09 - Chapter 5

nghpaGuhzj;jpy; rKjhak;
,yf;fpaq;fisg; gilf;fpd;w gilg;ghsHfSf;Fr; rKjhag;

ghHit cz;L. gilg;ghyh;fs; kf;fspd; tho;tpy; Vw;gLk;
rpf;fy;fisAk;, mr;rpf;fy;fisj; jPHf;Fk; topfisAk;
mwpe;jth;fshf ,Ug;gjhy; ,yf;fpaq;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wdh;.
“XH xg;gw;w kpfg; nghpa ftpQdhdtd; jhd; tho;e;jfhyk;,

jdf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk; Mfpatw;iw gpujpgypf;Fk; fz;zhbahf
tpsq;Ffpd;whd;” vd;W Nkiy ehl;Lj; jpwdha;thsHfs; $WtH”1
mt;tifapy; Nrf;fpohUk; nghpaGuhzj;ij gilj;Js;shh;.

,g;ngupaGuhzj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s rKjhaf; $Wfs;> ek;gpf;if>
jpUkzKiw> ePjptOthik> ,dNtWghL fUjhik> njhopy;fs;>
tpUe;Njhk;gy; Nghd;wtw;iw Muha;e;J Muha;e;J tpsf;Ftjhf
,t;tpay; mike;Js;sJ.
nghpaGuhzj;jpy; gof;f tof;fq;fs;
jpUkz Kiw, Ch;kd;wk;, rFdk; ghh;j;jy;, kWgpwtp

ek;gpf;if, Xhpdj;jhh; kw;Nwhhpdj;jhUld; kz cwT nfhs;Sjy;,
,d NtWghL fUjhik Kjypa gof;f tof;fq;fisg;
nghpaGuhzk; tphpj;Jf; $Wk; Rw;Wg;Gwj; J}a;ikia mg;ghpd;
cothug; gzpahy; mwpayhk;.
jpUkzKiw
jpUkzk; vd;gJ kdpj tho;tpd; xU mq;fkhFk;. MZk;

ngz;Zk; kdnkhd;wp ,y;ywj;jpy; ,ize;J tho;tNj ey;ywk;
MFk;. ,y;yw tho;f;ifia Kiwg;gb elj;jpatHfs; nja;tk;
MthHfs; vd;gij>
“itaj;Js; tho;thq;F tho;gtd; thDiwAe;
nja;tj;Js; itf;fg; gLk;“2 (Fws; -50)
163
vdW jpUts;AtUk; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whh;.
kz;zpy; ey;y Kiwapy; tho;tjw;Fhpa topKiwiaAk;,

ey;nyhOf;f KiwiaAk; Njthug; ghly; tpsf;FfpwJ. ,jid>
“kz;zpy;ey; ytz;zk; thoyhk; itfYk;
vz;zpy;ey; yfjpf;F ahJNkhH Fiwtpiyf;
fz;zpy;ey; y/JWq; fOky tsefHg;
ngz;zpy;ey; yhnshLk; ngUe;jif apUe;Nj”3
(r- Njth gh -3)
vd;w ghly; czh;j;JfpwJ.
,f;fUj;ij jpUQhd rk;ge;jUk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. Nrf;fpohhpd;

jLj;jhl; nfhz;l Guhzj;jpYk; mj;jifa jpUkz Kiwiaf;
fhz Kbfpd;wJ.
xUtH jd; kfDf;Fj; jpUkzk; nra;a Ntz;Lnkdpy;jhDk;

jd; Rw;wKk; R+o kzg;ngz; ,y;yk; nrd;W ngz; Nfl;gJ
,d;iwa kuG. Rq;ffhyj;jpNyNa ,k;kuG Njhd;wpapue;jJ.
njhy;fhg;gpah; jpUkz epfo;tpid>
“ngha;Ak; tOTk; Njhd;wpa gpd;dd;
Iah; ahj;jdh; fhuzk; vd;g”4
(njhy;-nghUs;-gh 143)
vd;w ghly; vLj;Jiufpd;wJ.
ngha;Ak; jtwhd xOf;ff; NfLfSk; Njhd;dpa gpd;dh;

me;jzh; jpUkzKiwia cUthf;fpdh; vd;gh;. ,k;Kiw gf;jp
,yf;fpa fhyj;jpUk; epytpapUe;jjid mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. kzkfd;
tPl;lhh; kzkfs; tPl;bw;Fr; nrd;W ngz; Nfl;fr; nry;th;. Re;juh;
164
ngw;Nwhh; rlq;ftpaplk; ngz; Nfl;gijr; rlq;ftpahh; Re;juh;
FLk;gj;jpd; Nfhj;jpuk; Nfl;lwpe;jh;. ,jd; top xU
rKjhaj;jpw;Fs;NsNa gy Nfhj;jpuq;fs; ,Ue;jjhfj;
njhpatUfpwJ. irt rkaj;jhh; Nfhtpypy; mh;r;rid nra;Ak; NghJ
rpt Nfhj;jpuk; vd;gh;. itzt rkaj;jhh; tp\;Z Nfhj;jpuk; vd;gh;.
Nfhj;jpuk; nrhy;tjpy; irtUk; itztUk; jj;jk; flTsiuNa
Kjy;tuhf Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sdh;. ,jid,
“FyKjy; mwptpd; kpf;fhH Nfhj;jpu KiwAk; NjHe;NjhH
eykpF KjpNahH nrhy;yr; rlq;ftp ed;ik Vw;W
kyh;jU Kfj;jd;Mfp kzk;Ghp nraypd; tha;ik
; hd;.”
gyTld; Ngrp xj;j gz;gpdhy; md;G Nrh;ej
(nghpa- Guhz- gh -154)
vd;w ghly; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.
kzkfs; tPl;lhh; jpUkzj;jpw;F cld;gl;lJk; kzkfd;

tPl;bdh; Xiy mDg;gpdh;. mt;Nthiyia kzkfs; tPl;lhh; cte;J
Vw;W kzk; Ngrpa ehs; md;Nw kzg; ge;jypl;L Kisg;ghhpapy;
gytif jhdpaq;fisAk;> gaW tiffisAk; tpijj;jdh;.
Kisg;ghhp nropj;J tsh;e;jpUg;gJ Nghy kzkf;fspd; tho;T
nropj;J tsUk; vd;gjid,
“epiwFlk; J}gk; neUq;Fgh ypiffs; Ve;jp
eiwkyh; mWF Rz;zk; eWk;nghhp gyTk; tPrp
ciwkyp fyitr; rhe;jpd; cWGdy; njspj;J tPjp
kiwath; klthh; ts;sy; kzk; vjph;nfhs;s te;jhh;.’’
(nghpa. Guhz. gh– 170)
165
vd;w glhy; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.
kzehSf;F Kjy; ehs; kzg;ngz; ifapYk; kzkfd;

ifapYk; ,iwtd; jpUf;fhg;gpy; ,th;fs; kzk; ,dpNj epiwNtwp
tho;T ed;whf mika kQ;rs; E}yhy; fhg;Gf; fl;b fzpth;
nrhd;d ey;y Neuj;jpy; jpUkzr; rlq;F njhlq;fpAs;sijAk;>
kzkf;fs; jpUkQ;rd ePuhl;b gl;lhil Gide;jijAk;>

khh;gpy; re;jdk; G+rpaijAk;> Rl;bAs;sdh;. NkYk;> jiyapy; R+Lk;
kyh;f;Ff; fz;zp vd;Wk;> fOj;jpy; mzpAk; khiyf;F jhh; vd;Wk;
toq;fpajid>
“fz;zp fhh;eWk; nfhd;iw fhkh;
tz;z khh;gpy; jhUk; nfhd;iw’’5
(Gw.ehE} gh 1-1-2)
kzkfDk; kzkfSk; jiyapYk; khh;gpYk; khiy R+b>

gytif mzpfyd;fis mzpe;J> kq;fs ,irf; fUtpfs; Koq;f
kq;ifah; tho;j;Jg; ghb kzkfs; tPl;by; jpUkzk;
eilngw;wjid>
“,ak;gy Jitg;g vq;Fk; Vj;njhyp vLg;g khjh;
eae;Jgy; yhz;L Nghw;w ehd;kiw xypapd; Xq;f
tpae;Jghh; tpUk;g te;J tputpdh;f; fpd;gQ; nra;Nj
cah;e;jtj fdah dq;fs; kpirf; nfhz;lhh; cioauhdhh;’’
(nghpa. Guhz. gh-166)
166
,t;thW ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; jpUkzKiw epfo;Tw;wij mwpa
Kbfpd;wJ. ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gpfs; jd; kfis jpUQhd
rk;ge;jh;f;F jpUkzk; nra;J nfhLj;jNghJ jk kfspd; ifiag;
gpbj;J jpUQhd rk;ge;jh; ifapy; gpbj;Jf; nfhLj;j epfo;tpid>
“Vjkpy;rPh;k iwathpy; Vw;wf;Fyj; Njhbirthy;
ehjh;jpUg; ngUkzj;J ek;ghz;lhh; ek;gp ngWk;
fhjypiaf; fhopeh Lilagpuhd; ifg;gpbf;fg;
NghJk; mth;ngUe;jd;ik vdg; nghUe;j vz;zpdhh;.’’
(nghpa- Guhz- gh -3064)
Ch; kd;wk;
nghJ kf;fs; kd;dhplKk;> Ch; kd;wj;jpYk; tof;Fiuf;Fk;

tof;fk; rq;fk; kutpa fhyj;jpypUe;J epytp tUfpwJ. fz;zfp
jd; fhw;rpyk;ig cilj;J jd; fhw;rpyk;G kzpg;guy; nfhz;;lnjd
epWtp tof;Fiuj;jjid>
“fz;zfp mzpkzpf; fhy;rpyk;G cilg;g
kd;dtd; tha;Kjy; njwpj;jJ kzpNa kzpfz;L
; Filad; jsh;e;j nrq;Nfhyd;’’6

jho;ej
(rpyk;G tof;Fiw 70-72)
vd;w ghly; tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
Ch;kd;wpy; Md;Nwhh;fSk; Nfhapy; mikr;rh;fSk; ,lk;

ngw;wdh;. Re;juh; jpUkzj;jpd; NghJ ngUkhd; jLj;jhl; nfhs;s
Kjpatuha; te;jhh;. jpUehtY}uhd; jd; mbik vd;W Re;juh;
ghl;ld; vOjpf; nfhLj;j Xiy xd;W jd;dplk; cs;sjhf Kjpath;
167
tbtpy; te;j rptd; ciuj;jhh;. Ml;rp,Mtzk;, rhl;rp vd;w %d;wpy;
xd;W nfhz;L kd;wq;fspy; ePjp nrhy;Yk; tof;fk; ,Ue;Js;sJ.
Kjpath; Ntlj;jpy; te;j rptdhh; Re;juhpd; KjpNahh;

vOjpj;je;j Mtzj;ij Re;juhplk; fhl;l Re;juh; mt;Nthiyia
fpopj;J vhpe;jhh;. clNd rptdhh; jpUntz;nza; ey;Y}h;r; rigf;F
tu Re;juiu mioj;jhh;. Re;juUk; jpntz;nza; ey;Y}h; nrd;whh.;
Ch;kd;wj;jpy; Kjpath; Ntlj;jpy; te;j rptdhh; Kiwapl;L %y
Xiy fhl;bdhh;. Re;juh; if xg;gj;ij kd;wj;jhh; ghh;j;Jr; Re;juiu
KjpatUf;F mbik Mf;fpdhh;. Rptdhh; jpUntz;nza; ey;Y}h;
NfhapYf;Fs; Re;juiu mioj;Jr; nrd;w NghJ Re;juh; td;ik
Ngrpajhy; tz;njhz;lh; vdg; ngah; ngw;whh; ,jid,
“kw;WeP td;ikNgrp td;nwhz;ld; vd;Dk; ehkk;
ngw;wid; ekf;Fk; md;gpw; ngUfpa rpwg;gpd; kpf;f
mw;rid ghl;Nl MFk;. Mjyhy; kz;Nky; ek;ikr;
nrhw;wkpo;ghL nfd;whh; J}kiw ghLk; thahh;’’
(nghpa. Guhz.gh-216)
,ilf;fhyj;jpy; Ch; kd;wk; ,Ue;Js;sijAk;>

rhd;Nwhh;fshhy; MNyhrid epfo;j;jp> ePjp toq;fpaijAk; fhz
Kbfpd;wJ.
ek;gpf;if
ek;gpf;if vd;gJ kf;fshy; cUthf;fg;gLtd ,e;j

