFg;gpw;Fs; EioAk; nghONj Gd;difAld; EioNtd;.
 midtUk; rhg;gpl;lhu;fsh? vdf; Nfl;lwpNtd;.
 midtupd; Kfj;ijAk; xUKiw Nehf;FNtd;.
 thl;lkpUe;jhy; mUfpy; mioj;J> ftiyia Nghf;FNtd;.
 Gj;jfk; ,y;yhky; ghlk; elj;JNtd;.
 ehd; khztd; NghyTk; khztu;fis MrpupauhfTk; khw;wp ghlk; elj;Jtij
urpg;Ngd;.
 khztu;fSld; tpisahLNtd;.
 mtu;fs; $Wtij fhJ nfhLj;Jf;Nfl;Ngd;.
 Nju;T vd;w gaj;ijAk;> gbg;G vd;w ghuj;ijAk; fUjhj tz;zk; fw;gpj;jy;
nra;Ntd;.

3. kzypy; vOjpaJ Kjy; jw;fhyk; tiu vOJk; Kiwapy; Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;wq;fisj;

njhFj;Jiuf;f.
 xU gf;fj;jpy; kpf Ez;zpa vOj;Jf;fshf ,UgJ Kg;gJ tup tiuapy;
vOJtjw;Fupa nky;ypa vOj;jhzpfs; ,Ue;jd.
 ehk; ,f;fhyj;jpy; fhfpjj;jpy; vOJtijg; Nghd;w Ntfj;NjhNl Vl;by; vOJtJz;L.
 khzhf;fu;fSf;F vOJk; gof;fk; ed;whf cz;lhfNtz;Lnkd;W Mrpupau;fs;
xt;nthU ehSk; mtu;fis jdpj;jdpNa VLfspy; jhNk NkNy vOjp mijg;Nghy;
vOjptur; nrhy;thu;fs;.
 ,d;W ifnaOj;J gapw;rp VL > mr;rpl;L khztu;fspd; ifnaOj;J mofpid
tsu;f;fpd;wd.

4. thapNyhNa vdj; njhlq;Fk; xsitahupd; GwehD}w;Wg;ghly; ghlz; jpizf;F

cupaJ vd;gij epWTf.
 neLkhd; mQ;rp xitahiu jd;DlNd muz;kidapy; jq;f itj;J ehSk; ehSk;
mtupd; jkpio Nfl;f Ntz;Lk; vd tpUk;gp> xsitf;F guprpy; juhky;
,Ue;Jtpl;lhd;.
 ,ij xsitahu; czu;e;jpUe;jhYk;> mjpadplk; Nfl;fhky;> thapy; fhtydplk;
gupryUf;F milahj thapiy cila murdplk; $Wq;fs; vq;fSf;F vj;jpir
nrd;whYk; NrhW cz;Lnld;W vd;W rpdj;NjhL $Wfpwhu;.
 ,jpy; mjpaid kiwKfkhf milahj thapiy cilatd; vd Gfo;tjhy;
,g;ghly; ghlhz; jpizf;F nghUj;jkhapw;W.

neLtpdh
1. ftpij vOj mwpa Ntz;Ltdthfr; Rujh $Wtdtw;iw tptupf;f.
,jpy; ntw;wp ngw
 vy;yhk; NtW NtW:
 tpz;Zk; tpz;ntspAk; NtW.
 kz;Zk; kzYk; NtW
 gdpAk; kioAk; NtW
 GfOk; nry;thf;Fk; NtW
 fhl;rp NtW fy;tp NtW
 ftpijAk; ciueilAk; NtW NtW
 ftpij Mf;fk;
 muprp NrhwhfpwJ.
 mUk;G G+ MfpwJ.
 nrhy; ftpij MfpwJ.
 vJif> Nkhid mw;w vz;zpylq;fhj thu;j;ij trdkhfpwJ.
 ahg;gpy; te;jlq;Fk; thu;j;ijfNs ftpij MfpwJ.
 ftpij tUk;:
 fdp gOj;jhy; rhW tUk;.
 taypy; jz;zPu; ,Ue;jhy; VU tUk;.
 vOj;jpUe;jhy; mir tUk;
 mirapy; rPUk;> rPupy; jisAk;> jisapy> mbAk; tUk;
 ,itnay;yhk; ed;F njupe;jpUe;jhy; ftpij vOj tUk;.
 njupe;jhy; njspayhk
 vOj;J> mir> rPu;> jis> mb> njhil njupe;jhy; ftpij tUk;.
 NjkhTk;> GspkhTk; njupe;J vOjpdhy; Gytu;fspd; ghlypy; Gfo; jq;Fk;.
 Mdhy; rhkhdpa kf;fSf;F GupAk; tz;zk; ftpij gilf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 cuj;jpy; gapu; tpistJ Nghy;> mwk; nghUspy; ftpij tpisAk;.
,t;thW Rujh jkpo; ,yf;fzk; mwpe;jhy; ftpij vOJtJ ,dpf;Fk; vd;W
$Wfpwhu;.
2. gz;ilf;fhyf; fy;tp Kiwapy; Mrpupau; khztu;fSf;fpilNa epfo;e;j fw;wy;>
fw;g pj;jy; Kiwfisj; njhFj;njOJf.

Kd;Diu: fy;tpAk; mjd; Nehf;fKk;> fy;tpf;$l mikg;Gk; > fw;gpf;Fk; KiwfSk;

fhye;NjhWk; khwpf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpwJ. ,Ue;jNghJk; me;ehisa fw;gpj;jy;
Kiwfisg; gioad vd;W Gwe;js;sptplhky;> Njitahdtw;iwj;
Nju;e;Jgad;gLj;jpdhy; mit ,d;iwa fy;tpf;F Vw;w cukhf mikAk;.
fw;g pf;Fk; ,lq;fs;:
gz;ila fhyj;jpy; Mrpupau; ,Ug;gplk; Nehf;fp khztu;fs; nrd;whu;fs;. kd;wq;fs;>
klq;fs;> ghlrhiyfs;> gs;spfs; vd mit khwpkhwp ngau;fspy; ,Ue;jd.
,t;tplq;fspy; khztu;fs; Mrpupaiu Nehf;fp gazpj;jhu;fs;. kuj;jpd; mbapYk;>
,aw;if topapYk;> Fwpg;gpl;l Neuk; fhyk; ,y;yhky; mDgt topapy; kpFe;j FU
gf;jpAld; fw;w y; epfo;thdJ ,Ue;jJ.
njhlf;f fy;tp :
Ie;J tajpy; jd; gps;isia fy;tpfw;f mDg;Gk; ngw;Nwhu;fs; Vl;bd; kPJ kQ;rs;
G+rp> G+rpj;J Mrpu;tjpj;J mDg;gp itg;ghu;fs;. cghj;jpahau;fs; neLq;fzf;if
nrhy;yp jUthu;fs;.
vOj;Jfis fw;wy; :
Xiy Rtbapy; gbf;Fk;nghOJ fz; nflhkypUf;f> trk;G> kQ;rs;> kzj;jf;fhyp
,iy rhW> khtpiyf;fup> Kjypatw;iw $l;b ikahf nra;J mjd; kPJ jltp
gbf;fr; nra;tu;. ,jdhy; fz;fSf;Fk; Fspu;r;rp jUk;. mbg;gil ,yf;fzk;>
nrhw;tsk; Vw;gl> jkpo; epfz;L> ed;D}y;> fhupif> ePjp E}y;fis fw;gpg;ghu;fs;.
ifnaOj;jpw;F cghj;jpahau; jiuapy; vOJ mkjd; Nky; gps;isfs; vOjp
goFthu;fs;.
kdkdg;gaw;rpf;nfd rpWtajpy; tha;g;ghLfs;> Mj;jp; #b> nfhd;iw Nte;jd;
Nghd;wtw;iw gbf;f itg;ghu;fs;.
VnlOJjy; :
fhfpjq;fs; ,y;yhj fhyj;jpy;> gid Xiyfis Kiwahf mLf;fp mij
nghj;jypl;L fk;gpf;nfhz;L Nfhu;j;J> VLNghy; itj;J> mjpy; vOjtjw;F
tiftifahd vOj;jhzpfis itj;jpUe;jhu;fs;.
jz;lid ,y;iy :
mjpj FUgf;jp ,Ue;jjhy; fz;bf;Fk; mtrpak; ,y;iy. khztu;fSk; jtW
nra;jNj ,y;iy.
fye;Jiuahly; :
mf;fhyj;jpNy fye;Jiuahly; %yk; fUj;Jfis njspTg;gLj;jp khztu;fs;
fw;w pUf;fpwhu;fs;. tho;ehs; KoJk; fw;wy;> E}y; gy fw;w y; vd fw;wYf;F vy;iy
,y;yhky; fw;w fhyk; mJ.
KbTiu:
fhyj;jpd; Ntfk; me;jg; gioa gs;spf;$lq;fis khw;wp ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; mjd;
mbr;Rtl;bid ,d;Wk; ehk; gw;wpf;nfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;fpNwhk;. gy mwpQu;fisAk;>
fy;tpahsu;fisAk;> rpe;jidthjpfisAk; ekf;F fhl;br; nrd;wJ md;iwa gs;spf;
$lq;fNs! mjd; cz;ikia czu;e;J Vw;wkpF fy;tpia elj;jp nryNthkhf.

3. ‘rhiy tpgj;jpy;yhj; jkpo;ehL’ - ,f;$w;W edthf ehk; nra;aNtz;bad ahit?

Kd;Diu:
tho;it KOikahf;Fk; $WfSs; Kjd;ikahdJ gazk;. mjpYk; rhiytopg;
gazk; kdjpw;F ,d;gj;ij mspf;ff; $baJ. mj;jifa gazj;ij midtUk;
ghJfhg;ghf Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. rhiy tpjpfis ehk; filgpbf;fNtz;Lk;.
gpwiuAk; filgpbf;fr;nra;aNtz;Lk;. tpgj;jpy;yh jkpo;ehl;il cUthf;FtJ ek;
xt;nthUtu; flik MFk;.
 rhiy tpgj;j py; jkpo;ehL:
 ehnshd;w pw;F 1317 tpgj;Jfs; epfo;fpd;wd. ,jpy; 413 Ngu; capupof;fpwhu;fs;.
 Fwpg;ghfj; jkpo;e hLjhd; ,e;jpahtpNyNa kpFe;j rhiy tpgj;Jfs; elf;Fk; khepykhf
,Uf;fpwJ.
 ,e;jpahtpy; elf;Fk; tpgj;Jfspd; nkhj;j tpOf;fhl;by; jkpo;e hL 15 tpOf;fhLfisg;
ngWfpwJ.
rhiy tpgj;J Vw;gLk; thfdq;fs;:
 ek; ehl;by; Vw;gLk; tpgj;Jfspy; 35 tpOf;fhL ,Urf;fu Cu;jpahy; kl;LNk
Vw;gLfpd;w d.
 ,jw;F fhuzk; Xl;Leu; cupkk; ngw ,ayhj 18 tajpw;Fk; Fiwthd khztu;fs;
Xl;LtjhYk;>
 ifNgrpAld; Ngrpf;nfhz;Nl nry;tjhYk; MFk;.
tpgj;jpy;yhj; jkpo; ehL cUthf:
 fl;lhak; jiyftrk; mzpjy; Ntz;Lk;.
 rhiy tpjpfisAk;> FwpaPLfisAk; njupe;J itj;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 tz;b Xl;Lk; NghJ ftdk; rhiyapy; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 epjhdk; Ntz;Lk;. mjpf Ntfj;ij jtpu;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 rl;lj;ij kjpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 XLk; NgUe;jpy; VwNth> gbf;fl;by; gazpf;fNth $lhJ.
 ifNgrpapy; Ngrpf;nfhz;Nlh> kJ mUe;jptpl;Nlh thfdk; ,af;ff; $lhJ.
 eil Nkil> eilg;ghijia gad;gLj;Jjy; $lhJ.
 rhiyapd; tiffs;> NkL gs;sq;fs;> FWfy;fs;> Ntfj;jil> tpgj;J gFjp>
tisTfis mwpe;J rPuhf thfdj;ij ,af;Fjy; Ntz;L;k;.
 tpgj;J Fwpj;j tpopg;Gzu;it kf;fsplk; gug;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;.
KbTiu:
 mUik kpf;f capiu mfhy kuzj;jpw;F ms;sp jUtJ KiwNah? Fiwtpy;yh
tho;f;ifia cly; Cdf;Fiwf;F ,iuahf;FtJ jFNkh? rpe;jpg;gPu; ! rPuhf
gazpg;gPu;. ghijapy; ghJfhg;G gazk;. gakpy;yh gazk;.

$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
gz;ila fhyj;Jg; gs;spf;$ lq;fs; - c.Nt.rhkpehju;
1. gz;ila fhyj;Jg; gs;spf;$ lq;fs; vd;w ghlk; vq;fpUe;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ?
c.Nt.rh nrd;id Kj;ijah gs;spapy; Mw;wpa ciu> RNjr thu ,jopy;
fl;Liuahf ntspahfp ,d;W ekf;F ghlkhf mike;Js;sJ.
2. jpz;izg; gs;spapy; gapd;wtu;fs; ahu;?
 capupd kUj;Jtu; nts;isf;fhy; g. Rg;gpukzpadhu;.
 tuyhw;W Ma;thsu;> jkpowpQu; kh. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhu;
 ew;wpiz E}ypd; ciu Mrpupau; ehuhazrhkp
 ghujpahupd; ez;gu; tof;fwpQu; ehtyu; Nrhk Re;ju ghujp
 rpyg;gjpfhu ciuahrpupau; Ntq;fl rhkp
 kJiu gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; Jiz Nte;ju;. t.Rg. khzpf;fk;.
2. kd;wk; vd;why; vd;d?
xU ngupa kuj;jpd; mbapy; Nkil xd;W mikj;jpUg;gu;. mij mk;gynkd;Wk;>
jpz;iz gs;sp vd;Wk; miog;gu;
3. cghj;jpahu; xd;W nrhy;y khzf;fu;fs; Nru;e;J nrhy;tij ------ vd;W miog;gu;.
‘Kiw itg;G’
4. Rtbapy; cs;s vOj;Jfs; ed;whfj; njupa vd;ndd;d jlTthu;fs;?
trk;G> kQ;rs;> kzj;jf;fhsp ,iy rhW my;yJ Ckj;j,iyr;rhW > khtpiyf;fup>
ju;g;igf;fup Kjypatw;iwf; $l;br; nra;j ikia mjpy; jlTthu;fs;.
5. ‘ikahly; tpoh’ vd;why; vd;d?
 Xiyr;Rtbapy; ik jltp Kjd;Kjypy; thrpf;fj; njhlq;Ftij ikahly; tpoh
vd;W miog;gu;.
6. ePjp E}y;fs; rpytw;iw Fwpg;gpLf.
Mj;jp #b> nfhd;iw Nte;jd;> %Jiu> ey;top
7. gz;ilf;fhy tha;g;ghL tiffis Fwpg;gpLf.
fPo;thapyf;fk;> Nky;thapyf;fk;> Fopkhw;W> ney; ,yf;fk; Nghd;wit MFk;.
8. ehrhuk; vd;why; vd;d?
Xiy Rtbfspy; Jisapl;L nrg;Gf; fk;gp my;yJ %q;fpw; Fr;rpiar; nrUfpf;
fl;Lthu;fs;. mjw;F ‘ehuhrk;’ vd;W ngau;.
9. vOj;jhzp tiffis vOJf.
vOj;jhzpia Crp vd;W $Wtu;. klf;nfOj;jhzp> thnuOj;jhzp> Fz;nlOj;jhzp
10. rl;lk;> J}f;F tpsf;Ff.
jdpj;jdpNa VLfspy; jhk; NkNy vOjp mijg;Nghy; vOjptur; nrhy;thu;fs;. ,jw;Fr;
rl;nkd;W ngau;.
Rtbfis itg;gjw;Fk; vLj;Jr; nry;tjw;Fk; cgNahfg;gLk; fUtpf;Fj; j}f;F vd;W
ngau;. mjid mir vd;W nrhy;tJz;L.
11. thJ Gupe;J jk; jpwik epiyehl;ljiy Fwpf;Fk; E}y; - kJiuf;fhQ;rp
12. gs;spf;F Kjypy; tUgtid ---- vd miog;gu; - Ntfj;jhd;
13. c.Nt.rh rpiy vq;F epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ? nrd;id khepyf; fy;Y}upapy;
14. c.Nt.rh E}yfk; vq;F cs;sJ? jpUthd;kpA+upy;
15. cNt.rh gzp Mw;wpa fy;Y}upfs; vit? vit?
Fk;gNfhzk; muR fiyf;fy;Y}up> nrd;id khepyf; fy;Y}up
16. c.Nt.rh ngw;w gl;lq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
kfhkNfhghj;jpaha> jpuhtpl tpj;jpah G+\zk;> jh\pzhj;jpa fyhepjp.
17. jkpo; fy;Y}upahfTk;> tlnkhop fy;Y}upahfTk; tpsq;fp te;j klq;fs; ahit?
jpUthtLJiw klk;> jUkGuk; klk;
18. gz;ila fhyj;Jg; gs;spf;$ lk; vDk; fl;Liu vjpypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ?
c.Nt.rhtpd; ‘ capu; kPl;rp’ vDk; ,yf;fpaf; fl;liuapypUe;J.
,jpy; ntw;wp ngw
1. ,jpy; ntw;wp ngw vDk; ftpij ve;j njhFg;gpypUe;J vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sJ?
‘JiwKfk;’
2. Rujhtpd; ,aw;ngau; ahJ? ,uhrNfhghyd;
3. Rujh ahu; kPJ nfhz;l gw;wpd; fhuzkhf ngaiu khw;wpf; nfhz;lhu;? ghujpjhrd;
4. Rujh elj;jpa ,jo;fs; ahit?
,yf;fpak;> tpz;kPd;> Cu;tyk;
5. Rujhtpd; ftpij E}y;fis vOJf.
Njd;kio> JiwKfk;> kq;ifau;f;furp> mKJk; NjDk; Nghd;wit.
6. Rujh ngw;w tpUJfis vOJf.
jkpof murpd; fiykhkzp tpUJ> ghujpjhrd; tpUJ> jQ;ir gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd;
,uhruhrd; tpUJfisg; ngw;Ws;shu;.
,ilaPL
1. ,ilaPL ftpijapd; Mrpupau; kzpapd; ,aw;ngau; ahJ? rp.godpr;rhkp
2. rp.kzp elj;jpa ,jopd; ngau; ahJ? ‘eil’
GwehD}W
1. GwehD}Wf;F toq;Fk; NtW ngau;fs; ahit?
Gwk;> Gwk;ghl;L
 ,ay; - 5
ehnld;g ehl;bd; jiy
,yf;fzj; Nju;r;r pnfhs;

1. gbkk; vd;gjd; nghUs;…

m) nrhy; M) nray; ,) fhl;rp <) xyp
2. ‘fhiy ,sk; ntapy; ed;whf Nka Jk;gWj;Jj; Js;sptUk; GJntapy;;’,f;ftpijapy;
-------gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
m) gad; tbtk; M) tpidg;gbkk; ,) nka;g;gbtk; <) cUg;gbkk;
3. $w;W: : ctik cUtfk; Nghy gbkKk; tpid> gad;> nka;> cU Mfpatw;wpd;
mbg;gilapy; Njhd;Wk;.
fhuzk; : vt;tifahd gbkkhf ,Ue;jhYk; mJ fhl;rp topNa fUj;jpid
tpsf;Ftjpy;iy.
m) $w;W rup> fhuzk; jtW
4. nka;g; gbkj;Jf;Fupa ghliyj; Nju;T nra;f.
,) rptg;Gf; Nfhl;Lf; fOj;Jk; ghrpkzpf; fz;Zk;
5. “khe;Njhg;G tre;jj;jpd; gl;lhil cLj;jpUf;fpwJ” - ,jpy; vt;tifg; gbkk;
ntspg;gLfpwJ?
cU(epwk;)g; gbkk;

ek;ik msg;Nghk;
gyTs; njupf
1. nrd;id ntWk; efuk; kl;Lky;y> mJ ek;gpf;if ikak; - fhuzk;-
m) Neub> kiwKf Ntiytha;g;Gfspd; fsk;
M) nkd;nghUs;> td;nghUs;> thfd cw;gj;jpapy; gq;F
,) nkd;nghUs; Vw;Wkjpapy; Kd;dpiy
<) m> M> , - midj;Jk;
2. $w;W : ,e;jpahtpd; gy gFjpfspy; ,Ue;Jk; nerthsu;fs; nrd;id Nehf;fp te;jdu;.
fhuzk; : fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpd; tzpfk;> Jzp rhu;e;jjhfNt ,Ue;jJ.
m) $w;W rup> fhuzk; jtW M) $w;W jtW> fhuzk; rup
,) $w;W jtW> fhuzk; jtW <) $w;W rup> fhuzk; rup
3. nghUj;Jf:
m) jpUty;ypf;Nfzp - 1) khtypGur; nryT
M) gf;fpq;fhk; fhy;tha; - 2) fy; Nfhlup
,) gy;yhtuk; - 3) mUq;fhl;rpafk;
<) vOk;G+u; - 4) $tk;

m) 1> 2> 4> 3 M) 4> 2> 1> 3 ,) 4>1>2>3 <) 2> 4> 3> 1
4. ‘cs;nshd;W itj;Jg; Gwk;nghd;W NgRthu;’ - ,j;njhlu; czu;j;Jk; gz;G
m) Neu;kiwg; gz;G M) vjpu;kiwg; gz;G ,) Kuz; gz;G
<) ,it midj;Jk;
5. ‘tpspawp Qkyp’ - ,jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; tpyq;F vJ?
m) vUJ M) Fjpiu ,) eha; <) ahop

FWtpdh
1) fyptpoh> xsptpoh - tpsf;fk; jUf.
jpUtpohhy; Vw;gLk; kf;fspd; kfpo;r;rp fyp tpoh MFk;. fghyPr;Ruu; Nfhapy;
gq;Fdp cj;jpu jpUtpohitf; fhZk; gf;fju;fspd; $l;lk; xsptpoh MFk;.
2) fPo;j;jpirr; Rtbfs; E}yfk; Fwpj;J vOJf.
 fhypd; nkf;fd;rpapd; njhFg;Gfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L 1869 ,y;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ ,e;E}yfk;.
 ,jpy; mupa Xiyr;Rtbfs;> jhs; Rtbfs;> Gj;jfq;fs; vdg; ngUk; njhFg;Gfs;
mlq;fpAs;sd.

3) ‘jUkkpF nrd;idapy; fe;j Nfhl;lj;Js;tsu; jyNkhq;F fe;jNtNs’ - njhlUf;Fg;

gjTiu vOJf.
mwk; nra;thu; epiwe;jpUf;Fk; nrd;idapd; fe;jf;Nfhl;lj;Jj; jpUf;Nfhtpypy;
vOe;jUspapUf;Fk; KUfg;ngUkhNd vd;gJ ,j;njhlUf;fhd nghUshFk;.

4) ‘ngUq;fly; Ntl;lj;Jr; rpWFbg; gujtu;’ - njhlupy; cs;s Kuz; eaj;ijf;

Fwpg;gpLf.
ngUq;fly; X rpWFb
rpWtpdh
1) nrd;idapy; gz;ghl;L milahsq;fspy;> ,d;Wk; epiyj;J ,Ug;gdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.
 Mtzq;fis ghJfhf;Fk; ‘nkl;uh]; nuf;fhl; Mgp];’ rhurdpf; fl;ll Kiwapy;
mike;jjhFk;.
 jkpo;r; r%fj;jpd; tuyhw;iw mwptjw;fhd Kjd;ikj; juTfs; gy ,q;Nf
ghJfhf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 vOk;G+u; mUq;fhl;rpafKk;> Nfhl;il mUq;fhl;rpafKk;. njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;iwAk;>
gz;ghl;ilAk; mwpa ngupJk; Jizaha; epw;fpd;wd.

2) ,uhkypq;f mbfs; fe;jNtsplk; vj;jifNahu; cwT Ntz;Lnkdf; Nfl;fpwhu;?

 fe;jNfhl;lj;Js; vOe;jUspAs;s ,iwtdplk; ,uhkypq;f mbfshu; gpd;tUkhW
Ntz;Lfpwhu;.
 kdij xUKfg;gLj;jp ,iwtdpd; jpUtbfis ehSk; njhOfpd;w> cj;jku;fspd;
cwT Ntz;Lk; vd;W Ntz;Lfpwhu;.
 cs;sj;jpy; xd;Wk; ntspapy; xd;Wkhfg; NgRk; tQ;rfupd; cwT jd;id gw;whj
tz;zk; fhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $Wfpwhu;.

3) gq;Fdp cj;jpuj; jpUtpoh eilngw;w Kiwiaj; jpUQhd rk;ge;ju; vt;thW gjpT

nra;fpwhu;?
 ,sk;ngz;fs; Muthuj;Jld; nfhz;lhLk; jpUtpohf;fs; epiwe;j tPjpfis cila>
ngupa Cu; jpUkapiy MFk;.
 jpUkapiyapy; fghyPRtu; Nfhtpy; nfhz;L tPw;wpUf;fpwhu;.
 ,e;j ,iwtDf;F Muthuj;NjhL nfhz;lhlg;gLk; gq;Fdp cj;jpu jpUtpohtpy;
fye;Jf;nfhs;shky;> ehd; NtW vq;Fk; nry;y khl;Nld; vd;W jpUQhd rk;ge;ju;
$Wfpwhu;.

4) ‘ney;ypd; NeNu ntz;fy; cg;G’ - ,j;njhlupd; top gz;lkhw;W tzpfj;ij tpsf;Ff.

 rq;f fhyj;jpy; kf;fs; jq;fSila epyq;fSf;F jFe;j gb njhopy; nra;J>
nghUis cw;gj;jp nra;jdu;.
 jq;fsplj;jpy; cs;s nghUis gpwuplk; nfhLj;J gpwuplk; cs;s nghUs;fis ngw;W>
gz;l khw;W Kiwapy; tho;it elj;jp cs;shu;fs;.
 ek; ghlg;gFjpapy; mike;Js;s mk;%tdhu; ghba nea;jy; epyg;ghlypy;> moFk;
,sikAk; tha;e;j ckzu; ngz; xUj;jp> cg;Gf;F khw;whf ney;iyj; je;J
cg;gpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s thuPNuh! vd thzpfk; nra;tjhf ghlypy;
fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 vdNt rq;f ,yf;fpa thzpg Kiwapy; nghUspy; Vw;w j;jho;T ,y;yhj gz;lkhw;W
Kiwapy; rpwg;gha; tho;e;jpUf;fpd;wdu; vd;gJ njspthf ekf;F GydhfpwJ.