ek;gpf;ifiag; gw;wp njhy;fhg;gpah; ,jid>
“ek;Gk; NkTk; eirah Fk;Nk”7
(njhy;.nrhy;-320)
168
vd;w ghly; czh;j;Jfpd;wJ.
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ek;G vd;w nrhy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. ,r;nrhy;

tpUg;gk; vd;w nghUis czh;j;JfpwJ. NkYk; ,f;fUj;jpiz
ew;wpizAk; Rl;Ltjid>
“Nrhpmk; ngz;bh; rpWnrhy; ek;gpr;
Fltvd; Nghy; Nehf;Fk;”8 (ew; -175 -8)
“ehly; rhd;Nwhh; ek;Gjy; gopvdpy;
ghby fyKk; fz;nzhL rhma;r;
rhjYk; ,dpNj fhjy;mk; Njhop” 9
(ew; -327 : -1-3)
vd;w ghly;fs; czh;j;Jfpd;wd.
ew;wpizg; ghly; mbfspd; %yk; ek;Gjy; vd;w nrhy;

ek;gpf;if vd;w nghUis czh;j;Jtij mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
ek;gpf;if vd;gJ nghJthd vz;zq;fspd; nrayhy;

tpisAk; epfo;thFk;. xd;wpd; kPJ nfhz;l ek;gpf;ifNa cwTf;F
mbj;jskhf mikAk;. fhyk; fhykhf kdpj r%fk; ,aw;ifapd;
jk;ikf; Fwpj;J gy;NtW ek;gpf;iffisf; nfhz;bUe;Js;shd;.
xt;nthU nraiyAk; fz;Lk;> Nfl;Lk;> eilKiwg;gLj;jpaJ
kl;Lkpd;wp kdpj ,dk; ek;gpf;ifapd; top tho;e;J tUtijf; fhz
Kbfpd;wJ.
,aw;if kw;Wk; ,iwtd; kPJ kdpjd; nfhz;l ek;gpf;if

mtid tzq;fTk; nra;Js;sJ> tho;j;jTk; nra;Js;sJ.
169
tpUe;Njhk;gy;
,iwtd; kPJ mbahh;fs; nfhz;l gf;jpapdhy; mbshh;fspd;

md;G> <h;gG
; > Nerk;> njhz;L Nghd;w tw;iw czu Kbfpd;wJ.
rpWj;njhz;l ehadhhplKk;> ,isahd;Fbkhw ehadhhplKk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;ehad;khh;fs; rptdbahh;fSf;F mKJ gilj;j
gpwF cztpid cl;nfhs;thh;fs;. rptdbahh;fSf;F
cztspg;gjhy; ehad;khh;fs; kdk; kfpo;r;rp miltJk;> mWRit
cztpid cz;l rptdbahh;fs; tho;j;jpdhy;> ed;ik cz;lhFk;
vd;W ek;gpdh;. rpWj;njhz;l ehadhh; ehs;NjhWk; rptdbahh;fSf;F
cztspj;j gpwF czT cl;nfhs;thh;. ,jid>
“eiw ,fopj; jpUKbahh; mbahiu ehs;NjhWk;
Kiwikapdpy; jpU mKJ Kd; Cl;b gpd;cz;Zk;
epiwcila ngU tpUg;ghy; epajp Mff; nfhs;sk;
Jiw tOth tif xOFk; J}a njhopy; jiyepd;whh;.”
(nghpa. Guhz .gh - 3673)
kf;fl;NgW
jpUkzj;jpw;F gpwF Foe;ijg; NgW ,y;yhjth;fs;

,iwtid Nehf;fp jtkpUe;jhy; kf;fl;NgW fpilf;Fk; vd ek;gpdh;.
Fwkfd; xUtd; jdf;F kfg;NgW ,y;yhj fhuzj;jpdhy; kdk;
tUe;jp KUff; flTisj; njhOjhd;. Gpd;dh; KUfd; mUshy;
mtDf;F ngz; kfT gpwe;jhs; ,jid>
“Fd;wf; Fwtd; flTl; Ngzp
,ue;jdd; ngw;w vy;tisf; FWkfs;”10
170
(Iq;. E} 257- 1-2)
KUfid cs;sd;G nfhz;L gf;jpNahL tpujkpUe;J

Ntz;bdhy; gps;isg;NgW fpilf;Fk; vd;w ek;gpf;if
nghpaGuhzj;jpYk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. KUfid Ntz;ba gpwFjhd;
fz;zg;gh; gpwe;jhh; ,jid,
“nghUmUk; rpwg;gpd; kpf;fhh; ,th;f;F ,dpg; Gjy;th;g;NgNw
mhpaJ vd;W vtUk; $w mjd;gL fhjyhNy
KUfd;myh; myq;fy; nrt;Nts; KUfNts; kd;wpy; nrd;W
guTjy; nra;J ehSk; ghuha;fld; newpapy; epw;ghh;.”
(nghpa. Guhz. gh - 659)
kPdth; ek;gpf;if
kf;fs; xt;nthU njhopiyAk; njhlq;Fk; Kd;G ,iwtid

tzq;Ftij kughff; nfhz;L tUtij fhz KbfpwJ. gd;ila
jkpoh; Jtq;Fk; nraypy; ed;ikAk;> ,yhgKk; fpilf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;w Nehf;fj;NjhL ,iwtid Ntz;b tzq;FtijAk;>
tho;j;JtijAk; ghpghlypy; fhz Kbfpd;wJ. ,jid>
“ej;njhL es;sp eilapwT tathis
tpj;jp miyapy; tpisf nghypnfd;ghh;”11
(ghpghly; 10: 85-86)
vd;w ghly; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. NkYk; ,f;fUj;jpid>
“nghd;dhyhd rq;F kPd; ez;L ,why; this
171
Kjypatw;iw Mw;wpy; ,l;l ,t;Taph;fs; gy;fpg;
ngUf Ntz;Lk; vd;W tho;j;jpdhy; tsk; ngUFk;”12
nghd;dhy; nra;j rq;F> kPd;> ez;L> ,why;> this Nghd;w

tw;iw nghd;dhy; nra;J Mw;wpy; tpl;lhy; caph;fs; gy;fp ngUFk;
vd;W ,uh.rhuq;fghzpAk; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whh;.
,f;fUj;J nghpaGuhzj;jpYk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. mjpgj;j

ehadhh; kPd; gpbf;Fk; njhopiyr; nra;gth;. ,th; ehs;NjhWk; kPd;
gpbf;Fk; nghOJ fpilf;Fk; Kjy; kPid ,iwtDf;F nfhLg;gjhf
epidj;J mk;kPid Mw;wpy; tpl;L tpLthh;. ,jid>
“Kl;L,y;kPd; nfhiyj;njhopy; tsj;jth; tiyKfe;J
gl;l kPd;fspy; xUjiykPd; gLe;NjhWk;
el;lk; Mba ek;gUf;F vdesph; Ke;ePh;
tpl;L te;jdh; tplhj md;Gld; tpUg;ghy;”
(nghpa .Guhz gh -4005 )
vd;w ghly; czh;j;jfpd;wJ.
,j;jifa ek;gpf;if kf;fsplj;jpy; ,d;wyTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
kf;fis Jd;gj;jpypUe;J fhg;ghw;WtJk;> ed;F tho

itg;gJm; ,iwtNd vd;w ek;gpf;if midj;J kf;fsplk;
Njhd;WtJz;L ,J ,aw;iff; $WfSf;Fk;> kdpjdpd;
nray;ghLfSf;Fk; cs;s njhlh;gpdhy; Vw;gLtjhFk;.
rFdk; ghh;j;jy;
cynfq;Fk; thOk; kf;fspilNa rFdk; ghh;f;Fk; epiy

fhzg;gLfpwJ. goq;Fbapdhplk; ,J kpFjpahff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
gz;ilaj; jkpoh; ,jid Gs;> epkpj;jk; vd;w nrhw;fshy;
Fwpg;gpl;ldh;.
172
goe;jkpoh; tho;tpy; rFdk; ghh;j;jYk; cz;L. Nghh; Kiw>
kq;fy epfo;T fhyj;jpy; rFdk; ghh;j;j Fwpg;Gfis rq;fg;
ghly;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jid>
“cl;gif xUjpwk; glnldg;Gs;
giff;F Vthdhapw;
rhNtk; ahnkd”13 (Gw.eh.E} gh-68)
vd;w ghly; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. NkYk; ,f;fUj;jpidNa

Ky;iyg; ghl;Lk; Rl;Lfpd;wd.
“ed;dhh; ed;nkhopf; Nfl;ldk;
; s;”14
mjdhy; ey;y ey;Nyhh; tha;gG
(Ky;iy. gh ghlybfs;-17-18)
vd;w ghlybfs; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.
jpz;zdhh; FLkpj; Njtiu topghL nra;a Gwg;gl;l NghJ

gwitfs; xyp vOg;gpd mt;nthypia jpz;zdhh; jPa rFdkhf
epidj;J ngUkhDf;F vd;d Neh;ej
; Njh vd;W epidj;J
tUe;jpajid>
“,j;jid nghOJ jho;j;Njd; vd tpiue; NjFthh;Kd;
nkha;j;jgy; rFdk; vy;yhk; KiwKiw jPq;F nra;a
,j;jF jPa Gl;fs; <z;lKd; cjpuq; fhl;Lk;
mj;jDf; nfd;nfhy; nfl;Nld;! mLj;jnjd; widAk;Nghjpy;’’
(nghpa Guhz gh- 317)
173
,ilf;fhyj;jpy; kyh; nfhz;LtUjy;, ghy; nfhz;LtUjy;,
,irf; fUtp Kof;fk; Kjypatw;iw ey;y rFdq;fs; vd
ek;gpdhh;.
goq;jkpofj;jpy; epkpj;jk; ghh;j;jy;> fhf;iff;F Nrhwply;>

gy;yp xypj;jy;> jPa rg;jq;fs; Nghd;w gy rFdq;fis czh;e;J
kf;fs; tho;e;jij mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. mNj R+oy; gf;jp ,yf;fpaf;
fhyj;jpYk; njhlh;e;jpUf;fpwJ.
kWgpwg;G
gujd; vd;ghd; rq;fkd; vd;w tzpfid xw;wd; vd;W jtwhf

vz;zp mtidf; nfhy;y Mtz nra;jhd.; mjdhy; rq;fkd;
kidtp ePyp vk;KW Jauk; nra;Njhh; ,t;thNw Jd;GWf vdr;
rgpj;J ,we;jhs;. kWgpwg;gpy; Nfhtydhfg; gpwe;J Fw;wk;
nra;ahkNy nfhy;ydhy; fhl;bf; nfhLf;fg; ngw;W Nfhtyd;
nfhiy cz;lhd;. my;yit nra;jhh;f;F mwk; $w;whFk; vdr;
rpyk;G $WfpwJ. Nrf;fpohh; nghpa Guhzj;jpYk; kWgpwg;G cz;ik
vd;w Guhz tuyhw;iwf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.
jpUthizf;fhtpy; rpye;jp xd;W rptypq;fj;jpd; Nky; J}R

tpohky; tiy gpd;d> ahid xd;W rptypq;fj;jpd; Nky; ,Uf;Fk;
rpye;jp tiyia J}R vd;W mopj;jJ. ,e;epfo;T khw;wp khw;wp
ele;jJ. xU ehs; rpye;jp ahidapd; Jjpf;ifapy; nrd;W Fila
ahid Jjpf;ifia fPNo mbj;jJk; rpye;jp ,we;jJ. rpye;jp
fbj;jjhy; ahidAk; ,we;jJ. rpye;jpNa Nfhnrq;fl; Nrhodhf
mtjhpj;jhd;. mr;Nrhod; ahidEioahj Nfhapy;fisf; fl;bdhd.;
,jid>
“kf;fl;Ng wpd;ikapdhy; khNjtp tuk; Ntz;lr;
nrf;fh; neLQ; rilf;$j;jh; jpUTs;sQ; nra;jypdhy;
kpf;fjpUg; gzpnra;j rpyk;gpFy Nte;J kfpo;
174
mf;fky tjp tapw;wpy; mzpkftha; te;jila’’
mbg;gilapy; ‘Co;’ gw;wp ek;gpf;if ek; kf;fsplj;jpy; fhyk;

fhykhf epyTfpd;w ek;gpf;iffSs; xd;whFk; ts;Sth; ‘Copay;’
vd;w tpjpia tFj;Js;sijf; fhz KbfpwJ ,jid>
“Copw; ngUtyp ahTs kw;nwhd;W
R+opte; jhd;Ke; JWk;”15 (Fws; gh-380)
vd;fpwhh; ts;Sth;. mbg;gilapy; Kw;gpwg;gpy; nra;j nraypd;

gyNd ,g;gpwg;G nray; vd;gh;. ,t;thW kWgpwg;G cz;nld;w
ek;gpf;if kf;fsplj;jpy; epfo;fpd;wd. gf;jp ,yf;fpa fhyf;
fl;lj;jpy; ,e;ek;gpf;if kpFjpahapUf;fpd;wJ.
fdT
nja;tq;fs; fdtpy; tUtij kf;fs; ed;ik vdf;

fUJtJz;L. mt;tifapy; rq;fpypahh; fdtpy; rptngUkhd;
Njhd;wp Re;juhpd; fhjiy vLj;Jiuj;J> Re;juh; fdtpYk;
rptngUkhd; Njhd;wp rq;fpypahiu kzk; Kbf;f Mtd nra;tjhf
ciuj;jhh;. ,jid,
“rhUe; jtj;Jr; rq;fpypNfs;! rhy vd;ghy; md;Gilahd;
NkUtiuapd; Nkk;gl;l jtj;jhd;; ntz;nza; ey;Y}hpy;
ahUk; mwpa ahd; Ms chpahd;; cd;id vid ,ue;jhd;;
thh;nfhs; Kiyaha;! eP mtid kzj;jhy; miztha; kfpo;njd;whh;”
(nghpa. Guhz. gh -3398)
175
guitahh; fdtpy;> Re;juh; nra;j Jd;gq;fis
nghWj;jUSkhW rptngUkhd; Ntz;bdhh; ,jid>
“ehjUk; mjidf; Nfl;L eq;ifeP ek;gp nra;j
Vjq;fs; kdj;Jf; nfhs;sh nja;jpa ntFsp ePq;fp
Nehjf xopj;jw;fd;Nwh? Ed;idahd; Ntz;bf;nfhz;l(J)
Mjypd; kWj;jy; nra;a mlhnjd mUspr; nra;jhh;’’
(nghpa. Guhz. gh – 3504 )
vd;w ghly; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. ,jd; top gf;jp ,yf;fpa

fhyj;jpYk; kf;fsplk; fdT gw;wpa ek;gpf;if ,Ue;Js;sij mwpa
Kbfpd;wJ.
fyg;G kzk;
me;jzh; kuigr; Nrh;ej

; Re;juh; Ntshsh; Fy eq;ifahfpa
rq;fpypahiuAk;> fdpifah; Fy eq;ifahfpa guitahiuAk;
jpUth&hpy; Re;juh; kze;jhh;. Ntw;W r%fg; ngz;iz jpUkzk;
nra;J nfhs;Sk; tof;fj;ij mbahh; epiwntw;wpapUg;gij mwpa
Kbfpd;wJ.
me;jzh;, murh,; tzpfh,; Ntshsh; vd ehd;F tUz Ngjk;

nfhz;l rKjhakhf ,ilf;fhy rKjhak; epytpapUejd. Mf;fhy
r%fk; NtWghL cila r%fkhf ,Ug;gpDk; r%f
ey;ypzf;fj;NjhL rpyu; tho;e;Js;sdh;. ,iw topghl;lhy; rhjp, kj
Ngjkw;w epiyapy; mbahh;fspd; tho;T mike;Js;sij
nghpaGuhzj;jpd; topahff mwpa KbfpwJ.
gwitahiu kzj;jy;
tho;f;ifapy; tuT nryT fzpj;J ,iwtdbj; njhz;L

nra;gtH fzpifaH. ,fj;J ,d;gk; ehLk; Md;khf;fl;Fg;, guj;ijj;
176
nja;t Mlypd; thapyhff; fhl;LgtH guj;ijaH. guj;ij
(,iwtd;) Md;khf;fl;F czHj;JNthH guj;ijaH. mr;nrhy;
gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,opnghUl;NgW ngw;wJ.
fapiyapy; gpwe;j fkypdp jpUM&hpy; fzpifah; Fyj;jpy;

guitahuhfj; Njhd;wpdhH. ,skhdpd; gpiz Nghd;Wk;, gtsf;nfhb
Nghd;Wk;,fUk;gpd; ,d;g tbtpdshfg; guitahh; fhl;rpaspj;jhh;.
,iwtidg; gjpahf vz;zp ,t;Tyfg; gjpahf ahiuAk; vz;zhj
Fyj;jtiug; gjpapyhh; vd;W Nrf;fpohh; Fwpg;gpLth;.
Re;juh; guitahiuf; fz;lhh;. guitahh; Re;juh;f;F

fw;gfj;jpd; G+q;nfhk;ghfTk;, fhkd; jd; ngUtho;thfTk;,
Gz;zpaj;jpd; Gz;zpakhfTk;, rptdUshfTk; fhl;rp je;jhh;.
guitahh;f;Fr; Re;juh; KUfdhfTk;, khwdhfTk;,

tpQ;iradhfTk;, fhl;rp je;jhh;. guitahiur; Re;juh; tpUk;gpdhh;.
guitahUk; Re;juiu tpUk;gpdhh;.me;ehspy; jpUkzj;jpw;Fr; rhjp
xU jilaha; ,y;iy. ,iwaUshy; jpUj;njhz;lh;fs; tho;j;jg;
guitahh, Re;juh; ,th;fspd; jpUkzk; epfo;ej
; J.,jid,
“jd;idah Silagpuhd; ruzhu tpe;jkyh;
nrd;dpapYk; rpe;ijapYk; kyh;tpj;Jj; jpUg;gjpfk;
gz;Zjkpo;j; njhilkhiy gyrhj;jpg; guitnaDk;
kpd;dpilahs; cld; $b tpisahbr; nry;fpd;whh;”
fhjYf;F fz; ,y;iy vd;gJ cyf tof;F. rhjp, rkak;,

njhopy;, vy;iy fle;J epw;gJ fhjy;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; $l rhjpf;
nfhLikfisf; fz; $lhff; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;. rhjp gw;wpa
177
tpopg;Gzh;T ,Ue;j NghJk; nfhLikfs; muq;Nfwpf; nfhz;Ljhd;
,Uf;fpd;wd. Mdhy; Re;juh; fhyj;jpy; tUzhrpukf; fl;likg;gpYk;>
rhjpaf; fl;Lg;ghl;bYk; Cwpg;Nghd rKjhaj;jpy; me;jzh;Fyr;
Re;juh; fzpifah; Fyg; guitahiu kzk; Ghpe;jhh; vd;gij
ghh;f;fpd;wnghOJ, Re;juh; fyg;G jpUkzj;jpid Vw;Wf; nfhz;lij
mwpa KbfpwJ.
rq;fpypahiu kzj;jy;
ifyha eq;if mepe;jpij jpUnthw;wpA+hpy; Ntshsh;

Fyj;jpy; rq;fpypahuhf mtjhpj;jhh;.jha; je;ijah; kzk; epfOk;
fhyk; Fwpj;Jf; $wpdh;.nrtpAw;w rq;fpypahh; <rd; jpUmUs; Nktpa
xUtiuNa jpUkzk; nra;a tpUk;Gtjhf ciuj;jhh;.
Ntshsh; Fyj;jth; xUth; kzk; Ngr te;jhh;. Mdhy;

rq;fpypahh; jpUnthw;wpA+h; Nfhapy; fd;dpkhlk; mikj;J Nfhapy;
jpUg;gzp nra;J te;jhh;. jpUnthw;wpA+hpy; jq;fp ,iwtid
tzq;fpa Re;judhh; rq;fpypahiuf; fz;lhh;.jpUnthw;wpA+h;
,iwaUshy; rq;fpypahiur; Re;juh; kzk; ngw epidj;jhh;.
Re;juh; rq;fpypahiu kzk; nra;a mUSkhW ,iwtid

Ntz;bdhh;. rq;fpypahh; fdtpy; rptngUkhd; ‘jpUntz;nza;
ey;Y}hpy; jk;khy; Ml;nfhs;sg; ngw;w mbahh; Re;juiu kdj;jhy;
miztha;’ vdj; jpUtha; kyh;e;jUspdhh;. jpUM&hpy; xU
eq;ifia kze;jth; vDk; cz;ikiar; rq;fpypahh; $wpaJk;
cd;idg; gphpahky; ,Uf;f xU rgjk; nra;thd;’ vdr; rptdhh;
rq;fpypahh; fdtpy; ciuj;jhh;. Re;juhplk; ngUkhd; rq;fpypahiug;
gphpahjpUf;fr; rgjk; nra;J jUkhW Mizapl;lhh;. Re;juh;
rptngUkhdplk; Nfhapy; jpUKd;G rgjk; nra;J jUk;NghJ
Nfhapypd; gpd;Gk; kfpokuj;jpy; vOe;jUSkhW Ntz;bdhh;.
rptngUkhd; rq;fpypahhplk; Re;juid kfpo kuj;jbapy; rgjk;
nra;J ju Ntz;LkhW Ntz;bf;nfhs;sf; $wpdhh;.
178
jpUKidg; ghbapy; Njhd;wpa Re;juh;f;Fj; jpUnthw;wpA+hpy;
Njhd;wpa rq;fpypahh; Jiztpauhfr; rptd; mUs; Ghpe;jhh;. Re;juh;
kfpo kuj;ij Kk;Kiw tyk; te;J rq;fpypahiug;
gphpahjpUg;gjhff; $wpr; rgjk; nra;jhh;. Re;juh; rq;fpypahh;
jpUkzk; ele;NjhpaJ.ehl;fs; gy nry;yj; jpUM&h;j; jpahNfrg;
ngUkhd; epidT te;jJ.rq;fpypahiug; gphpe;J nrd;whh;. Re;juh;
,Ufz; ghh;it ,oe;jhh;. Fw;wk; czh;e;j Re;juh; xw;wpA+h;
,iwtid Ntz;l xw;wpA+h; ,iwtd; Cd;WNfhy; mUspdhh;.
fhQ;rp Vfhk;guiur; Re;juh; kdKUfp Kf;fz;zh vd

mioj;Jg; ghbdhh;. ,lf;fz; ghh;it te;jJ. Re;juh; gpd;G
jpUM&iu mile;J guitahhplk; nrhy;y guitahh; ,iwtdplk;
Ntz;l jpUM&h;g; ngUkhd; mUshy; tyf;fz; ngw;whh;.
Re;juh; nghUl;Lr; rptngUkhd; guitahh; fdtpy; Re;judhiu

Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;bdhh;. rq;fpypahiu kze;j Re;juiuj; jhd;
Vw;Wf; nfhs;s ,ayhnjd kWj;jhh;. ntFsp ePq;fpr; Re;juid
Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg; guitahhplk; rptd; Ntz;bdhh;.,jid,
“ehjUk; mjidf; Nfl;L eq;ifeP ek;gp nra;j
Vjq;fs; kdj;Jf; nfhs;sh nja;jpa ntFsp ePq;fp
Nehjf xopj;jw; fd;Nwh? Ed;idahd; Ntz;bf; nfhz;l(J)
Mjypd; kWj;jy; nra;a mlnjd mUspr; nra;jhh;”
nghpa Guhz gh 3504)
cs;sj;jpy; cz;ik xsp cz;lhapd; thf;fpdpy; xsp

cz;lhFk; vd;w fUj;jpw;Nfw;g cz;ikahd ,iwg;gw;Wf; nfhz;l
Re;juh; Ntshd; Fyr; rq;fpypahiu kze;jJk; Re;juh;
jpUkzj;jpw;Fr; rptngUkhd; Jizahf epd;wijAk; ghh;fpd;w
179
nghOJ, Re;juh; ,iwtd; kPJ nfhz;bUe;j Ngud;G Gyg;gLfpwJ.
mjdhy; Re;juh; ‘jk;gpuhd; Njhod;’ vd;W miof;fg;gl;Ls;shh;.
,dnthw;Wik
kd;dH Fyj;jtuhfpa eurpq;fKidaiuaH kiwatH Fyr;