neLtpdh
1) “xt;nthU efuj;Jf;Fk; tuyhWk; tbtoFk; cz;L” - ePq;fs; ghu;j;j my;yJ tho;e;j
xU efuk; Fwpj;J ,Ugf;f mstpy; fl;Liu vOJf.
Kd;Diu : “nrhu;f;fNk vd;whYk; mJ ek;%U Nghy tUkh?!” vd;w jpiug;gl ghly;
tupf;F Vw;g mtutu; Cu; mtutUf;F nrhu;f;fkhFk;. mJg;NghyNt vd;Dila
Cuhfpa jpU mUiz vdf;F nrhu;f;fkhFk;. ,t;T+upd; mUikiaAk;> gok;
ngUikiaAk; ,q;F $w tpiofpNwd;.
jpUtz;zhkiy:
,e;jpahtpd; jkpo;e hL khepyj;jpy; mike;Js;s jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lk; xU
ngUefuhl;rp MFk;. jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lj;jpy; jiyefUk; ,JNt MFk;. Gdpj
efukhf fUjg;glk; ,e;efupy; mz;zhkiyahu; jpUf;Nfhapy; cs;sJ.
jpUtz;zhkiy efuk; cUthf;fk;:
jpUtz;zhkiyapy; fp.K. 1 Mk; E}w;whz;L Kd;dNu efuikj;J tho;e;J
te;jpUf;fpd;wdu;;. ,J “kJiu” efupidtpl goikahdJ vd;W rpyuhy; $wg;gLfpwJ.
jpUtz;zhkiy efuk; gw;w pa Fwpg;G rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gy ,lq;fspy;
tUfpd;wd.
fhu;j;jpif jPgk; :
gupghlypy; fhu;j;jpif jPgk; gw;wp Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. mjpy; 2500 Mz;LfSf;F
Kd;G ,e;e fiu njhz;ilkhd; ,se;jpiuad; vd;Dk; kd;dd; Mz;Lte;jjhf mwpa
KbfpwJ.
kiyapd; Njhw;Wtha; :
jpUtz;zhkiy xU ,we;j vupkiy MFk;. gy E}w;w hz;Lf;F Kd; ,J
ntbj;J ,jd; jPf; Fok;G ePupy; Njha;j;J cUthdJjhd; jf;fhzk; vd;W rpyu;
$Wtu;.
jpUtz;zhkiy Nfhapy; :
rptngUkhdpd; gQ;rG+j jyq;fspy; mf;dpj; jykhFk;. gpuk;khTk;> jpUkhYk;
jq;fSf;Fs; ahu; ngupatu; vd;W rz;ilapl;Lf; nfhz;lNghJ>; rptngUkhd; mf;dp
J}zhf epd;whu; vd;W tuyhW $WfpwJ.
rpj;ju;fs; tho;e ;j G+kp:
,ilf;fhlu;> Fif ekr;rpthau;> ,ukz kfup\p> Nr\hj;jpup> tprpwp rhkpahu;>
%f;Fg;nghb rpj;ju; Nghd;Nwhupd; [Pt rhkjpfs; ,q;F rpj;ju;fs; tho;e;J Kj;jp NgW
mile;Js;sdu; vd;gij giw rhw;wp epw;fpd;wd.
njhopy;fs; :
gy fpuhkq;fs; xd;wpize;j efukhf jpUtz;zhkiy jpfo;fpwJ.
tptrhaNk njhopyhf ,Ue;J te;jpUf;fpd;w J. kioapd;ik fhuzkhf kf;fs; njhopy;
Njb gf;fj;J khepyq;fSf;F Ntiyf;fhf nry;fpwhu;fs;. ngupjhf njhopy;
rhiyfNsh> njhopy;fNsh fpilahJ.
Gdpj Rw;Wyh jyk;:
Gdpj Rw;Wyh jykhf fUjg;gLtjhy; rpW tzpfk; rpwg;ghdnjhU ,lj;ij
gpbj;Js;sJ. kf;fs; ,iwtdpd; mUshy; rpwe;jnjhU tho;it tho;e;J tWik
gpbapypUe;J ePq;fp tskhd tho;it tho;e;J tUfpwhu;fs;.
KbTiu:
,k;kz;zhy; ehd; ngUik milfpNwd;. epidj;jhNy Kj;jp jUk; jpU
mUizapy;> ehd; gpwe;J tho;e;Jf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; Ngwpid ngw;Ws;Nsd; vd;gij
vz;zp ngUik milfpNwd;. thUq;fs; midtUk; vk; efUf;F!
2) “fpuhkq;fs; jq;fs; Kftupia ,oe;J tUfpd;wd” - jiyf;Fsk; fijapd;wp cq;fs;
fUj;ij tptupf;f.
Kd;Diu : “Mwpy;yh CUf;F moF gho;” vd;W ghba xsitapd; tupf;F Vw;g
xt;nthU Cu;fSk; ePupd;wp nghyptpoe;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. xU fhyj;jpy; FwpQ;rpAk;>
Ky;iyAk; kUjKkhf fhl;rp mspj;j Cu;fs; mj;jidAk;> ghiyahf khwp
tUfpd;wd. ,jw;nfy;yhk; fhuzk; mwptpay; Kd;Ndw;wkh? efu ngUf;fkh?
ghl;bfs; nrhd;d fij:
kio ePupy; kPd;fs; Js;sp tUkhk;? thrypy; epd;W Ntbf;if ghu;f;Fk;
rpWkpfs; jq;fspd; ghthilia kPd; gpbf;Fk; tisahf Nghl;L kPd; gpbj;J>
kiof;F Urpahf kz;rl;b kzf;f Fok;G itj;J rhg;gpl;lhu;fs; vd;W $Wthu;fs;.
mk;khf;fs; nrhd;d fij :
khu;fop khjj;jpy; tpbaw;fhiy ,Ul;by; Fsf;fiuapy; ngz;fs; vy;yhk; FOkp
ePr;ry; Nghl;b elj;Jthu;fshk;. Cu; eLNt ,Uf;Fk; Fsj;jpy; Mz;fs;
vOe;jpUf;Fk; Kd; ,sk; ngz;fs; Fspj;J Kbj;J> Milfis Jitj;J>
fij Ngrp ghl;L ghb> $l;lkhf ,Ug;ghu;fshk;.
mg;gh nrhd;d fij:
Mykuj;jpd; tpOij gpbj;J Fsj;J ePupy; njhg;ngd Fjpj;J ePr;ry;
,Lthu;fshk;. jhj;jhtpd; Fuy; Nfl;L jg;gpg;gjw;fhf> Fsj;jpy; jiy ntspNa
njupahky; %r;R gpbj;J ePUf;Fs; %o;fp ,Ug;ghu;fshk;. kdpjid fz;L Xl;by;
xspe;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Mik> fhy; mbapy; te;J jd;id fhl;b nfhLj;JtpLkhk;.
,g;gb Rthurpakhd fijia Nfl;lJk; cz;L.
khkh nrhd;d fij:
guz;kPJ ,Ue;j gioa rhiyf; fhl;b> gj;J Vf;fUf;F ney; elT
nra;a> gR khl;ilf;fl;b> gj;J epkplj;jpy; ePu; ,iwj;J coT nra;jhu;fshk;.
xt;nthd;Wk; milahsk; :
,we;j gpd; vYk;G $L kdpjd; tho;e;jhd; vd;gjw;F milahsk;
fhl;b epw;fpd;w dNth mJNghy vq;fs; CupYk; rpy Fsq;fSk;> fpzWfSk;
ePNuhL ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd vd;w milahsj;ij fhl;bf;nfhz;L epw;fpd;w d.
milahsKk; ,d;w p :
tsu;e;J tUk; ngUefuq;fs;> VupfisAk;> MWfisAk; milahsj;jpw;F
$l tpl;L itf;fhky; njhopyfq;fshf> fy;tp epiyaq;fshf khwptpl;ld. khWjy;
Ntz;Lk; tho;tjw;F! tho;jiy khWjyhf;fp ,d;W tPo;jYf;F Ngha;
nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk; vd;gij jiyf;Fsk; fij thapyhf vq;fs; Cupd;
milahskw;w epiyia ehd; czu;fpNwd;.
KbTiu :
“,dp xU tpjp nra;Nthk;” ,dpNaDk; ePu; epiyfis Gjpjhf cUthf;FNthk;.
milahsk; njupe;j ePu; epiyfis J}W thUNthk;. kioePiu Njf;fp itf;Fk;
topfis ifahSNthk;. mofpa Ciu fhZNthk;.
3) nrd;idapy; cs;s kapyhg;G+u;> fe;j Nfhl;lg;gFjpfs; nra;Aspy; vt;tpjk;
fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w d?
 kfpo;r;rpiag; gfpu;e;Jnfhs;Sk; ehfupfj;jpd; ntspg;ghL> Nfhtpy; jpUtpohf;fs; MFk;.
 Nfhtpy; Xu; Cupd; ngUikf;Fupa milahsq;fSs; xd;W. mjd; Gfiog; giwrhw;Wk;
vOr;rpNa jpUtpohf;fs; MFk;.
 mj;jifa jpUtpohf;fs; epiwe;j Cu; jpUkapiy vd;W miof;fg;gLk; kapyhg;G+upy;
gq;Fdp cj;jpu jpUtpohthdJ> md;W njhl;L ,d;W tiu ntF tpku;rpahf
nfhz;lhlg;gl;LtUfpwJ.
 ek; ghlg;gFjpapy; jpUQhd rk;ge;ju;> “fapiy gq;Fdp cj;jpu tpohtpid fhzhky;
nry;tJ Kiwad;W. me;j tpohtpid fz;L fspj;j gpwNf nry;Ntd;” vd;W
$Wtjhf mike;Js;sJ.
 mLj;jjhf ,uhkypq;f mbfshu;> nrd;id fe;jf;Nfhl;l KUfdplk;> ,iwtdpd;
jpUtbia vg;nghOJk; epidj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; cj;jku;fspd; cwT Ntz;Lk;. cs;
xd;W itj;J Gwk; xd;W NgRthupd; cwtpid iftpl;L fhj;jUs Ntz;Lk;.
 ngha; NgrhkypUf;f Ntz;Lk;> ngz; Mir gw;w hky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. kjk; Nga;
gpbf;fhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 vg;nghOJk; ,iwtNd cd;id kwf;fhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ey;y mwpTk;> cd;
fUizAk;> Nehaw;w tho;Tk; jUjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W MWKfkhfpa fe;jf;Nfhl;lj;J
KUfg;ngUkhdplk; Ntz;b epw;fpwhu;.
 ,t;thW nrd;idapy; cs;s rptidAk;> KUfidAk; Qhd rk;ge;jUk;> ,uhkypq;f
mbfshUk; Ntz;b epw;fpwhu;fs; vd;gij ek; ghlg;gFjpahf mwpe;Jf;nfhs;Nthkhf.

$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;:
kjuhrg;gl;bdk;

1. nrd;idg;gl;bdk; vj;jid Mz;Lfs; Mq;fpNyau; gpbapy; ,Ue;jJ? 3 E}w;whz;Lfs;

(300 Mz;Lfs;)
2. r%f gz;ghl;Lf; $WfSs; Kjd;ikahdit vit? efuq;fs;
3. njd;dpe;jpahtpd; EioT thapy; ------------ nrd;id
4. nrd;idapd; goik gw;wp $Wf.
 nrd;idf;F mUNfAs;s Fbak;> mj;jpuk;ghf;fk; Nghd;w gFjpfspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
mfo;tha;Tg;gzp>
 mg;gFjpapd; kdpj ehfupfj;jpd; goikia xU yl;rk; Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;lJ vd
epWTfpwJ.
5. nrd;id efuj;jpd; goikahd Nfhapy;fisf;Fwpg;gpLf.
 jpUnthw;wpA+u;> jpUthd;kpA+u;> kapyhg;G+u;> jpUKy;iy thapy; Nghd;wit MFk;.
 mJkl;Lkpd;wp> gy;yhtu Filtiuf;Nfhapy; kNfe;jputu;kd; fhyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l
goikahd NfhapyhFk;.
 jpUty;ypf;Nfzp Nfhapy; fy;ntl;L> ee;jptu;kd; fhyj;jit vd giwrhw;wp epw;fpd;wd.
6. ky;ypau;gh vd;gJ ahJ?
,d;iwa kapyhg;G+u;> jhykp mtu;fshy; fp.gp. 2 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ‘ky;ypau;gh’
JiwKfk; vd Rl;lg;gLs;sJ.
7. fy;Nfhlup vq;F fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ? gy;yhtuj;jpy;
8. fpof;fpe;jpau;fs; fhy; gjpg;gjw;F Kd;ghf rpwe;Jtpsq;fpa nrd;id gFjpfs; vit
vit?
Nrj;Jg;gl;L> Eq;fk;ghf;fk;> tpahru;ghb> khjtuk;> Nfhak;NgL> jhk;guk; Nghd;w it
MFk;.
9. nrd;idapy; maytu; ahu;? ahu; thzpfj;njhlu;G nfhz;ldu;?
Nghu;j;JfPrpau;> lr;Rf;fhuu;> Mq;fpNyau;.
10. Mjp fhyj;jpy; $tk; Mw;iw -------------vDk; NtW ngauhy; mioj;Jte;jdu;.
jpUty;ypf;Nfzp MW
11. nrd;idapy; vj;jid Xilfs; ,Ue;jd? 18 Xilfs;
12. tl nrd;idf;F cupa MW vJ? nfhw;w iy MW
13. kj;jpa nrd;idf;F cupa MW vJ? $tk;
14. njd; nrd;idf;F cupa MW vJ? milahW> ghyhW
15. nrd;idapd; MWfis ,izf;Fk; fhy;tha;fs; vit?
gf;fpq;fhk; fhy;tha; kw;Wk; fhl;ld; fhy;tha;.
16. ghujpjhrd; ahu; ahUld; nrd;idapy; glF rthup nra;Js;sjhf jd; ftpijapy;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;?
 ghujpjhrd; gf;fpq;fhk; fhy;thapy; kapiy rPdp.Ntq;flrhkp> g. [Pthde;jk;
cs;spl;NlhUld; glF rthup nra;Js;shu; vd;gij> ‘khtypGur; nryT’ vDk;
ftpijapy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
17. gr;irag;gu; ehl;Fwpg;gpy; ve;j Mw;w py; jhd; Fspj;Jtpl;L. NfhtYf;F nrd;W
topgLtjhff; $wpAs;shu;? $tk; Mw;wpy;
18. nts;isau; efuk; vd miof;fg;gLtJ vJ?
nrapd;l; [hu;[; Nfhl;ilf;F cs;Ns tPLfs; ,Ue;j gFjp’nts;isau; efuk;’ vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lJ.
19. fUg;gu; efuk; - Fwpg;G tiuf.
nrapd;l; [hu;[; Nfhl;il gzpahsu;fs;> tzpfu;fs; mtu;fspd; Njitia
epiwNtw;Wk; Vtyu;fs; FbapUe;j gFjp ‘fUg;gu; efuk;’ vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.
20. tz;zhug;Ngl;il> rpe ;jhjpupg;Ngl;il Fwpg;G tiuf.
 ,e;jpahtpd; gy gFjpfspypUe;J nerthsu;fs; nrd;id Nehf;fp te;jdu;.
 mtu;fshy; tz;zhug;Ngl;il (tz;zj;Jf;fhud; Ngl;il> rpe;jhjpg;Ngl;il
(rpd;djwpg;Ngl;il) Nghd;w Cu;fs; Njhd;wyhapd.
21. kjuhrg;gl;bdk; vd;gJ ahJ? tlnrd;id gFjpNa kjuhrg;gl;bdk; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lJ.
22. njd;nrd;idia md;iwa Mq;fpNyau; vt;thW toq;fpdu;? nrd;idg;gl;bdk; vd;W
mioj;jdu;.
23. nrd;idia md;W Mq;fpNyau; vd;d nrhy;yp mioj;jhu;fs;? kjuh];
24. 1646 ,y; nrd;idapd; kf;fs; njhif vz;zpf;if --------- 19>000 MFk;
25. nrd;iz khfhzj;jpd; Kjy; jiytu; ahu;? vyp Nay;
26. Mrpahtpy; cUthd Kjy; INuhg;gpa fy;tp Kiw gs;sp vJ? Gdpj Nkup Njthya
ju;kg; gs;sp
27. mwptpd; efuk; Fwpg;G tiuf.
 18 Mk; E}w;whz;by; nrd;idapy; INuhg;gpa Kiwf; fy;tp fw;gpf;Fk; epWtdq;fs;
Njhd;wpd.
 ;Gdpj Nkup Njthya ju;kg; gs;sp> nrd;idf;Nfhl;ilf; fy;Y}up> fpwpj;Jtf; fy;Y}up>
gpurpnld;rp gs;sp Nghd;wit nrd;idapy; cUthf;fg;gl;ljhy;> nrd;id xu; mwptpd;
efukhf; jpfo;e;jJ.
28. ,e;Njh - rhurdpf; fl;llf;fiyapy; cUthfpa fl;llq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
Nrg;ghf;fk; muz;kid> kj;jpa njhlu; tz;b epiyak;> njd;dfj; njhlu;tz;bj;
jiyikafk;> vOk;G+u; njhlu;tz;b epiyak;> nghJ mQ;ry; mYtyfk;> cau;ePjp
kd;wk;> nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> upg;gd; fl;llk;> tpf;Nlhupah muq;F Nghd;wit
MFk;.
29. ,e;Njh - rhurdpf; fl;llf;fiy Fwpg;G tiuf.
Kfyhaf; fl;llf;fiy> gpupj;jhdpaf; fl;llf;fiy> ,e;jpag; ghuk;gupa ghzp
Mfpatw;iwf; fye;J cUthf;fpa fl;llf;fiy ghzpNa ,e;Njh - rhurdpf;
fl;llf;fiy MFk;.
30. Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;fhf nrd;id efu tPjpapy; mikf;fg;gl;l thfdj;jpd; ngau; ahJ?
buhk; tz;bfs;
31. xU efuk; cyfg; Gfo;ngWtjw;F Vw;w fhuzq;fshf Ek; ghltop Fwpg;gplg;gl;ls;s
fUj;Jfis vOJf.
 njhd;ik rpwg;Gilajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 njhopy; tsk; kpFjpahfg; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 rpwe;j Fbkf;fis nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 JiwKf trjpAs;sjhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjp tzpfk; njhlu;e;J eilngw Ntz;Lk;.
 ePd njhopy; El;g trjpfSld; kpspuNtz;Lk;.
 ,j;jifa jFjpfs; cila efuNk cyfg; Gfo;ngw;w rpwe;j efukhf tpsq;Fk;.
32. mz;zh E}w;w hz;L E}yfk; vg;nghOJ vq;F epWtg;gl;lJ? rpwg;G ahJ?
 2010 Mk; Mz;by; nrd;idapy; epWtg;gl;lJ.
 Mrpahtpd; ,uz;lhtJ kpfg;ngupa E}yfkhFk;.
33. nrd;idapy; cs;s jkpoha;T E}yfq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
 cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtd E}yfk;> Nuh[h Kj;ijah Muha;r;rp E}yfk;> kiwkiy
mbfs; E}yfk;> nrk;nkhopj; jkpoha;T E}yfk;> c.Nt.rh. E}yfk; Nghd;wit MFk;.
nja;tkzpkhiy - ,uhkypq;f mbfs;
1. nrd;idapy; tho;e;J tlY}upy; Md;kpf ikaj;ij Vw;gLj;jpatu; ahu;?
,uhkypq;f mbfshu;.
2. nja;tkzpkhiy vDk; ,g;ghly; ve;j E}ypypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ? jpUtUl;gh
3. jpUtUl;ghtpd; Mrpupau; ahu;? ,uhkypq;f mbfs;
4. ,uhkypq;f mbfs; vq;F gpwe;jhu;? rpjk;guj;ij mLj;j kUJ}upy; gpwe;jhu;.
5. ,uhkypq;f mbfs; vOjpa ciueil E}y;fis vOJf.
‘kDKiw fz;l thrfk;’> [PtfhUz;a xOf;fk;.
6. ,uhkypq;f mbfshu; vOjpa jpUtUl;gh vj;jid jpUKiwfshfg;gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd?
MW
7. [PtfhUz;a xOf;fj;ij filg;gpbj;jtu; ahu;? ,uhkypq;f mbfs;
8. ,uhkypq;f mbffis vt;thU miog;gu;? ts;syhu; vd;Wk; jpU mUl;gpufhr
ts;s yhu; vd;Wk; miog;gu;.
Njthuk; - jpUQhdrk;ge;ju;
1. jpUkapiy vd miof;fg;gLk; Cu; vJ? kapyhg;G+u;
2. kapyhg;G+upy; cs;s ,iwtdpd; ngau; ahJ? fghyPRtuu;
3. jpUkapiyapy; ve;j tpohtpid fz;L fzpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd jpUQhdrk;ge;ju;
tpUk;gpdhu;? gq;Fdp cj;jpuk;.
4. irtj;jpUKiwfs; nkhj;jk; vj;jid ? 12
5. Kjy; %d;W jpUKiwfisg; ghbatu; ahu;? jpUQhdrk;ge;ju;
6. Qhdrk;ge;ju; ghly;fs; vt;tif tbtk; rhu;e;jit? ,ir tbtk; tifiar;
rhu;e;jit
7. jpUKiwfis njhFj;jtu; ahu;? ek;gpahz;lhu; ek;gp
8. Qhdrk;ge;ju; ghba ghly;fis vt;thW miog;gu;? Njthuk;
9. kapyhg;G+upd; rpwg;ig $Wk; ghly; tupfs; rpytw;iw Fwpg;gpLf.
 fw;w hu;fs; Vj;Jk; fghyPr;ruk;
 fz;zhu; kapiyf; fghyPr;ruk;
 fUQ;Nrhiy #o;e;j fghyPr;ruk;.

mfehD}W - mk;%tdhu;

1. nea;jy; epy kf;fis vt;thW miog;gu;? gujtu;

2. cg;G thzpfk; nra;gtiu vt;thW miog;gu;? ckzu;
3. cg;gq;fop - cg;gsk; vd;why; vd;d?
 flYf;F mUfpy; kzy; jpl;Lfspy; fly;ePu; Njq;fp ,Uf;Fk;. gFjpf;F cg;gq;fop
vdg; ngau;.
 fly;ePiug; ghj;jpfspy; Njf;fp ntapypy; Mtpahf;fp cg;Gg; gbtjw;F Vw;wtifapy;
mikf;fg;gl;l ,lj;ij cg;gsk; vd;fpNwhk;.
4. mfehD}w;W ghlypd; mb tiuaiwia Fwpg;gpLf . 13 mb Kjy; 31 tiu
nfhz;ljhFk;
5. mfehD}w;wpd; gpupTfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
 mfehD}W %d;W gpupTfisf; nfhz;lJ.
 fspw;wpahid epiu - 120 ghly;fs;
 kzpkpil gtsk; - 180 ghly;fs;
 epj;jpyf;Nfhit - 100 ghly;fs;
6. mfg;ghly;fs; kl;LNk ghba rq;f Gytu; ahu;? mk;%tdhu;
7. mk;%tdhu; vj;jpiz ghLtjpy; ty;ytu;? nea;jy;jpiz ghly;fs;
8. vl;Lj;njhifapy; mfg;nghUs; rhu;e ;j E}y;fis gl;baypLf.
ew;wpiz> FWe;njhif> mfehD}W> Iq;FEW}W> fypj;njhif
 jiyf;Fsk; - Njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd;
1. jiyf;Fsk; rpWfij - ve;j rpWfij njhFg;gpypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ? ‘xU Fl;bj;
jPtpd; tiuglk;’
2. Njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd; vq;F vg;nghOJ gpwe;jhu;? 1944 -y;> fd;dpahFkup khtl;lk;
Njq;fha;g;gl;lzj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;.
3. Njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd; vOjpa ve;j Gjpdk; rhfpj;a mfhjkp guprpidg;ngw;w J?
‘rha;T ehw;fhyp’
4. jkpof murpd; tpUjpidg;ngw;w Njhg;gpy; KfkJkPuhd; gilg;Gfs; vit? JiwKfk;>
$dd; Njhg;G

gbkk;
1. Nfhitg;go %f;Fk;ghrpkzpf; fz;Zk;
rptg;Gf;Nfhl;Lf; fOj;Jk;
Ntg;gpiy thYk; - ,f;ftpijapy; vt;tif gbkk; gapd;W te;Js;sJ? nka;g;gbkk;.

2. njhy;fhg;gpau; vij kl;LNk mzp vd;W Rl;bdhu;? ctik

3. gbkj;jpd; Njhw;Wtha; vJ? ctikf;Nfhl;ghL MFk;
nkhopia Ms;Nthk;
1. vl;ilaGu muz;kidf;F aho;ghzj;jpypUe;J te;j Gytu; ahu;? NrhkRe;ju ghujp
2. ghujp vd;w gl;lk; ngw;w ,Utu; ahu;? Rg;gpukzpa ghujp> NrhkRe;ju ghujp
3. NrhkRe;ju ghujp Mw;w pa gzp ahJ? tof;fwpQu;.
4. t.c.rpapd; RNjrp fg;gy; epUthfg; nghWg;ig Vw;wtu; ahu;? NrhkRe;ju ghujp
5. NrhkRe;ju ghujpahu; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; ahit?
jrujd; FiwAk; ifNfap epiwAk;> jpUts;Stu;> Nruu; jhaKiw> jkpOk;
,ay; - 6
rpWif mshtpa $o;
,yf;fzj; Nju;r;r p nfhs;
1. Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpak; vd;Dk; nrhw;nwhliuj; jk; ciuapy; Fwpg;gpl;ltu;
m) rptQhd Kdptu;
M) kapiyehju;
,) MWKfehtyu;
<) ,sk;G+uzu;
2. $w;W:1 fhg;gpak; vd;Dk; nrhy; fhg;G ,ak; vdg;gpupj;J kuigf; fhg;gJ> ,ak;GtJ>
ntspg;gLj;JtJ> nkhopiar; rpijahky; fhg;gJ vd;nwy;yhk; nghUs; jUfpwJ.
$w;W : 2 Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fSs; xd;W ePyNfrp
m) $w;W 1 rup 2 jtW
M) $w;W 2 rup> $w;W 1 jtW
,) ,uz;Lk; rup
<) ,uz;Lk; jtW
3. rupahdtw;iwg; nghUj;jpj; Nju;f.
m) fhij - 1. fe;jGuhzk;
M) rUf;fk; - 2. rPtfrpe;jhkzp
,) ,yk;gfk; - 3. #shkzp
<) glyk; - 4. rpyg;gjpfhuk;
m) 4>3>2>1 M) 3> 4> 1> 2 ,) 3> 4> 2> 1 <) 4> 3> 1> 2

4. jtwhd ,iziaj; Nju;f.

ghtif ,yf;fpak;
m) tpUj;jg;gh - ehybahu;
M) Mrpupag;gh - mfehD}W
,) fypntz;gh - J}J
 <) Fws;ntz;gh - jpUf;Fws;
5. fhg;gpak; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit?
fhg;gpak; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit ngUq;fhg;gpak;> rpWfhg;gpak;.

6. fhg;gpaj;ij Fwpf;Fk; gpw ngau;fs; ahit?

ghl;Lilr; nra;As;> ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lilr; nra;As;> rupjk;> Guhzk;> fij>
khf;fij> fhij> fhtpak;> khngUq;fhg;gpak;> khf;ftp Mfpad fhg;gpaj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;
gpw ngau;fshFk;.
7. fhg;gpar; rpw;WWg;Gfs; rpytw;iw vOJf?
fhij> rUf;fk;> ,yk;gfk;> glyk;> fhz;lk; Mfpait fhg;gpa rpw;WWg;GfshFk;.
8. ghtpfk; - tpsf;Ff.
 fhg;gpaj;jpd; gz;ghfg; ‘ghtpfk;’ vd;gijj; jz;bayq;fhuk; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
 fhg;gpaj;jpy; ftpQd; typAWj;j tpUk;Gk; mbg;gilf; fUj;jpidNa ghtpfk; vd;gu;.

ek;ik msg;Nghk;
gyTs; njupf.
1. Mu;g;gupf;Fk; fly;
mjd; mbj;jsk;
nksdk; : kfh nksdk; - mbfs; Gyg;gLj;JtJ
m) ,iur;ry; M) FiwFlk; $j;jhLk;
,) epiwFlk; ePu;j;jOk;gy; ,y; <) Gw mirTfs; mfj;jpiz mirf;f ,ayhJ
2. Vo; Mz;L ,aw;wp Xu; Mz;by; #o;foy; kd;dw;Ff; fhl;ly;…
njhlu;fspy; ntspg;gLk; nra;jpfs;
1. khjtp VO Mz;Lfs; tiu ehl;bak; gapd;whs;
2. <uhW tajpy; muq;Nfw;wk; nra;a tpUk;gpdhs;.
<) $w;W 1rup 2 rup
3. nghUj;Jf:
m) Mke;jpupif - 1) gl;lj;J ahid
M) muR cth - 2) %q;fpy;
,) foQ;R - 3) ,lf;if thj;jpak;
<) fio - 4) vil msT
m) 3 1 4 2 M) 4 2 1 3 ,) 1 2 3 4 <) 4 3 2 1
4. NtWgl;lijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
m) mz;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;G M) Nra;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;G
,) eLf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;G ,) fhl;rp kiwT
FWtpdh
1. vz;tif nka;g;ghLfs; ahit?
 rpupg;G> mOif> rpWik(,sptuy;)> tpag;G> mr;rk;> ngUik> rpdk;> kfpo;r;rp vd;W
nka;g;ghLfs; vl;L tifg;gLk;.
2. gpd;dzp ,ir glj;jpd; fhl;rpaikg;Gf;F vt;thW cap&l;Lk;? rhd;W jUf.
 fijehafp rd;dy;topahf jiyia ePl;b ntspNa njupAk; xU fhl;rpia ntwpj;Jg;
ghu;f;fpwhs;.
 mts; njUitg; ghu;g;gJ kl;LNk fhl;lg;gLfpwJ
 mf;fhl;rpapy; xU kfpOe;J Gwg;gl;Lr; nry;Yk; xyp ,izf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ,ir MdJ ghj;jpuq;fspd; czu;TfSf;F tpupTiu toq;Ftjhf mikfpwJ.
3. xUKf vopdp> nghUKf vopdp - Fwpg;G vOJf.
 Nkilapd; xU Gwj;jpypUe;J kWGwj;jpw;Fr; nry;YkhW mikf;fg;gLtJ xUKf
vopdp.
 Nkilapd; ,UGwj;jpypUe;Jk; eLtpy; xd;NwhL xd;W nghUe;JkhW mikf;fg;gLtJ
nghUKf vopdp.
4. ‘%r;R epd;W tpl;lhy;
Ngr;Rk; mlq;Fk; ‘ ftpijf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd gonkhop xd;iw vOJf.
 vupawij ,Oj;jhy; nfhjpf;fpwJ mlq;Fk;.

rpWtpdh

1. ehl;ba muq;fpd; mikg;ig ,sq;Nfhtbfs; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jk; ghq;F Fwpj;J cq;fs;

fUj;ij vOJf.
 rpw;g E}yhrpupau;fshy; ed;dpyj;ij Mly; muq;fj;jpw;fhf Nju;e;njLj;jhu;fs;.
 kiyfspy; ePz;L tsu;e ;j xUrhz; msT fZf;fs; nfhz;l %q;fpiyf;nfhz;L
te;jdu;.
 %q;fpyhy; Kiwahd muq;fk; mikj;jdu;.
 jk; ifngUtpuyhy; 24 mstpidf; nfhz;ljhf %q;fpiy ntl;bdu;.
 mJNt muq;fk; mikf;Fk; msTNfhyhFk;.
 VONfhy; mfyKk;> vl;Lf;Nfhy; ePsKk; xUNfhy; cauKk; cilajhf ehl;ba
muq;fj;ij mikj;jdu;.
 J}zpd; epoyhdJ muq;fpy; tpohjgb mofhd epiy tpsf;Ffis epWj;jpdu;.
 xUKf vopdp> nghUKf vopdp> fue;Jtuy; vopdp vd %d;Wtif jpiu rPiyfis
mikj;jpUe;jdu;.
 Xtpa Ntiyg;ghL kpf;f Nky; tpjhdj;ijAk; mikj;jdu;.
 rpwe;j Kj;Jfshy; ,ad;w khiyfis muq;fk; KOtJk; njhq;ftplg;gl;ldu;.
 ,t;thW rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ehl;ba muq;fpd; mikg;G GJikAk;> nghypTk; ngw;W
jpfo;e;jjhf ,sq;Nfhtbfs; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.

2. VNjDk; ,uz;L nka;g;ghLfs; Njhd;Wtjw;f hd #o;epiyiaf; fw;gidahfg;

gilf;f.
 ngUkpjk; :
“rpw;wpy; ew;W}z; gw;wp epd;kfd; ahz;LsNdh vd tpdTjp
vd; kfd; ahz;LsNdh mwpNad;
Gyp Xu;e;J Nghfpa fy;yisg;Nghy <d;w tapW ,JNt
Njhd;Wtd; khNjh Nghu;f;fsj;jhNd!”