Re;juiuj; jj;J (kfd;ik) vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhH. ePyef;fuhfpa
kiwatH tPl;by; ePyfz;l aho;g;ghzUk;, kiwatH Fy rk;ge;jUk;
tpUe;Jz;L ciwe;jdH. jpUQhd rk;ge;juhfpa kiwatH
jpUkzj;jpy; ,dNtWghL ,d;wp midtUk; fye;J nfhz;ldH.
Re;juH guitahH jpUkzj;ij gy;NtW ,d rptdbahHfs; NrHe;J
Kbj;J itj;jdH.
jpUtPopkpoiyapy; gy;NtW ,d kf;fs; gQ;rj;jhy;

tWikAw;w NghJ jpUehTf;furUk; jpUQhd rk;ge;jUk;
rptngUkhd; mUshy; gbf;fhRg; ngw;W cztpl;Lf; fhj;jdH.
gy;NtW ,d kf;fs; CH kd;wj;jpy; xd;W $b kd;wj;jpw;F

tUfpd;w tof;ifj; jPHj;J itj;jdH. jpUePy fz;lf; FatH
milf;fykha;f; nfhLj;j XL fhztpy;iy vdf; $Wk;NghJ Jwtp
tbtpy; te;j rptngUkhd; jpy;iytho; me;jzHfsplk;
Kiwapl;ljhfj; jpUePyfz;l ehadhH Guhzk; tphpj;Jiuf;Fk.;
kiwatH Fyj;ijr; rhh;e;j mg;G+jp mbfshH jhk; itj;j

jz;zPHg; ge;jYf;Fk; mwr;rhiyf;Fk; Ntshz; Fyj;ijr; rhHe;j
jpUehTf;furH ngaiur; R+l;bdhh;. ,jid>
“te;jize;j thfPrH ke;jkh UjrPjg;
ge;jUld; mKjkhe; jz;zPUk; ghHj;jUspr;
rpe;ijtpag; GwtUthH jpUehTf; funrDk; NgH
re;jKw tiue;jjid vk;kUq;Fe; jhq;fz;lhH’’
(nghpa.Guhz.gh- 1793)
180
vd;w ghly; vLj;JiufpwJ.
NkYk; NfhapYf;F vz;nza; toq;Fjiyf; fyaehadhH

Guhzj;jpy; fhzyhk;. NfhapYf;Fr; re;jdk; toq;Fk; jpUg;gzp
gw;wp %Hj;jp ehadhH Guhzk; tphpj;Jiuf;Fk;. Myaj;jpw;F
mKJgbfs; toq;Fjiyf; Nfhnrq;fl; Nrho ehadhH Guhzk;
tphpj;Jiuf;Fk;. Nfhapy; Rw;Wg;Gwj; J}a;ik fhf;Fk; gzpiaj;
jpUehTf;furhpd; cothug; gzpapdhy; mwpayhk;. ngz;fSk;
jpUf;Nfhapy; gzpapy; <Lgl;likiaj; jpyftjpahH jpUg; gzpahy;
czuyhk;.
,jd; %yk; Mz;, ngz; ghFghL ,d;wpAk; ,d NtWghL

,d;wpAk,; ,iwtDf;fhd topghl;bYk; ,iwtid topgLk;
mbath;fSf;nfd nghJ xw;WikNahLk; tho;e;j r%f R+oypid
mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
ePjp tOthik
fz;zhy; ghHg;gJ ngha;,fhjhy; Nfl;gJk; ngha;, jPu

tprhhpg;gNj nka; vd;Dk; tha; nkhopf;Nfw;g,Nrf;fpohH jk;
nghpaGuhzj;jpy; mwk; khwhj tifapy; kf;fs; ,Ue;jikiag;
Gyg;gLj;JfpwhH. ve;j xU Fw;wr; rhl;il ahH kPJ
njhLj;jpUe;jhYk; mjw;Fg; Nghjpa rhd;W ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
jLj;jhl; nfhz;l Guhzj;jpy; Re;juiu Ml;nfhs;s te;j

,iwth; Kjpatuha; me;jzH tbtpy; te;jhH. Re;juUf;F eilngw
,Ue;j jpUkzj;ij jLj;jhH. Re;juiug; ghHj;J ‘vdf;Fk; cdf;Fk;
Kd;fhyj;jpy; cz;lhd xU tof;ifj; jPHj;Jtpl;L mjd; gpd; eP
cd; jpUkzj;ijr; nra;J nfhs;f!’ vd;W $wpdhH. tof;F CH
kd;wj;jpw;Fr; nrd;wJ. mwk; $Wk; mitapdH Kjpathplk;,Re;juH
mbik vd;gjw;Fhpa rhd;Wfshf Ml;rp, Mtzk; maythpd; rhl;rp
vd;w %d;wpy; VNjDk; xd;iwf; fhl;l Ntz;Lk; vd;wdH. KjpatH
181
tbtpy; te;j ,iwth; ek;gp M&uhH top top mbik vd;w
Xiyiaf; fhl;bdhH. ,jid,
“Ml;rpapy; Mtzj;jpy; md;wpkw; wayhH jq;fs;
fhl;rpapy; %d;wpy; xd;W fhl;Ltha; vd;w Kd;Nd
%l;rpapw; fpopj;j Xiy gbNahiy %y Xiy
khl;rpapw; fhl;l itj;Njd;’ vd;wdd; khia ty;yhd;”
(nghpa .Guhz.gh-202)
Nkw;fhz; epfo;r;rp Re;juUf;Fk; Kjpa me;jzUf;Fk;

eilngw;w epfo;r;rp vd;gJ kl;Lky;y. ,t;tof;F Cuhh;
Kd;dpiyapy; Muhag;gLfpwJ. jpUkz epfor;;rpapd; NghJ Re;juH
kPJ tof;F njhLj;j,Kjpa me;jzH kPJjhd; kf;fSf;F Nfhgk;
,Ue;jJ.mwk; $Wk; mitaj;jpduhy; tof;F Muhag;gl;L mtHfs;
Nfl;l rhl;rpaq;fs; %d;wpy; xd;whd %y Xiyapd; ifnaOj;J
(Mtzk;) Re;juhpd; Kd;NdhH ifnaOj;NjhL xg;gpl;L Muha;e;j
gpwNf jPHg;G toq;fg;gl;lJ.
,t;tof;fpy; Kf;fpa me;jzH Re;juH my;yhky; $bapUe;j

kf;fSf;Fk; njhlHG ,Ue;jJ.kdpjid kdpjd; mbik nra;Ak;
tof;F cyfpy; ,y;iy vd;gij kiwnghUshf czHj;jNt
Nrf;fpohH Re;juH tuyhW nfhz;L tpsf;FfpwhH. NkYk; jdpg;gl;l
,Uthpd; tof;F vd;W fUjhky; jpUntz;nza; ey;Y}H
kf;fSf;Fk; eph;thfpfSk; xd;W Nrh;e;J rKjha eyd; nfhz;L
nghWg;GlDk;, mf;fiwAlDk;, Neh;ikAlDk; tof;F tprhupj;j
Neh;ikapid mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
182
rhjp mikg;G
rKjhaj;jpy; rhjpg; gphpTfs; njhopypd; mbg;gilapy;

Njhd;wpd. mike;jd. tUzhrpuk Kiw, gpw;fhyj;jpy; gpiog;Gf;fhf
,iwaUs; newpiaj; jpirkhw;wr; rKjhaj;jpy; rpyH gilj;j
rhj;jpuk; nrhd;d newp. rhj;jpuq;fs; rhjp Neha;fis tsHf;f
cjtpaikg; gw;wp rptthf;fpaH $Wfpd;whh;. ,jid,
“rhj;jpuq;fs; XJfpd;w rl;ldhjg; gl;lNu!
NtHj;jpiug;G te;jNghJ Ntjk;te;J cjTNkh?
khj;jpiug; NghJk;KNd mwpe;J njhf;f ty;yPNuy;
rhj;jpug;ig Neha;fs; VJ? rj;jp Kj;jp rpj;jpNa”16
mzpfyd; gy vdpDk; nghd; xd;Wjhd;. khe;jH gyH vdpDk;

Md;kh xd;Wjhd; vd;gjid>
“rhjpaht Njjlh? rye; jpuz;l ePnuyhk;
G+jthry; xd;wNyh, G+jk; Ie;Jk; xd;wNyh?
fhjpy;thsp fhiu, fk;gp ghlfk; nghd; xd;wNyh?
rhjpNgjk; XJfpd;w jd;ik vd;d jd;ikNah?7”17
goq;fhyj;jpy; epy mbg;gilapNy kf;fspd; tho;f;if

khWgl;bUe;Js;sJ. ,jid>
“Mah; Ntl;Lth; M^c jpizg;ngah;
Mtapd; t&ck; fpotUk; csNu”18
(njhy;fhg;gpak;- )
183
vd;W Mah;, Ntl;Lth; vd;w gpupTfs; jpiz mbg;gilapy;
mike;jjhf njhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
FwpQ;rp;, Ky;iy;, kUjk;,; nea;jy;;, ghiy vd;Dk; Itif

epyj;jpw;Nfw;gTk; mth;fs; nra;j njhopw; gpupTfSf;F Vw;gTk;
jdpj;jdpf; FOthf ,Ue;jdh;. rhjp Ntw;Wikfs; md;iwa fhyr;
R+oypy; ,y;iy. gpw;fhyj;jpNyNa rhjp Ntw;wikahdJ jiy
J}f;fpw;W.
Fd;wj;jpy; tho;Nthh;(FwtH Fwj;jpaH) FwtH, Fwj;jpaH vdg;

ngah; ngw;wdH. FwpQ;rp epyj;jpw;Fk;, kUj epyj;jpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l
epyj;jpy; tho;NthH ,ilaH vd miof;fg; gl;ldH.cioj;J gapH
njhopy; nra;Nthh; cotH vdg;gLtH. Mw;wpd; nts;sk; jLj;J
gapHj;njhopyhy; cyiff; fhg;Nghh nts;shsH vd;W miof;fg;
ngw;wdH.nts;sj;ij Ms;gtH nts;shsH. nts;shsh; vd;w nrhy;
NtshsH vd;Wk; mtHfs; nra;Ak; njhopy; Ntshz;ik vd;Wk;
Mapd. ,j;njhopy; Kiwapy; ,dg; gphpTfs; gz;ila fhyj;jpy;
Njhd;wp cs;sd. NkYk; kUe;J nfhLj;J Nehiaf;
Fzg;gLj;JNthh; kUj;Jth; vd;Wk; miof;fg; gl;ldh;.
“thshy; mWj;Jr; RbDk; kUj;Jtd; ghy;
khshj fhjy; Nehahsd; Nghy;”19
(ngUkhs; jpUnkhop gh-4: 1-2)
xt;nthU njhopiyAk; nra;Nthh; mtuth; GhpAk;

njhopYf;Nfw;g ngah; ngw;W xUth; kw;nwhUtiy miof;fj;
njhlq;fpdh;.
,jid Kw;wpYk; czh;e;jth;fshf gy irt mbahh;fs;

,Ue;Js;sij nghpaGuhzj;jpd; topahf mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
184
,e;j cz;ikfis ed;FzHe;j Nrf;fpohH midj;J
,dj;jhhpYk; Njhd;wpa irtj; jpUj;njhz;lHfspd; tuyhw;iwj;
njhFj;J jpUj;njhz;lH Guhzk; ghbdhH.
Nrf;fpohH rKjha mikg;ig Ez;khd; EioGyj;NjhL

Muha;e;J rhjpa NtWghl;il fiye;j mbath;fs; vr;rhjpahapDk;
‘mbath;fs;’ ek;kth;fNs vd;w nfhs;ifNahNl nghpaGuhzj;ijg;
gilj;J mUspAs;shh;.
njhopy;fs;
kf;fspd; tho;f;ifia eph;zapg;git njhopy;fshFk;.

Gz;ila jkpofj;jpy; kf;fs; Ntl;ilahLjy;, kPd;gpbj;jy;,
MepiuNka;j;jy;, Ntshz; njhopy; nra;jy; Nghd;w njhopy;fisr;
nra;Js;sdh;. mj;njhopy;fspd; gjpTfs; nghpaGuhzj;jpy; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sd.
Ntl;ilahljy;
Mjpfhyj;jpy; kdpjd; jd;Dila cztpw;fhfTk; jd;idg;

ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;sTk; tpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahbdhd;. ,J
fz;zg;gehadhh; Guhzj;jpy; fz;zg;gh; Ntlh; Fyj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;.
,thpd; ,aw; ngah; jpz;zd; vd;gjhFk;. Ntlh; Fyj;jpd;
kugpw;Nfw;g ,sk; tajpNyNa tpy;iy Ve;jp Ntl;ilj; njhopypy;
<Lgl;lth;. ,iwtid cs;sd;NghL epide;J topgl;lth;. ,thpd;
tuyhw;wpid>
“fe;jGuhzk; kUjtd Guhzk; jpahfuhryPiy
ngUe;Jiwg; Guhzk; Fw;whyg; Guhzk;
vd;w E}y;fs; fz;zg;ghpd; ngUikia czh;j;Jtjhf

ghyKUfd; $Wfpd;whh;.
185
FwpQ;rp epyj;jpy; tho;e;j kf;fs; Ntl;ilahLjNyhL fpoq;F
mfo;jy;> Njd; vLj;jy;> jpiz tpijj;jy; Nghd;w njhopy;fisAk;
Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdh;. vd;gjid>
“nre;jpiz ,bAk; NjDk; mUe;jthh; Njdpy; Njha;j;J
te;jCd; may;th; Nthp tpsq;fdpf; ftsk; nfhs;thh;
ee;jpa ,ay; cz;b eirnahL kpirthh; ntt;NtW
me;jk;,y; cztpy; NkNyhh; Mapdh; mstpyhh;fs;.”
(nghpa Guhz gh - 684 )
vd;w ghly; Ntl;ilj; njhopypy; <Lgl;l kf;fisg; gw;wp

czh;j;Jfpd;wJ.
kPd;gpbj;jy;
nea;jy; epyj;J gujth;fs; flypy; kpd;gpbj;jiy jiyaha
njhopyhff; nfhz;bUe;jdh;.
“rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; kPdth;fisg; gw;wp NgRk;Nghnjy;yhk; gujth;
vd;Nw ngahpl;L miof;fpd;wdh;.”
nea;jy; epy kf;fs; kPd;gpbj; njhopiy Nkw;nfhz;ldh;.
“ts;is ePf;fp takPd; Kfj;J
nfhs;is rhw;wpa nfhLKb tiyQh;.”21
kJiuf;fhQ;rp :255-256)
vd;w kJiuf;fhQ;rpapd; ghlybfs; tiyQh;fs; gw;wp

tpsf;Ffpd;wd.
nghpaGuhzj;jpy; mjpgj;jehadhh; kPd;gpb njhopiy Nkw;nfhz;lhh;
vd;gjid>
“Kl;L,y; kPd; nfhiyj;njhopy; tsh;j;jth; tiyKfe;J
186
gl;lkPd;fspy; xUjiy kPd;gLe; NjhWk;
el;lkhba ek;gUs; njdeePh; Kfe;J
tpl;L te;jdh; tplhjmd; Glned;Wk; tpy;ghy;”
(nghpa. Guhz gh- 4005)
vd;w ghly; top mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.

tiyQh; Fyj;jpy; gpwe;j mjpgj;jh; kPd;gpbj; njhopiyr;
nra;J nfhz;L mjd; %yk; ,iwg;gzp Mw;wp te;jhh;. NkYk;
Kjypy; gpbf;Fk; kPid ,iwtDf;F mh;gg
; zkhff; flypy;
tpl;LtpLthh;. kPd;fs; fpilf;fhjjhy; FLk;gk; Vo;ikapy; thbaJ.
gy ehs; kPd;fs; fpilf;fhky; fhj;J ,Ue;J xU ehs; fpilj;j
nghd;kPidAk; ,iwtDf;F mh;g;gzk; nra;jhh;.
njhlf;f fhyj;jpy; kPd;fs; J}z;by;fs; %yk; gpbf;fg;gl;ld.
mJkl;Lkpd;wp fl;Lkuk;> kuf;fyk; Mfpatw;wpy; nrd;W Mo;flypy;
kPd;gpbj;jdh;.
flypy; nrd;W kPd;gpbf;fj; jpkpy; mk;gp Njhzp vd;w %d;W
nghUl;fisAk; gad;gLj;jpdh; vd;gij rq;f ,yf;fpak; %yk;
mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
“ths;tha; Rwtpd; gzpj;Jiw ePe;jp
ehs; Ntl;L vOe;j eadpy; gujth;
itFfly; mk;gpapd; Njhd;Wk;”22
(mf.eh.E}: 187:21-23)
“fly;ghl tpe;J Njhzp ePq;F”23 (mf.eh.E}: 50-1 )
vd;w ghly;fs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd.

mjpgj;j ehadhh; Guhzj;jpy; glFfspy; nrd;W tiy
tphpj;J kPd;fisg; gpbj;jdh; vd;w nra;jp fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J
kPd;gpb njhopypd; ghpzhk tsh;r;rpiaf; fhl;LfpwJ.
,r;nra;jpapid>
187
“tpay; msf;fhpy; tpLk; jpkpy; tho;eh;fs; nfhzh;e;j
fay; msg;gd; guj;jpah; fUneLq; fz;fs;”
(nghpa Guhz gh- 4000 )
mjpgj;jh; ehadhh; Guhzk; kPd;gpb njhopypd; epiyapidr;

Rl;LfpwJ.
Mepiu Nka;j;jy;
kdpjd; ehfhpf tsh;r;rpapd; fhuzkhfTk; gpw Jd;gq;fspy;
,Ue;J jq;fisg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;sTk; tpyq;Ffis
tsh;gg
; jw;Fg; gof;fg; gLj;jpdhd;.Ky;iy epy kf;fs; Mepiu
Nka;j;jiyj; njhopyhff; nfhz;bUe;jdh;.
,ilf;fhyj;jpy; Mdha ehadhUk;, jpU%yUk; Mepiu
Nka;j;jy; njhopypy; <Lgl;lijf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.
Mdhaehadhh;
,th; ,ilah; Fyj;jpy; gpwe;jth;. Mepiu Nka;j;jy;
njhopiy Nkw;nfhz;l ,th; gQ;rhl;ruj;ij VO Ruq;fs; nghUe;jf;
Foypy; thrpj;j ngUik ,tUf;F cz;L.
Mdhaehadhh; gRtpid Nka;gg
; J kl;Lkpd;wp Nta;q;Foy;
thrpg;gJk; ,tUila tof;fkhf ,Ue;jJ vd;gjid>
“Mtpd;epiuf; Fyk;vg;gb gy;f mspj;J vd;Wk;
Nfhtyh; Vty; Ghpe;jpl Mah;Fyk; NgZk;
fhtyh;jk; ngUkhd;mb md;GW fhdj;jpd;
NkT Jisf;fU tpf;Foy; third Nky;nfhz;lhh;.”
(nghpa Guhz gh-942)
vd;w ghly; czh;j;Jfpd;wJ. NkYk; gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy;

Mepiu Nka;g;gth;fsplk; Foy; thrpf;Fk; gof;fk; ,Ue;jjid>
“……………….fd;nwhL
fwitg; gy;ypdk; GwT nfhWfsf;
188
Foy;tha; itj;jdh; Nfhtyh;” 24
(mf eh E}- .354:3-5)
vd;w mfehD}w;Wg; ghly; %yk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.

jpU%yehadhh;
%yd; vd;Dk; ,ilad; ,we;J fplf;f mtidr; Rw;wp
gRf;$l;lk; mOJ nfhz;bUe;jJ. mf;fhl;rpiaf; fz;l Nahfahh;p
xUth; gRf;fis tPl;Lf;F mDg;gpitf;f vz;zpdhh;. mjdhy;
%yd; clypy; jhk; GFe;J vOe;jhh;. mjidf; fz;l gRf;$l;lk;
kfpo;NthL tPL mile;jd. jpU%y ehadhh; Mepiufis Nka;j;jhh;
vd;w fUj;jpid>
; hd; %yd; vd;Dk; ngah; cilahd;”25

“epiw Nka;gg
(jpUke;jpuk; gh :11)
Mepiu Nka;j;jy; njhopy; ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; kf;fs; gyuhy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lij mwpa KbfpwJ. njhlf;f fhyj;jpy; Mepiu
Nka;gg
; NjhL kl;Lky;yhky; Nta;q;Foy; thrpf;Fk; gof;fKk;
,Ue;Js;sJ vd;gijAk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
Ntshz;njhopy;
goq;Fb kf;fspd; ,d;wpaikahj njhopy; Ntshz;ikahFk;.
“xU ehl;bd; tho;tpw;Fk; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk; mbg;gil
coT vd;gijg; gz;il jkpo; kf;fs; czh;e;jpUe;jdh;.”26
NkYk;> mf;fhyj;jpy; Ntshz;ikj; njhopy; kpfTk;

,d;wpaikahj njhopyhFk; ,j;njhopy; ehfhpfj;jpd; tsh;r;rpahFk;.
Ntshz;ik vd;w nrhy;ypw;F Muha;r;rpahsh;fs; tpsf;fk;
jUfpd;wdh;.
“Ntshz;ikahtJ gpwiu tpUk;gp NgZjiy ahSe; jd;ik”27
189
vd;W Ntshz;ikj; njhopypid NjtNeag; ghthzh;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
njhlf;f fhyj;jpy; kUjepy kf;fs; Ntshz;njhopiy
Nkw;nfhz;ldh; vd;gjid>
“nghUgil jUck; nfhw;wKk; coth;
Cd;Wrhy; kUq;fpd; ed;wjd; gaNd”28
(Gw.eh.E}.gh :35:25-26)
vd;w ghlybfs; czh;j;Jfpd;wd.

njhlf;f fhyj;jpy; coth;fs; Ntshz; khe;jh;fs; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;ldh;. mth;fsJ mbg;gilj;njhopy; gaph;j;njhopiy
Xk;gpf; fhj;J ey;y tpistpidg; ngUf;FtjhFk;. ,f;fUj;jpid,
“Ntshz; khe;jh;f; FOJ}z; my;yJ
,y;nyd nkhopg gpwtif epfo;r;rp”29
(njhy;.nghUs;.kuG.81)
njhy;fhg;gpa ghlybfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

nghpaGuhzj;jpy; Ntshz;ikj; njhopy; gw;wpa nra;jpfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,isahd;Fb khwehadhh; Guhzj;jpy;
,j;jd;ikiaf; fhzyhk;. tWikapy; thOk; ehadhh;
rptdbahUf;F taypy; tpijj;j ney;ypidf; nfhz;L te;J mKJ
gilj;jhh;. ,jid,
“Rw;wePh; tay; nry;yj; njhlq;Fthh;”
(nghpa- Guhz-gh- 453 )
“Gs; cwq;Fk; tay; Gfg; Nghapdhh;.”
(nghpa- Guhz- gh 456 )
vd;w ghly; thpfs; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd.

tay; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; tUtjd; %yk; Ntshd; njhopypy;
<Lgl;l mbahh;fs; ,Ue;jijAk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
190
tPLNgW miljy;
jpUQhdrk;ge;jH,jpUehTf;furH,jpU%yH,neLkhwH,kq;ifaHf;fu
rpahH, Fyr;rpiwahH, ePyfz;l aho;gg
; hzH, mg;G+jp mbfs;,
Nrhkhrp khwH Nghd;Nwhh; FUtUs; ngw;W tPL Ngw;iwg;
ngw;wth;fs; vd;gijAk;>
vwpge;jH, fyaH,KUfdhH, fz;zg;gH, Nrukhd;

ngUkhs;,MdhaH,%Hj;jpahH, rz;BrH, jpUehisg;NghthH,
rhf;fpadhH, $w;Wt ehadhH, jz;babfs;, Nfhl;GypahH, fypf;fhkH,
fypaH, mjpgj;jH, ePyef;fH, G+ryhH, fzk;Gy;yh;, ekpee;jp mbfs;,
fow;rpq;fH, nrUj;JizahH, Gfo;j;JizahH, Iabfs;,
fhltHNfhd;, Nfhr;nrq;fl; NrhoH Nghd;NwhH (rptypq;fj;jhy;) jpU
mUs; ngw;W Kf;jp mile;jhh;fs; vd;gij mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
mbahH topghl;lhy; tPL ngw;NwhH
jpUePyfz;lh;, ,aw;gifahH, %Hf;fH, rpWj;njhz;lH,

,lq;fopahH, KidaLthH, rj;jpehadhH, mkHePjpehadhH,
nka;gn
; ghUshH, VdhjpehjH, Gfo;r;NrhoH, khdf;fQ;rhwH,
fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahH, fypf;fk;gH, NerehadhH Nghd;NwhH
rptdbahiu topgl;L tPL Ngw;iw ngw;whh;fs; vd;gjid,
“jpUQhd rk;ge;jH jpUehTf;furH
jpU%yH neLkhwH kq;faHf; furp,
fiuNrUq; Fyr;rpiwahH aho;gg