,t;thW GwehD}w;Wg;ghlypy; jha; jd; kfid Gyp vd;Wk; mtid <d;w tapW
Gypapd; fw;Fif vd;Wk;> mtd; nrd;Ws;s ,lk; Nghu;f;fsk; vd;Wk; mtd; tPuj;ij
ngUkpjk; nghq;ff; $wp epw;fpwhs;.
 ntFsp:
“jdp xUtDf;F cztpy;iy vdpy; [fj;jpid mopj;jpLNthk;” ghujp ehl;L kf;fspd;
tWikf;fz;L rpdKw;W ghba ,t;tupfspy; ntFsp Rit gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
3. jpiug;glj;jpd; fhl;rpapd; Mw;wiy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; Gyg;gLj;Jf.
 fhl;rp vd;gJ fij efu;Tf;F cjTtJ.
 jpiug;glj;jpy; fhl;rpfs; rpwg;ghf mike;jhy; trdj;jpw;Ff;$ l ,uz;lhk; ,lk;jhd;.
 Kjy;fhl;rpapy; Njhop xUj;jp fjhehafpaplk; njhlu;tz;bg; gazr;rPl;ilf;
nfhLg;ghs;.
 mLj;j fhl;rpapy; fjhehafp njhlu;tz;bapy; ,Ug;ghs;.
 vz; 7> tPiuah njU xUtu; nrhy;yp Kbg;gjw;Fs;> me;j Kftupapy; fhl;rp nrd;W
epw;Fk;.
 ,t;thW jpiug;glj;jpy;> fhl;rp kiwT> cjak;> fyit mopg;G vd khwp khwp
te;Jf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;.
4. ftpij vd;gJ fz;Kd; epfo;tijAk; kdjpy; epfo;tijAk; njhlu;GgLj;j pr;
nrhw;rpkpopy; milf;Fk; Kaw;rpNa vd;gijNa vd;gij eFyd; ftpijiaf; nfhz;L
epWTf.
 vjpu;ghu;g;NghL tUfpd;w ehk; Vkhe;J NghtJk; cz;L vd ehk; xd;W epidf;f>
elg;gJ xd;W vd;w kdepiyia ftpijahy; tbj;Js;shu;.
 vg;gb vy;yhKk; tho;e ;jtu; ,we;j gpwF xd;wpw;Fk; cjthjtu; Mthu; vd;w
vjhu;jj;ij mofhf jd; tupfspy; tbj;Js;s hu;.
 epiwf;Flk; jJk;ghJ vd;gij Mo;fliyAk;> Mu;gupf;Fk; miyiaAk; nfhz;L
tptupj;Js;shu;.
,t;thW fz;Kd; epfOk; epfo;it ftpijahf tbj;njLf;f KbAk; vd;gij KFyd;
mofhf $wpAs;shu;.

neLtpdh
1. jpiug;glj;Jiw vd;gJ Mapuk; Ngiuf; fhg;ghw;Wk; njhopyh? my;yJ fiyfspd;
rq;fkkh? cq;fs; ghu;itiaf; fl;Liuahf;Ff.
Kd;Diu:
fdT fz;L nfhz;Nl fdTf;Fs; ,Ug;gJ Nghy ek;ikr; #o;e;e;j ngUq;fdNt
jpiug;glkhFk;. fij vOjp> jpiuf;fij vOjp> trdk; vOjp> ,af;fp> xspg;gjpT
nra;J> ,ir Nru;j;J> ngUk; KjyPl;by; cUthFk; jpl;lkpl;l $l;LKaw;rpNa
jpiug;glkhFk;. ,j;jpiug;glkhdJ> Mapuk; Ngiuf; fhg;ghW;Wk; njhopyhfTk;>
fiyfspd; rq;fkhfTk; jpfo;fpwJ.
Mapuk; Ngiuf; fhg;ghw;Wk; njhopy; :
,uz;Lkzp Neuk; ,urpf;f itj;J> ek;ik rpupf;f itj;J> ek;ik
tpaf;fitj;J> ek; ftiyia kwf;f itj;J> ek;ik <u;j;Jf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;
,j;jpiug;glk; cUthf Mapuk; Mapuk; Ngupd; fbd ciog;Ng fhuzkhFk;. Njdpf;fs;
Nghy xt;nthU gpuptpYk;> xt;nthUtUk; jq;fSf;F xJf;fg;gl;l gzpfis rpwg;Gld;
Mw;wp tUfpwhu;fs;.
fiyQuhf kl;Lkpy;yhky;> gy;yhapuk; FLk;gj;jpw;F tho;tspf;Fk; $l;L
ciog;ghfTk; jpiug;glj;Jiw ,d;W tpsq;fp tUfpwJ. ,jdhy;jhd; jpiug;gl
JiwapdUf;F rq;fk; mikj;J mtu;fspd; ,Wjpfhyj;jpw;F cjtp mspf;Fk;
jpl;lq;fis Vw;ghL nra;Js;shu;fs;.
,d;W jpiug;glj;Jiw xU njhopyhfTk; ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. Ntiytha;g;Gf;F
mbj;jskhfTk; mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
fiyfspd; rq;fk;:
jpiug;glj;jpy; fij njhlq;fp> vbl;bq;tiu xt;nthU fiyfSk;
kpspu;e;Jf;nfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;fpd;w d. fij fijf;Nfw;w trdk;> trdj;jpw;Nfw;w #oy;>
#oYf;Nfw;w ebg;G> ebg;gpw;Nfw;w ,ir> ,irf;Nfw;w Fuy;> fhl;rpf;Nfw;w gjpT
gjpTf;F Vw;w Neuk; vd mtutu; fiyfis thu;j;njLj;J tbtikj;Jf;nfhLf;Fk;
rq;fkNk jpiug;glkhFk;. xj;j Nghf;if khw;Wk; eldk;> eifr;Rit> rz;il fhl;rp>
xg;gid> gpd;dzp fhl;rp> gpukhz;l tbtikg;G> njhopy; El;gk; vd jpiug;glf;
fiyahdJ tpupe;Jf;nfhz;Nl nry;fpwJ.
KbTiu:
,d;iwa jpiug;glkhdJ fiyfs; kw;Wk; Ntiytha;g;gpd; rq;fkkhfj;jhd;
Njhd;WfpwJ.

2. kfhebfiuf; fz;l ghyre;jpudpd; kdNthl;lj;ij eaj;Jld; vOJf.

Kd;Diu: fiykhkzp tpUJ> gj;j= tpUJ> gj;k G+\z; tpUJ> nrthypau; tpUJ>
jhjhrhnfg; ghy;Nf tpUJ vd ebg;Gj;Jiwapy; gy tpUJfisg; ngw;w ebfu; jpyfk;
rpth[p fNzrd; mtu;fis cyfNk tpae;J ghu;f;Fk; nghOJ> ehk; tpag;giltjpy;
Iak; ,y;iy.
 ghyre;jpudpd; kdNthl;lk; :
kiyahsf; ftpQUk; ebfUkhd ghyr;re;jpud; vOjpa Rs;spf;fhL vDk;
fl;Liuapy; ebfu; jpyfk; rpth[p fNzrd; mtu;fis gw;wp jd; edNthl;lkhd
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s nra;jpfis gpd;tUkhW fhz;Nghk;.
 rpth[p fNzrdpd; jpiug;glk; ,uhjh gpf;ru;]; Ngyrpy; ntspaplg;gLfpwJ vd jdJ
Fuyhy; tpsk;guk; nra;Jf;nfhz;bUe;j ghyr;re;jpud;> jd;Dila Kg;gj;njl;lhtJ
tajpy; rpth[p fNzrid Neupy; re;jpf;Fk; tha;g;G fpl;baJ.
 rpth[papd; tPl;bw;F jpiug;gl ,af;FeUld; nrd;w ,tu;> tPL my;y. mJ xU
muz;kid vdf;Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
 Ntiyg;ghLfs; epiwe;j tPl;ilf;fz;L mjpraj;j mtu;> xt;nthU glq;fspYk;
Ntlkpl;L ebj;j Gifg;gl Xtpaq;fis fz;Lk; tpae;jpUf;fpwhu;.
 rj;ugjp rpth[p> fl;lg;nghk;kd;> ,uh[uh[ Nrhod; vd gy fjhghj;jpuq;fspd; fk;gPu
glq;fis fz;L cte;jhu;.
 rpth[p mtu;fs; ,tiu tuNtw;f tUk;nghOJ> “nky;y nky;yr; rpq;f eil ele;J
tUk; me;j kfhebfidg; ghu;j;jnghOJ uh[uh[ Nrhodpd; tUifiag; ghu;j;j
jkpo;ehl;Lj; njUg;gps;isfisg; Nghy ehd; Js;sp vOe;Njd;” vd;W tpae;J
$Wfpwhu;.
 mtu; uh[pt;ehj;aplk; Ngrpf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; nghOJ> GUtq;fisAk;> fz;fisAk;> Kf
mgpeaq;fisAk;> cjLfisAk;> iftpuy;fisAk; jhs> ya mgpeaq;fisAk;>
rydq;fisAk; ghu;j;J urpj;jjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
 jpUtpisahly; glj;jpy; MLk; Uj;u jhz;ltk;> Fz;lyk; nfhLj;j fu;zd;> FU
fhspjhrd;> rpe;Jejpkpir ghba ghujp>tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; vd jd; kd
mLf;Ffspy; mf;fjhghj;jpuq;fis fz;Lfspg;gjhf $wp kfpo;e;jhu;.
 rpth[p fNzrd;> Ik;gJtaJ tiu nrhe;jkhf ehlff; fk;ngdp elj;jp> muq;fq;fspy;
ebj;Jk; te;jtu;. mtu;> jpiug;gl ebg;gpidg;gw;wp $wpa fUj;jhdJ ,d;Wk; ePq;fhky;
,Uf;fpwJ vd tpaf;fpwhu; “ muq;fj;J ebg;NghL xg;gpl;Lg;ghu;f;Fk; NghJ vd;Dila
rpdpkh ebg;G xz;ZNkapy;y. rupj;jpuj;jpYk; Guhzq;fspYk; tUk; tPuGU\u;fisj;
jj;&gkha; ebj;J mtu;fis vq;fs; ehl;bd; Viofspd; kdjpy; FbGfr;nra;Njd;” vd
rpth[p fNzrd; $wpaij fz;L vt;tsT mlf;fj;Jld; jd; ebg;ig $wpdhu; vd;W
tpaf;fpwhu;.
 rpth[p fNzrd; Kd; jhd; ebj;J fhl;ba NghJ> rpth[p fNzrd; jhd; xU
kfhebfd; vd;gJNghy; ghu;f;fhky;> ehlfk; ghu;f;Fk; xU fiyQdhf ghu;j;jhu;.
iffis jl;b ghuhl;L njuptpj;J> jd;id tho;j;jpdhu; vd;W ghyr;re;jpud;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
KbTiu :
rpth[p ebj;j jpiug;glj;jpw;F tpsk;guk; gLj;Jk; rpWtdhf ,Ue;j jhd;>
rpth[p fNzrid Neupy; re;jpj;J> mtuhy; ghuhl;Lg;ngw;w jUzj;ij> <uk; khwhj
epidtiyfs; vd;W ghyr;re;jpud; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.

3. cq;fs; Cu;g; gFjpapy; thOk; fiyQu; xUtiu Neupy; ghu;j;j mDgtj;ij

tptupj;Jf; fl;Liuahf;Ff.
 vq;fs; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s tyir vd;Dk; fpuhkj;jpy; fiykhkzp tpUJ ngw;w
fiyQu; xUtiu gw;wpjhd; $wtpiofpNwhk;.
 jpU.khzpf;fk; vd;gtu; vq;fs; Cupy; xU fiyQd; Nghy; jpfo khl;lhu;. rhjhuz
kdpjiug;NghyNt tay;ntspapy; Ntiy nra;J nfhz;bUg;gtu;.
 Mbkhjk;> gq;Fdp khjk; mtiu Cupy; ehd; ghu;j;jNj ,y;iy.
 Mbkhjk; mk;kd; Nfhtpy; jpUtpohtpy; vq;fs; Cupy; tUlh tUlk; $j;J
eilngWk;.
 kWehs; gs;spf;$ lk; ,Ug;gjhy; vq;fs; tPl;by; tpba tpba ghu;g;gjw;F mDkjpf;f
khl;lhu;fs;. njhlq;Fk; Neuj;jpw;F nrd;W fl;baq;fhud; tUk; tiu ,Ue;Jtpl;L
te;JtpLNthk;.
 ,d;W ,uhkhazf;fij mUikahf ,Ue;jJ> kfhghujf;fij mUikahf ,Ue;jJ
vd ghl;bkhu;fs; NgRtij Nfl;bUf;fpNwhk;.
 CUf;F ahNuh te;J ebj;Jtpl;L Nghthu;fs; vd;W ,Ue;Njd;.
 xU ehs; fiyQu;fis fTutpf;Fk; epfo;r;rp njhiyf;fhl;rpapy;
ghu;j;Jf;nfhz;bUe;Njd;. mjpy; vq;f Cu; khzpf;fk; ,Ue;jhu;.mtUila fiy
gzpia midtUk; ghuhl;bdu;. mtu; ,Jtiu 500f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Nkilfspy;>
E}w;Wf;Fk; Nkw;g;gl;l fjhghj;jpuq;fis ebj;jpUg;gjhff; $wpdhu;. mijf;Nfl;L ehd;
tpae;Njd;.
 vd; je;ijaplk; ,e;epfo;r;rpia gw;wp Nfl;Fk; nghOJ> Mk;! mtu; khngUk; $j;J
ebfu;. ek;%upy; eilngWk; $j;Jfspy;> ,uhkdhf> KUfdhf Vd; rpyNtisfspy;
rPijahff;$l ngz; Ntlq;fspy; $l ebg;ghu; vd;W $wpdhu;.
 mtiu re;jpj;J Ngr Ntz;Lk; vd;W vdf;F Njhd;wpaJ.
 mtiu re;jpf;Fk; tha;g;ig Vw;gLj;jp mtiu ehd; tPl;by; re;jpj;j nghOJ> Vu;
fyg;igia rup nra;j gbNa vdf;F $j;J fiyapd; ebg;G xg;gid trdk;>
mjpypUf;Fk; Jd;gk;> ,urid midj;ijAk; Rthurpakhff; $wpdhu;.
 gpd;tUk; fhyq;fspy; ,J kiwaTk; tha;g;gpUg;gjhff; $wp ftiyg;gl;lhu;. jhd; ahu;
ahuplk; ,f;fiyia fw;whu; vd;gijAk;> mtuplk; ahu; ahu;fw;w hu;fs; vd;w
tptuj;ijAk; vdf;F $wpdhu;.
 xU kzp Neuk; mtuplk; ciuahbaNj njupahky; kwe;JNghNdd;.
 gpwF mtuplk; ehDk; fiyia fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; khztdhf ,ize;Njd;.
 mtutu; CupYk; xU fiyQd; ,Ug;ghd;. mtid ehk; nfhz;lhb kfpo;Nthkhf.
jpUf;Fws;
1. glj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;Lgpbf;f. (gf;fk; .160)
M) cUT fz;L vs;shik Ntz;Lk; cUs;ngUe;Nju;f;F
mr;rhzp md;dhu; cilj;J.
2. ftpijf;Fg;nghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;lwpf. (gf;fk; .160)
m) vt;tJ ciwtJ cyfk; cyfj;NjhL
mt;tJ ciwtJ mwpT.
3. gpd;tUk; ehybahu; ghlypd; nghUSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;lwpf.
,) ey;ypdj;jpd; Cq;Fk; Jizapy;iy: jPapdj;jpd;
my;yy; gLj;J}ck; ,y;.
4. my;yy; gLg;gJ}k; ,y; - vtNuhL gofpdhy;?
<) jPapdj;jhu;
5. jpz;zpau; vd;gjd; nghUs;
M) kd cWjpAilatu;
6. Muha;e;J nrhy;fpwtu;
,) J}Jtu;
7. nghUj;Jf.
m. ghk;NghL cld; ciwe;jw;W - 1) jPf;fha;thu;
M. nrj;jhu; - 2) rPu; mopf;Fk; #J
,. tWik jUtJ - 3) fs; cz;gtu;
<. ,fy;Nte;ju; Nru;e;J xOFjy; - 4) clk;ghL ,yhjtu;
<) 4>3>2>1
8. eLq;Fk;gbahd Jd;gk; ahUf;fpy;iy?
m) tug;Nghtij Kd;dNu mwpe;J fhj;Jf; nfhs;sf; $batu;
9. vspaJ> mupaJ vJ?
M) nrhy;tJ - nrhy;ypagb nra;tJ
10. ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G jUf.
xuP, - nrhy;ypir msngil
gLg;ggJ}ck; - ,d;dpir msngil
nrhy;Yjy; - njhopy; ngau;
11. fPo;ePu;f; Fspj;jhidj; jPj;JuP, aw;W - nghUs; $Wf.
ePupy; %o;fpa xUtiuj; jPg;ge;jk; nfhz;L NjLtJ Nghd;wJ MFk;.

12. ngUe;Nju; - Gzu;r;rp tpjp $Wf.

ngUik+ Nju;
<W Nghjy; - ngU+ Nju;
,dkpfy; - ngUe;Nju;

FWtpdh
1. kdj;ij mjd;Nghf;fpy; nry;ytplf; $lhJ vd;W ts;Stk; $WtJ Vd;?
 kdj;ij mJ NghFk; Nghf;fpy; nry;ytplhky;> jPikapypUe;J tpyf;fp ey;y topapy;
nrYj;JtNj mwpthFk;.

2. cUTfz;L vs;shik Ntz;Lk; cUs;ngUe;Nju;f;F mr;rhzp md;dhu; cilj;J -

,f;Fwl;ghtpd; ctikiag; nghUNshL nghUj;Jf.
 ngupa Nju;f;F mr;rhzp Nghy; cUtj;jpy; rpwpatUk; Nguhw;wy; cilatuhfj;
jpfo;tu; mjdhy; cUtj;ijf;fz;L ,fo;jy; $lhJ.

3. kd cWjpapd; Njit gw;w pj; jpUf;Fws; ahJ $WfpwJ?

vz;zpatu; kdTWjpAilatuhf ,Ue;jhy;> mtu; vz;zpatw;iw vz;zpathNw
miltu;. vdNt kd cWjp Ntz;Lk; vd ts;Stu; $Wfpwhu;.

4. eQ;Rz;gtu; vd ts;Stu; ahiu ,bj;Jiuf;fpwhu;?

fs;Sz;gtu;fis eQ;Rz;gtu; vd ts;Stu; ,bj;Jiuf;fpwhu;.

5. murNuhL el;Gg; ghuhl;bdhYk; nra;aj;jfhjd ahit?

jPf;fha;thu; mfyhJ mZfhJ ,Ug;gJNghy; muru;fisr; rhu;e;jpUg;gtu; gf;Ftkhf
ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

6. giftuhYk; mopf;f Kbahj muz; vJ?

mwpT ek;ik Mgj;jpypUe;J fhf;Fk; fUtp MFk;. giftuhYk; cl;GFe;J mopf;f
,ayhj muzhf tpsq;FtJ mwpthFk;.

7. mQ;rj; jFe;jd> mQ;rj; jfhjd vd ts;Stk; Fwpg;gpLtJ ahJ?

thisg;Nghy; ntspg;gilahfj; Jd;gk; nra;Ak; giftUf;F mQ;r Ntz;bajpy;iy.
Mdhy; cwTilatu; Nghy; ebj;J cl;gif nfhz;ltupd; njhlu;Gf;F mQ;r
Ntz;Lk;.

8. tWikAk; rpWikAk; jUtJ vJ?

xUtUf;Fj; Jd;gk; gytw;iwAk; cz;lhf;fp mtUila GfioAk; nfLf;fpd;w
#ijg;Nghy; tWikAk; rpWikAk; jUtJ Ntnwhd;Wk; ,y;iy.

9. ePq;fs; gbj;jjpy; gpbj;j Fwis vOjp> fhuzj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

nrhy;Yjy; ahu;f;Fk; vspa: mupathk;

nrhy;ypa tz;zk; nray;.

Vnddpy;> ,r;nraiy nra;J Kbg;Ngd; vd;W nrhy;tJ vy;yhu;f;Fk; vspjhFk;.

Mdhy; nrhy;ypagb me;j nraiy nra;J Kbg;gJ vd;gJ mupjhFk;. fhupa cWjp
 cilatNu nrhy;ypaij nra;J Kbj;Jf;fhl;Ltu; vd;gij ,f;Fwspd; top
czu;e;jjhy; ,f;Fws; vdf;F kpfTk; gpbj;jkhd FwshFk;.

10. cyfj;jpy; rpwe;j JizahfTk; gifahfTk; ts;Stu; vtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;?

ey;y ,dj;ijtplr; rpwe;jjhfpa JizAk; cyfj;jpy; ,y;iy. jPa ,dj;ijtplj;
Jd;gj;ij jUk; gifAk; ,y;iy.

rpWtpdh
1. mfyhJ mZfhJ jPf;fha;thu; Nghy;f
,fy;Nte;ju;r; Nru;e;J xOFthu; - ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; mzpia tpsf;Ff.
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; njhopy; ctik gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
mzp : xU nghUspd; njhopy; my;yJ nray; fhuzkhf mikAk; ctik njhopy;
ctik vdg;gLk;.
tpsf;fk; : jPf;fha;thu; mfyhJ mZfhJ ,Ug;gJNghy; muru;fisr; rhu;e;J
,Ug;gtu; gf;Ftkhf ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
nghUj;jk;: Fspu; fha;gtu;fspd; nraiy murid rhu;e ;jpUg;gtUf;F xg;Gik
$wg;gl;Ls;sjhy; ,f;Fwl;gh njhopy; ctikf;F nghUj;jkhapw;W.

2. mwptpd; Nkd;ik gw;w pj; jpUf;Fws; top ePtpu; fUJtd ahit?

 mwpthdJ ek;ik Mgj;jpypUe;J fhf;Fk; fUtp MFk;. giftuhYk; cl;GFe;J
mopf;f ,ayhj muzhf tpsq;FtJ mwpthFk;.
 kdk; Nghd Nghf;fpy; ek;ik nry;ytplhky;> jPikapypUe;J tpyf;fp> ey;top gLj;JtJ
mwpthFk;.
 ahu; vijf; $wpdhYk; mjd; cz;ik nghUis Muha;e;J ghu;g;gJ mwpthFk;.
 gpd;G tug;Nghtij Kd;dNu mwpe;J jd;id fhj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; mwpTilNahu;f;F
eLq;f tUk; Jd;gk;kpy;iy vd ts;Stu; mwptpd; Nkd;ikia ,t;thW
tpsf;Ffpwhu;.

3. vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazpia tpsf;fpf; fPo;f;fhZk; FwSf;F ,t;tzpiag;

nghUj;jp vOJf.
JQ;rpdhu; nrj;jhupd; NtW my;yu; vQ;Qhd;Wk;
eQ;R cz;ghu; fs;cz; gtu;.
mzp : ctik jdpthf;fpakhfTk; ctNkak; jdp thf;fpakhfTk; epd;W ,ilapy;
ctk cUG kiwe;J te;J nghUs; vLj;Jf;fhl;l ctik mzp MFk;.

v - fh: JQ;rpdhu; nrj;jhupd; NtWmy;yu; vQ;Qhd;Wk;

eQ;Rcz;ghu; fs;cz; gtu;
tpsf;fk; : cwq;fpatu;> ,we;jtiutpl NtWgl;ltu; my;yu;. mt;thNw fs;Sz;gtUk;
eQ;R cz;gtNu Mtu;.
nghUj;jk; : ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; cwq;Fgtu; nrj;jtUf;Frkk;. fs; cz;gtiu eQ;R eQ;R
cz;gjw;F rkk; . vd ,ilapy; ctk cUG Njhd;whky; ctikgLj;jp cs;sJ.
mjdhy; ,f;Fwl;gh vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzpf;F nghUj;jkhapw;W.

4. kdj;jpl;gk; mtrpakhd gz;G vd;gijf; Fws;newp epd;W tpsf;Ff.

 xU nraypd; typik vd;gJ xUtDila kdtypikNa MFk;. gpw typikfs;
typik MfhJ.
 ,r;nraiy nra;J Kbf;fyhk; vd;W nrhy;YtJ vtu;f;Fk; vspjhFk;. Mdhy;
nrhy;ypagb mr;nraiy nra;J Kbg;gJ vd;gJ mupjhFk;.
 vz;zpa nraiy vz;zpagb Kbg;gtu; ahu; vd;w hy;> typik cila kdk;
cilatNu Mthu;.
 ,t;thW ts;Stu; $Wk; kd cWjp cilatNu tho;tpy; ntw;wp ngWgtu; Mthu;.

5. rpw;wpdk; NruhikAk;> ey;ypdj;jpd; JizAkhf ts;Stu; ciug;gd gw;wp ePtpu;

mwptdtw;iw vOJf.
 kf;fSf;F ,aw;ifawpT kdj;jhy; Vw;gLk;: ,g;gbg;gl;ltu; vd;W cyfj;jhuhy;
kjpf;fg;gLk; nrhy;> Nru;e;j ,dj;jhy; Vw;gLk;.
 ey;y ,dj;ijtplr; rpwe;jjhfpa JizAk; cyfj;jpy; ,y;iy. jPa ,dj;ijtplj;
Jd;gj;ij jUk; gifAk; ,y;iy ,t;thW ts;Stu; rpw;wpdk; NruhikAk;>
ey;ypdj;jpd; JiziaAk; gw;wp $Wfpwhu;.

6. thisAk; ghk;igAk; vt;tifg; giff;Fr; rhd;w hf ts;Stu; $Wfpwhu;?

 this ntspg;gilahd giftUf;Fk;> ghk;ig gofp nfLf;Fk; cwtpdu;f;Fk; rhd;whf
Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
 Vnddpy; thisg;Nghy; ntspg;gilahfj; Jd;gk; nra;Ak; giftUf;F mQ;r
Ntz;bajpy;iy. Mdhy; cwTilatu; Nghy; ebj;J cl;gif nfhz;ltupd;
njhlu;Gf;F mQ;r Ntz;Lk;.
 mfj;jpy; cld;ghL ,y;yhjtUld; $b thOk; tho;f;if> xU Fbirapy;
ghk;Gld; tho;tJ NghyhFk;.

7. #Jk; fs;Sk; NfL jUk; - jpUf;Fws; top tptupf;f.

 cwq;fpatu;> ,we;jtiutpl NtWgl;ltu; my;yu;. mt;thNw fs;Sz;gtUk; eQ;R
cz;gtNu Mtu;.
 fs;Sz;L kaq;fpatdplk; ey;yd nrhy;ypj; jpUj;j Kay;tJ> ePupy; %o;fpa
xUtiuj; jPg;ge;jk; nfhz;L NjLtJ Nghd;wJ MFk; vd fs;Sz;gtu;fspd; ,op
epiyiaf;Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
 xUtUf;Fj; Jd;gk; gytw;iwAk; cz;lhf;fp mtUila GfioAk; nfLf;fpd;w
#ijg;Nghy; tWik jUtJ Ntnwhd;Wk; ,y;iy.
 #jhLkplj;jpy; xUtUila fhyk; fopAkhdhy;> mJ mtUila guk;giur;
nry;tj;ijAk; ,ay;ghd ew;gz;igAk; nfLf;Fk;. ,t;thW #jhy; Vw;gLk;
,opepiyia ts;Stu;; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.

neLtpdh

1. mwpTilik tho;tpd; cau;Tf;Fj; Jiz epw;Fk; vd;gij ts;Stk; top epd;W

epWTf.
 mwpTilatdhf jpfo;e;jhy; mtd; ve;j #o;epiyapYk; jd;id fhj;Jf;nfhs;gtdhf
,Ug;ghd;.
 jtWfs; nra;ahjtd; mwpTilatd;.
 fPo;gbgtd; mwpTilatd;.
 vjpu;fhyj;ij fzpg;gtd; mwpTilatd;.
 vJTk; ,y;yhjtdhf ,Ug;gpDk; vy;yhk; ,Ug;gtdhfj; jpfo;gtd; mwpTilatd;.
 GfOf;F cupatd; mwpTilatd;.
 Muha;e ;J mwpgtd; mwpTilatd;.
 cyfj;NjhL el;G nfhs;gtd; mwpTilatd; vd ts;Stu; mwpTilatd; ,ay;G>
,yf;fzq;fis jd; Fws; top mofhf tpsf;fpAs;shu;.
 ek; ghlg;gFjpapy; mwpTilik gw;wp ts;Stu; $wpAs;s fUj;ij gpd;tUkhW
fhz;Nghk;.
 mwpthdJ ek;ik Mgj;jpypUe;J fhf;Fk; fUtp MFk;. giftuhYk; cl;GFe;J
mopf;f ,ayhj muzhf tpsq;FtJ mwpthFk;.
mwptw;wk; fhf;Fk; fUtp nrWthu;f;Fk;
cs;mopf;fy; Mfh muz;.
 kdk; Nghd Nghf;fpy; ek;ik nry;ytplhky;> jPikapypUe;J tpyf;fp> ey;top gLj;JtJ
mwpthFk;.
nrd;w ,lj;jhy; nrytplh jPJxuP,
ed;wpd;ghy; ca;g;gJ mwpT.
 ahu; vijf; $wpdhYk; mjd; cz;ik nghUis Muha;e;J ghu;g;gJ mwpthFk;.
vg;nghUs; ahu;ahu;tha;f; Nfl;gpDk; mg;nghUs;
nka;g;nghUs; fhz;gJ mwpT
 gpd;G tug;Nghtij Kd;dNu mwpe;J jd;id fhj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; mwpTilNahu;f;F
eLq;f tUk; Jd;gk;kpy;iy vd ts;Stu; mwptpd; Nkd;ikia ,t;thW
tpsf;Ffpwhu;.
vjpujhf; fhf;Fk; mwptpdhu;f;F ,y;iy
mjpu tUtNjhu;. Neha;.
2. jpUf;Fws; xU tho;tpay; ,yf;fpak; - epWTf.
Kd;Diu:
xU tho;tpay; E}y;> ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l kdpjDf;fhf
kl;Lky;y> ,Ugj;Njhuhk; E}w;whz;bd; Gjpa jiyKiwapdu;f;Fk; topfhl;Lk; Gul;rp
E}y;. ts;Stj;jpd; nghUz;ik fhye;NjhWk; Gjpa Gjpa fUj;jhf;fq;fisj; je;J>
,dk;> nkhop> ehL vd;Dk; vy;iyfisf; fle;J kdpj tho;f;ifia tsg;gLj;JfpwJ.
tho;tpay; gjpT:
ts;Stk; jhd; Njhd;wpa fhyj;NjhL epd;W tplhky; ,e;j E}w;whz;L
kdpjDf;Fk; thor;nrhy;ypf; nfhLf;fpwJ. tho;f;ifiar; nrhy;ypf; nfhLf;fpwJ.
rhuhrup kdpjd; md;whl tho;f;ifapy; xOf Ntz;ba newpKiwfspd; njhFg;ghfj;
jpUf;Fws; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ek;Kila ghlg;gFjpapy;
clk;ghL ,yhjtu; tho;f;if Flq;fUs;
ghk;NghL cld;ciwe; jw;W
vd;W te;Js;s Fws; tho;f;ifapd; vjhu;j;j cz;ikia ekf;F
czu;j;Jfpwjy;yth?
md;Wk; ,d;Wk;:
kJ capUf;F NfL vd;W tpsk;guk; gLj;jpf;nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;fs; Mdhy; md;Nw
ts;Stu;>
fspj;jhidf; fhuzk; fhl;Ljy; fPo;ePu;f;
Fspj;jhidj; jPj;JuP, aw;W
vDk; Fwl;ghtpy;> fs;Sz;L kaq;fpatdplk; ey;yd nrhy;ypj; jpUj;j Kay;tJ>
ePupy; %o;fpa xUtiuj; jPg;ge;jk; nfhz;L NjLtJ Nghd;wjhFk; vd;W Rl;Lfpwhu;.
jdp jdp egu;fSk; jdf;Fupajhf;fpf; nfhs;Sjy; :
Nrhu;tpy;yhjtd; mlf;fj;Jld; ciog;gtd; tpjpiaf; $l khw;wp mikf;Fk;
typikiag; ngWthd; vd;Wk;> capu;fisf; nfhy;yhkYk;> khkprk; rhg;gplhkYk;
,Ug;gtiuf; fz;lhy;> vy;yh capu;fSk; if $g;gp tzq;Fk; vd;Wk;> nja;tj;ij
topgl;L $l> xU nray; elf;fhky; Nghfyhk;. Mdhy; Kaw;rpf;F jFe;j gyd;
xUehs; fpilj;Nj jPUk; ,d;Dk; vj;jidNah ,J Nghd;w fUj;Jfs; tho;tpy; jdf;F
jdf;F vd filg;gpbf;Fk; tifapy; ts;Stu; vOjpAs;shu;.
KbTiu :
ehSk; ts;Sk; fhl;Lk; topia gpd;gw;wp ele;jhy;> kdpj epiy fle;J> ,iw
epiyia milNthk; .
 $Ljy; tpdhf;fs; :
1. Kjy; jpiug;glj;ij cUthf;fpatu;fs; ahu;? Y}kpau; rNfhjuu;fs;.
2. jpiug;gl fiyapd; Kd;Ndhb ahu;? jhk]; My;th vbrd;
3. jpiug;glj;jpd; Kg;gupkhzf; fiyia tpsf;Ff.
jpiug;glj;jpy;> ebg;gtiu Kd; gpd; Nky; vd;W gy Nfhzq;fspy;
glg;gpbg;Gf;fUtpahy; ,lk; khw;wp khw;w pg; glk;gpbj;Jj; jpiuapy; fhl;lg;gLk; Kiwf;F
Kg;gupkhzf; fiytbtkhFk;.
4. ehlfj;jpd; Foe;ij vJ? jpiug;glk;
5. ehlfj;ij ----------- vd;W miog;gu;. xw;iwf; Nfhzf;fiy.
6. NeNul;lu; - vd;why; vd;d?
jpiuauq;Ffspy; kTdg;glq;fs; Xbf;nfhz;bUf;f> jpiuf;F mUNf xUtu;
xypthq;fpiag; gpbj;J> fij nrhy;Yk; fhyKk; ,Ue;jJ. mtUf;F Mq;fpyj;jpy;
NeNul;lu; (fij nrhy;yp) vd;W ngau;.
7. rhu;yp rhg;spd; vq;F gpwe;jhu;? ,yz;ldpy;
8. rhu;yp rhg;spd; Njhw;wj;ij vt;thW miog;gu;? ‘ypl;by; buhk;g’;
9. rhu;yp rhg;spdpDf;F fpilj;j Kj;jpiu ahJ? nghJ cilikthjp.
10. tho;ehs; rhjidahsu; vd;W M];fu; tpUJ ngw;wtu; ahu;? rhu;yp rhg;spd;.
11. fhl;rp nkhopapd; tiffs; ahit?
kP Nra;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;G> Nra;ikf; fhl;rpj;Jzpg;G> eLf;fhl;rpj;Jzpg;G> mz;ikf;
fhl;rpj;Jzpg;G> kP mz;ikf; fhl;rpj;Jzpg;G vd Ie;J tifg;gLk;.
12. jpig;glj;jpd;fhl;r pnkhop vd;why; vd;d?
Xu; ,lj;jpypUe;J tPl;Lf;Fj; jpUk;Gk; xUkzp Neug; gazj;ij Ie;Nj
fhl;rpj;Jzpg;Gfshf ,UgJ nehbfspy; ek;khy; ghu;itahsu;fsplk; czu;j;j
KbfpwJ. ,ijj;jhd; jpiug;glj;jpd; fhl;rpnkhop vd;fpNwhk;.
13. FyN\ht; tpisT vd;why; vd;d?
Gd;diff;fpw kdpjd;> ePl;lg;gl;l ifj;Jg;ghf;fp> gjw;wkhFk; kdpjd; vd NtWNtW
tpjkhf khw;wpitg;gjd; %yk; ntt;NtW nghUis czu;j;Jtij FyN\ht; tpisT
vd;gu;.
14. 1977 tiu jpiug;glNk ghu;f;fh rpw;W}u; vJ? fu;ehlf khepyk; n`f;NfhL.
15. ey;y trdq;fSld; rhu;yp rhg;spd; vLj;j jpiug;glk; vJ? ‘jp fpNul; bf;Nll;lu;’
16. jpiu nkhop Fwpj;j ,g;ghlk; ahu; vOjpa fl;LiuapypUe;J vLj;jhsg;gl;lJ?
jpU.m[a; ghyh
ftpijfs;
1. ftpQu; eFydpd; ,aw;ngau; ahJ? b. Nf. Jiurhkp
2. eFyd; vq;F gpwe;J> vq;F tho;e;jtu;? Fk;gNfhzj;jpy; gpwe;J> Nfus khepyj;jpy;
tho;e;jtu;.
3. eFyd; vj;jid Gjpdq;fis vOjpAs;shu;? 7
4. eFyd; vOjpa ftpij njhFg;Gfis vOJf.
%d;W> Ie;J> fz;zhbahFk; fz;fs;> eha;fs;> thf;F %yk;> RUjp
5. ghujpapd; ftpijia Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhopg;ngau;j;jtu; ahu;? eFyd;.