; hzH FWk;gH
fzehjh; mg;G+jp Nrhkhrp khwH,
ciuNrUk; ,tHfs;gjp ndhUtH FU
tUshy; caHKf;jp mile; jtHfs;”30 (Nr G gh -42)
191
NkYk;>
“vwpge;jH, fyaH, KUfdhH fz;zg;gH Mdhah;
jhaH%Hj;jpahH rz;NlrH jpUehisg; NghthH”31
( Nrp G gh -43 )
vd;w ghlYk;,
“NrudhH rhf;fpadhH $w;WtdhH jz;b
Rpwg;GypahHgRgjpahH fypf;fhkH fypaH,
fhhpahH mjpgj;jH ePyef;fH G+ry;
fzk;Gy;yH Nfhl;GypahH ekpee;jp abfs;
rPUila fow;rpq;fH thapyhH J}a
nrUj;JizahH Gfo;j;JizahH fhltH Iabfs;,
%hpneL Ntw;nrq;fl; Nrhodhuhf Kg;gJNgH
Rptypq;fj; jhy; Kf;jp aile;NjhH.”32 (Nr; G gh -44)
vd;w ghly;fs; rptdbahiu topgl;L tPLNgW ngw;wjid

vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd.
jtk;
rKjhaj;jpy; vg;gFjpapy; rhd;NwhH Njhd;Wthh; vd;W $w

,ayhJ.fs;spapy; caHe;j mfpy; gpwf;Fk;.khd; tapw;wpy; kzKs;s
mhpjhuk; gpwf;Fk;. Kj;J ctH flypy; gpwf;Fk;. mJNghy vq;Fk;
rhd;whz;ik cila jtj;NjhH Njhd;wyhk; vd;gjid>
“fs;sp tapw;wpy; mfpy; gpwf;Fk; khd;tapw;wpy;
xs;shp jhuk; gpwf;Fk; ngUq;flYs;
192
gy;tpya Kj;Jg; gpwf;Fk; mwpthHahH
ey;yhs; gpwf;Fk; Fb”33 (ehd;kzpf;fbif gh- 6)
jpUQhdrk;ge;jH,j pUehTf;furH, fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahH,

jpUePyfz;l aho;gg
; hzH, gpwg;gWj;j jpUehisg;NghthH,MdhaH,
Iabfs;, fhltHNfhd;,jpU%yH, Nrukhd; ngUkhs; ehadhh;
Nghd;NwhH jtk; nra;J tPL NgW mile;jij mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
jpUehTf;furH, jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; Nghd;NwhH ,aw;wkpowpQHfs;.

MdhaH, jpUePyfz;l aho;gg
; hzH Nghd;NwhH ,ir ty;YdH.
,irkPl;b ghbajhy; ,iwtid milAk; NgW ngw;wdh;.
jpU%yH, Nrukhd; ngUkhs ehadhh;;, Iabfs;, fhltHNfhd;

Nghd;NwhH ngha;abik ,y;yhj rPyh;fshf tyk; te;jjid>
“fTzpaHeh Tf;furH NgahH,k; %tH
fw;Fk;,ay; ,irty;NyhH ,irj;jkpo;E}y; ty;NyhH:
gtkZfhj; jpUehisg; NghthHM dhaH
ghzHgu kidg;ghL thuhf ehy;tH,
GtdpGfo; Iabfs; jpU%yH fhhp
ngha;abik,y;yhj jkpo;gG
; ytH NruH
eyKila ,tHItH ,ay; ty;NyhH
epd;wehad;khH jtk;Ghpe;J ew;fjpia mile;NjhH”34
(Nr. G gh-46)
193
rptdbahh;fspd; Fyk;
Nfhr;nrq;fl; NrhoH, Gfo;r; NrhoH, ,lq;fop ehadhH, epd;wrPH

neLkhwH, Nrukhd; ngUkhs; ehadhH MfpNahh; Nguurh;fshth;.
rpw;wurHfs;
eurpq;f KidaiuaH, $w;Wt ehadhH, fow;rpq;f ehadhH,

nka;gn
; ghUs; ehadhH MfpNahh; rpw;wurh;fshth;.
tzpfH
fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahH,%Hj;jp ehadhH, fypf;fk;g ehadhH,

mkHePjp ehadhH ,aw;gifahH Nghd;Nwhh; tzpf Fyj;ijr;
Nrh;e;jth;fshth;.
NtshsH
nrUj;Jiz ehadhH, Nfhl;Gyp ehadhH, rj;jp ehadhH,

,isahd;Fb khw ehadhH, jhaehadhH, rhf;fpa ehadhH,
khdf;fQ;rhuH, tpwy; kpz;lH, VaHNfhd;, fypf;fhk ehadhH
MfpNahh; Ntshsh; Fyj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;fs; Mth;.
NfhghyH Fyk; (,ilaH Fyk;)
MdhaH,jpU%y ehadhH ,th;fs; ,UtUk; ,ilah;

Fyj;ijr; rhh;e;jth; Mth;.
FatH
jpUePyfz;lH kl;ghz;lk; tizAk; Fath; Fyj;ijr;

rhh;e;jtuhth;.
ghzH
jpUePyfz;l aho;g;ghzH ghzh; Fyj;ijr; rhh;e;jth; Mthh;.
194
gujtH
mjpgj;jH gujth; Fyj;ijr; rhh;e;jtuhth;.
Ntl;LtH Fyk;
fz;zg;g ehadhh; Ntlh; Fyj;ijr; Nrh;ej

; th; Mthh;.
rhzhH
Vdhjpehj ehadhh; rhzhh; Fyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jtuhthh;.
rhypaH
Ner ehadhh; rhypah Fyj;ijr; Nrh;ejth; Mthh;.
GiyaH
jpUehisg;NghthH ehadhh; Giyah; Fyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;

Mthh;.
tz;zhH (Vfhyp)
jpUf;Fwpg;Gj;njhz;l ehadhh; tz;zhh; Fyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;

Mthh;.
vz;nza; tzpfH(nrf;fhd;)
fypaehadhH vz;nza; tpw;Fk; tzpfh; Fyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;

Mthh;.
me;jzHFyk;
jpUQhd rk;ge;jH, Re;juH, fyaH, KUfdhH, rpwg;GypahH,

G+ryhH, tprhurUkH, mg;G+jpabfs;, ePyef;fH, jpy;iytho;
me;jzHfs; %thaputH, NrhkhrpkhwH, ekpee;jpabfs; Nghd;Nwhh;
me;jzh; me;jzh; Fyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jthfshth;.
195
khkhj;jpuH
“khkhj;jpuH kugpy; rpWj;njhz;lH”35
(Nrf;fpohh; G gh-38 :4)
rpWj;njhz;l ehadhh; khkhj;jpuh; Fyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;.
“jpy;iykiw NahHfyaH KUfHgR gjpahH
rpwg;GypahH fzehjh; G+riyrz; NlrH,
fy;tpepiw Nrhkhrp khwh;ekpee;jp
fTzpadhH mg;G+jp ePyef;f uhfr;,
nry;tkiw NahHfhij gjpd;%d;W rptNtjpahH”36
(Nrf;fpohh; G gh .38-1- 2)
“mWtnututHnrq;fl; NrhoHGfo;r; NrhoH
mUs;khdp ,lq;fopahH neLkhwH NruH
FWepykd; dtHItH eurpq;f KidaH
$w;WtdhH fow;rpq;fH nka;gn

; ghUs; Iabfs;
Kiwiktzpfhpy;ItH fhiuf;fhyk;ik %Hj;jp
fypf; fk;gHmkH ePjp,aH gifahH”37
(Nr; G gh-39 1-3)
“jpwiktphp NtshsH gjpd;%tH %Hf;fH
nrUj;JizahHthapyhH Nfhl;GypahH rj;jp”38
(Nr G gh 39 :4)
196
“jhadhH ,isahd;wd; FbkhwH muR
rhf;fpaHfQ; rhwHtpwd; kpz;lh; Kid aLthH,
VaHNfhd; fypf;fhkH NfhghyH kugpy;
,UtH jpU%ydhH MdhaH FatH,
NraGfo;j; jpUePy fz;ldhH ghzH
jpUkugpy; jpUePy fz;lj;Jg; ghzH,
Nkajpwy; mjpgj;jH gujtHfz; zg;gH
NtlHku gpdpy;rhd;whH Vdhjp ehjH”39
(Nr G gh – 40)
“NerdhH rhypahpy; jpUehisg; NghthH
ePrHku gpdpy;vq;fs jpUf;Fwpg;Gj; njhz;lh;
J}nrhypf;Fk; Vfhyp kuGjpy japyj;
njhopy;ku gpy;fypadhH kuGFwpj; Jiuahf;”40
(Nr G gh –41 : 1 – 2)
vd;w ghly;fs; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd.
kuGFwpj;Jiuf;fg; ngwhj mbahHfs;
Fyr;rpiwahH, jz;babfs;, fzk; Gy;yH, vwpge;jH, fhhpahH,

FWk;gH, NjRila gj;jH,gukidg;ghLthHfs;, rpj;jj;ijr; rptd;ghy;
itj;jhH, M&Hg;gpwe;jhH MfpNahH kuG Fwpj;J
ciuf;fg;gltpy;iy. ,jid>
“fhrpy;fijgjpd;%d;W FyrprpiwahH jz;b
197
fzk;Gy;uH vwpge;jH fhhpahH FWk;gH,
NjRila gj;jHgu kidg;ghL thHfs;
rpj;jj;ijr; rptd;ghy;itj; jhHM&Hg; gpwe;jhH”41
(Nr G gh –41 : 3 – 4)
rKjha mikg;ghy; NtWgbDk; njhz;lH vd;w mbg;gilapy;

rKjhaj;jpy; ,ize;J nrayhw;wpdH vd;gij gf;jp ,yf;fpa
tuyhw;wpy; irt mbath;fspd; ey;ypzf;fKk;, rhjp NtWghlw;w
rk epiyAk; ,jd; top mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
ee;jdhh; rptdbahuhjy;
jpUehisg; NghthH jk; Fyj;jpw; Nfw;gr; rKjhaj;jpw;Fg;

gad;gLk; tifapy; njhz;L nra;jhH. rKjhaf; flikfspy;
Kjd;ikahdJ. ,iwtopghL. cly; tsHr;rpf;F cjTk; czT
Nghy Md;k tsHr;rpf;F ,iwtopghL cjTfpwJ.
‘Myak; njhOtJ rhyTk; ed;W’ vd;gJ Md;NwhH thf;F.

,U iffisAk; NrHj;J njhOk;NghJ 72>000 ehb euk;Gfs; jpwKk;
cuKk; ngWk; vd;gJ fpUghde;j thhpahhpd; thf;F. vdNt
,jid,
“fw;wj dhy;Ma gandd;nfhy;thywptd;
ew;whs; njhohmH vdpd;”42 ( Fws; -2)
vd;W jpUts;StH fw;wjw;F gad; flTisj; njhOjy;

vd;W $Wfpd;whh;.
jpUehisg; NghthH Myak; njhOk;NghJ Koq;Fk;

KuRf;Fk;> ,irf;Fk; ahOf;Fk;> NghHitj; NjhYk;> thUk;> euk;Gk;>
NfhNuhridAk; nfhLj;J te;jhh; vd;gjid>
198
“Chpy;tpLk; giwj;Jlit czThpik ahf;nfhz;L
rhHgpy;tUe; njhopy;nra;thH jiyepd;whH njhz;bdhy;
$hpiya Kf;FLkpg; gilaz;zy; Nfhapy;njhWk;
NghpifNa Kjyha Kf;fUtp gpwtpDf;Fk;”
(nghpa Guhz gh -1058)
“NghHitj;Njhy; tprpthHnwd; wpidaTk; GfYk; ,ir
NeHitj;j tPizf;Fk; ahOf;Fk; epiytifapy;
NrHTw;w je;jphpAk; NjtHgpuhd; mHr;ridfl;(F)
MHtj;jp Dld;NfhNuh ridAk; ,it mspj;Js;shH.”
nghpa Guhz gh -1059)
jpy;iyf;Fr; nrd;W topghL nra;a ‘ehisg; NghNtd;’ vd;W

ee;jdhH epidj;J mij Kjyhypaplk; $wpaNghJ> Kjyhyp tay;
gzpfs; vy;yhk; epiwT nra;j gpwF nry;YkhW gzpj;jJk;>
ee;jdhh; tay; gzpfis epiwT nra;J jpy;iyf;Fr;
nry;Yk;NghJ ,opgpwtp jilahNkh vd epidj;J Vq;fpdhH.ee;jdhH
fdtpy; ‘,g;gpwtp Ngha; ePq;f neUg;gpy; %o;fp tUf’ vdr;
rptngUkhd; $wpaUspdhH. rptngUkhd; jpy;iy tho; me;jzH
fdtpYk; vLj;Jiuj;jhH.me;jzHfs; rptngUkhd; mUspathW
ee;jdhiu mioj;Jr; nrd;wdH. me;jzHfs; ee;jdhiu
,iwabahH vd;W vz;zpj; njhOJ mioj;Jr; nrd;wdH ,jid,
“,g;gpwtpNgha;ePq;f vhpapdpil eP%o;fp
Kg;GhpE}y; khHgUld; Kd;diztha; vd;d nkhope;(J)
mg;ghpNr jpy;iytho; me;jzHf;Fk; vhpaikf;f
199
nka;g; nghUshdhH mUsp mk;gyj;Nj NktpdhH.”
Fsk; mikj;jy;
‘ePH ,d;wp mikahJ cyF’ vd;gJ ts;StH thf;fpw;F