rpyg;gjpfhuk; - Gfhu;f; fhz;lk; -muq;Nfw;W fhij - ,sq;Nfhtbfs;

1. thuk; vd;why; vd;d? nja;tg;ghly;

2. tpjhdk; - Xtpak; jPl;lg;gl;l ge;jy;
3. foQ;R - xU tif vil msT
4. jiyf;Nfhy; vd;why; vd;d?
jiyf;Nfhy; vd;gJ ngUk;Gfo; nfhz;l kd;dDld; epfo;j;jpa Nghupy;. Njhw;Wg;
Gwq;fhl;ba mtdplkpUe;J gwpf;fg;gl;l moFkpf;f ntz;nfhw;wf; Filapd; fhk;gpy;
nra;ag;gLtJ. jiyf;Nfhy; MFk;.
5. khjtp kd;ddplk; ngw;wb gupR ahJ? 1008 foQ;Rg; nghd; khiy.
6. Fbkf;fs; fhij vd toq;fg;gLtJ ahJ? rpyg;gjpfhuk;.
7. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; fhz;lq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
Gfhu;f;fhz;lk;> kJiu fhz;lk;> tQ;rpf; fhz;lk;.
8. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpw;F toq;Fk; NtW ngau;fs; ahit?
Kj;jkpo; fhg;gpak;> %Nte;ju; fhg;gpak;> ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lilr; nra;As;> Gul;rpf;
fhg;gpak;> nghJik fhg;gpak;> xw;Wikf; fhg;gpak;> tuyhw;Wf; fhg;gpak; vd gy;NtW
ngau;fshy; ghuhl;lg;gLfpd;wdu;.
9. ,ul;ilf;fhg;gpaq;fs; vit?
rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy
10. ‘Nrud; jk;gp rpyk;ig ,irj;jJk;’ vd;W ghbatu; ahu;? ghujpahu;
nka;g;ghl;bay; - njhy;fhg;gpau;
1. nka;g;ghL vd;why; vd;d?
,yf;fpaj;jpy; tUk; nra;jp fz;nzjpNu Njhd;WkhW fhl;lg;gLtNj nkag;ghL MFk;.
2. njhy;fhg;gpak; E}y; KOikAk; ciu vOjpatu; ahu;? ,sk;G+uzu;
ebfu; jpyfk; - ghyr;re;jpud; Rs;spf;fhL
1. ghyr;re;jpud; ebfu; jpyfj;ij Kjd; Kjypy; vq;F re;jpj;jhu;?
UJNgjk; jpiug;glj;jpd; Ik;gjhtJ ehs; tpohtpy; re;jpj;jhu;.
2. ghyr;re;jpud; ebfu; jpyfk; tPl;bw;F ahu; ahUld; nrd;whu;?
[hd;ghy; kw;Wk; uh[Pt;ehj; cld; nrd;whu;.
3. ebfu; jpfj;jpw;F rpth[p vd ngau; #l;batu; ahu;? ngupahu;.
4. rj;ugjp rpth[p ehlfj;ij ,aw;wpatu; ahu;? mz;zhJiu
5. rpth[p fNzrd; gpwe;j Cu;? tpOg;Guk;
6. ebfu; jpyfj;jpd; ,aw;ngau; ahJ? rpd;idah fNzrd;.
7. kiyahs ftpQUk; ebfUkhf ,Ue;jtu; ahu;? ghyr;re;jpud;
8. ghyr;re;jpud; vOjpa rpjk;gu epidTfs; vd;w E}iy jkpopy; nkhopg;ngau;j;jtu;?
Nf.tp.iry[h

fhg;gpa ,yf;fzk;

1. fhg;gpaj;ij Mq;fpyj;jpy; vt;thW miog;gu;? EPic

2. fhg;gpak; ngau; fhuzj;ij tpsf;Ff.
fhg;G ,ak; - kuigf; fhg;gJ> ,ak;GtJ> ntspg;gLj;JtJ vd;gJ MFk;.
3. ed;D}Yf;F ciu vOjpatu; ahu;? kapiy ehju;.
4. Kjd; Kjypy; Ik;ngUk; fhg;gpak; vd Fwpg;gpl;ltu; ahu;? kapiyehju;.
5. nghUj;Jf
fhij - rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy
rUf;fk; - #shkzp> ghujk;
,yk;gfk; - rPtf rpe;jhkzp
glyk; - fe;jGuhzk;> fk;guhkhazk;
fhz;lk; - rpyg;gjpfhuk;> fk;guhkhazk;
6. ghtpfk; vd;gJ fhg;gpag; gz;Ng - vd;W $Wk; E}y; vJ? jz;bayq;fhuk;.
7. fhg;gpaj;jpw;Fupa cWjpg; nghUs;fs;; ahit?
mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL
8. kUkf;fs; top khd;kpak; vd;w E}ypd; Mrpupau; ahu;? ftpkzp
9. fz;zjhrd; ,aw;wpa FWq;fhtpaq;fs; ahit?
Ml;ldj;jp Mjp ke;jp> khq;fdp> VRfhtpak;.
10. ghujpjhrd; ,aw;wpa FWq;fhtpaq;fisf; $Wf.
ghz;bad; gupR> jkpor;rpapd; fj;jp> ,Uz;l tPL> vjpu;ghuhj Kj;jk;> rQ;rPtp
gu;tjj;jpd; rhuy;> tPuj;jha;> Gul;rpf;ftp

11. ,uhtz fhtpak; vDk; E}ypd; Mrpupau; ahu;? Gytu; Foe;ij

 ,ay; - 7
mUik cila nray;
,yf;fzj; Nju;r;r p nfhs;

1. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; njhd;kj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;jh xd;iwj; Nju;f

m) fu;zd; Njhw;whd; Ngh
M) tajpy; rpwpats;> MdhYk; jiytp!
,) ,e;j ehjuplk; vr;rupf;ifahf ,U.
<) ,e;jh Nghwhd; jUkd;.

2. njhd;kk; gw;wpa $w;WfSs; jtwhd xd;iwj; Nju;f.

m) cUthf;fg;gl;L ,Wfp tpl;l tbtq;fs;.
M) goq;fijiaf; nfhz;L fUj;ij tpsf;FtJ.
,) ek;g KbahjJ Nghy; Njhd;Wk; epfo;r;rpfs; nra;jpfs ;
<) tpsq;fhj fUj;Jfisg; gonkhop %yk; tpsf;FtJ.

3. ‘rhgtpNkhrdk;’. ‘mfypif’ fijfspy; njhd;kq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpatu;.

m) F. mofpuprhkp M) GJikg;gpj;jd; ,) n[aNkhfd; <) v];.,uhkfpU\;zd;.

4. gz;Gf;FwpaPLfisf; fijkhe;ju;fNshL nghUj;Jf.

m) mwk; - 1) fu;zd;
M) typik - 2) kDePjpr;Nrhod;
,) ePjp - 3) gPkd;
<) ts;sy; - 4) jUkd;
m) 3 2 1 4 M) 4 3 2 1 ,) 2 4 3 1 <) 4 3 1 2

5. njhd;kk; tpsf;fk; jUf.

njhd;kk; vd;why; goik> goq;fij> Guhzk; vd;nwy;yhk; $Wtu;.

6. Ngr;R tof;fpy; njhd;kk; ntspg;gLk; ,U njhlu;fis vOJf.

,e;jh Nghwhd; rFdp.
,td; ngupa mupr;re;jpud;.

7. cs;kdk; xU ghw;fly ;
mijf; file;jhy ;
mKjk; kl;Lky;y
MyfhyKk; ntspg;gLk; vd;gij
eP mwptha; my;yth?
- ,f;ftpijapy; ntspg;gLk; njhd;kk; ahJ?
ghw;fly;> mKjk;> Myfhyk; Mfpad njhd;kq;fs; MFk;.

ek;ik msg;Nghk;
gyTs; njupT
1) ‘gyu; JQ;rTk; jhk; JQ;rhd’; - tpopj;jpUe;jtUk; mtiug; ghbatUk ;
m) Nrhod; neLq;fps;spia> ghzu; M) Nrhod; eyq;fps;spia NfhT+u;fpohu;
,) fizf;fhy; ,Uk;nghiwia> fgpyu; <) fupfhyid> cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhu;.

2) mjpra kyupd; Gd;difiag; gpbj;jthW jkpo;ejp flf;fr; nrhy;tJ

m) fle;jfhyj; Jauq;fis M) Ml;fsw;w nghOij
,) gr;irak; ,oe;j epyj;ij <) midj;ijAk;

3) Kr;re;jp ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ

$w;W 1 : fij tbtpyhd tbtk; cilaJ
$w;W : ngupa vOj;Jg; Gj;jfk; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ.
m) $w;W 1 rup> $w;W 2 jtW> M) $w;W 1> 2 rup
,) $w;W 1> 2 jtW <) $w;W 1 jtW> $w;W 2 rup

4) cz;L gpwe;J tsu;e;j ,le;jdpy; - ,j;njhlupy; nganur;rk ;

m) cz;L M) gpwe;J ,) tsu;e;j <) ,le;jdpy;
5) ahid Gf;f Gyk;Nghy - ,t;Ttikf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd njhlu;
m) jdf;Fg ; gad;gLk;> gpwUf;Fg; gad;glhJ>
M) jdf;Fk; gad;glhJ> gpwUf;Fk; gad;glhJ.
,) gpwUf;Fg; gad;gLk;> jdf;Fg; gad;glhJ.
<) jdf;Fk; gad;gLk;> gpwUf;Fk; gad;gLk;.

FWtpdh
1) gUtj;Nj gapu; nra; - Neu Nkyhz;ikNahL nghUj;jp vOJf.
Vw;w fhyj;ij mwpe;J Vw;w ,lj;ijAk; njupe;J xU nraiy Nkw;nfhz;lhy;
cyfj;ijNa
mila epidj;jhYk; mJ if$Lk;.
Qhyk; fUjpDk; if$Lk; fhyk;
fUjp ,lj;jhy; nrapd;.

2) ve;jnthU nghUisg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJk; mjw;Fg; gpd;dhy; cs;s kdpju;fspd;

kdpj ciog;igr;
rpe;jpj;J cq;fs; fUj;ij vOJf.
ehk; cl;nfhs;Sk; NrhW
,jw;F gpd;dhy; vj;jidNah ciog;ghspfspd; ciog;G nghjpe;Js;sJ.
cogtd;> ehw;W eLgtd;>fisgwpg;gtd;> ePu; gha;r;Rgtd;>
Mepiufs; Nkahky; ghJfhg;gtd;> G+r;rp nfhy;yp mbg;gtd;>
mWtil nra;gtd;> ney; mbg;gtd;> J}w;Wgtd;> ney;ypUe;J muprpia
gpupj;njLg;gtd;> re;ijgLj;Jgtd;> thq;fp tUgtd;> mjid Mf;Fgtd;.
ehk; cz;Lk; xU gpb Nrhw;wpy; vj;jidNah Ngupd; ciog;Gfs; mbq;fp ,Ug;gij
Nghy ehk; cgNahfg;gLj;Jk; xt;nthU nghUspd; gpd;dhy; gyupd; ciog;G mlq;fp
,Ug;gij ehk; czu;Nthkhf.

3) mwpTil Nte;jdpd;newp Fwpj;J> gprpuhe;ijahu; $Wtd ahit?

mwpTila murd; tup jpul;Lk; Kiw mwpe;J kf;fsplkpUe;J tup jpul;bdhy; ehL>
Nfhbf;fzf;fpy; nry;tj;ijg; ngw;Wr; nropg;gilAk; vd;W gprpuhe;ijahu; $Wfpwhu;.

4) nrtpawpTW}c Jiwia tpsf;Ff.

murd; nra;a Ntz;ba flikfis Kiwjtwhky; nra;AkhW mtd; Nfl;f
mwpTWj;jy;> nrtpawpTW}c vd;Dk; Jiw MFk;.

rpWtpdh
1) Ntshz; Nkyhz;ik Fwpj;J ePtpu; gupe;Jiug;gdtw;iw vOJf.
Ntshz;ikf;Fs;Sk; Nkyhz;ikf; $Wfs; cz;L.
rupahd gapiuj; Nju;e;njLj;jy;>
cupa Neuj;jpy; tpijj;jy;>
ePu; Nkyhz;ikia newpg;gLj;Jjy;>
mWtilf;Fg;gpd; ghJfhj;jy;>
cupa tpiy tUk;tiu ,Ug;G itj;jy; vd;W xt;nthU fl;lj;jpYk; tpopg;Gzu;Tk;>
nghWg;Gzu;Tk;
epu;thfnewpAk; ,ize;jhy;jhd; Ntshz;ik nropf;Fk;.

2) mjpra kyupd; G+r;nrb vt;thW Kisj;jjhf> jkpo;e jp $Wfpwhu;?

nghl;ly; ntspapy; Nghu; Xa;e;J gpwe;j xU Foe;ij Nghy mjpra kynuhd;W
,jo;tpupj;J rpupf;fpd;wJ.
,k;kyu;r;nrbahdJ> ahidapd; vr;rj;jpy; kpr;rkha; Njhd;wp ,Uf;fyhk;> ahUila
fhyzp mbg;gFjpapy; xl;f;nfhz;l tpij tpOe;J capu;g;G ngw;wpUf;fyhk;>
vg;gbNah jg;gp gpioj;J Kisj;j ghiytdj;j py; G+j;j mjpra kyiu vg;gbNah
milahsk; fz;L gwe;J te;j tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rp Nghy; gwitfSk; ,k;kyiu ehb
tUjy; $Lk;.
,r;nrbapypUe;J fhL ngUfyhk;> kio cUthfyhk;> ghiytdk; Nrhiy
tdkhfyhk;.
ek;gpf;if vd;Dk; xd;iw gw;wpf; nfhz;L G+j;jpUf;fpwJ ,e;j mjpra kyu;.
3) vq;fpUe;Njh tUfpwJ
tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rpnahd;W
gwitfSk; tuf; $Lk; ehis - ,lQ;Rl;bg; nghUs; tpsf;Ff.
,lk; : ‘mjd; gpwF vd;Wk’; vDk; ftpij njhFg;gpypUe;J ,lk;ngw;w mjpra kyu;
vDk;
ftpijapd; tupfs; ,it. ,jd;Mrpupau;. jkpo;ejp (fiythzp) vd;gtuhthu;.
nghUs; : vg;gbNah jg;gpa tpij gr;irak; ,y;yhj ghiytdj;jpy; Kisj;J G+j;j
mjpra
kyiu> vg;gbNah milahsk; fz;Lf;nfhz;L tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rp xd;W tUfpwJ. ehis
gwitfSk;
,g;G+it ehb tuyhk; vd;W Mrpupau; $Wfpwhu;.
tpsf;fk; : nghl;ly; ntspapy; Nghu; Xa;e;J gpwe;j xU Foe;ij Nghy mjpra
kynuhd;W ,jo;tpupj;J rpupf;fpd;w J.
,k;kyu;r;nrbahdJ> ahidapd; vr;rj;jpy; kpr;rkha; Njhd;wp ,Uf;fyhk;> ahUila
fhyzp mbg;gFjpapy; xl;f;nfhz;l tpij tpOe;J capu;g;G ngw;wpUf;fyhk;>
vg;gbNah jg;gp gpioj;J Kisj;j ghiytdj;j py; G+j;j mjpra kyiu vg;gbNah
milahsk; fz;L gwe;J te;j tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rp Nghy; gwitfSk; ,k;kyiu ehb
tUjy; $Lk;.
,r;nrbapypUe;J fhL ngUfyhk;> kio cUthfyhk;> ghiytdk; Nrhiy
tdkhfyhk;.
ek;gpf;if vd;Dk; xd;iw gw;wpf; nfhz;L G+j;jpUf;fpwJ ,e;j mjpra kyu;.

4) ahid Gf;f Gyk;Nghyj; jhDk; cz;zhd; cyfKk; nfLNk - ctikiaAk;

nghUisAk;
nghUj;jp tpsf;Ff.
xU khtpw;Fk; Fiwe;j epykhapDk; mjd;fz; tpise;j ney;iy mWj;J
czthf;fpf; ftskhff;nfhLj;jhy; ahidf;Fg; gy ehl;fSf;F czthFk;.
E}W klq;F ngupa tayhf ,Ue;jhYk; ahid jdpj;Jr; nrd;W taypy; GFe;J
cz;Zkhapd; mjd; thapy; GFe;j ney;iytpl mjd; fhy;fshy; kpjpgl;L mope;j
ney;ypd; msT mjpfkhFk;.
vdNt mwpTila murd; tup jpul;Lk; Kiw mwpeJ; kf;fsplkpUe;J tup
jpul;bdhy; ehL> Nfhbf;fzf;fpy; nry;tj;ijg; ngw;Wr; nropg;gilAk; vd;W
gprpuhe;ijahu; $Wfpwhu;.

neLtpdh
1) vspa kf;fspd; typfis ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpa tbtq;fNs KOikahfg;
gpujpgypf;fpd;w d -
epWTf.
KfkJ ,uhTj;ju; ghba “Njapiyj; Njhl;lg;ghl;by”; vspa kf;fspd; typfis
fhl;rpg;gLj;jpf;fhl;Lfpwhu;.
Mjpfhyj;jpy; ek; ,e;jpa Njrj;jpy; ifj;njhopy;fs; gy kf;fs; tho;f;iff;F
gaDs;s tifapy; jpfo;e;jd. ifj;njhopy;fNs kf;fspd; mbg;gil MjhukhfTk;
tpsq;fpd.
ehfufP tsu;r;rpapYk;> ehL MSk; jpwdpYk; nry;t nropg;Gld; jpfo;e;jJ
,j;jpUehL.
rPUk; rpwg;Gk; kpf;f ehl;il md;dpad; GFe;J mj;jidAk; mopj;Jtpl;lhd;.
jd; nrhe;j ,lj;jpy; capu; ngw;W tho NgapDk;> ehapDk; fPoha; ek;ik ghlha;
gLj;jp> fq;fhzpfs; $yp Ntiyf;F miog;ghu;fs;.
nfhQ;rk; fld; ngw;w gzj;ij ngUk; njhif ngw;w jhf fzf;if khw;wp vOjp>
tho;ehs; KOf;f mbik tho;f;if tho ek;ik js;sp tpLtu;.
mf;fiw Njrk;> me;jkhd; jPT vd ghuhky;> <T ,uf;fkpy;yhky; ek;ik
nts;isf;fhud; Njapiy Njhl;lj;jpNy Nru;j;JtpLtu;.
czTf;FNt jhd; cioj;j $yp Nghjtpy;iy vd miutapw;w py; mbg;ghu;fs;.
,g;gb Jd;gg;gLtijtpl> ehk; xw;Wikaha; ,Ue;J> fy;tp> xOf;fk;> gz;ghl;by;
rpwe;J> ek;kz;zpy; ,d;gkha; tho toptFg;NghNk! vd ehl;Lg;Gw ghlyhfpa
Njapiyj; Njhl;lg;ghl;L vspa kf;fspd; typia vLj;J ,ak;GfpwJ.
 2) rq;ffhy tuyhw;iw mwpe;Jnfhs;s> GfSu;f; fy;ntl;L vt;tifapy; JizGupfpwJ
- tpsf;Ff.
f&iu mLj;j GfSupy; MWehl;lhd; Fd;wpd; kPJ nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s fy;ntl;L>
rq;ffhy kf;fspd; tuyhw;iw mwpa ,aYfpwJ.
fy;ntl;L nra;jpfshtd.
Nfh Mjd; nry;ypUk; nghiw kfd; vd;w njhlu; gpuhkp vOj;Jfshy;
vOjg;gl;bUe;jd. NkYk;> ngUq;fLq;Nfh> ,sq;fLq;Nfh> ,sq;Nfh vd;w ngau;fSk;
nghwpf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
fy;ntl;by; cs;s KO tupfs ;
“ mk;kz;zd; ahw;W}u; nrq;fhagd; ciwa;
Nfh Mjd; nry;ypUk; nghiw kfd;
ngUq; fLq;Nfhd; kfd; (,)sq;
fLq;Nfh(,)sq;Nfh Mf mWj;j fy;” vd;gNj MFk;.
,J fUT+upy; ,Ue;J Ml;rp nraj; Nruy; ,Uk;nghiw kd;du;fs; nghwpj;jJ.
gjpw;Wg;gj;jpYk; Vida rpy rq;f E}y;fspYk; ghlg;ngw;w goe;jkpo; kd;du;fs;
,tu;fs;.
,f;fy;ntl;L Vwj;jho ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhu;e;jJ vd;gij ehk; Iuhtjk;
kfhNjtd; mtu;fs; jk; fy;ntl;L Muha;r;rp %yk; ekf;F $wp ,Uf;fpwhu;.

3) epUthf Nkyhz;ik Fwpj;J nt. ,iwad;G $Wk; fUj;Jfisj; njhFj;J vOJf.

cau; gjtpfspy; ,Ug;gtu;fs; vy;yhtw;w pYk; epGzj;Jtk; ngw;wtu;fshf ,Ug;gJ
rhj;jpakpy;iy.
Mdhy; ahu; jpwikrhypfs; vd;W mwpe;J mtu;fis mUfpy; itj;Jf;nfhz;lhy;
NghJk;.
njupe;jpUg;gJ xUtif mwpT vd;why;> ahUf;Fj; njupAk; vdj; njupe;jpUg;gJ
kw;Nwhu; mwpT.
ehybahu; mijNa gf;Ftkhfr; nrhy;fpwJ.
“fy;yhNu MapDk; fw;whiur; Nru;e;njhOfpd;
ey;ywpT ehSe; jiyg;gLtu; - njhy;rpwg;gpd”;
epUthfj;jpy; tuNt nryitj; jPu;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. tuitj; jhz;b epiwar;
nryT nra;jy; $lhJ vd;gij ed;F mwpe;jtu;fs; epu;thf Nkyhz;ik cilatu;fs;
Mthu;fs;.
N\f;];gpaupd; ehlfj;jpy; tUk; ‘ilkd;’ fijapy; cjtpahsu;fs; epjp epyik
gw;wp Ngr tUk;nghOnjy;yhk; nrtp rha;f;fhky; ,Ue;jjd; tpisT> ehl;ilNa
,oe;J> kdpju;fis ntWj;J xJf;F Gwkhf thOk; epiy Vw;gl;lJ.
mJ Nghyjhhd; epUthf Nkyhz;ik cilatu;fSf;F>
“,jid ,td; Kbf;Fk; vd;W Ma;e;J
mjid mtd;fz; tply; “
vd;w Fws; $Wk; topapy; tho Ntz;Lk;.
mNj rkaj;jpy; ghu;f;fhj gapUk; Nfl;fhj flDk; gho; vd;w gonkhopiaAk;
czu;e;J> xJf;fg;gl;l gzpia nra;gtiu fz;fhzpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
,t;thW epUthf Nkyhz;ik Fwpj;J ,iwad;G mtu;fs; $Wfpd;whu;.

$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
,yf;fpaj;jpy; Nkyhz;ik – nt.,iwad;G ,.M.g.
1. tuyhW gilg;gtu;fshf tho;e;J nfhz;bUg;gtu;fs; ahu;?
mjpf Neuj;ij cUthf;f Kbe;jtu;fNs Mthu;fs;.

2. Neu Nkyhz;ikf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lha; mike;j jpUf;Fws; ahJ?

Qhyk; fUjpDk; if$Lk; fhyk;
fUjp ,lj;jhy; nrapd;

3. xU ehis vt;thW xJf;fp gzpahw;w Ntz;Lk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLk; jpUf;Fws; mjpfhuk;

vJ? kbapd;ik

4. ehWk;G+ehju; Nfhapy; vq;Fs;sJ? jpUg;GilkUJ}u;> jpUney;Ntyp

 5. jpUg;GilkUJ}u; jpUf;Nfhapypd; 17 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; RtNuhtpak; njuptpf;Fk;
fUj;J ahJ?
MizapLk; murDk; mlf;fj;Jld; Nfl;Fk; gzpahsUk;. (epUthfj; jpwd;)

6. ,utpd; filahkj;jpy ; cwq;fhky; tpopj;jpUe;j kd;dd; ahu;? mij $wpa Gytu;

ahu;? Nrhod; eyq;fps;sp> GwehD}w;w py; $wpatu; NfhT+u;fpohu;.

7. ‘itafk; KOtJk; twpQd; Xk;Gk; Xu;’ - ,t;tup ,lk; ngw;w E}y; vJ?
fk;guhkhazk;

8. ‘nra; vdf; fhj;J ,dpJmuR nra;fpd;whd;? ahu;? jrujd;

9. kdNk xU Ntshz;ikf;Fl;gl;l Nkyhz;ik vd;gij njuptpf;Fk; ghly; vJ?

,d;nrhy; tpisepykha; <jNy – vdj;njhlq;Fk; mwnewpr;rhug;ghly; MFk;.

10. flYf;fhd NtW ngau;fis Fwpg;gpLf.

muiy> mup> miy> mOtk;> msk;> msf;fu;> Mu;fyp> Mop> <z;LePu;> ctup jpiu>
ghdy;> ngUePu;> Rop> ePuhop> Gzu;g;G> njd;ePu;> ngstk;> Ke;ePu;> tup> Xjk;>
tyak;..vd;gd.
11. NuhkhGupr; rpg;gha;fs; ghz;bag; Nghu;g;gilapy; ,Ue;jdu; - ,j;jftiy ciuf;Fk;
E}y; vJ? rpyg;gjpfhuk;.
12. ‘ePupd; te;j epkpu;gupg; GutpAk’; ,j;njhlu; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s E}iyf; Fwpg;gpLf.
gl;bdg;ghiy
13. gl;bdg;ghiyapy; tzpf efukhff;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Cu; vJ? fhNtup G+k;gl;bdk;.
14. Rq;fk; vd;why; vd;d? tup
15. tup t#ypj;jg;gpd; me;je;je;j nghUl;fspd; kPJ Gypr;rpd;dj;ij nghwpj;jdu;
vdf;Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; vJ? gl;bdg;ghiy
16. atdu;fs; fg;gy;fs; epWj;jp itf;fg;gl;l ,lk; vJ? Krpwp JiwKfk;.
17. atdu;fis muz;kidj; njhopyhsuhf;fpf; fl;Lg;gLj;jpa kd;dd; ahu;? Fwpg;gpLk;
E}y; vJ? ,katu;kd; neLQ;Nruyhjd; - E}y; gjpw;Wg;gj;J (2Mk; gj;J)
18. Gj;jprhypfs; G+idfisAk; Gypahf;Fthu;fs;. mtruf;fhuu;fs; GypfisAk;
vypfshf;Fthu;fs; - vd;W $wpatu; ahu;? ,iwad;G
19. ey;topapd; Mrpupau; ahu;? xsitahu;
20. Jspfs; vDk; jiyg;gpy; E}y; vOjpa fpNuf;fu; ahu;? `puhf;spl];
21. mLj;jtu; eyDf;fhf tho;gtu; vj;jifa gz;Gilatu;fshfj; jpfo;tu;?
jiyik gz;G cilatu;fshfj; jpfo;tu;.
22. ,iwad;G mtu;fs; vOjpa E}y;fs; ahit?
tha;f;fhy; kPd;fs;> I.V.v]; ntw;wpg; gbf;fl;Lfs;> VohtJ mwpT>cs;nshspg; gazk;>
%isf;Fs; Rw;Wyh
23. jkpo; tsu;r;rpjl;Jiwapd; rpwe;j E}Yf;fhd guprpidg;ngw;w ,iwad;Gtpd; E}y; vJ?
‘tha;f;fhy; kPd’;

mjpra kyu; - jkpo;ejp (fiythzp)

1. mjpra kyu; vd;Dk; fij ve;j ftpijj; njhFg;gpy; ,lk; ngw;w pUf;fpwJ?
‘mjd; gpwF vd;Wk’;
2. jkpo; ejp vq;F gpwe;jhu;? <oj;jpy; jpUNfhzkiyapy; gpwe;jhu;.
3. jkpo;ejpapd; ,aw;ngau; ahJ? fiythzp
4. jkpo;ejp jw;nghOJ ve;j ehl;by ; trpj;lJ tUfpwhu;? fdlhtpy;
5. jkpo;ejp vOjpa E}y;fisf;Fwpg;gpLf.
ee;jFkhuDf;F khjq;fp vOjpaJ - rpWfij
#upad; jdpj;jiyAk; gfy;> ,uTfspy; nghopAk; Jaug;gdp – ftpijfs;
fhdy; tup - FWehty;
<ok;: iftpl;lNjrk;> ghu;j;jdP pak ; - ehty ;
Njapiyj; Njhl;lg; ghl;L – KfkJ uhTj;ju;
1. Njapiyj; Njhl;lg;ghl;L ve;j jiyg;gpd; fPo; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ?
ghuj kf;fspd; gupjhgr; rpe;J.
2. Njapiyj; Njhl;lg;ghl;L vt;tbtj;ijr; rhu;e;jJ? –
 Fk;kp vDk; ehl;Lg;Gw ghly; tifiar; rhu;e;jJ
3. Kw;re;jp ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F toq;Fk; NtW ngau;fs; ahit?
ntFrd ,yf;fpak;> Kr;re;jp ,yf;fpak;> F[pyp E}y;s;> fhyzh miuazh ghl;Lg;
Gj;j fq;fs;> ngupa vOj;Jg; Gj;jfq;fs;> njUg;ghly;fs; vd ,e;E}y;fs; gythwhf
miof;fg;gl;ld.
4. Kw;re;jp ,yf;fpak; Njhd;wpa fhyk; -20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjp

GwehD}W – gprpuhe;ijahu;
1. xU Fop vd;gJ ahJ ? 144 rJu mb
2. xU Vf;fu; vd;gJ ahJ? 3.5 kh
3. xU Ntyp vd;gJ ahJ? 6.17 Vf;fu;
4. xU kh vd;gJ ahJ? 100 Fop
5. GwehD}Wf;F toq;Fk; NtW ngau;fs; ahit? Gwk;> Gwk;ghl;L
6. GwehD}w;why; mwpag;gLk; nra;jpfs; ahit?
%Nte;ju;fs;> rpw;wuru;fs;> Nghu;r;nra;jpfs;> ifaWepiy> eLfy;> Gytu;> ts;sy;fs;
Nghd;Nwhiug; gw;wp mwpAk; tuyhw;W ngl;lfkhf tpsq;FtJ GwehD}W MFk;.
7. GwehD}w;iw Kjd;Kjypy; mr;rpy; gjpgpj;jtu; ahu;? c.Nt.rh. 1894 y;
8. gprpuhe;ijahu; Fwpg;G tiuf.
gprpu; vd;gJ Cu; ngau;
Me;ij vd;gJ mtu; ,aw;ngau;
9. GwehD}w;iw Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhopg;ngau;j;jtu; ahu;? fypNghu;dpah gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd;
jkpo; Nguhrpupau;. [hu;[;.vy; `hu;l;

rq;ffhyf; fy;ntl;LfSk; vd; epidTfSk; - Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd;

1. fy;ntl;bd; fsQ;rpak; -------------- njd;dpe;jpah
2. Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd; Mw;wpa gzp ahJ? ifj;jwpj; Jiw ,af;Feu;.
3. Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd; vOjpa Ma;T E}y; ----------- vu;yp jkpo; vgpfpuhgp
4. goe;jkpo; vOjpa tup tbtj;ij vt;thW miof;f Ntz;Lk; vd Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd;
$Wfpwhu;? jkpop
5. Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd; vj;jid Mz;Lfs; fy;ntl;L Ma;tpy; <Lgl;lhu;? 30 Mz;Lfs;.
6. Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd; ngw;w tpUJfs; ahit?
[tu;fshy; NeU Ma;twpQu; tpUJ> ,e;jpa tuyhw;W Muha;r;rp ika tpUJ> jhkiuj;jpU
tpUJ.
njhd;kk;
1. ,uhkhazj;jpy; tUk; fpisf;fij vJ? mfypif
2. jpUtpisahlw; Guhzj;jpypUe;J ‘tpl;lFiw’> nte;joy;’ vd rpWfij gilj;jspj;jtu;
ahu;? mofpup rhkp
3. gj;jtpA+fk; Gjpdj;ijg;gilj;jspj;jtu; ahu;? n[aNkhfd;
4. v];.uhkfpU~;zd; vOjpa njhd;kk; fij Gjpdk; vJ? muthzd;
5. ,e;jpa fpNuf;f njhd;kq;fspd; xg;Gikia tpsf;Ff.
,e;jpud; - [_gplu;> tUzd; - neg;^d];> gyuhkd; - ghf;f];> fhu;j;jpNfad; - khu;];>
#upad; - Nrhy;> re;jpud; - Y}d];> tp];tfu;kd; - td;fd;> fNzrd; - N[hd];> Ju;f;if –
[PNdh> ru[;tjp – kpdu;th> fhkd; - ,Nth];.

,ay; - 8
vy;yh capUk; njhOk;
,yf;f zj; Nju;r;r pnfhs;
1) FwpaPLfisg; nghUj;Jf.
m) ngz; - 1) rkhjhdk;
M) Gwh - 2) tPuk;
,) jhuhR - 3) tpsf;F
<) rpq;fk; - 4) ePjp
m) 2> 4> 1> 3 M) 2> 4> 3> 1 ,) 3> 1> 4> 2 <) 3> 1> 2> 4

2) $w;W: 19 Mk; E}w;w hz;by; FwpaPl;bak; Xu; ,yf;fpaf; Nfhl;ghlhf cUngw;w J.

fhuzk; : nghjNyu;> iuk;Ngh> ntu;Nyd;> ky;yhu;Nk Kjyhdtu;fs; FwpaPl;baj;ij
tsu;j;jhu;fs;.
m) $w;W fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rup M) $w;W rup> fhuzk; jtW
,) $w;W jtW> fhuzk; jtW <) $w;W jtW> fhuzk; rup
 3. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy;> mfj;jpiz khe;ju;fspd; cs;sj;J czu;Tfisf; Fwpg;ghf
czu;j;Jk; FwpaPLfs;.
m) ctik M) ctNkak; ,) cj;jp <) cs;Siw ctik
4. ‘jpl;lk;’ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ‘ tuq;fs; rhgq;fs; MFnkd;why; ,q;Nf jtq;fs;
vjw;fhf?’ vd;W vOjg;gl;Ls;s ftpijapy; ‘tuk’; vjw;Ff; FwpalP hfpwJ?
m) mKjRugp M) Mjpiug; gUf;if ,) jpl;lk ; <) gadw;w tpisT
5) kiwj;Jr; nrhy;yTk; kpFj;Jr; nrhy;yTk; mOj;jpr; nrhy;yTk; gad;gLk; ,yf;fpa
cj;jp vJ?
m) FwpaPL M) gbkk; ,) mq;fjk; <) njhd;kk;.
FWtpdh
1. kjpg;ngz;fs;
kddj;jhy;
tpise;jnjd;why;
ghlq;fs; vjw;F?

2) tpau;it ftpijapy; ntspg;gLk; FwpaPLfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

Mjpiuapl;l gUf;ifapdhy; mKjRugpapy; czT tsu;e;Jnfhz;Nl ,Ue;jJ Nghy;
ciog;ghy; cyfk; nropj;J tsu;fpwJ vd;w fUj;J Gyg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

3) FwpaPl;L cj;jpapd; mbg;gil ,yf;fzq;fis vOJf.

Rl;ba nghUSf;Fk; FwpaPl;Lg; nghUSf;Fk; VNjDk; xU njhlu;G ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
Rl;Lk; nghUs; vd;gJ vy;NyhUk; mwpe;j xd;whf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
,j;njhlu;gpd; thapyhf FwpaPl;Lg;nghUs; Ez;zpa Kiwapy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

ek;ik msg;Nghk;
1. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil fhl;Lk; ghl;Lilj;jiytdpd; ,d;iwa epyg;gFjp
m) cjfkz;lyk; M) tpOg;Guk; ,) jpz;btdk; <) jUkGup

2. nghUe;jhj xd;iwf; fz;lwpf.

m) jdpj;jkpo; je;ij - 1. K.tujuhrdhu;
M) Muha;r;rpg; NguwpQu; - 2. kapiy rPdp.Ntq;flrhkp
,) jkpo;j; njd;wy; - 3. jpU.tp.f
<) nkhop QhapW - 4. NjtNeag; ghthzu;

3. r.j rw;Fzupd; ciuiaf; Nfl;Lj; J}z;lg;ngw;w kapiy rPdp.Ntq;flrhkp vOjpa E}y ;

m) ngsj;jKk; jkpOk ; M) ,RyhKk; jkpOk;
,) rkzKk; jkpOk ; <) fpwpj;jtKk; jkpOk ;

4. ehd; ntw;Wntspapy; miye;Jnfhz;bUf;fpNwd; vdJ Kfj;ijj; Njbagb vd;W Rfe;jp

Rg;gpukzpad; NjLtjhff; Fwpg;gpLtJ
m) jkJ tPl;L Kftupia M) jkJ FLk;gj;ij
,) jkJ milahsj;ij <) jkJ gilg;Gfis

5. filnaO ts;sy;fspd; tupiriar; rhuhj kd;du;fs ;

m) Ma; mz;buDk; mjpfDk; M) ey;ypaf;NfhlDk; FkzDk;
,) es;spAk; XupAk ; <) ghupAk; fhupAk ;
FWtpdhf;fs;
1) ‘jkpou; tsu;j;j moFf; fiyfs’; E}y; gw;wpf; Fwpg;G tiuf.
kapiy Ntq;flrhkp vOjpa ;jkpou; tsu;j;j moFf;fiy vd;Dk; E}y; ftpd; fiyfs;
Fwpj;Jj; jkpopy; ntspte;j Kjy;E}y; MFk;.

2) tpupngU jkpou; Nkd;ik

Xq;fplr; nra;t njhd;Nw
capu;g;gzpahff; nfhz;Nlhd;’ - ahu;> ahiug; gw;wp> vjw;fhff; $Wfpwhu;?
ghNte;ju; ghujpjhrd;> kapiy rPdp. Ntq;flrhkpapd; jkpo; gw;w hy;> jkpou; tuyhw;iw Ma;e;J
vOjpa fhuzj;jhy; ,t;thW Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
3) Kfk; Kftupaw;Wg; Nghdjw;F Rfe;jp Rg;gpukzpad; $Wk; fhuzj;ij vOJf.
xt;nthUtUf;Fk; xU jdpj;jd;ik cz;L.
mj;jdpj;jd;ik milahsk; fhzg;gLifapy; vOr;rpAk; Cf;fKk; cld;
,ize;Jnfhs;fpwJ.
milahsk; ,oe;j xUtu; Kfj;ijj; njhiyj;jtuhfpwhu;.
r%fj;jpd; ,Wf;fkhd #oypy; rpf;fpj;jtpf;Fk; rpyu;> jq;fspd; milahsq;fis
kPl;nlLf;f Ntl;if nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.

4) ,iwkfdhupd; ,d;diyf; fz;L kf;fs; vt;tpjk; Gyk;gpdu;?

,t;Tyfk; gpse;J ntbf;ftpy;iyNa vd;wdu;
thdk; ,be;J tpotpy;iyNa vd;wdu;.
,d;Dk; fly; jz;zPu; tw;wtpy;iyNa vd;wdu;.
,d;Dk; ,e;j cyfk; mopahky; jhkjpg;gJ VNdh vd;W tUe;jpdu;.

rpWtpdh
1) kapiy rPdp.Ntq;flrhkp epidTr; rpwg;gpjOf;Fr; nra;jpfs; cUthf;fpj ; jUf.
nrd;id kapyhg;G+upy; 16.12.1900 –y; gpwe;j ,tu;> 25 Mz;Lfs; Mrpupauhf gzpahw;wpYk;
,tu; Xu; rpwe;j jkpo; Muha;r;rpahsu;.
kapiy rPdp. xU jkpo;j; NjdP.
mwptpd; thapy;fis Nehf;fpNa mtu; fhy;fs; ele;jd.
E}yfq;fNs mtuJ jhaq;fshfpd.
mwpit tpupT nra;J my;Yk; gfYk; Ma;tpy; %o;fpf; fUj;J Kj;Jfisj; jkpo;ehl;bw;F
toq;fpdhu;.
Gjpa nra;jp jUjy;> GJ tpsf;fkspj;jy;> ,Uz;l gf;fq;fSf;F xspA+l;Ljy;> jtWfis
kWj;J cz;ikia vLj;Jiuj;jy; vd;gtw;iw jd; Ma;tpd; mZFKiwfshff;
nfhz;ltu;.
mtupd; rPupa jkpo; Muha;r;rp njhz;bid thu;j;ijfshy; tbj;njLf;f Kbahj xd;whFk;.
jkpou; Mfpa ehk; Muha;r;rp nra;a ,aytpy;iy vd;whYk;> ,tu; nra;j Muha;r;rp
E}iy gbj;jhfpYk; gad;ngWNghkhf.

2) filnaO ts;s y;fisAk; mtu;fs; nra;j nraiyAk; ml;ltizg; gLj;Jf.

Ngfd; - Mtpdd;Fb vd miof;fg;gLk; goep kiyia Mz;l ,td; kapy; Fspuhy;
eLq;Ftijf;fz;L jd; Miliaf; nfhLj;jhd;.
ghup – gwk;G kiyia Mz;ltd;. Ky;iyf;nfhb xd;W gw;w pg;glu nfhk;gpd;wp
jtpg;gijf;fz;L jd; Njupid nfhLj;J mf;nfhbapid glutpl;lhd;.
fhup – kiyakhd; ehl;il Mz;ltd;. jd;id ehb tUk; ,utyu;fSf;F> nghd;
nghUSld; FjpiuiaAk; guprhf mspj;J kfpo;e;jtd;.
Ma; - nghjpa kiyia Mz;L te;jtd;. xspkpf;f ePy fy;ypidAk;> ehfk; nfhLj;j
MiliaAk; ,iwtDf;F mspj;jtd;.
mjpad; - jf^iu Mz;ltd;. neLehs; capu;ngw;W tho itf;Fk; mupa ney;ypf;fdpia
xsitf;F nfhLj;jtd;.
es;sp – esp kiyia Ml;rp nra;jtd; . jd;dplk; cs;s nry;tj;ij ,y;iy vd;W
$whJ> twptupd; Fwpg;gwpe;J> mtu; cs;sk; epiwAk; tz;zk; nfhLg;gjpy; rpwe;jtd;.
Xup - nfhy;yp kiyia Mz;ltd;. jd; kiy ehl;il $j;jUf;F guprhf mspj;jtd;.

3) ‘<rd; kfd; epd;wdu; xu; Vionad Xu;kpd’; - ,lQ;Rl;bg; nghUs; tpsf;Ff.

,lk; : vr;.V. fpUl;bzdhu; vOjpa ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s tupfs;
MFk;.
nghUs; : jd;id fl;Lk; nghOJ mikjpahf epd;w jd; fhuzk;> jd; typahy; mtu;fSf;F
ghtk; te;J Nruhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUizNa MFk;. mjdhy; mtu; Xu; Vio
Nghy; mikjpahd epd;w hu;.
tpsf;fk; : jk; kPJ gif nfhz;L jdf;F ,opthd nray;fisr; nra;j ,k;kdpju;fs;
jhq;fs; thOk; fhyk; KOtJk; Jd;gj;jpy; ,Ug;ghu;fNsh vd;W vz;zp mtu;fSf;fhf
,uf;fg;gLk; jd;ikahy;> VR xU Viog;Nghy; mikjpahf epd;whu;.

4) nfhil toq;Fjypy; eqP ;fs ; gpd;gw;w tpUk;Gtdtw;iw vOJf.

jdf;F tpUg;gkhdij gpwUf;F nfhLg;gijtpl gpwUf;F tpUg;gkhij jUjy; Ntz;Lk;.
jdf;F kpQ;ra gpwF jhdk; vd;gij tpl jdf;F ,y;iy vd;whYk; gpwUf;F nfhLj;J
kfpo;r;rp miljy; Ntz;Lk;.
 jhdk; vd;gL gzNkh nghUshfNth $l ,y;yhky;> clyhYk;> ciog;ghYk; $l cjtp
nra;jy; jhdkhf fUjyhk;.
jpdKk; VNjDk; xUtifapy; ehk; Kd;gpd; njupahjtu;fSf;F cjtp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sgb jd; tUkhdj;jpy; ehspy; xU gFjpia kw;wtUf;F
mspg;gjpy; cWjpahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
ek;Kila jhdk; tpoYf;F ,iwj;j ePuhf mikahky;> gapUf;F nry;Yk; ePuhf
ghu;j;Jf;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
neLtpdh
1) kapiyahu; Xu; “ Muha;r;rpg; NguwpQu;” vd;Dk; $w;wpidr; rhd;WfSld; fl;Liuahf;f.
nrd;id kapyhg;G+upy; 16.12.1900 –y; gpwe;j ,tu;> 25 Mz;Lfs; Mrpupauhf gzpahw;w pYk;
,tu; Xu; rpwe;j jkpo; Muha;r;rpahsu;.
kapiy rPdp. xU jkpo;j; NjdP.
mwptpd; thapy;fis Nehf;fpNa mtu; fhy;fs; ele;jd.
E}yfq;fNs mtuJ jhaq;fshfpd.
mwpit tpupT nra;J my;Yk; gfYk; Ma;tpy; %o;fpf; fUj;J Kj;Jfisj; jkpo;ehl;bwF;
toq;fpdhu;.
Gjpa nra;jp jUjy;> GJ tpsf;fkspj;jy;> ,Uz;l gf;fq;fSf;F xspA+l;Ljy;> jtWfis
kWj;J cz;ikia vLj;Jiuj;jy; vd;gtw;iw jd; Ma;tpd; mZFKiwfshff;
nfhz;ltu;.
mtu; Xu; Muha;r;rp NguwpQNu:
jkpo; Muha;r;rp khehl;by; r.j. rw;Fzu;> epfo;j;jpa fpwpj;JtKk;> jkpOk; vd;w ciuahy;>
Muha;e;J> ‘fpwpj;JtKk; jkpOk’; vDk; Ma;T E}iy gilj;jspj;jhu;.
njhy; vOj;J <Lghl;bd; fhuzkhf ‘ngsj;jKk; jkpOk”; > “rkzKk; jkpOk”; E}iy
gilj;jspj;jhu;.
rq;ffhyj;jpw;F mLj;j fhyj;ij jkpou;fs; ,Uz;l fhyk; vd;wdu;. fsg;gpuu; Ml;rp
fhyj;ij Ma;tpy; nfhz;L> “fsg;gpuu; Ml;rpapy; jkpofk”; vDk; E}iy vOjpdhu;.
ftpd; fiyia vd;iwf;Fk; czUk; tifapy; ‘jkpou; tsu;j;j moFf;fiyfs’; vd;Dk;
E}yhy; ngUik Nru;j;Js;shu;.
‘jkpo;e hl;L tuyhW’ vd;Dk; E}y; ,tUila kPl;LUthf;f Kaw;rpf;Fr; rupahd rhd;whFk;.
;kiwe;JNghd jkpo;E}y;fs’; vd;Dk; E}y; Ntq;flrhkp mtu;fspd; mupa Mtzg;gzpfspy;
xd;whFk;.
ngw;w gl;lq;fs;:
jkpo;g; Nguitr; nrk;ky;> Muha;r;rpg; NguwpQu; Nghd;w gl;lq;fis mspj;J kapiy.rPdp.
Ntq;flrhkp mtu;fis jkpofk; ngUik gLj;jpAs;sJ. ek; ghlg;gFjp thapyhf ,tu;
Muha;r;rpg; NguuwpQu; vd;gij ek;khy; czu KbfpwJ.

2) vr;.V. fpUl;bzdhu; ‘ fpwpj;jtf; fk;gNu’ vd;gij Ek; ghlg;gFjp top epWTf.

Kd;Diu :
kdpjdhf mtjupj;J> kdpj capu;fs; ghtj;jpypUe;J tpLjiy mile;J> Nkhl;r tho;it
va;Jtjw;fhf rpYitapy; jd;id jpahfk; je;j ,NaR ngUkhdpd; tijglyj;ij ek;
ghlg;gFjp
thapyhf mwpa ,aYfpwJ.
fk;guhkhazKk;> ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpufKk; :
fk;guhkhazj;jpy;> ghy fhz;lk;> mNahj;jpah fhz;lk;> Muz;afhz;lk; Nghy;> fpwpj;Jt
fk;gUk; jd; E}iy Mjp gUtk;>Fkhu gUtk;> epjhd gUtk;> Muz;a gUtk;> ,ul;rzpa
gUtk; vdg;gFj;Js;shu;.
ngUk; gpupit fhz;lk; vd;Wk;> mjd; rpW cl;gpupit glyk; vd;W gpupj;jpUg;gJ Nghy
fpUl;bzUk; ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpfj;ij gpupj;J gilj;jspj;Js;shu;.
,uhkDk;> ,NaRTk;:
cyfj;ij fhg;gjw;fhf mtjhuk; vLg;gtu; ,uhkd;. mJNghy cyf kf;fis ,ul;gjw;fhf
kdpjdhf gpwe;jtu; ,NaR. fk;gu;> ,uhkdpd; J}a cs;sj;ij jd; ftpij eaj;jhy; fhl;rp
gLj;jpaijg; Nghy ,NaRitAk; ,tu; fhl;rp gLj;jpAs;shu;.
ghlg;gFjp thapyhf mwpAk; nra;jpfs;:
fapw;why; fl;b Jd;GWj;Jk; NghJ Viog; Nghy mikjpahf ,Ue;jjd; fhuzk;> jd; typ
mtu;fSf;F ghtj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;$lhJ vd;gjw;fhf mt;thW jpfo;e ;jhu;.
,fo;r;rp ciu neQ;rpy; jPf;nfhy;ypahf ,wq;fpaNghJk;> mtu;fs; Nky; rpdk; nfhs;shky;
mikjp fhj;jhu;.
 Milia fise;j NghJk; mirtw;W epd;whu;. Ks; Kb #ba NghJk; Kfk;
Rspf;ftpy;iy.
Kfj;jpy; ckpo;e;jdu;. kf;fs; vty;yhUk; Ntjid mile;jdu;. ,j;jid nfhLikfs;
,iwtDf;F nra;Ak; nghOJ>cyfk; mopahky; ,d;Wk; epiyj;jpUf;fpwNj vd Ntjid
mile;jdu;.
,fo;e;Jk;> gopj;Jk;> Jd;GWj;jpAk;> typVw;gLj;jpAk;> ,uj;jk; gPw pl;L vOk;nghOJk;
cs;sj;jpy; mikjp cilatuhf ,NaR ngUkhd; jpfo;e;jhu;.
fpUj;Jt fk;gNu :
Mrpupa tpUj;jj;jpy; mikj;J vOjpa ,g;ghly;fs;> nrhy; RitapYk;> nghUs;
RitapYk;> midj;J tif eaq;fisAk; ngw;W rpwg;gha; jpfo;fpd;w d.
mofpa jkpopy; fk;gDf;F epfohf gbg;gtu; Gupe;Jf;nfhs;Sk; tifapy; vspa tz;zk;
vOjpa cs;s ,f;ftpQu; jkpo; ftpQu; vdpDk;> fpUj;Jtj;ij jkpopy; moF gLj;jpa
tprpj;jpu ftp Mjyhy; ,tu; fpUj;Jt fk;gNu vdf; $WNthk;.
3) Nfhilkio fij thapyhf tpsf;fg;gLk; kdpj Neag; gz;Gfis tpsf;Ff.
,d;W cyfj;jpy; jha; je;ij ,y;yhj Vjpypf; Foe;ijfSk; cs;sdu;. gps;isfs;
,y;yhj Kjpatu;fSk; cs;sdu;.
mtu;fis Vw;W mutizj;J kdpj Neak; kpf;ftu;fis fhz;gJ mupjhfjhd; cs;sJ.
,f;fijapy; tUk; tajhd ngupatupd; kUkSk;> kfDk; ,we;Jtpl> mtu;fs; ngw;w
Foe;ijia mdhijahf;f tpUk;ghj jhj;jh> js;shj tajpYk; mf;Foe;ijf;fhf
tho;e;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;.
jdf;F gpwU ,f;Foe;ijia ghuj;Jf;nfhs;gtu;fs; ahu;? jd;Dila capiu ,dp
vj;jid Mz;Lfs; gpbj;Jf;nfhz;L tho ,aYk; vd ftiyf;nfhs;fpwhu;.
Foe;ijf;F fha;r;ry;. kUj;Jt kidf;F mioj;J nrd;w NghJ Foe;ijapd; mOifia
fl;Lg;gLj;j Kbahky; mtu; jtpj;j jtpg;G ngUk; typ MFk;.
Foe;ijf;F Crp Nghll; eu;];> Jizf;F ahUk; tutpy;iyah? vd;W ,tupd; taJ
Kjpu;thy; if eLf;fj;ijg;ghu;j;J $wpaijf;Nfl;L rpe;jpf;fpwhu;.
thbf;ifahf kUe;J thq;Fk; kUe;j fez;gu;> ,f;Foe;ijia jj;J Nfl;fpwhu;fs; vd;W
vd;Nwh $wp ,Ue;jhu;.
jhj;jh> mij md;W kWj;jpUe;jhYk;> ,d;W mtuplk;> gy Kiw Nahrpj;Njd;. vdf;F
gpwF ,f;Foe;ij mdhij Mtij tpUk;gtpy;iy. mtu;fspd; tpUg;gg;gb ,f;Foe;ijia
jj;J nfhLf;FfpNwd; vd;W $wpdhu;.
,unty;yhk; cwf;fk; ,y;yhky; jtpj;jhYk;> Foe;ijapd; ed;ik fUjp ,J rupNa vd
mtu; kdk; xg;Gf;nfhz;lJ.
kWehs; Foe;ijia jj;J ngw te;j jk;gjpau;> ed;wp njuptpg;gjhy;> ,e;j cgfhuj;jpw;F>
<lhfhJ vd ngUe;jd;ikahf $wpahdu;fs;.
mJkl;Lky;yhky;> Foe;ijf;Fk; jd; ,UtUf;Fk; Mjuthf ,Uf;Fk; jd;DlNd
tUk;gbAk; jhj;jhit mioj;jhu;fs;.
jhj;jhtpw;F kfpo;r;rpahy; mlf;fp itj;jpUe;j fz;zPu;> Mde;j fz;zPuha; Jspu;j;jJ.
epiwTiu :
Raeyj;jpw;F jdf;F Foe;ij ,d;ikahy; Foe;ijia jj;njLf;Fk; jk;gjpfs; vj;jidNah
Ngu; ,Uf;ifapy;> Foe;ijAk; KjpatiuAk; jj;njLj;j kdpjNeak; kpf;ftu;fs; xU rpyNu
cs;sdu;. ,J Nghd;w fijapd; thapyhf ehkhKk; kdpjk; ngw;W Gdpjk; ngWNthk;.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
ekJ milahsq;fis kPl;ltu;
1. kapiy.rPdp.Ntq;flrhkp njhlf;fg; gs;sp Mrpupauhf vj;jid Mz;Lfs; gzpahw;wpdhu;?
25 Mz;Lfs;
2. kapiy. rPdp. Ntq;flrhkp ahu; ahUld; njhlu;G nfhz;bUe;jhu;?
tpGyhde;j mbfs;> fh.Rg;gpukzpau;> jpU.tp.f.> nj.ngh.kP> r;.j.rw;Fzu;.
3. Ntq;flrhkpapd; Ma;Tf;fl;Liufs; ntspaplg;gl;l ,jo;fis Fwpg;gpLf.
FbauR>Copad;> nre;jkpo;r;nry;tp> Muk;g hrpupad;> y\;kp
4. kapiyahupd; Kjy; E}y; vJ? fpwpj;JtKk; jkpOk ;
5. kapiyahu; mwpe;j nkhopfs; ahit?
kiyahsk;> fd;dlk;> rk];fpUjk;> ghyp> Mq;fpyk;.
6. kj;j tpyhrk; vDk; ehlf E}iy vOjpatu; ahu;? kNfe;jputu;kd;.
7. rq;ffhy gRk;G+z; ghz;bad; jd; nfhbapy; nghwpf;fg;gl;bUe;j rpd;dk; ahJ? ahid
8. mfehD}w;Wghlypy; ghz;bad; nfhbapy; ahid rpd;dk; nghwpf;fg;gl;bUe;j jftiy
Kjd; Kjyhf njuptpj;jtu; ahu;? kapiy. rpPdp. Ntq;flrhkp.
 Kfk; (Rfe;jp Rg;gpukzpad;)
1. Rfe;jp Rg;gpukzpak; vOjpa ftpij E}y;fis vOJf.
GijAz;l tho;f;ifkPz;nlOjypd;; ufrpak;

,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; - vr;.V.fpUl;bzdhu;

1. ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpufk; 13 Mz;Lfshf ve;j khj ,jopy; njhlu;e;J ntsp te;jJ?
“ew;Nghjfk;”
2. ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; ve;j E}iy jOtp vOjg;gl;lJ? gpy;fpupk;]; GNuhfpu];
3. gpy;fpupk;]; GNuhfpu]; - E}iy vOjpatu; ahu;? [hd; gdpad;.
4. ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpfk; vj;jid gUtq;fis cilaJ? mit ahit?
5 gUtq;fis cilaJ
Mjp gUtk;>
Fkhu gUtk;
epjhd gUtk ;
Muzpa gUtk;
,ul;rzpa gUtk ;
7. ek; ghlg;gFjp ve;j gUtj;jpypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ?
Fkhu gUtj;jpy; cs;s ,ul;rzpa rupj glyk;.
8. fpUl;bzdhu; ,aw;wpa NtW E}y;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
Nghw;wpj; jpUmfty;> ,ul;rzpa kNdhfuk ;

rpWghzhw;Wg;gil – ej;jj;jdhu;
1. jd; ehb te;j GytUf;F jd; jiyiaNa guprhf mspj;j ts;sy; ahu;? Fkzd ;
2. Fkzid ehb te;j Gytu; ahu;? ngUe;jiyr; rhj;jdhu;.
3. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil vj;jid mbfshy; ghly; mike;j E}yhFk;? 269.
4. rpWghzhw;W ghly; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; vjpy; mlq;Fk;? gj;Jg;ghl;L tifapy; mlq;Fk ;
5. rpWghzhw;W gil Fwpg;G tiuf.
gupRngw;w ghzd; xUtd; jhd; topapy; fz;l kw;nwhU ghzid me;j murdplk;
Mw;Wg;gLj;Jtjhf mike;Js;s E}yhjdpy; ,J ghzd; Mw;Wgil vd toq;fyhapw;W.