,zq;f XH murd; nra;a Ntz;ba jiyaha gzpfSs; xd;W. ePH
epiyfis mikj;jy;‘Fsk; njhl;L tsk; ngUf;fpa’ fhpfhy;
Nrhodpd; ngUikapid,
“fhL nfhd;W ehlhf;fpf;
Fsk; njhl;L tsk; ngUf;fp”43
(gl;bdg;ghiy gh t 283 - 284 )
vd;w gl;bdg;ghiy ePHj;Jiwapd; mtrpaj;ij vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.
Chpy; cs;s kf;fs; ePuhLtjw;Fk;> ,iwtDf;F jpUKof;F

epfo;j;Jtjw;Fk; xt;nthU Nfhapy; Kd;ghf jpUf;Fsk;
cz;lhf;fg;gLfpwJ. jpUGd;$H nrd;w jpUehisg; NghthH Fsk;
,y;iy vd;w Fiwiag; Nghf;f jhk; xUtNu Fsk; njhl;L
jpUg;Gd;$H ,iwtDf;F njhz;L nra;jjid>
“mtNyhLk; mLj;jJ fz;(L) Mjhpj;Jf; Fse;njhl;lhH.”
“tlq;nfhz;l nghd;dpjop kzpKbahH jpUtUshy;
jlq;nfhz;l Fsj;jsT rikj;jjw;gpd;”
vd;w ghly; thpfs; czh;j;Jfpd;wd.
200
,irf;F kaq;fhjtHfs; cyfpy; vtUk; ,y;iy. jpUehisg;
Nghthh; Nfhapy;fspy; ,irf;fg;gLk; ,irf; fUtpfshd KoTf;Fk;,
ahOf;Fk; ,we;j tpyq;Ffspd; Njhy; euk;Gfisf; nfhLj;J ,irj;
njhz;bYk; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdhH.
,iwtdhy; gilf;fg;gl;l kdpjg; gpwtpapy; caHT jho;T

,y;iy. rKjhaj;jpy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l r%fj;jpdhpd; Raeyj;jpw;fhf
cUthf;fg; gl;lit rhjp mikg;G vd;gijr; Nrf;fpohh; jpUehisg;
NghthH tho;f;if topahfr; rKjhaj;jpw;F czHj;j
tpUk;gpdhH.‘Ks;is Ks;shy; vLf;f Ntz;Lk;’ vd;gJ Md;NwhH
nkhop. jpUehisg; NghthH jpy;iyapd; vy;iyiaj; jPz;bdhy;
jPl;L vd vz;zpapUe;j, jpy;iytho; me;jzHfs; mbahiu
Myaj;jpDs; mioj;Jr; nrd;wdH. NfhapYs; Eioe;j jpUehisg;
NghthH ,iwtidf; fz;L tzq;fpdhh;.,jid>
“me;jzHfs; mjprapj;jhh; mUKdptH Jjp nra;jhH;
te;jize;j jpUj;njhz;lH jk;iktpid khrWj;Jr;
Re;juj;jh kiuGiuAe; Jizabfs; njhOjpUf;f
me;jkpyh Mde;jg; ngUq;$j;jH mUs; Ghpe;jhh.”
(nghpa Guhz gh-1081)
,opFyk; vd;gJ gpwg;ghYk; njhopyhYk; miktJ

,y;iy.kdjhy; miktJ vd;w fUj;ij jpUehisg; NghthH
ehadhh; Guhzk; topahf Nrf;fpohh; czh;j;Jtij mwpa
Kbfpd;wJ.
201
kfT jj;njLj;jy;
jpUKidg;ghb ehl;by; jpUehtY}hpy; riladhH,

,irQhdpahH vd;w kiwatH Fyg; ngw;NwhHf;Fr; Re;juH kftha;j;
Njhd;wpdhH.
Re;juH Ik;gil rjq;if rhj;jp> new;wpr; Rl;b rhj;jp>

miuapy; nrk;nghd; ehz;fl;br;> rpWNjH cUl;br; nrd;whH. jpUePy
fz;lhpd; jpUePW xd;Nw ngUQ; nry;tk; vd;W thOk; eurpq;f
KidaiuaH Foe;ijr; Re;juiu fz;Zw;whH. Foe;ijapd;
kjpEl;gKk; mwpTk; kd;diuf; ftHe;jJ. rpthyaq;fs; NjhWk;
jpUr;nry;tq;fisg; ngUfr; nra;fpd;w gzpr; nra;j eurpq;f
KidaiuaUf;F kfd;ik ,y;iy vd;Dk; Fiwia
Nghf;Ftjw;fhfNt ,f;Foe;ij tPjpapy; tpisahbaJ. kd;dH
epidj;jhy; jd; kuigr; rhHe;j xU kfitNa kfd;ik
nfhs;syhk;. Mdhy; eurpq;f KidaiuaH vd;w kd;dh; me;jzH
ngw;w kfit kfd;ik nfhz;lhh; ,jid>
“eurpq;f Kidah; vd;Dk; ehLtho; murH fz;L
gutUq; fhjy; $ug; gae;jth; jk;ghy; nrd;W
tputpa ez;gp dhNy Ntz;bdH ngw;Wj; jq;fs;
murpsq; Fkuw; Nfw;g md;gpdhy; kfd;ik nfhz;lhH”
(nghpa Guhz gh-151)
rKjhaj;jpy; kd;dH kf;fs; vd;w Ntw;Wik ,Ue;jhYk;

nghJj;jd;ikahd cwT ,Ue;jJ vd;gij ,t;tuyhW Rl;LfpwJ.
eurpq;f KidaiuaH XH jpUMjpiu jpUehspy; Nkd;ik

rhd;w irt newpapy; thOk; mbahHfSf;Fg; jhdkhf nghd;
nfhLj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhH. mg;nghOJ XH mbahH jd;khdk;
202
,of;fg;gLkhW fhkk; kpFjpahy; jhk; ngw;w FwpfNshL te;jhH
,jid,
“Ms nray;Kiw GhpthH xU jpU Mjpiu ehspy;
Nkd;ik newpj; njhz;lHf;F tpsq;fpa nghd;dpLk; nghOjpy;
khdepiy mopjd;ik tUq;fhkf; Fwp kyHe;j
Cdepfo; Nkdpauha; xUtH ePW mzpe;J mize;jhH”
(nghpa Guhz gh - 3990)
mt;tbahhpd; epiy fz;L mtUf;F mUfpy; ,Ue;jth;fs;

mUtUg;NghL mtiu Nehf;fp jdpikg; gLj;jpdh;.,jidf;
fz;Zw;w kd;dh; mbahhpd; Kd;Nd nrd;W ifFtpj;J tzq;fp
kpFe;j md;NghL cgrhpj;jhH.
rKjhaj;jpy; xOf;fkpy;yhjtiuAk; xOf;fr; rPyuhf khw;Wk;

rf;jp md;gpw;F cz;L. xU kdpjid jdpikg; gLj;Jk; NghJ
mtd; gLk; Ntjidfis czHe;jtuhf eurpq;f KidaiuaH
tpsq;FfpwhH. kdpj Neak; jhd; kdpj rKjhaj;ij tsHf;Fk;
vd;gij kd;dh; ed;FzHe;J Ml;rp nra;Js;shh; vd;gjid mwpa
Kbfpd;wJ.
jpUePyfz;l ehaehhpd; njhz;L
jpUePy fz;lhpd; ngUikia cyfpw;F czh;j;j ,iwtd;

kiwath; Ntlj;jpy; te;J jpUePyfz;lhplk; jpUNthl;bidj; je;J
,iwtid topgl;Ltpl;L kPz;Lk; te;J jpUNthl;bidg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;fpd;Nwd; vdf; $wpr; nrd;whh;. kiwath; kPz;Lk; te;J
Xl;bidf; Nfl;lNghJ ePyfz;lh; itj;j jpUNthL kiwe;jJ.
ePyfz;lh; mt;Nthl;bw;F gjpyhf nghd;dhy; nra;j jpUNthL
203
jUtjhff; $wpdhh;. Mdhy; ,iwtd; mij Vw;f kWj;jhh;.
jpePyfz;lhpd; xOf;fk; ,oe;jjhy; kdk; J}a;ik ,oe;jJ ,jid>
“nrd;dpahy; tzq;fp epd;w njhz;liyr; nraph;j;J Nehf;fp
vd;,dpJ nkhkpe;jth eP ahd; itj;j kz;Nzh ld;wpg;
nghd;dpdhy; mikj;J je;jha; MapDq; nfhs;Nsd;; Nghw;w
Kd;id ehd; itj;j XNl nfhz;Lth vd;whd; Kd;Ndhd;”
(nghpa Guhz gh 383)
vd;w ghly; czh;j;JfpwJ. mf;fhyj;jpy; kiwath;> Fath;

Fyj;NjhL ey;YwT itj;jpUe;j ghz;ikia czu KbfpwJ.
clk;G Md;khTf;Fj; je;j milf;fyg; nghUs;. mjid

Md;kh gho;gLj;jhky; nka;Q;Qhdk; ngw;Wj; jtkpUe;J clk;igf;
fhf;f Ntz;Lk;. kiwath; Fyj;jtUk; gpw Fyj;jtUk; Qhdk;
ngw tpioe;jdh; vd;w cz;ik GydhfpwJ.,jid,
“Cj;ijf;F opapNy kz;iz vLj;Nj
cjpug; GdypNy cz;il Nrh;j;Nj
tha;j;j Fatdhh; mth;gz;Zk; ghz;lk;
tiw Nahl;Lf;fh fhnjd;whL ghk;Ng”44
(ghk;ghl;br; rpj;jh; -60)
vd;w ghk;ghl;br; rpj;jh; ghly; czh;j;Jfpd;wJ.
‘cs;sk; ngUq;Nfhapy; CDlk;G Myak;’ vd;ghh; jpU%yH.

clk;ghfpa Myaj;ij J}a;ikahfg; Nghw;w Ntz;Lk;.
jpUePyfz;lh; ,sikapy; nra;j jtWf;fhf jk; ,sikf; fhyk;
njhl;L KJik gUtk; tiu kdj;J}a;ikNahL tho;e;J, clk;G
vd;w kz;fyj;ijg; nghd;fykhf khw;wpdhH. jpUePyfz;l ehadhhpd;
204
tha;ikr; rpwg;igAk; gpwh;nghUSf;F Mir nfhs;sh kdj;ijAk;,
,iw newpiaAk; cyfpw;F czh;j;Jtjw;fhf ,iwtd;
jpUNthl;il fUg;nghUshf;fp cyif tpopg;gilar; nra;jhH
vd;gjid>
“jd;idxg; ghpaJ; jyj;Jj; jd;Dioj;
Jd;dpa ahitAe; J}a;ik nra;tJ;
nghd;dpDk; kzpapDk; Nghw;w Ntz;Lt(J)
,d;djd; ikajpJ; thq;FeP vd.”
(nghpa Guhz gh – 375)
mbahh;fspd; xw;Wik
jpUQhd rk;ge;jh; jpUePyfz;l aho;gg

; hziuf; Nfhapy;
fUtiuapy; aho; thrpf;fr; nra;J Njthuk; ghbdhH. ,th; gy
jpUj;jyq;fSf;Fk; aho;g; ghziu mioj;Jr; nrd;whH. jpUr;rhj;j
kq;ifapy; jpUePyef;fh; vd;w irt mbahH tho;e;J te;jhH;.
jpUePyef;fh; tPl;by; jpUQhd rk;ge;jH jpUePyfz;l aho;g;ghzUld;
mKJ cz;L md;W ,uT mq;F ghzNuhL jq;fpdhH. me;jzH
tPl;by; ghzH jq;fp czT cz;Zk; epiyapy; rKjha md;G
md;W Nkk;gl;bUe;jJ vd;gjid>
“ePLjpU ePyef;fh; neLkidapy; tpUe;jKJ nra;J ePHikg;
ghLk;aho;g; ngUk;ghz Ue;jq;f mq;fpuT gs;spNktp
MLktH mate;jp gzptjDf; fd;gUld; mize;J nrd;W
; ”
ehbaez; GilePy ef;fbfSld; ehjH foypy; jho;eJ
205
vd;w ghly; %yk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
,t;thW ,dNtWghL fle;j epiyapy; xw;WikNahL mbahh;

tho;e;jpUe;jij mwpa KbfpwJ.
mg;G+jp mbfshUk; jpUehTf;furUk;
mg;G+jpabfs; jpq;fSiur; Nrh;e;j me;jzH;. rkzh;fs;

jpUehTf;furUf;Fr; nra;j nfhLikfisAk;, mf;nfhLikfis
‘ekrptha’ vd;w Ie;njOj;J ke;jpuj;jhy; ntd;wijAk; nrtpAw;W
mg;G+jp mbfshh; jpUehTf;furh;kPJ ngUk; gw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;.
jk; gps;isfs; midtUf;Fk; jpUehTf;fuR vdg; ngahpl;lhh;.