Nfhil kio – rhe;jh jj;

1. “epiw” – khj ,jopd; Mrpupau; ahu;? rhe;jh jj;
2. ‘epiw’ khj ,jo; ,jo; ve;j khepyj;jpy; ntspaplg;gLfpwJ? i`juhghj;
3. rhe;jh jj; - nkhopg;ngau;g;G Mrpupauhf gzpahw;Wk; ,jopd; ngau; ahJ? “jpir vl;Lk;”;

gapw;rp tpdhf;fs; kw;Wk; nghJ tif tpdhf;fs;

 nra;As;
1. ,se;jkpNo - rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpad;
2. jd;Ndu; ,yhj jkpo; - jz;bayq;fhuk; (jz;b)
3. gpwnfhU ehs; Nfhil - ma;ag;g khjtd;
4. neLey;thil - ef;fPuu;
5. tpUe;jpdu; ,y;yk; - [yhYj;jPd; &kp
6. fk;guhkhazk; - fk;gu;
7. ,jpy; ntw;wpngw - Rujh
8. ,ilaPL - rp.kzp
9. GwehD}W - xsitahu;
10. nja;tkzpkhiy - ,uhkypq;f mbfs;
11. Njthuk; - jpUQhdrk;ge;ju;
12. mfehD}W - mk;%tdhu;
13. ftpijfs; - eFyd;
14. rpyg;gjpfhuk; - Gfhu;f; fhz;lk; (muq;Nfw;W fhij) -,sq;Nfhtbfs;
15. njhy;fhg;gpak; - nka;g;ghl;bay; (njhy;fhg;gpau;)
16. mjpra kyu; - jkpo;e jp
17. Njapiyj; Njhl;lg; ghl;L - KfkJ ,uhTj;ju;
 18. GwehD}W - gprpuhe;ijahu;
19. Kfk; - Rfe;jp Rg;gpukzpad;
20. ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; - vr;.V. fpUl;bzdhu;.
21. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil - ej;jj;jdhu;
22. jpUf;Fws; - 40 Fwl;ghf;fs;

 ciueil
1. jkpo;nkhopapd; eil mofpay; - jp.R.eluhrd;
2. ngUkiof;fhyk; - (ehlfk;)
3. jkpou; FLk;g Kiw - gf;jtj;ry ghujp
4. gz;ila fhyj;Jg; gs;spf; $lq;fs; - c.Nt.rhkpehju;
5. kjuhrg;gl;bdk;
6. jpiunkhop
7. ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Nkyhz;ik - nt.,iwad;G ,.M.g
8. ekJ milahsq;fis kPl;ltu;

 tpupthdk;
1. ghujpapd; fbjk; - jk;gp ney;iyag;gUf;F (ghujpahu;)
2. Kjy;fy; - cj;jk Nrhod;
3. cupikj; jhfk; - G+kzp
4. ghJfhg;gha; xU gazk;
5. jiyf;Fsk; - Njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd;
6. ebfu; jpyfk; - ghyr;re;jpud; Rs;spf;fhL
7. rq;ffhyf; fy;ntl;LfSk; vd; epidTfSk; - Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd;
8. Nfhil kio - rhe;jh jj;

 ,yf;fzk;
jkpoha; vOJNthk;> ehy;tifg;nghUj;jq;fs;> nghUs; kaf;fk;> gh ,aw;wg;gofyhk;>
gbkk;> fhg;gpa ,yf;fzk;> njhd;kk;>FwpaPL

 gbg;Nghk; gad;gLj;JNthk;
1. Subscription - cWg;gpdu; l;lzk; 19. Conveyor Belt - Cu;jpg;gil
2. Fiction - GidT 20. Take Off - thD}u;jp fpsk;Gjy;
3. Biography - tho;f;if tuyhW 21. Passport - flTr;rPl;L
4. Archive - Mtzk; 22. Visa - EioT ,irT
5. Manuscript - ifnaOj;Jg; gpujp 23. Domestic Flight- cs;ehl;L thD}u;jp
6. Bibliography - E}y; gl;bay; 24. Affidavit - Miz cWjp Mtzk;
7. Platform - eilNkil 25. Allegation - rhl;Liu
8. Train Track - ,Ug;Gg;ghij 26. Convication - jz;lid
9. Railway Singnal- njhlu;tz;btopf;Fwp 27. Jurisdication - mjpfhu vy;iy
10. Ticket Inspector- gazr;rPl;L Ma;tu; 28. Plaintiff - thjp
11. Level Crossing- ,Ug;Gg;ghijiaf; 29. Sentence - jz;lid
flf;Fkplk; 30. Artist - ftpd;fiyQu;
12. Metro Train - khefuj; njhlu;tz;b 31. Animation - ,aq;Fglk;
13. Lobby - Xa;tiw 32. Newsreel - nra;jpg;glk;
14. Checkout - ntspNaWjy; 33. Cinematography- xspg;gjpT
15. Tips - rpw;wPif 34. Sound Effect - xyptpisT
16. Mini meals - rpw;WzT 35. Multiplex Complex- xUq;fpize;j jpiuauq;f
17. Arrival - tUif tshfk;
18. Departure - Gwg;ghL 36. Debit card - gw;W ml;il
37. Demand Draft - Nfl;G tiuNthiy 42. Stamp pad - ik nghjp
38. Withdrawal Slip- jpUk;gg; ngwy; gbtk; 43. Stapler - fk;gp ijg;Gf; fUtp
39. Taller - tpiuTf; fhrhsu; 44. Folder - kbg;Gj;jhs;
40. Mobile Banking- miyNgrp top tq;fp 45. File - Nfhg;G
Kiw 46. Rubber Stamp - ,Oit Kj;jpiu
41. Internet banking- ,izatq;fp Kiw 47. Eraser - mopg;ghd;
48.

 jkpohf;fk; jUf.
1. Learning is a treasure that will follow its owner everywhere
fw;w y; vd;gJ Gijay; mij njhlu;e;jhy; mjw;fhd cupikahsu; vq;Fk; ,Ug;gu;.
2. A new language is a new life
xU Gjpa nkhop vd;gJ xU Gjpa tho;f;if
3. If you people to understand you, speak their language
kf;fs; cs;id Gupe;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhapd; mtu;fs; nkhopapy; NgR
4. Knowledge of languages is the doorway to wisdom.
nkhopapd; mwpTngw;wtd; Qhdj;jpd; (thapiy milfpwhd;)fjitj;jpwf;fpwhd;.
5. The limits of my language are the limits of my world.
vd; nkhopapd; vy;iy cyfj;jpd; vd; vy;iy
6. Start early,drive slowly,Reach safely.
Neuj;NjhL njhlq;F> nkJtha; ,af;F> ghJfhg;gha; nrd;w iltha;.
7. Impatient on road, patient in hospital.
rhiyapy; nghWikjtpu;j;jhy; kU;Jtkidapy; nghWikahfptpLtha; (Nehahsp
MfptpLtha;)
8. Follow traffic rules, save your future.
rhiy tpjpia filg;gpb. tho;it vjpu;fhyj;jpw;F ghJfhj;J it.
9. While driving avoid phone or else your family will be left alone.
thdfj;ij Xl;Lk;NghJ ifg;Ngrpapy; NgRtij jtpu;j;JtpL. ,y;iyNay; cd;
FLk;gj;ij jdpikapy; jtpf;ftpLtha;
10. Know road safety, No injury. No road safety,know injury.
rhiy tpjpia njupe;Jf;nfhz;lhy; Nfby;iy. rhiy tpjpfis kwe;jhy; NfLfis
mwpe;Jf;nfhs;tha;
11. Donate blood! But not on roads.
,uj;jjhdk; nra;! Mdhy; rhiy kPJ my;y
12. Drive, don’t fly. thfdj;ij Xl;L gwf;fhNj!
13. 13. Green Belt Movement - gRik tshf ,af;fk;.

 ,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;Lf

1. Kr;rq;fq; $l;b
KJGytu; jikf; $l;b
mr;rq;fj; Js;Ns
msg;gupa nghUs; $l;b
nrhw;rq;f khfr;
RitkpFe;j ftp$l;b
mw;Gjq;f nsy;yhk;
mikj;j ngUkhl;b!
- fz;zjhrd;
 Kd;Diu: Kj;ijah vDk; ,aw;ngau; nfhz;l fz;zjhrd;> rpW$ly; gl;bapy;>
rhj;jg;gd; tprhyhl;rp jk;gjpaUf;F kfdhfg;gpwe;jhu;. vz;zw;w jpiuapir ghly;fshy;
kf;fs; kdq;fisf;nfhs;isf;nfhz;lhu;. ftpauru; vd;w Nghw;WjYf;F cupa ,tu;>
 rpWfij> fhtpak;> fl;Liufis ekf;F gilj;jspj;Js;s hu;. ,tu; mspj;j
‘mu;j;jKs;s ,e;Jkjk;’ ,e;Jf;fs; kl;Lkpd;wp midtuhYk; Nghw;w p gbf;fg;glNtz;ba
E}yhFk;. khngUk; Nghw;WjYf;Fupa ,tu; ,aw;wpa ‘Kr;rq;fq; $l;b’ vDk; ghlypd;
eaj;ij gpd;tUkhW fhz;Nghkhf!
 jpuz;l fUj;J:
“thiof;F FUj;J moF
ftpijf;F fUj;J moF”
 ghlypd; fUj;J:
 %d;W rq;fq;fis Nru;j;J>
 mjpy; mwptpy; rpwe;j Gytu; gyiu Nru;j;J>
 mr;rj;jpd; topahf nghUs; nghjpe;j gy ,yf;fpaq;fis gilj;jspj;J>
 nrhy;ypd; Rit kpFe;j ftpij rq;fkhf Nru;j;J>
 mw;Gjq;fisr; nra;jts; ek; jkpod;id Mths; vd;W jkpod;idia ghuhl;Lfpwhu;.

 ikaf;fUj;J:
rq;fk; tsu;j;J Gytu;fis E}y; gy gilf;fr;nra;J nrhy;yhYk;>
nghUshSk; Rit gilj;jspj;J je;jts; ek; jkpod;id vdg;Gfo;fpwhu;.
 njhil eak;:
“njhilaw;w ghl;L eilaw;W NghFk;”
 Nkhid:
“Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ Nkhid”
Kr;rq;fq; - KJGytu;
mr;rq;fj; - msg;gupa
nrhw;rq;f - RitkpFe;j
mw;Gjq;fs; - mikj;j
,t;thW rPu; Nkhid gapd;W te;J ,g;ghly; eakpf;fjhf
mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
 vJif:
“,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJif”
Kr;rq;fq; - mr;rq;fj;
nrhw;rq;f - mw;Gjq;fs;
,t;thW mb vJif gapd;W te;J ,g;ghly; eakpf;fjhf
mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
 ,iaG:
“,Wjp vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ ,iaG”
Gytu;jikf;$ l;b - nghUs; $l;b
ftp$l;b - ngUkhl;b
,t;thW ,iaG gapd;W te;J ,g;ghly; eakpf;fjhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
 mzp eak;:
“Mz;kfDf;F gzp moF
ftp kfSf;F mzp moF”
,g;ghlypy; $l;b vDk; nrhy; gyKiw te;J Nru;j;J vDk; xNu nghUisj;
jUtjhy; “ nrhw; nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp” gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
 re;j eak; :
“ murDf;F mit moF
ftpijf;F Rit moF”
,g;ghlypy; jkpo; md;idia ngUikg;gLj;jpg;ghbAs;sjhy; > ,jpy; ‘ngUkpjr;Rit’
gapd;Wte;Js;sJ.
 KbTiu:
 jkpo; ftpQu;fs; mUikkpF czu;Tfis RitkpF ftpijahf
gilj;jspj;jikahy;jhd; ,d;wsTk; jkpo; fd;dpj;jkpohfj; jpfo;fpwJ.

2. gpwg;gpdhy; vtu;f;Fk; - cyfpy;

ngUik thuhjg;gh!
rpwg;G Ntz;Lnkdpy; - ey;y
nra;if Ntz;Lkg;gh!
ed;ik nra;gtNu - cyfk;
ehLk; Nkw;Fyj;jhu;!
jpd;ik nra;gtNu - mz;bj;
jPz;l xz;zhjhu;!
ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk;

 Kd;Diu: Fkup khtl;lk; Nj&upy; rptjhZg;gps;is> Mjpyl;Rkpf;F kfdhfg;gpwe;jhu;.

gf;jp> ,yf;fpak;> tuyhW> ,aw;if> tho;tpay; Nghuhl;lk;> r%fg;ghly;> Njrpag;ghly;>
Foe;ij ,yf;fpak; Nghd;w vy;yh jsq;fspYk; ftpijfis gilj;jspj;Js;shu;.
ftpkzp vd Nghw;WjYf;Fupa ,tu; ‘Foe;ij ftpQu;’ vd miof;fg;gLfpwu;.
rpwg;GFupa ,tu; ,aw;w pa ,g;ghlypd; eaj;ij gpd;tUkhW fhz;Nghkhf.
 jpuz;l fUj;J:
“thiof;F FUj;J moF
ftpijf;F fUj;J moF”
 ghlypd; fUj;J:
 gpwg;gpdhy; ahUf;Fk; ngUik te;JtplhJ.
 jq;fSila rpwg;ghd nra;ifahy;jhd; ngUik tUk;.
 ed;ik nra;gtNu cyfpd; Nkw;Fyj;jtu; Mthu;.
 jPik nra;gtu;fs; neUq;ff;$lhj fPo; Fyj;jtu; Mthu;.

 ikaf;fUj;J:
gpwg;igf;nfhz;L> Nky;Fyk; fPo; Fyk; vd;W rhjp Kiwfis $whjPu;.
ehk; nra;Ak; nray;fs;jhd; ek;ik Nkytu; fPotu; vd kjpf;f itf;Fk;
vd;W $Wfpwhu;.
 njhil eak;:
“njhilaw;w ghl;L eilaw;W NghFk;”
 Nkhid:
“Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ Nkhid”
gpwg;gpdhy; - ngUik
rpwg;G ; - nra;if
ed;ik - ehLk;
jpd;ik - jPz;l
,t;thW rPu; Nkhid gapd;W te;J ,g;ghly; eakpf;fjhf
mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
 vJif:
“,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJif”
gpwg;gpdhy; - rpwg;G
ed;ik - jpd;ik
,t;thW mb vJif gapd;W te;J ,g;ghly; eakpf;fjhf
mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
 ,iaG:
“,Wjp vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ ,iaG”
thuhjg;gh - Ntz;Lkg;gh
 Nkw;Fyj;jhu; - xz;zhjhu;
,t;thW ,iaG gapd;W te;J ,g;ghly; eakpf;fjhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
 mzp eak;:
“Mz;kfDf;F gzp moF
ftp kfSf;F mzp moF”
,g;ghlypy; mg;gh vDk; nrhy; gyKiw te;J xNu nghUisj; jUtjhy;
“nrhw; nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp” gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
 Rit eak; :
“ murDf;F mit moF
ftpijf;F Rit moF”
,g;ghlypy; rhjp nfhLikia rhb ghbAs;sjhy; ‘ntFspr;Rit’ gapd;Wte;Js;sJ.
 KbTiu:
jkpo; ftpQu;fs; mUikkpF czu;Tfis RitkpF ftpijahf
gilj;jspj;jikahy;jhd; ,d;wsTk; jkpo; fd;dpj;jkpohfj; jpfo;fpwJ.

3. me;jpapUshw; fUFk; cyF fz;Nld;

mt;thNw thd; fz;Nld;> jpirfs; fz;Nld;
gpe;jpae;jf; fhupUs;jhd; rpupj;j Jz;Nlh?
ngUQ;rpupg;gpd; xspKj;Njh epyNt ePjhd;
rpe;jhky; rpjwhky; moif nay;yhk;
Nrfupj;Jf; FspNuw;wp xspAk; Cl;b
,e;jhntd; Nw,aw;if md;id thdpy;
vopy;tho;itr; rpj;jupj;j tz;ze; jhNdh?
- ghujpjhrd;
 Kd;Diu: fdfRg;Guj;jpdk; vd ,aw;ngau; nfhz;l ghujpjhrd; GJr;Nrupapy;
fdfrig> ,yl;Fkp mk;ikahUf;F kfdhfg;gpwe;jhu;. ftpij %yk; ,t;Tyfj;ij
iff;Fs; nfhz;Lte;jtu;. ‘Gul;rp ftp’ vd Nghw;WjYf;Fupa ,f;ftpQupd; ghlypd;
eaj;ij gpd;tUkhW fhz;Nghkhf.

 jpuz;l fUj;J:
“thiof;F FUj;J moF
ftpijf;F fUj;J moF”
 ghlypd; fUj;J:
 khiy ,Ushy; cyfk; ,Utijf;fz;Nld;.
 thidAk;> jpirfisAk; mt;thNw ,Usha;f; fz;Nld;.
 me;j ,Us; rpupg;ig epythy; fz;Nld;.
 rpe;jhky; rpjwhky; moif vy;yhk; xspahy; Nru;j;J
 ,aw;if md;id ,e;jh vd ekf;F ,utpd; moifj; je;jhs;.
 mtspd; moif tz;zj;ij tUzpf;f vt;thW ,aYk; vd;W ftpQu; Rl;Lfpwhu;.

 ikaf;fUj;J:
khiy ,Ushy; cyNf ,Uz;lhYk;> me;j ,Uis moF gLj;JtJ
epythFk;. epythy; ,utpd; moif ,aw;if md;id ekf;F ms;sp
jUfpwhs;.
 njhil eak;:
“njhilaw;w ghl;L eilaw;W NghFk;”
 Nkhid:
“Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ Nkhid”
me;jpapUshw; - mt;thNw
gpe;jpae;jf; - ngUQ;rpupg;gpd;
 rpe;jhky; - Nrfupj;Jf;
,e;jhntd;; - vopy;tho;it
,t;thW rPu; Nkhid gapd;W te;J ,g;ghly; eakpf;fjhf
mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
 vJif:
“,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJif”
me;jpapUshw; - gpe;jpae;jf;
rpe;jhky; - ,e;jhntd;
,t;thW mb vJif gapd;W te;J ,g;ghly; eakpf;fjhf
mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
 ,iaG:
“,Wjp vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ ,iaG”
fz;Nld; - ePjhd;
rpupj;jJz;Nlh - tz;ze;jhNdh
,t;thW ,iaG gapd;W te;J ,g;ghly; eakpf;fjhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
 mzp eak;:
“Mz;kfDf;F gzp moF
ftp kfSf;F mzp moF”
,g;ghlypy; rpupj;j vDk; nrhy; gyKiw te;J xNu nghUisj; jUtjhy;
“nrhw; nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp” gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
 Rit eak; :
“ murDf;F mit moF
ftpijf;F Rit moF”
,g;ghlypy; ,aw;ifia tu;zpj;Jg;ghbAs;sjhy; > ,jpy; ‘ctifr;Rit’
gapd;Wte;Js;sJ.
 KbTiu:
jkpo; ftpQu;fs; mUikkpF czu;Tfis RitkpF ftpijahf
gilj;jspj;jikahy;jhd; ,d;wsTk; jkpo; fd;dpj;jkpohfj; jpfo;fpwJ.

4. G+kpr;rUfhk; ghiyia
Kj;JG+j;j fly;fshf;FNtd;
Gaiyf; $WgLj;jpNa - Nfhbg;
Gjpa njd;wyhf;FNtd;
,utpy; tpz;kPd; fhrpid - nrYj;jp
,utyNuhL NgRNtd;!
,untupf;Fk; gupjpia - Vio
tpwnfupf;f tPRNtd;
eh. fhkuhrd;
 Kd;Diu: jkpo; GJf;ftpij ,af;f Kd;NdhbAk; jkpo;j; jpiug;glg; ghlyhrpupaUk;
Mthu;.GJg;ghu;it jpfog; gbkf; ftpijfs; gytw;iw vOjpAs;shu;. ‘fWg;Gkyu;fs;’
‘#upafhe;jp’ Nghd;w rpwg;GkpF ftpij E}y;fisg;gilj;jspj;j ,t;ftpQupd; ghlypd;
eaj;ij gpd;tUkhW fhz;Nghk;.
 jpuz;l fUj;J:
“thiof;F FUj;J moF
ftpijf;F fUj;J moF”
 ghlypd; fUj;J:
 ghiytdj;ij khw;wp ePu; epiwe;j epykhf;FNtd;.
 Gaiy khw;wp rpWrpW Jz;lhf;fp njd;wyhf khw;WNtd;
 tpz;kPDld; Ngrp ,uNthL ,uthf fhrhf khw;WNtd;
 #upaid Viofspd; mLg;ngwpf;f tPRNtd; vd;W ftpQu; $Wfpwhu;.
 ikaf;fUj;J:
,aw;ifia Viof;F Vw;wtz;zk; khw;wp mikg;Ngd; vd;W ftpQu;
$Wfpwhu;.
 njhil eak;:
“njhilaw;w ghl;L eilaw;W NghFk;”
 Nkhid:
“Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ Nkhid”
G+kpr;rUfhk; - Gaiyf;
,utpy; - ,untupf;Fk;
,t;thW Nkhid nrhw;fs; gapd;W te;J ,g;ghly; eakpf;fjhf
mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
 vJif:
“,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJif”
,utpy; - ,untupf;Fk;
,t;thW mb vJif gapd;W te;J ,g;ghly; eakpf;fjhf
mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
 ,iaG:
“,Wjp vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ ,iaG”
flyhf;FNtd; - njd;wyhf;FNtd;
NgRNtd; - tPRNtd;
,t;thW ,iaG gapd;W te;J ,g;ghly; eakpf;fjhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
 mzp eak;:
“Mz;kfDf;F gzp moF
ftp kfSf;F mzp moF”
,g;ghlypy; Mf;FNtd; vDk; nrhy; gyKiw te;J xNu nghUisj; jUtjhy;
“nrhw; nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp” gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
 re;j eak; :
“ ahidf;F je;jk; moF
ftpijf;F re;jk; moF”
,g;ghly; ehl;Lg;Gw ghly; tifiar; rhu;e;jjhFk;. Mifapdhy; ‘rpe;J’ vDk; Xir
gapd;Wte;J re;j eak; kpf;fjhf cs;sJ.
 KbTiu:
jkpo; ftpQu;fs; mUikkpF czu;Tfis RitkpF ftpijahf
gilj;jspj;jikahy;jhd; ,d;wsTk; jkpo; fd;dpj;jkpohfj; jpfo;fpwJ.

5. thduq;fs; fdpnfhLj;J ke;jpnahL nfhQ;Rk;

ke;jprpe;J fdpfSf;F thd;ftpfs; nfQ;Rk;
fhdtu;fs; tpopnawpe;J thdtiu aiog;ghu;
fkdrpj;ju; te;Jte;J fharpj;jp tpisg;ghu;
NjdUtpj; jpiunaOg;gp thdpd;top nahOFk;
nrq;fjpNuhd; gupf;fhYe; Nju;f;fhYk; tOFk;
$dypsk; gpiwKbj;j Ntzpayq; fhuu;
Fw;whyj; jpup$l kiynaq;fs; kiyNa.
- jpup$luhrg;gf; ftpuhau;.
 Kd;Diu: jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; Nkyfuk; vDk; Cupy; gpwe;jtu; jpup$luhrg;gf;
ftpuhau;. Kj;Jtpraehaf;fu; mitapd; ftpQuhfj;jpfo;e;jtu;. jpUf;Fw;whyFwtQ;rpia
,aw;wp FwtQ;rp rpw;w payf;fpaj;jpw;F Kd;Ndhbahfj; jpfo;e;jtu;. ,tu; ,aw;wpa
,g;ghlypd; eaj;ijg; gpd;tUkhW fhz;Nghk;.
 jpuz;l fUj;J:
 “thiof;F FUj;J moF
ftpijf;F fUj;J moF”
 ghlypd; fUj;J:
 Mz;Fuq;Ffs; ngz;Fuq;fpw;F goq;fisf;nfhLj;J nfhQ;Rk;.
 mijg;ghu;j;j gwitfs;; nfQ;Rk;.
 ftpQu;fs; mt;toifg;ghu;f;f Njtu;fis miog;gu;.
 thdpypUe;J miymiyaha; mUtp tPOk;
 mt;tUtpapy; #upaupd; fjpUk; tOf;Fk;.
 gpiwepyT #ba rptngUkhd; tPw;wpUf;Fk; kiy vq;fs; Fw;why kiyNa vd;W
jpup$luhrg;gf; ftpuhau; ghLfpwhu;.

 ikaf;fUj;J:
fdpfs; epiwe;j kuq;fspy; tpyq;fpdk;> gwitapdk; kfpo;r;rpNahL
tpisahl> mUtp nfhl;Lk; mofpy; #upaDk; tOf;fp tpo ,j;jifa vopy;
kpFe;j Fw;whyj;jpy; vq;fs; Fw;whyehju; rptngUkhd; tPw;wpUf;fpwhu; vd;gNj
ghlypd; ikaf; fUj;jhFk;.
 njhil eak;:
“njhilaw;w ghl;L eilaw;W NghFk;”
 Nkhid:
“Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ Nkhid”
thduq;fs; - thd;ftpfs;;
fhdtu;fs; - fkdrpj;ju;
$dypsk; - Fw;w hyj;
,t;thW rPu; Nkhid gapd;W te;J ,g;ghly; eakpf;fjhf
mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
 vJif:
“,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJif”
thduq;fs; - fhdtu;fs;
NjdUtp - $dypsk;
,t;thW mb vJif gapd;W te;J ,g;ghly; eakpf;fjhf
mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
 ,iaG:
“,Wjp vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ ,iaG”
nfhQ;Rk; - nfQ;Rk; - xOFk; - tOFk;
miog;ghu; - tpistpg;ghu;
,t;thW ,iaG gapd;W te;J ,g;ghly; eakpf;fjhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
 mzp eak;:
“Mz;kfDf;F gzp moF
ftp kfSf;F mzp moF”
,g;ghlypy; fdp vDk; nrhy; gyKiw te;J xNu nghUisj; jUtjhy; “nrhw;
nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp” gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
 Rit eak; :
“ murDf;F mit moF
ftpijf;F Rit moF”
,g;ghlypy; jkpo; md;idia ctifg;nghq;fg;ghbAs;sjhy; > ,jpy; ‘ctifr;Rit’
gapd;Wte;Js;sJ.
 KbTiu:
jkpo; ftpQu;fs; mUikkpF czu;Tfis RitkpF ftpijahf
gilj;jspj;jikahy;jhd; ,d;wsTk; jkpo; fd;dpj;jkpohfj; jpfo;fpwJ.
 ctikj; njhlu;fisr; nrhw;nwhlu;fspy; mikj;J vOJf.
1. jhkiu ,iy ePu;Nghy
KUfd; vg;nghOJk; jd; mz;zd; tPl;by; jhkiu ,iy ePu; Nghy xl;bAk; xl;lhky;
,Ug;ghd;.
2. fpzw;Wj;jtis Nghy
vd; ghl;b fpzw;Wj;jtis Nghy tPl;Lf;Fs;Ns tho;tjhy; ,d;iwa ehfupf tho;it
gw;wp xd;Wk; njupahJ.
3. vypAk; G+idAk; Nghy
fpup[hTk; tpkyhTk; tFg;gpy; vg;nghOJk; vypAk; G+idAk; Nghy rPwpf;nfhz;Nl
,Ug;ghu;fs;.
4. mr;rhzp ,y;yhj Nju;Nghy
vd; Njhopapd; jfg;gdhu; jpBu; vd ,we;jjhy; mtu;fspd; FLk;gk; mr;rhzp ,y;yhj
Nju;Nghy Mapw;W.
5. cs;sq;if ney;ypf;fdpNghy
gs;spf;Nf tuhj Fg;G Nju;tpy; Njhy;tp milths; vd;gJ cs;sq;if
ney;ypf;fdpNghy njsptha; njupfpwJ.
6. Mw mku
xU nraiy nra;tjw;F Kd; Mw mku rpe;jpj;J nraiy nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
7. Mzp mbj;jhw; Nghy
vd; je;ij Nju;tpy; mjpf kjpg;ngz; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W Mzp mbj;jhw; Nghy;
$wpdhu;.

8. mfyf;fhy;
jd;Dila tWkhdj;jpw;F Vw;wgb tPLfl;l Ntz;Lk;. mLj;jtiu ghu;j;J flDld;
thq;fp ngupa tPL fl;LtJ vd;gJ mfyf;fhy; itg;gJ Nghy MFk;.
9. toptopahf
vq;fs; Cu; tpehafu; Nfhapy; jpUtpohtpid toptopahf vq;fs; FLk;gj;jhu;
nra;JtUfpwhu;fs;.
10. fz;Jilg;G
,isQu;fs; midtUf;Fk; epr;rak; Ntiytha;g;G cz;L vd muR mwptpj;j J
ntWk; fz;Jilg;ghFk;.
 ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G

1. gz;Gj;njhif 6. vjpu;kiwg; nganur;rk;

nrk;gupjp> nre;jkpo;> nre;epwk;> Gf;f
ntq;fjpu;> GJg;ngay;> 7. cUtfk;
nfhLq;Nfhy;> ed;fyk;> tpau;itnts;sk;
ngUq;fly;> 8. tpidahyizAk; ngau;
njhy;newp>mUe;jpwy;> neLtop> cau;e;Njhu;> nrw;w tu;
nts;sUtp> neLNty;> ed;nkhop> 9. ,ilf;Fiw
ed;dhL ,yhj> csJ
2. tpidj;njhif 10. <Wnfl;l vjpu;kiwg; nganur;rk;
jho;fly; > taq;Fnkhop> ngha;ah> milah> kwth>
tsu;jyk;> fha;ney;> mwpah
tpidj;njhif
3. ctikj;njhif 11. cupr;nrhy; njhlu;
kyub> fly;jhid khjtk;> khkapiy> jlf;if>
4. tpidnar;rk; 12. k&c
rpte;J Ee;ij
5. nganur;rq;fs; 13. vz;Zk;ik
tha;j;j> ctg;g> nfhLj;j> <e;j
 md;Gk; mwDk; > mwpTk; GfOk; ntuP,a> tis,> xuP,>
> MlYk;ghlYk; 17. ,d;dpir msngil
14. njhopw;ngau; gLg;gJ}ck;
kwj;jy;> nrhy;Yjy;>eif> 18. MFngau;
mOif> ,sptuy;> kUl;if> ePyk;
mr;rk;> ngUkpjk;> ntFsp> 19. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk;
ctif> kiyjy; gaDk; cld;n jhf;fj;njhif
15. nra;Aspir msngil mutf;fly;
(,irepiw msngil) 20. mLf;Fj;njhlu;
rpwhmu; > cohmJ> fthmd; Kj;JKj;jha;
16. nrhy;ypir msngil

 cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf

1. ntFsp - ntFs; + ,
ntFs; - gFjp
, - njhopw;ngau; tpFjp

2. tpsq;fp - tpsq;F +,
tpsq;F - gFjp
, - tpidnar;r tpFjp

3. fyq;fp - fyq;F+ ,
fyq;F - gFjp
, - tpidnar;r tpFjp

4. rhw;w p - rhw;W+ ,
rhw;W - gFjp
, - tpidnar;r tpFjp

5. eif - eF+ I
eF - gFjp (eif MdJ tpfhuk;)
I - njhopw;ngau; tpFjp

6. kUl;if - kUs; + if
kUs; - gFjp (s;> l; MdJ tpfhuk;)
if - njhopw;ngau; tpFjp
7. eif - eF+ I
eF - gFjp (eif MdJ tpfhuk;)
I - njhopw;ngau; tpFjp

8. kUl;if - kUs; + if
kUs; - gFjp (s;> l; MdJ tpfhuk;)
if - njhopw;ngau; tpFjp

9. rha;g;ghd; - rha;+ g; +g; +Md;

rha; - gFjp
g; - re;jp
g; - vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy
Md; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
10. NgRthu; - NgR+ t; +Mu;
NgR - gFjp
t; - vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy
Mu; - gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp

11. itj;J - it +j; + j; + c

it - gFjp
j; - re;jp
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
c - tpidnar;r tpFjp

12. nra;j - nra; + j;+; m

nra; - gFjp
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
m - nganur;r tpFjp

13. mWj;J - mW +j; +j; + c

mW - gFjp
j; - re;jp
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
c - tpidnar;r tpFjp
14. gifj;j - gif +j; +j; + m
gif - gFjp
j; - re;jp
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
m - nganur;r tpFjp
15. njhOjdu; - njhO +j; +md; +mu;
njhO - gFjp
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
md; - rhupia
mu;- glu;f;ifg; gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
16. gopj;jdu; - gop +j; +j; + md; +mu;
gop - gFjp
j; - re;jp
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
md; - rhupia
mu;- glu;f;ifg; gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
17. tpk;Kfpd;w - tpk;K +fpd;W +m
tpk;K - gFjp
fpd;W - epfo;fhy ,ilepiy
m - nganur;r tpFjp
18. epidf;fpd;w- epid +f; +fpd;W+ m
epid - gFjp
f; - re;jp
fpd;W - epfo;fhy ,ilepiy
m - nganur;r tpFjp
19. fz;lhd; - fhz;(fz;) +l; + Md;
fhz;- gFjp (fz; vdf; FWfpaJ tpfhuk;
l; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
Md; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
20. tpae;J - tpa+ j;(e;) +j; +c
tpa - gFjp
j; - re;jp
e; - MdJ tpfhuk;
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
c - tpidnar;r tpFjp
21. mwpe;J - mwp +j;(e;) + j; + c
mwp - gFjp
j; - re;jp
e; - MdJ tpfhuk;
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
c - tpidnar;r tpFjp
22. te;J - th(t) +j;(e;) + j; + c
th - gFjp : t - vdf;FwfpaJ tpfhuk;
j; - re;jp
e; - MdJ tpfhuk;
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
c - tpidnar;r tpFjp
23. fise;J - fis +j;(e;) + j; +c
fis - gFjp :
j; - re;jp
e; - MdJ tpfhuk;
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
c - tpidnar;r tpFjp
24. <e;j - <+ j;(e;) +j; +m
< - gFjp
j; - re;jp
e; - MdJ tpfhuk;
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
m - nganuar;r tpFjp
25. ,Ue;jha; - ,U+ j;(e;) +j; + Ma;
,U - gFjp
j; - re;jp
e; - MdJ tpfhuk;
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
Ma;- Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp
26. cau;e;Njhu; - cau; + j;(e;) + j; +Xu;
cau; - gFjp
j; - re;jp
e; - MdJ tpfhuk;
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
Xu; - gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
27. nghype;jhd; - nghyp +j;(e;) + j; + Md;
nghyp - gFjp
j; - re;jp
e; - MdJ tpfhuk;
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
Md; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
28. mku;e;jhd; - mku; + j;(e;) +j; +Md;
mku; - gFjp
j; - re;jp
 e; - MdJ tpfhuk;
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
Md; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
29. je;jdd; - jh(j) + j;(e;) + j; +md; + md;
jh - gFjp : j - vdf;FwfpaJ tpfhuk;
j; - re;jp
e; - MdJ tpfhuk;
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
md; - rhupia
md;- glu;f;if Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
30. mku;e;jdd; - mku; +j;(e;) +j; +md; + md;
mku; - gFjp
j; - re;jp
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
md; - rhupia
md; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp

 Gzu;r;r p tpjp
1. nrk;gupjp - nrk;ik +gupjp
<W Nghjy; - nrk; gupjp
- nrk;gupjp
(ed;nkhop)
2. thdnky;yhk; - thdk; +vy;yhk;
cly;Nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng - thdnky;yhk;
(cuDil)

3. Mq;ftw;Ws; - Mq;F +mtw;Ws;

capu;tupd; cf;Fws; nka; tpl;NlhLk; - Mq;f; +mtw;Ws;
cly; Nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng - Mq;ftw;Ws;

4. cd;iday;yhy;- cd;id +my;yhy;

,<I top at;Tk; - cd;id +a; + my;yhy;
cly;Nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng - cd;iday;yhy;
(jdpahop> xUikAld;> Vionad)

5. nre;jkpNo - nrk;ik +jkpNo

<W Nghjy; - nrk; +jkpNo
Kd;dpd;w nka; jpupjy; - nre;jkpNo
(ntq;fjpu;)

6. ,depiu - ,dk; +epiu

kt;tPW xw;wope;J capuPW xg;gTk; MFk; - ,depiu

7. GJg;ngay; - GJik+ ngay;

<WNghjy; - GJ +ngay;
,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;Kd; frjg kpFk; - GJg;ngay;

8. mUq;fhdk; - mUik +fhdk;

<WNghjy; - mU +fhdk;
 ,dkpfy; - mUq;fhdk;
(ngUq;fly;)

9. nry;yplj;J - nry; + ,lj;J

jdpf;Fwpy;Kd; xw;W capu;tupd; ,ul;Lk; - nry;y; + ,lj;J
cly;Nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng - nry;yplj;J
(cs;nshd;W> Kd;Dil)

10. vj;jpir - v +jpir

,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;Kd; frjg kpFk; - vj;jpir
(jiyf;Nfhy;)

11. G+k;ghtha; - G++ ghtha;

G+g;ngau;Kd; ,dnkd;ikAk; Njhd;Wk; - G+k;ghtha;

mz;ikapy; ePq;fs; ghu;j;j r%ff; fUj;Js;s jpiug;glk; xd;wpd;

jpiutpku;rdj;ij mg;glj;jpd; ,af;FeUf;F fbjkhf vOJf.
jpUtz;zhkiy>
09.06.19
md;Gs;s ,af;Feu; mtu;fSf;F>
jhq;fs; ,af;fpa 36 tajpdpNy glj;jpidf;fz;L fspj;Njd;.kpf
mUikahf mg;glj;jpd; fhl;rpfs; rpj;jpupf;fgl;bUf;fpwPu;fs;. rhjpg;gjw;F taJ xU
jil ,y;iy vd;Wk; ngz;fshy; rhjpf;f KbAk; vd;Wk; $wg;gl;lfUj;Jfs; kpfkpf
mw;Gjk;. ,j;jpiug;glj;jpy; ngz;fSf;F Njitahd Neu;kiwahd fUj;jpid
njuptpj;jpUe;jhYk;> Ntiytha;g;gpw;Fk;> ey;ynjhU fy;tpia ngWtjw;Fk;
may;ehLjhd; rpwe;jJ vdf; $Wk; tifapy; mike;jpUf;Fk; fUj;J kpfj;jtwhd
xd;whFk;.
kuk; tsu;f;f ,lkkpy;yhjtu;fSk;> tptrhak; nra;a ,lk; ,y;yhjtu;fSk;> vy;yhk;
fl;blq;fsha; epuk;gp topAk; efuj;jhu;fSk; jd;dhy; ,ad;w nrbf;nfhb tiffis
tsu;j;J> gRikiaAk;> J}a fhw;iwAk; cyfpw;F juKbAk;. mJkl;Lky;yhky;
nraw;if cukpy;yhj fha;fwpfs; clypw;F vd;Wk; ey;yJ mij ehNk
tpistpf;fyhk; vd;w fUj;ij kpfj;Js;s pakhf mUikahf gilj;jspj;Js;sPu;.
mjw;F vd;Dila kdkhu;e;j ghuhl;Lfs;. fijapy; ,d;Dk; 36 taij jhz;b
tho;e;Jf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; ngz;fspd; tho;tpay; rhjidia Fwpg;gpl;bUf;fyhk;. “thb
uhrhj;jp vDk; ghly;” kpf mUikahd tupfisf;nfhz;l ghlyhFk;. jpiug;glk;
rpwe;jjhf ,Ug;gpDk;. ey;ynjhU FWk;glk; ghuj;jJ Nghd;Nw Njhd;wpaJ.
rKjhaj;jpw;F Njitahd ey;y fUj;Js;s ,JNghd;w glq;fis jhq;fs; jahupj;J
jUtPu;fs; vd ek;GfpNwd;. tho;j;Jfs; jpU. #upah mtu;fNs! kdkhu;e;j ghuhl;Ljiy
njuptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpNwd;.

ngWeu; ,g;gbf;F>
,af;Feu; jpU. nr. #upah> md;Gld; tpku;rfu;
36> G+e;jky;yp> jpU.M.nre;jpy;Ntyd;.
nrd;id - 18

 fPo;f;fhZk; ehd;F nrhw;fisr; rpW gj;jpahf khw;Wf.

(v-fh) thdk;> gw> epyT> njhL - thdj;jpy; gwg;Nghk; gwe;J epyitj; njhLNthk;.
1. rUF> tpO> kz;> miy - kuj;jpypUe;J rUF kz;zpy; tpo ePu; miy
glfha; mij nrYj;jpr;nrd;wJ.
2. tpz;kPd;> xspu;> vup> tpO - thdj;jpy; tpz;kPd; Nghy; xspu;e;j vupfy; xd;W
efu;e;J fPNo nky;y nky;y ,wq;fp te;J
 G+kpia Nehf;fp tPo;e;jJ
3. Fjpiu> Ntfk;> XL> jhT - Fjpiu Ntfkhf XLtijf; fz;l khd;
jhtpjhtp Fjpf;fpwJ.
4. Foe;ij> el> jspu;eil> tpO - Foe;ij elf;f Kaw;rp nra;a jspu;eilapy;
jLf;fpjLf;fp tpOfpwJ.
5. jpiu> fhz;> ifjl;ly;> kf;fs; - jpiuapy; ebfu;jpyfj;ijf;fz;l ,urpfkf;fs;
ifjl;Lfpwhu;fs;.
 ,U njhlu;fshf;Ff.
1. kdpjd; jd; Nguhir fhuzkhf ,aw;if tsq;fisf; fLikahfr;
Nrjg;gLj;jpajd; tpisit ,d;W re;jpj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpwhd;
 kdpjd; jd; Nguhir fhuzkhf ,aw;if tsq;fisf; fLikahfr; Nrjg;gLj;jpdhd;
 mjd; tpisit ,d;W re;jpj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpwhd;

 kaq;nfhypr; nrhw;fis xNu njhlupy; mikj;J vOJf.

1. jiy> jis> jio
 MLfSf;F jioia ntl;b mij jis (fl;b) itj;J jiyapy; Rke;J nry;fpwhd;.
2. fiy> fis> fio
 fiof;$j;jhb fisj;Jtplhky; tapw;W gpiog;gpw;fhf fiyia tsu;f;fpwhd;.
3. miy> mis> mio
 miytPrp mis cilfpwJ. ghk;G ntspapy; te;jhy; Mgj;J vd md;id
miof;fpwhs;.
4. tpiy> tpis> tpio
 Fkud;> tpisr;ry; ed;whf ,Ue;jhy; ey;y tpiyf;F ney;kzpia tpw;W> NkYk;
tptrhak; nra;a tpiofpwhd; .
5. Gs; - Gy;
 Gy;ntspapy; Gs;spdq;fs; mofha; tpisahbd.
6. cio - cis
 cotd; cisapy; cioj;jhy;jhd; ciyapy; NrhWnfhjpf;Fk;.
7. fhd; - fhz;
 fhdfj;jpy; fhdf;Fapypidf; fz;Nld;.
8. Cz; - Cd;
 Cd; (khkprk;) ,y;yh Ciz(czT) tpUk;gp cz;z goF.
9. jpd;ik - jpz;ik
 jpd;ik (jPik) nra;a jpz;ik(typik) ,y;iy mtDf;F.
10. fsk; - fyk;
 MLfsk; ,Ue;j ,lj;jpy; fhg;gu; ciyfyk; fl;Lfpwhu;fs;.

 fPo;f;fhZk; njhlu;fspy; milg;Gf;Fs; cs;s ngau;r;nrhy;iyj; njhlu;fSf;F

Vw;wthW khw;w p vOJf.
1. mtu; jpwikahdtu; vd;W ------- (Fkud;) njupAk;.
mtu; jpwikahdtu; vd;W FkuDf;Fj; njupAk;.
2. cq;fSf;F -------- (ahu;) ed;ik vd epidf;fpwPu;fs;.
cq;fSf;F ahuhy; ed;ik vd epidf;fpwPu;fs;.
3. New;W Kjy; --- (miz) ePu;kl;lk; cau;e;J tUfpwJ.
New;W Kjy; mizapd; ePu;kl;lk; cau;e;J tUfpwJ.
4. KUfd; ----------(Ntfk;) nrd;Wk; NgUe;ijg; gpbf;f ,aytpy;iy.
KUfd; Ntfkhfr; nrd;Wk; NgUe;ijg; gpbf;f ,aytpy;iy.
5. ek;Kila-------(Njit) msT Fiwe;jhy; kfpo;r;rp ngUFk;.
ek;Kila Njitapd; msT Fiwe;jhy; kfpo;r;rp ngUFk;.

 nkhopNahL tpisahL
 Gjpu;
1. milkio nga;j ….. <ry;
2. jz;zPUk; ---- gr;irf;fpsp
 E}y; kw;Wk; Mrpupau;fs;
1. ghujpapd; fbjq;fs; - uh.m. gj;kehgd;
2. ,yf;fz cyfpy; Gjpa ghu;it - lhf;lu; nghw;Nfh
3. jkpo; mofpay; - jp.R.eluhrd;
4. gj;Jg;ghl;L Muha;r;rp - kh.,uhrkhzpf;fdhu;
5. fk;gu; ahu;? - t.Rg.khzpf;fk;
6. rf;futu;j;jp jpUkfd; - ,uh[h[p
7. tapWfs; - G+kzp rpWfijj; njhFg;G
8. ePq;fSk; ftpghlyhk; - fp.th.[fe;ehjd;
9. gilg;Gf;fiy - K.Rje;jpuKj;J
10. JiwKfk; - Rujh
11. ,Jtiu - rp.kzp
12. ftpQuhf - m.fp.gue;jhkdhu;
13. xU Fl;bj;jPtpd; tiuglk; (rpWfijj; njhFg;G) - Njhg;gpy; kfkJ kPuhd;
14. xU ghu;itapy; nrd;id efuk; - mNrhfkpj;jpud;
15. vdJ Rarupij - rpth[p fNzrd;
16. nkag;ghL - jkpoz;zy;
17. fhg;gpaj;jkpo; - ,uh.fhrpuhrd;
18. m[ad;ghyh - cyfj; jpiug;gl tuyhW 1>2>3
19. nropad; - cyf rpdpkh 1>2 NgRk; glk;
20. R[hjh - jpiuf;fij vOJtJ vg;gb?
21. mk;\d;Fkhu; - rpdpkh ,urid
22. jpNahlu; gh];fud; - rpdpkh nfhl;lif
23. Kr;re;jp ,yf;fpak; - M.,uh.ntq;flhrygjp
24. khWgl;Lr; rpe;jpf;fyhkh? - rpgp.Nf.rhykd;
25. jkpou; tsu;j;j moFf; fiyfs; - kapiy rPdp. Ntq;flrhkp

 nghUs; jUf

Mu;fyp - nts;sk; nfhlthq;fy; - nfhLf;fy; thq;f y;

nfhLq;Nfhy; - tise;j Nfhy; jpUiz - jpz;iz
Gyk;G - jdpik njfQ;rj - Kbe;jij
fz;zp - jiyapy; #Lk;khiy gpQ;ir - Gd;nra;
fTs; - fd;dk; Nuhrp - cuRjy;
kh - tpyq;F the;jf;fkhf - ,zf;fkhf
mkyd;> mdfd; - ,uhkd; ntjg;ngl;b - tpijg;ngl;b
,sty; - jk;gp nts;sq;fhl;b - tpbaw;fhiy
espu;fly; - Fspu;e;jfly; Ntz;lhw - Ntz;lhj
Jd;G - Jd;gk; jpUif - khT miuf;Fk; fy;
cd;Ndy; - vz;zhNj FWf;fk; - rpwpa epyg;gug;G
cth - mkhthir flfk; - Xiyg;ngl;b
cLgjp - re;jpud; ntFsp - Nfhgk;
nrw;whu; - giftu; Giz - njg;gk; (fg;gy;)
fpis - cwtpdu; Vkk; - ghJfhg;G
mdak; - epiwthdJ jpU - nry;tk;
vr;nrse;jtd; - Vio vspatd; tpj;jpahuk;gk; - fy;tpj;njhlf;fk;
fPoj;jhu; - Gd;nra;apd; xU gFjp tpj;jpahg;gpahrk; - fy;tpg; gapw;rp
nfuhKDR - fpuhk epu;thf mYtyu; cghj;jpahau; - Mrpupau;
m\uhg;gpahrk; - vOj;Jg; gapw;rp jpz;zpau; - kd cWjpAilatu;
fPo;thapyf;fk; - gpd;d vz;zpd; eif - rpupg;G
fPo;j;njhif ,sptuy; - rpWik
Nky;thapyf;fk; - gpd;d vz;zpd; kUl;if - tpag;G
Nky;njhif ngUkpjk; - ngUik
Fopkhw;W - ngUf;fy; tha;ghL ntFsp - rpdk;
rPjhs gj;j puk; - jhio kly; ctif - kfpo;r;rp
etj;tPgk; - tq;fhsj;jpy; cs;s GupFoy; - RUz;l $e;jy;
Xu;Cu; fio - %q;fpy;
taq;Fnkhop - tpsq;Fk; nrhw;fs; Xtpa tpjhdk; - Xtpak; jPl;lg;gl;l
tpj;jp - tpijj;J ge;jy;
cs;spaJ - epidj;jJ epj;jpyk; - Kj;J
cud; - typik tpUe;J - GJik
tWe;jiy - ntWikahd ,lk; fha; ney; - tpise;j ney;
fyg;ig - fUtpfis itf;Fk; kh - xUepy msT(Xu;
ig Vf;fupy; %d;wpy; xU gq;F)
kO - Nfhlup nrW - tay;
ck;kh - mk;kh ahj;J - Nru;j;Jk;
thg;gh - mg;gh ee;Jk; - jiof;Fk;
Vr;R - jpl;L jy; tupir - Kiwik
flT - gbj;Jiw fy; - xypf;Fwpg;G
fd;dpahu; Nfhzk; - xU taw;fhl;bd; ngau; gpupT - md;G
ghthj;J - Jzp nea;a Ntz;ba jg - nfl
E}Yf;Fg; gir nfhLg;gJ gpz;lk; - tup
Rs;isf;F cs;spUe;J - nrq;fy; neUg;Gr; er;rpd; - tpUk;gpdhy;
Rs;isf;F cs;spUe;J. Xu;kpd; - Muha;eJ ; ghUq;fs;
Ntrhilahf - rw;W Nfhgkhf ghjfu; - nfhbatu;
mkhdpjk; - ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;ba Mf;fpid - jz;lid
tprak; epz;zak; - cWjp
VyhtpypUe;J - ngupa taypy; ,Ue;J $ty; - fpzW
Kf;fh %z;lhdp - xU msT cjjp - fly;
Gd;d %ll;b - Gd;id kuj;jpd; epoy; fz;lfu; - nfhbatu;fs;
Ntl;lk; - kpd;gpbj;jy; itjdu; - jpl;bdu;
fop - cg;gq;fop Nkjpdp - cyfk;
nrW - tay; thupjp - fly;
nfhs;is - tpiy epe;ij - gop
vd;W}o; - #upadpd; ntg;gk; nghy;yhq;F - nfLjy;
tplu; - kiy ntbg;G fthmd; - kiyg;gf;fk;
fjo;T - tpiuT fypq;fk; - Mil
ckzu; - cg;G tzpfu; RUk;G - tz;L
vy;tis - xspUk; tisay; fwq;F - xypf;Fk;
njspu;g;g - xypg;g Myku; nry;td; - rptngUkhd;
tpspmwp - Fuy;Nfl;l rhtk; - tpy;
Qkyp - eha; futhJ - kiwf;fhJ
ntuP,a - mQ;rpa NghJ - kyu;
kju;fay; - mofpa kPd; ehF - ,sik
Gdtd; - fhdtd; cwo; - nrwpT
ms;s y; - NrW Efk; - ghuk;
gfL - vUJ
 nghUj;jkhd Ntw;Wik cUGfisr; Nru;j;J Kiwahd njhlu;fshf Mf;Ff.
1. Fkud; tPL ghu;j;Njd;.
Fkuid tPl;by; ghu;j;Njd;.
2. khwd; Ngr;Rj;jpwd; ahu; nty;y KbAk;
khwd; Ngr;Rj;jpwid ahuhy; nty;y KbAk;.
3. fhiy vOe;J gbj;J ekf;F ed;ik Vw;gLk;
fhiyapy; vOe;J gbj;jhy; ekf;F ed;ik Vw;gLk;.
4. Nghl;b ntw;wp ngw;wJ fiyr;nry;tp ghuhl;Lfs; Ftpe;jd.
Nghl;bapy; ntw;wp ngw;wjhy; fiyr;nry;tpf;F ghuhl;Lfs; Ftpe;jd.
5. midtu; md;G mioj;jtd; Jd;gk; ju ahu; kdk; tUk;.
midtiuAk; md;ghy; mioj;;jtd;. Jd;gk; ju ahUf;F kdk; tUk;.
6. rhd;Nwhu; kjpg;G nfhLj;J tho;T cauyhk;.
rhd;NwhUf;F kjpg;G nfhLj;J tho;tpy; cauyhk;.

 njhlupy; cs;s gpiofis ePf;fp vOJf

1. ek; khdpyk; ,e;j Mz;L tul;rpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ
ek; khepyk; ,e;j Mz;L twl;rpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. vq;fs; Cupy; Eyff; fl;llk; fl;l muR epjp xJf;fpaJ.
3. ,uq;fd; ntz;fyg; ghj;jpuf;fil itj;jpUf;fpwhu;.
4. thdk; ghu;j;j G+kpapy; gapU tiffs; gapuplg;gLfpd;wd.
5. Ig;grp milkioapy; Cuzp epiwe;jJ.
6. ,d;iwf;F rhAq;fhyk; fgb Nghl;b eilngWk;.

 nrhy;iyg; gpupj;Jk; Nru;j;Jk; njhluikf;f

1. gyif - gyifahy; Md Nkirapy; czT gupkhwg;gl;lJ.
- gy iffs; xd;wpize;jhy;jhd; ntw;wp milaKbAk;
2. jhkiu - Fsj;jpy; jhkiu G+j;jpUf;fpwJ
- jh(jhTk;) kiu(khd;) fhl;by; Nka;e;jJ
3. Nfhtpy; - rptd; Nfhtpy; jpUtpohtpw;F nrd;Nwhk;
- Nfh(murd;) tpy;yhy; khid tPo;j;jpdhu;.
2. ntq;fhak; - rhk;ghu; Ritf;F ntq;fhak; mtrpak;.
- jP tpgj;jhy; mtDf;F ntk; fhak; Vw;gl;lJ
3. jiyik - mz;zd; jiyikapy; Rw;Wyh nrd;Nwhk;
- tajhd vd; ghl;b jiyf;F eiuia kiwf;f jiyik
mbj;Jf;nfhz;lhs;.
 Ngr;R tof;if vOj;J tof;fhf khw;Wf
1. ,g;g vdf;Fg; GupQ;R Nghr;R. ePAk; GupQ;rpf;Nfh.
,g;nghOJ vdf;Fg; Gupe;Jtpl;lJ. ePAk; Gupe;Jnfhs;.
2. epyj;jf; nfswZk;lh mg;gjhd; tFJ epiwAk;
epyj;ijf; fpswNtz;Lklh. mg;nghOJjhd; tapW epiwAk;.
3. mz;izf;F mtDf;Fg; gzk; FLj;J xjtpapUf;f Ntz;bajhd.
md;iwf;F mtDf;Fg; gzk; nfhLj;J cjtpapUf;f Ntz;baJjhNd!
4. T+l;lhz;l ntisahz;l nfhae;ijia mg;gh vq;f ,];JfpD NghdhU.
tPl;by; tpisahbf;nfhz;bUe;j Foe;ijia mg;gh vq;Nf mioj;Jf;nfhz;L Nghdhu;?
5. Gs;isf;F clk;G rupapy;iy %Z ehsh rpukg;gLJ.
gps;isf;F clk;G rupapy;iy %d;W ehl;fshf rpukg;gLfpwJ.
6. uitf;F rpj;jg;gd fhtYf;Fg; Nght nrhy;.
,utpw;F rpwpa je;ijia fhtYf;Fg; Nghf nrhy;.

 <w;wb vOjpj; Jspg;ghit epiwT nra;f.

1. tpOk; kuq;fs; mopAk; fhL ghiytdk;
2. mg;gb vd;d nrhy;ypaJ fhw;W Fjpj;jhLfpwJ Nkfk; kioaha;
3. G+j;j kynuhd;W gwf;fpwJ tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rp
4. thdk; mOfpwJ G+kp rpupf;fpwJ ,J kiof;fhyk;
5. G+l;ba tPl;bYk; G+j;Jr; rpupf;fpwJ Ky;iy

 fUj;Jg;glq;fisg;Gupe;J gj;jpahf vOJf.

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fis vl;Lj;njhif gj;Jg;ghl;L vd;W miog;gu;. ew;wpiz>
FWe;njhif> Iq;FWE}W> mfehD}W> fypj;njhif vd Ie;J mfk; rhu;;e;j E}y;fSk;>
GwehD}W> gjpw;Wg;gj;J Mfpa Gwk; rhu;e;j ,U E}y;fSk;> mfKk; Gwk; fye;j gupghly;
xU E}Yk; Mfpa vl;L E}y;fSk; vl;Lj;njhifAs; mlq;Fk;.
FwpQ;rpg;ghlL> Ky;iyg;ghl;L> neLey;thil> gl;bdg;ghiy Nghd;w mfk; rhu;e;j
ehd;F E}y;fSk;> kJiuf;fhQ;rp> jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil> nghUeuhw;Wg;gil>
ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil> rpWghzhw;Wg;gil> $j;juhw;Wg;gil Nghd;w Gwk; rhu;e;j MW
E}y;fSk; gj;Jg;ghl;L vd miof;fg;gLk;.

 gpwnkhopr;nrhw;fisj; jkpo; gLj;Jf.

ru;f;fhu; - muR
rk;gsk; - Cjpak;
[Ptdj;Jf;F - capu;tho;tjw;F
[Ptdk; - tho;f;if
Mj;kh - kdk; (capu;)
gpugQ;rj;ij - cyfj;ij
Mj;k tprhuj;ij - gue;j kdij
];Glk; - Nrhjpj;jy;

 kapiyg; gjpfj;jpy; fhzg;ngWk; tpohf;fs;

1. Ig;grp - xzk;
2. fhu;j;jpif - tpsf;Fj; jpUtpoh
3. khu;fop - jpUthjpiu tpoh
4. ij - ijg;G+r tpoh
5. khrp - flyhl;L tpoh
6. gq;Fdp - gq;Fdp cj;jpu tpoh

 njhlupy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s kuGg; gpiofis ePf;fp vOJf.

1. thiof;fhl;by; Fapy;fs; mywpf;nfhz;Lk;
fhfq;fs; $tpf;nfhz;Lk; ,Ue;jd.
 thioj;Njhl;lj;jpy; Fapy;fs; $tpf;nfhz;Lk;
fhfq;fs; fiue;Jf;nfhz;Lk; ,Ue;jd.
2. KUfd; NrhW rhg;gpl;Lg; ghy; Fbj;jhd;
 KUfd; NrhW cz;L ghy; gUfpdhd;.
3. Nfhtpe;jd; FbapUf;f Rtu; fl;b $iu mikj;jhu;.
 Nfhtpe;jd; FbapUf;f Rtu; vOg;gp $iu Nta;e;jhu;.
4. tdtpyq;Ff; fhg;gfj;jpy; rpq;ff; Fl;bAk; ahidf;Fl;bAk; fz;Nld;.
 tdtpyq;Ff;;fhg;gfj;jpy; rpq;ff; FUisAk; ahidf;fd;iwAk; fz;Nld;.
5. gid kl;ilahy; $iu itj;jpUe;jdu;.
 gid Xiyahy; $iu Nta;e;jpUe;jdu;

 tpilf;Nfw;w tpdh mikj;jpLf

1. FLk;gk; vd;w nrhy; Kjd;Kjypy; jpUf;Fwspy;jhd; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
 FLk;gk; vd;w nrhy; Kjd;Kjypy; ve;j E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ?
2. eLtz;muR 2005 Mk; Mz;L brk;gu; 23 md;W Njrpa Nguplu; Nkyhz;ik
Mizaj;ij mikj;jJ.
 eLtz;muR Njrpa Nguplu; Nkyhz;ik Mizaj;ij vg;nghOJ mikj;jJ?
3. rhiyfspy; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk; FwpaPLfs; Nghf;Ftuj;jpidr; rPu; nra;aTk; ghJfhg;ghf
gazpf;fTk; cjTfpd;wd.
 rhiyfspy; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk; FwpaPLfs; vjw;nfy;yhk; cjTfpd;wd?
4. 1856 ,y; njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Kjy; njhlu;tz;b epiyak; ,uhaGuj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 1856 ,y; njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Kjy; njhlu;tz;b epiyak; vq;F mikf;fg;gl;lJ?
5. “ajhu;j;j epfo;itg; gilg;ghSikAld; ntspg;gLj;JtNj Mtzg;glk;” vd;fpwhu;
fpupNahu;rd;.
 vjid ntspg;gLj;JtNj Mtzg;glk; vd;fpwhu; fpupNahu;rd;?

 FOf;nfOj;Jg; Gjpu; (tpdh gf;fk; 216> 217)

 ,lkpUe;J tyk;
1. FbauR> 4. mQ;rp> 8.ey;yp> 9. kiyehL> 16. tskiy> 14. kio
 tykpUe;J ,lk;
2. gpwhd; kiy> 4. mjpad; 5. kyhL 12. MSeu; 21 ghl;L
 NkypUe;J fPo;
3. nfhy;ypkiy> 6.Rfe;jp> 1. Fkzd;> 10. [hd;g dpad;> 15. fly;> 17. rufk;> 18. ,iwkfd;
 fPopUe;J Nky;
6. Cl;b> 8. ee;jptu;kd;> 13. Myhe;Jiw> 11. rpWghzh> 19. itak;> 20. kf;fsplk;

 m zp ,yf;fzk;
1. epuy; epiw mzpia tpsf;Ff.
mzp : xU nra;Aspy; Kjypy; nrhw;fis tupirahfTk; mr;nrhw;fSf;Fupa nghUis
mLj;J tupirahfTk; mikj;Jf; $WtJ epuy; epiw mzp MFk;.

v - fh: md;Gk; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;tho;f;if

gz;Gk; gaDk; mJ

tpsf;fk; : md;Gk; mwKk; cilajhf ,y;tho;f;if tpsq;Fkhdhy;> mJNt

tho;f;ifapd; gz;Gk; gaDk; MFk;.

nghUj;jk; : ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; md;Gk;; mwDk; xU tupirapy; $wp> mtw;wpw;Fupa nghUis

gz;Gk; gaDk; vd tupirg;gLj;jpf; $wpAs;sjhy; ,f;Fwl;gh epuy; epiw
mzpf;Fg;nghUj;jkhapw;W.
2. VfNjr cUtf mzpia tpsf;Ff.
mzp : xU nra;Aspy; ,U nghUs;fisf;$wp mtw;wpy; xd;iw kl;Lk; cUtfg;gLj;jpf;
$WtJ VfNjr cUtf mzp MFk;.
 v - fh: rpdk; vd;Dk; Nru;e;jhiuf; nfhy;yp ,dk;vd;Dk;
Vkg; Giziar; RLk;

tpsf;fk; : rpdk;> jd;idr; Nru;e;jtiuAk; mopf;Fk; neUg;G. mJ xUtuJ Rw;wk; vd;Dk;

ghJfhg;Gj; njg;gj;ijAk; Rl;lopf;Fk;

nghUj;jk; : ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; rpdj;ij flyhf cUtfpf;fhky;> ,dj;ij fg;gyhf

cUtfg;gLj;jp cs;sjhy; ,f;Fwl;gh VfNjr cUtf mzpf;Fg;nghUj;jkhapw;W.

3. njhopy; ctik mzpia tpsf;Ff.

mzp : xU nghUspd; njhopy; my;yJ nray; fhuzkhf mikAk; ctik njhopy;
ctik vdg;gLk;

v - fh: mfyhJ mZfhJ jPf;fha;thu; Nghy;f

,fy;Nte;ju;r; Nru;e;JxOF thu;.

tpsf;fk; : jPf;fha;thu; mfyhJ mZfhJ ,Ug;gJnghy; muru;fisr; rhu;e;jpUg;gtu;

gf;Ftkhf ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

nghUj;jk; : neUg;gpy; Fspu;fha;gtu; nraiy kd;dplk; njhopy; GupgtUf;F ctikahff;

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. xU nraiy kw;nwhU nraYf;F ctik gLj;jp cs;sjhy; ,f;Fwl;gh
njhopy; ctikf;Fg; nghUj;jkhapw;W.

4. ctik mzpia tpsf;Ff.

mzp : xU nghUis my;yJ fUj;ij Ntnwhd;NwhL xg;Gikg;gLj;jpf; $WtJ
ctik mzp MFk;.

v - fh: clk;ghL ,yhjtu; tho;f;if Flq;fUs;

ghk;NghL cld;ciwe; jw;W

tpsf;fk; : kdjpy; cld;ghL ,y;yhjtUld; $b thOk; tho;f;if> xU Fbirapy;

ghk;Gld; tho;tJ Nghd;wjhFk;.

nghUj;jk; : ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; clk;ghL ,y;yhjtiu ghk;gpw;F ctikahf Rl;lg;gl;ls;sJ.

Mifahy; ,jpy; ctik mzp gapd;Wte;Js;sJ.

5. vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzpia tpsf;Ff.

mzp : ctik jdpthf;fpakhfTk; ctNkak; jdp thf;fpakhfTk; epd;W ,ilapy;
ctk cUG kiwe;J te;J nghUs; vLj;Jf;fhl;l ctik mzp MFk;.

v - fh: JQ;rpdhu; nrj;jhupd; NtWmy;yu; vQ;Qhd;Wk;

eQ;Rcz;ghu; fs;cz; gtu;

tpsf;fk; : cwq;fpatu;> ,we;jtiutpl NtWgl;ltu; my;yu;. mt;thNw fs;Sz;gtUk;

eQ;R cz;gtNu Mtu;.

nghUj;jk; : ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; cwq;Fgtu; nrj;jtUf;Frkk;. fs; cz;gtiu eQ;R eQ;R

cz;gjw;F rkk; . vd ,ilapy; ctk cUG Njhd;whky; ctikgLj;jp cs;sJ.
mjdhy; ,f;Fwl;gh vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzpf;F nghUj;jkhapw;W.
6. Ntw;Wik mzpia tpsf;Ff.
mzp : nra;Aspy; ,UnghUSf;F xg;Gikf; $wp mtw;wpy; xd;wpypUe;J xd;iw
NtWgLj;jpf;fhl;ltJ Ntw;Wik mzp MFk;.

v - fh: Xq;fypil te;J cau;e;Njhu; njhotpsq;fp --- jz;bayq;fhug;ghly;.

 jpiz tpsf;fk;
1. nea;jy; jpizia tpsf;Ff.
 Kjw;nghUs;:
epyk; : flYk; fly; rhu;e;j ,lKk;
nghOJ : rpWnghOJ - vw;ghL> ngUk;nghOJ - MWk;
 fUg;nghUs; :
nja;tk;: tUzd;
kf;fs; : guju;> guj;jpau;
czT: kPd;> cg;Gf;F gjpyhf ngw;w nghUs;fs;
gwit: flw;fhfk;
tpyq;F: Rwh
njhopy;: kPd;gpbj;jy;> cg;G tpistpj;jy;
giw: kPd;Nfhl; giw
 cupg;nghUs;
,uq;fYk; ,uq;fy; epkpj;jKk;.
v-fh: ngUq;fly; Ntl;lj;Jr; rpWFbg; gujtu;
,Uq;fopr; nrWtpd; cohmJ nra;j
,g;ghly; tupfspy; nea;jy; epyj;jpw;Fupa Kjw;nghUs;(fly;)> fUg;nghUs; (kf;fs;:gujtu;)
gapd;Wte;Js;sjhy; ,g;ghly; nea;jy; epyj;jpw;F nghUj;jkhapw;W.

2. thif jpiz tpsf;Ff.

jpiz: “Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; kpf;Nfhu; nrWntd;wJ thifahk;” ntw;wp ngw;w murDk;
mtdJ tPuu;fSk; ntw;wpapd; milahskhf thifg;G+itr; #b ntw;wpiaf;
nfhz;lhLtJ thifj; jpiz MFk;.

3. ghlhz; jpizia tpsf;Ff.

jpiz: xUtUila Gfo;> typik> nfhil> mUs; Nghd;w ey;ypay;Gfisr; rpwg;gpj;jf;
$WtJ ghlhz; jpizahFk;.

v;.fh: guprpyu;f;F milah thapNyhNa!

fLkhd; Njhd;wy; neLkhd; mQ;rp
jd; mwpayd; nfhy;?

tpsf;fk; : guprpy; ngw tpioAk; ,utyu;f;F milf;fhj thapNyhNd? tpiue;J XLk;

Fjpiuiaf; nfhz;l neLkhd; mQ;rp> mtid ek;gpj;jhd; cyfpy; cs;s twpatu;
cs;sdu; vdf; fUJfpwhd; NghyTk;.

nghUj;jk; : murdpd; nfhilj;jd;ikia Gfo;e;J ghLtjhy; ,t;tupfs; ghlhz;

jpizf;F nghUj;jkhapw;W.
4. nrtpawpTW}c Jiw tpsf;Ff.
murd; nra;a Ntz;ba flikfis Kiwjtwhky; nra;AkhW mtd; Nfl;f
mwpTWj;jy;> nrtpawpTW}c vd;Dk; JiwahFk;.

 gpd;tUk; gonkhopia tho;f;if epfo;NthL nghUj;jp vOJf.

1. Rlu;tpsf;fhapDk; J}z;LNfhy; Ntz;Lk;
gonkhop : Rlu;tpsf;fhapDk; J}z;LNfhy; Ntz;Lk;.
gonkhop tpsf;fk; : vz;nza;Ak;> jpupAk; ,Ue;jhy; kl;Lk; tpsf;F vupahJ mJ
gpufhrkhf vupa J}z;btpl xU J}z;LNfhy; Ntz;Lk;.
tho;f;if epfo;tpy; gonkhop:
rjP\; vg;nghOJk; tFg;gpy; tiue;Jf;nfhz;Nl ,Ug;ghd;. fzpj Mrpupau; xUKiw
fUk;gyifapy; fzpjk; Nghl;Lf;nfhz;bUe;jhu;. rjP\; fzpjk; Nghlhky; Nehl;by;
tiue;Jf;nfhz;bUe;jhd;. mij ftdpj;Jf;nfhz;bUe;j fzpj Mrpupau; mtd; Nehl;il
vLj;Jg;ghu;j;jhu; gytifahd Xtpaq;fis tiue;jpUe;jpUe;jhd;. mtd; mr;rj;jpy;
eLq;fpf;nfhz;bUe;jhd;. Mrpupau; jdf;F jz;lid nfhLg;ghuhNuh vd;W. mjw;F khwhf
Mrpupau; mtidg;ghuhl;bdhu;. mtDila igf;Fs; ,Ue;j vy;yh Nehl;LfisAk; vLj;J>
mtd; tiue;jpUf;Fk; vy;yh glq;fisAk; ghu;j;jhu;. mjd; gpwF mtu; mtid jdpahf
mioj;J> mtDf;F khepy mstpy; elf;Fk; Xtpa Nghl;bf;F tpz;zg;gpf;fr; nra;J>
mtid mg;Nghl;by; fye;Jf;nfhs;sr;nra;jhu;. mtDk; khepy mstpy; Nghl;by;
fye;Jf;nfhz;L Kjy; gupRk; ngw;whd;. ,g;nghOJ mtd; rpwe;j Xtpadhfj; jpfo;fpwhd;.
mtDf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; jpwid ntsp cyfpw;F tu J}z;LNfhyhf ,Ue;jtu; fzpj
Mrpupau; my;yth?
gonkhop czu;j;Jk; ePjp :
 jpwikfs; ekf;Fs; Ftpe;Jf;fple;jhYk; mij ntspf;nfhzu;e;J xspur;nra;tJ xU
J}z;LNfhy; MFk;.

2. $b tho;e;jhy; Nfhb ed;ik (xw;WikNa gyk;.)

gonkhop : $b tho;e;jhy; Nfhb ed;ik
tpsf;fk; : vy;yhUlDk; Nru;e;J tho;e;J te;jhy; ed;ik vd;Wk; fpilf;Fk;
tho;f;if epfo;tpy; gonkhop: vq;fs; tPl;Lf;F gpd;Gwk; cs;s ke;ijntspapy; khLfs;
$l;lkhf Nka;e;Jf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;. jpdk; jpdk; ehd; mij ghu;j;Jf;nfhz;bUg;Ngd;.
ke;ijntspf;Fg; gpd; fhL xd;W cs;sJ. me;j fhl;by; nfhba tpyq;fpdq;fs;
,Ug;gjhf Nfs;tpg;gl;bUf;fpNwd;. xU ehs; khLfs; Nka;e;Jf;nfhz;bUg;gijf;fz;L Gyp
xd;W xU khl;bidj;jhf;f nkJnkJthf gpd;dhy; te;jJ. mijf;fz;l khLfs; $l;lk;
mij tpul;b mbj;jd. GypAk; khLfspd; $l;lj;ijf;fz;L gae;J nrd;W tpl;lJ.
mf;$l;lj;jpy; ,Ue;j khL xd;W jdpahf Nka;e;jhy; tapW epiwa Nkayhk; vd;W fUjp>
fhl;L xukhf ,Ue;j gr;ir Gy; jpl;ilf;fz;L> jhd; kl;Lk; Nka;e;jhy; NghJk; vd;w
Nguhirapy; jdpahf te;J Nka;e;jJ. jdpahf Nka;e;j khl;bidf;fz;l Gyp vspjhf
te;J> khl;il mbj;J ,iuahf;fpf;nfhz;lJ. ,iu Njl te;j khL Gypf;F
,iuahfpg;NghdJ. jd;id fhg;ghw;w ahUk; ,y;yhky; gypahdJ. xw;Wikahf
$l;lj;NjhL ,Ue;jpUe;jhy; khl;bw;F ,g;Nguhgj;J te;jpUf;fhJ.
gonkhop czu;j;Jk; ePjp :
 xw;WikNa gyk;
 Raeyk; ghu;j;J xJq;fpdhy; Ngu; mopT epr;rak;.

3. ghu;f;fhj gapUk; Nfl;fhj flDk; gho;

gonkhop : ghu;f;fhj gapUk; Nfl;fhj flDk; gho;
gonkhop tpsf;fk; : tpisr;rYf;F Njitahd ePu;> epyk; vy;yhk; ,Ue;jhYk; ehk;
nrd;W fz;fhzpj;Jf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iy vd;why;> NehahNyh> ghJfhg;G
,d;wpNah> guhkupg;G ,d;wpNah tpisr;ry; fpilf;fhky; Ngha;tpLk;.
tho;f;if epfo;tpy; gonkhop :
vq;fs; tPl;L gf;fj;j;py; ,Ue;j xUj;ju; jd; kfid ntspA+upy; cs;s xU rpwe;j
gs;spapy; Nru;jjhu;. mtd; 12 tFg;G ,Wjpj;Nju;tpy; rpwe;j kjpg;ngz; ngw;whd;.
,ytrkhf kUj;J gbg;gpy; NruTk; mtDf;F tha;g;G fpilj;J> kUj;Jg;gbg;gpy;
 Nru;e;jhd;. mij Nfs;tpAw;w vd; khkh> vq;fs; gf;fj;J tPl;lhuplk; mg;gs;spiag;gw;wp
tprhupj;jhu;. gf;fj;J tPl;Lf;fhuu;> “ePq;fs; jhuhskhf cq;fs; kfid mg;gs;spapy;
Nru;j;JtpLq;fs;. mtu;fs; jq;fSila Foe;ijg;Nghy ghu;j;Jf;nfhs;thu;fs;. ,ilapy;
nrd;W mtid njhe;juT nra;ahjPu;fs;. njhiyNgrpapy; mbf;fb NgrhjPu;fs;. ,njy;yhk;
mtd; gbg;gpid ghjpf;fr;nra;JtpLk;. ek;gpf;ifNahL Nru;j;JtpLq;fs;. cq;fs; kfd;
mjpf kjpg;ngz; vLg;gJ cWjp” vd;W $wpdhu;. vd; khkhTk; mtUila kfid
mg;gs;spapy; mjpf fl;lzk; nrYj;jp Nru;j;Jtpl;lhu;. Nru;e;j Gjpjpy; mtd;
njhiyg;Ngrpapy; NgrpdhYk;> gb Njitapy;yhky; Neuj;ij tPzbf;fhNj vd;W nrhy;yp
,izg;ig Jz;bj;JtpLthu;. mtDf;F mt;tpLjpAk; #oYk; Jspf;$l gpbf;fNt
,y;iy. nfhQ;rk; nfhQ;rkhf ntWj;jhd;. mtidg;Nghy; ntWg;Gld; ,Uf;Fk;
khztu;fSld; Nru;e;J> gs;spf;F vjpu;g;ghd rpy nray;fis nra;Jte;jhd;. tpLjpapy;
,utpy; fj;JtJ> cztpy; ePiu Cw;wptpl;L tUtJ> Rtupy; fpWf;FtJ Nghd;w nraiy
nra;Jte;jhd;. ,J vJTNk njupahky; vd; khkh mtid fhzTk; nry;yhky;
mtidg;gw;wp tprhupf;fhkYk; ,Ue;Jtpl;lhu;. tpLjp fhg;ghsu; njhiyg;Ngrpapy; njhlu;G
nfhz;lhYk; jd; kfd;jhd; miof;fpwhd;. mtid njhe;juT nra;af;$lhJ vd;W
epidj;J Jz;bj;JtpLthu;. mtu;fs; ,tDila tFg;G Nju;T kjpg;ngz;iz fbjj;jpd;
%yk; njuptpj;jpUe;Jk; fbjk; mtUila gioa tpyhrj;jpw;F te;jjhy; mijAk;
ftdpf;ftpy;iy. ,Wjpapy; gs;sp Kjy;tu; mtUila njhiyNgrp vz;zpypUe;J
njhlu;Gf;nfhz;lhu;.Gjpa vz; vd;gjhy; ,tUk; vLj;J Ngrpa NghJ> ,tUf;F mjpu;r;rp
fhj;jpUe;jJ. “cq;fs; kfid Nju;T vOj mDkjpf;f KbahJ. gs;spiatpl;L
mDg;GfpNwhk;.mtd;kPJ xOq;F eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;L> gs;spiatpl;L ntspNa
mDg;GfpNwhk;. ehis te;J mioj;Jr;nry;Yq;fs;” vd;W $wptpl;lhu;. gjupa khkh>
nra;tjwpahJ jpifj;Jg;Nghdhu;. Neupy; nrd;w NghJjhd; jd; kfd; eil cil ghtid
khwp> kpfTk; jpkpuhf njupe;jij fz;L mjpu;r;rp cw;whu;. ,d;Wtiu mtid rupnra;a
,aytpy;iy. gzj;ij nrytopj;J> xt;nthU fy;Y}upahf khw;wp mtid filrpapy;
gbg;ig tpl;Nl epWj;jptpl;lhu;.
gonkhop czu;j;Jk; ePjp:
 ek;gpf;if ,Ug;gJ ey;yJjhd;. Mdhy; fz;Lf;nfhs;shky; ,Ue;jhy; ek;gpf;if
ghohfptpLk;.
 mjpf ek;gpf;if Mgj;jpy; KbAk;

4. kdkpUe;jhy; khu;f;fk; cz;L

gonkhop : kdkpUe;jhy; khu;f;fk; cz;L
gonkhop tpsf;fk; : cjtp nra;a Ntz;Lnkd;W vz;zkpUe;jhy; vg;gbAk; cjtyhk;.
tho;f;if epfo;tpy; gonkhop:
ehd; xU ehs; NgUe;jpy; gazk; nra;Jf;nfhz;bUe;Njd;. muR kUj;Jtkid
epWj;jj;jpypUe;J ,Utu; NgUe;jpy; Vwpdu;. mjpy; xUtu; Nehahy; mtjp gLgtu; vd;gij
vd;dhy; czuKbe;jJ. midtUk; ,Uf;ifapy; mku;e;jpUe;jdu;. xU ,Uf;ifAk;
fhypahf ,y;iy. ehDk; ,tu;fs; kl;Lk;jhd; epd;Wf;nfhz;Nl gazpj;Njhk;. %tu;
mkUk; ,Uf;ifapy; %d;W rpWtu;fs; mku;e;jpUe;jhu;fs;. ,Uf;ifapy; jhuhskhf xUtu;
mkuyhk;. mjdhy; NehahspAld; te;jtu;> Nehahspia mkuitf;f mr;rpWtu;fis
nfhQ;rk; js;sp cf;fhUkhW Ntz;bdhu;. gpd; ,Uf;ifapy; ,Ue;j rpWtu;fspd; ngw;Nwhu;.
mnjy;yhk; mkuKbahJ. ehq;fs; %tUf;Fk; gazr;rPl;L thq;fp ,Uf;fpNwhk;. ,lk;
,y;iy vd;W kpfTk; Nfhgkhff; $wpf;nfhz;L> rpWtu;fis jhuskhf cf;fhUkhW
gzpj;jhu;fs;. ,ijnay;yhk; fz;l vjpu; ,Uf;ifapy; ,Ue;j xU tajhd fpuhkj;jhy;
rlhu; vd vOe;J> me;Nehahspia cf;fhu itj;jhu;. ,ij ghu;j;J ehd; kl;Lk; ,y;iy
midtUk; nefpo;e;JNghNdhk;. nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; ,Ue;jhy; top gpwf;Fk;.
top ,Ue;jhYk; nra;a kdk; ,y;iy vd;why; mtu;fs; cyfpy; ,Ue;Jk; ,we;jw;F
rkNk!
czu;j;Jk; ePjp : <jy; ,irg;gl tho;jy; mJty;yJ
Cjpakpy;iy capu;f;F.

5. Midf;Fk; mb rWf;Fk;
gonkhop : Midf;Fk; mb rWf;Fk;
gonkhop tpsf;fk; : vj;jifa gyrhypahf ,Ue;jhYk;> rpy Ntisfspy; Njhw;gJz;L
 tho;f;if epfo;tpy; gonkhop:
xUKiw fhl;by; KaYf;Fk; Mikf;Fk; Nghl;b xd;W ele;jjhk;. ahu;
Xl;lg;gge;jaj;jpy; ntw;wpg;ngWfpwhu;fNsh mtu;fNs gyrhyp vd;W mwptpj;J> Nghl;bia
njhlq;fpdhu;fshk;. Kay; Mikia Vsdkhfg;ghu;j;J rpupj;jjhk;. ‘MikNa! eP mire;J
mire;J Cu;e;J tUtjw;Fs;> ehd; ,e;j fhl;ilNa Js;sp Fjpj;J Xb te;JtpLNtd;.
tPzhf vjw;F vd;Dld; Nghl;bf;F xg;Gf;nfhz;L tUfpwha;! ehd;jhd; ntw;wp milNtd;
vd;gJ cdf;F ed;whf njupAk;. njupe;jpUe;Jk; Vd; tPzhf Nghl;bapy; fye;Jf;nfhz;L
mtkhdg;glg;Nghfpwha;?” ,t;thW Kay; Mikia ,fo;e;J NgrpaJ. Nghl;b
njhlq;fpaJ. Kay; Ntfkhf XbaJ. jpUk;gpg;ghu;j;j NghJ> njhlq;fp ,lj;jpypUe;J
,uz;L ,d;r; $l efutpy;iy Mik. KaYf;F jiyfhy; Gupatpy;iy. Mik vg;gbAk;
vy;iyf;Nfhl;il njhlg;Nghtjpy;iy. rw;W Neuk; Xa;ntLj;Jtpl;L xU epkplj;jpy; ehk;
mf;Nfhl;il njhl;Ltplyhk; vd;W jdf;Fs;Ns $wpf;nfhz;L kuj;jpd; epoypy;
cwq;fptpl;lJ. Mik nkJnkJthf ele;J te;jJ. cwq;fpa KaiyAk; jhz;baJ.
vy;iyf;Nfhl;ilAk; njhl;Ltpl;lJ. ntw;wpAk; mile;Jtpl;lJ. fz;tpopj;j Kay;
jiyFdpe;J nrd;wJ. Mk;! vj;jifa gyrhypahf ,Ue;jhYk; VjhtnjhU ,lj;jpy;
Nfhl;il tpl;tpLNthk; vd;gij ,f;fijapd; %yk; ehk; czu;e;Njhk;.
gonkhop czu;j;Jk; ePjp :
 Kaw;rp jpUtpid Mf;Fk;
 Kay; Mikia nty;yyhk;. Mdhy; Kayhikahy; vijAk; nty;y ,ayhJ.

6. jpid tpijj;jtd; jpid mWg;ghd;

tpid tpijj;jtd; tpid mWg;ghd;
gonkhop tpsf;fk; : ey;yJ nra;jhy; ey;yJ elf;Fk; jPik nra;jhy; jPik elf;Fk;.
tho;f;if epfo;tpy; gonkhop : fhl;by; gazpj;j rpWtu;fs; jpBnud mbg;gl;L fPNo
fple;j ahidf;Fl;biaf; fz;ldu;. mjw;F kUj;Jtk; ghu;j;J mjd; jhaplk;
mDg;gpitj;jdu;. mNj fhl;by; FWk;G gpbj;j xU rpWtd; Fuq;F xd;iw gpbj;J mjd;
thapy; Jzpia Rw;wp neUg;gpid %l;btpl;lhd;. mf;Fuq;F kuq;fspy; jhtp jhtp
fhl;ilNa vupa nra;Jtpl;lJ. nra;tjwpahJ jtpj;j mr;rpWtu;fis jdf;F cjtpa
ahidf;Fl;b> jd; jha; ahid cld; te;J Fsj;jpd; ePiu cwpQ;rp kuq;fspy; njspj;J>
neUg;ig mizj;J mtu;fis fhg;ghw;wpaJ. ,e;epfo;thdJ> tpid tpijj;jtd; tpid
mWg;ghd;> jpid tpijj;jtd; jpid mWg;ghd; vDk; gonkhopf;F nghUe;Jtjha;
mike;Js;sJ.
czu;j;Jk; ePjp:
gpwu; cdf;F vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;g;ghu;f;fpwhNah? mijNa eP gpwu;f;F nra;!

7. Fw;wk; ghu;f;fpd; Rw;wk; ,y;iy

gonkhop tpsf;fk; : jd; cwtpdu;fsplk; cs;s Fiwfis vy;yhk; Rl;bf;fhl;bdhy;
cwtpy;yhky; jdpahf epd;WtpLNthk;.
tho;f;if epfo;tpy; gonkhop :
rpj;uh vd;gts; jd; FLk;gj;ij Nru;e;jtu;fs;> jd;Dila rNfhjud;> rNfhjup> ngw;Nwhu;
ahu; vij nra;jhYk; mjpy; VNjDk; Fiw fz;Lgpbj;J> mtu;fsplk; rz;il NghLtNj
mtsJ tof;fkhFk;. xU xU ehSk; cwit tsu;f;f ehSk; ehSk;
nghUj;Jf;nfhz;lhu;fs;. jhd;jhd; rupahdts;. jhd; nra;Jkl;Lk;jhd; rup vd;W
vg;nghOJk; Ngrp Ngrp mLj;jtiu Nehfbg;gNj mtSila Ntiyahf ,Ue;jJ.
xt;nthU ehSk; mts; fhag;gLj;Jtij nghUj;Jf;nfhz;l mtSil cwtpdu;fs; jpBu;
vd mtNshL cwT nfhs;Sjy; $lhJ vd Ngr;irNa epWj;jpf;nfhz;lhu;fs;.
tpLKiwf;F cwtpdu; tpl;Lf;F nry;yKbahkYk;> ve;j xU epfo;r;rpapy;
fye;Jf;nfhs;shkYk; jtpj;Jg;Nghdhs;. Mifahy; Fw;wk; fz;Lgpbg;gNj ek;
Ntiyahff;nfhz;lhy;> kfp;o;r;rpia ,oe;J jtpg;Nghkhf.
 gonkhop czu;j;Jk; ePjp:
ahiuAk; kjpj;J tho;
midtiuAk; mDrupj;J Nghf Ntz;Lk;.
8. vWk;G Cuf; fy;Yk; NjAk;
gonkhop tpsf;fk; :
rpwpa vWk;ghf ,Ue;jhYk; mJ Cu;e;J nrd;W fy;iyAk; Nja;j;JtpLk;.
tho;f;if epfo;tpy; gonkhop :
vd; ghl;bAk; jha;khkhTk; ntF ehl;fshf VNjh xU fhuzj;jhy; NgrhkNy
,Ue;Jtpl;ldu;. xU ehs; ele;j rpW rz;ilahy; NgRtNj fpilahJ. vd; khkhtpd;
kfd; gpwe;jjpypUe;J> mtd; jd; ghl;baplNk xl;b ,Ue;jhd;. jd; ghl;biatpl;L
jd;tPl;Lf;F nry;tijNa tpUk;gkhl;lhd;. kPwp mioj;Jr;nrd;why;> fjwp fjwp mOths;.
mtDila ghrk; ghl;bapd; kdij nfhQ;rk; nfhQ;rkhf ,wq;f itj;jJ. tpisahl
te;j rpWtd; jd; ghl;baplNk cwq;fptpl;lhd; mtd; mk;kh mtid J}f;fpr;nrd;wNghJ
tpopj;Jf;nfhz;L mOjhd;. ,ij fz;l ghl;bapd; kdk; kpfTk; Ntjid mile;jJ. jd;
Nguid jd; cld; itj;Jf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpdhus;. ahUila cwNt
Ntz;lhk; vd;W xJq;fp tho;e;jhNsh> mk;kfid jd;Dld; jd; tPl;by; trpf;FkhW
mioj;jhs;. kPz;Lk; jd; kfDld; Ngr Muk;gpj;jhs;. gy Mz;Lfs; jd; kdij
fy;yhf;fpf;nfhz;l ghl;bapd; kdij jd; Ngud; md;ghy; fiuj;jhd;.
gonkhop czu;j;Jk; ePjp:
md;ghy; mfpyj;ijAk; ngwyhk;.

Cop ngaupDk; jhk; ngauhu;:

(cyNf khwpdhYk; jhk; khwhjtu;)