jhk; mikj;j jz;zPh;g; ge;jy;, mwr;rhiyfl;Fj; jpUehTf;furh;
jk; ngahpl;Nl mioj;jhh;. jk; kidtp kf;fs; Rw;wj;Jld;
jpUehTf;furh; jpUtb gzpe;jhh;. mbahiuj; jk; ,y;yj;jpy;
mKJz;z mioj;J tpUe;J gilj;jhh;. jpUehTf;furh;
jpUtbfis vg;NghJk; rpe;ij nra;jhh;. ,dNtWghL fUjhj
rKjha md;gpid mg;G+jp mbfs; ehadhh; Guhzj;jpy;
tphpj;Jiug;gjid>
“mg;G+jp mbfshh;jk; mbikiar; rpwg;gpj; jhd;w
; +jp mzpe;jhh; jk;ik tpUk;G ‘nrhd;khiy’ Nta;e;j

nka;gG
,g;G+jp ngw;w ey;Nyhh; vy;iyapy; md;ghy; vd;WQ;
nrg;(G) Cjp aq;iff; nfhz;lhh; jpUehTf;furh; ghjk;”
(nghpa Guhz gh - 1830)
vd;w ghly; %yk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
me;jzh; Fyj;J mg;G+jp mbfs; nra;j vy;yh

mwr;nray;fSk; Ntshd; Fy jpUehTf;furh; ngahpy; nra;J
te;jhh;. mg;G+jp mbfs; jk; gps;isfl;Fj; jpUehTf;furh; vdg;
206
ngah;r; #l;baJ Mfpad mg;gh; kPJ nfhz;l md;ig
ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.
‘jh;kk; jiyf;fhf;Fk;’ vd;w KJnkhopf;F Vw;g mg;G+jpabfs;

nra;j jhdKk; jh;kKk; ghk;G jPz;ba kfDf;F caph; nfhLj;jJ.
me;jzh; Fy mg;G+jp mbfshh; Ntshsh; Fy jpUehTf;furiu
FUthf Vw;Wg; gzpe;jhh; vd;W ghh;f;Fk; nghOJ ,iwnewpapd;
typik GydhFk;.
njhFg;Giu
gy;NtW ,dj;ijr; Nrh;e;j mbahh;fs; irt rkak; vd;w xU

Filapd; fPo; xd;W gl;L tho;e;jdh;. r%fj;jpy; tUz NtWghL
,Ue;jhYk; mbath; ahtuhapDk; ek;ktNu vd;w nfhs;if
nfhz;bUe;jdh; vd;gij mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
jpUkz Kiw, CH kd;wj;jpy; tof;Fiuj;jy;,kd;ddplk;

KiwapLjy;, rFdk; ghHj;jy;, kWgpwg;G ek;gpf;if, Xhpdj;jhH
kw;Nwhhpdj;jpy; kz cwT nfhs;sy;, ,dNtWghL fUjhik,
mbahHfl;F mKjspj;jy;, Nfhapy; Rw;Wg;Gwj; J}a;ik Nghd;w
,e;epfo;Tfs; ,ilf;fhyj;jpYk; epfo;e;Js;sd vd;gij mwpa
KbfpwJ.
rptdbahh;fs; mtuth; kugpw;Nfw;g njhopiy Nkw;f;nfhz;L

,Ue;jijf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.
rKjhaj;jpy; midtUk; ,iwaUs; ngwj; jFjp cilatH.

njhopy;> ,lk; vd;w fhuzj;jhy; mike;j ,dg;gphpT> rhjpg;gphpthf
mbahh;fs; top mwpa KbfpwJ.
xU tzpfd; vg;gb tzpfk; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gij fhiuf;fhy;

mk;ikahH Guhzk; top mwpa KbfpwJ.
207
ey;Nyhh; vt;tpdj;jpYk; Njhd;Wth;. rKjha mikg;ghy;
NtWgbDk;, njhz;lh; vd;w mbg;gilapy; ,ize;J
njhz;lhw;Wtij mbahh;fs; top mwpa KbfpwJ.
Giyah; Fyj; jpUehisg; Nghthiu jpy;iytho; me;jzh;fs;

tzq;fpf; NfhapYs; mioj;Jr; nrd;wJk; kd;dh; Fy eurpq;f
Kidaiuah; me;jzh; Fyr; Re;juiuj; jj;njLj;Jf; nfhz;lJk;
me;jzh; Fyr; Re;juh; fzpifah; Fyg; guitahiuAk;> Ntshz;
Fyr; rq;fpypahiuAk; ,iwtd; jpUmUs; ngw;W kze;J
nfhz;lJk; mf;fhy r%fj;jpy; epytpa ,d xw;Wikapid mwpa
KbfpwJ.
kiwath; Fy Nahfpahiuj; jpUePyfz;lf; Fatdhh; tPl;by;

tuNtw;W cgrhpj;jJk;> me;jzh; Fyj; jpUePyef;fh; tPl;by;
jpUQhd rk;ge;jUk;> jpUePy fz;l aho;gg
; hzUk; tpUe;Jz;L
jq;fpaJk;> mg;G+jp mbfshh; me;jzh; Fyj;jth;. Ntshz; Fyj;
jpUehTf;furiu tzq;fp tuNtw;W tpUe;J mspj;jijAk; Nehf;Fk;
NghJ mbahh;fspd; tpUe;Njhk;gy; gz;gpidAk; kw;Wk; mbahh;fspd;
r%fj; njhz;bidAk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
208
rhd;nwz; tpsf;fk;
1. ,uhkypq;fk;,muq;f jpUj;njhz;lh; tuyhW –g 436
2. rPdpthrd;.r.(g.M) ghpNkyofh;(c.M) jpUf;Fws; -50
3. Rg;gpukzpag;gps;is.fh. rk;ge;jh; Njthuk; jpUg;gpuk;kGuk; gh -3

4. GypA+h;f; Nfrpfd;(c.M) njhy;fhg;gpag; nghUsjpfhuk; %yKk;
ciuAk; gh -143 g-339
5. ghiyad;m.g.(c.M)v];.nfskhhP]t
; hp.(g.M)
GwehE}W %yKk; ciuAk; gh 1 : 1 – 2
6. kzpthrfk;.Qh.(c.M)rpyg;gjpfhuk; %yKk; ciuAk;
tof;Fiu fhij 70- 72 g-151
7. jkpoz;zy; (c.M0 njhyfhg;gpak; %yKk; ciuAk;
nrhyyjpfhuk; ;-320
8. ghiyad;m.g.(c.M) v];.nfskhhP]t
; hp.(g.M) ew;wpiz -175 -8
9. NkyJ -327 -1-3)
10. GypA+h;Nfrpfd;.(c.M)v];.nfskhhP]t
; hp.(g.M)
Iq;FWE}W. 257 :1-2
11. GypA+h;Nfrpfd;.(c.M) v];.nfskhhP]t
; hp.(g.M)
ghpghly; 10: 85-86
12. ,uh.rhuq;fghzp KJE}y; g -200
; hp.(g.M)
GwehE}W %yKk; ciuAk; gh 68
14. Kidth;.Fjph;KUF(c.M)v];.nfskhhP]t
; hp(g.M) Ky;iyg;
ghl;L %yKk; ciuAk; ghlybfs; :17-18
15. rPdpthrd;.rh.g.M) ghpNkyofh;.(c.M) jpUf;Fws; 380
16. ,uhkypq;f Rthkpfs; jpUtUl;gh gh -10
17. NkyJ gh -42
209
18. jkpoz;zy; (c.M0 njhy;fhg;gpak; %yKk; ciuAk; gh-868
19. FyNrfu Mo;thh; nghpajpUnkhop gh -4: 1-2
20. ghyKUfd; Nk.m. nj.ngh.kP Ma;Tj;jpwd; -g 149
21. Kidth;.Fjph;KUF(c.M)v];.nfskhhP]t
; hp(g.M)
kJiuf;fhQ;rp %yKk; ciuAk; gh :255-256
22. GypA+h;Nfrpfd; (c.M)mfehD}W %yKk ciuAk; 187:21-23
23. NkyJ: 50-1
24. GypA+h;Nfrpfd; (c.M)v];.nfskhhP];thp.(g.M) mfehD}W

%yKk; ciuAk;- .354:3-5
25. khzpf;fthrfd;.Qh.(c.M)ckh gjpg;gfk; jpU%yh;
jpUke;jpuk; %yKk; ciuAk; - gh :11
26. NjtNeag;ghthdh;.Qh. gz;ilj; jkpof

ehfhpfKk; gz;ghLk; g -70
27. NjtNeag;ghthdh;.Qh. goe;jkpohl;rp. g -97
; hp.(g.M)GwehE}W -35:25-26
29. GypA+h;f; Nfrpfd;(c.M) njhy;fhg;gpag; nghUsjpfhuk; %yKk;

ciuAk; kuG- - gh -81 g- 451
30. ckhgjprpthr;rhhpahh; Nrf;fpohh; Guhzk; gh -42
31. NkyJ gh -43
32. NkyJ gh -44
33. Gyth;.ntw;wpaofd;.(c.M)v];.nfskhhP]thp(g.M)
ehd;kzpf;fbif %yKk; ciuAk; gh- 6
34. ckhgjprpthr;rhhpahh; Nrf;fpohh; Guhzk; gh -46
35. NkyJ gh -38 :4
36. NkyJ gh -38 :1-2
37. NkyJ gh -39 : 1-3

210
38. NkyJ gh -39 : 4
39. NkyJ gh - 40
40. NkyJ gh -41 : 1-2
41. NkyJ gh -41 : 3 -4
42. rPdpthrd;.rh.(g.M) ghpNkyofh;.(c.M) jpUf;Fws; -2
43. Kidth;.fjph;KUF.(c.M)v];.nfskhhP]thp(g.M)
gl;bdg;ghiy %yKk; ciuAk; ghly; thp 283 - 284
44. kzpthrfd;.Qh.(njh.M) rpj;jh; ghly;fs;; -60
211
KbTiu
nghpaGuhzj;jpy; kdpjk; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; Nkw;nfhz;l
,t;tha;tpy; fz;lwpag;gl;l KbTfs; KbTiuapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
 jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; Guhz ,yf;fpaq;fSf;nfd;W

jdp ,lk; cz;L. Guhzk; vd;gJ gioa nra;jp my;yJ
gioa tuyhW vd;gJ nghUs;. me;j tifapy;
,iwtd;ghy; md;G nrYj;jp tPLNgW va;jpa irt
nka;j;njhz;lh;fspd; tuyhWfis ngUq;fhg;gpa
eaq;fNshL nghpaGuhzk;. mike;Js;sJ.
 nghpaGuhzk; Njth;, murh;, muf;fh; Nghd;NwhUila
jtj;jpidAk;, NghhpidAk; Gide;J $WtJ md;W.
gyrka rhh;ghd fijfisf; fye;J $wp kaf;fk;
tpistpg;gJk; md;W. jkpo; ehl;by; tuyhw;Wf;F cl;gl;l
fhyj;jpy; CUk; NgUk; crhtp mwpaj;jf;f gy;tif
kuGfspYk; Njhd;wpj; jpfo;e;J gad; fUjhJ Ngud;Gld;
,iwtid topgl;L jpUtUs; ngw;w rptdbahh;fspd;
tuyhWfisj; njhFj;Jf; $WtjhFk;.
 nghpaGuhzk; cah;T etph;r;rp ,d;wp ,dpa nre;jkpo;
eilapy; mike;Js;sJ. Njthuk;, jpUthrfk; Nghy;
Njhj;jpug; ghlyhf kl;Lky;yhky; ehad;khh;fspd; tuyhW
%yk; ,iw newpia tsh;f;Fk; ghly; njhFg;ghf
nghpaGuhzk; mike;Js;sJ.
 Nrf;fpohh; jpUj;njhz;lh; rPh;guTk; nrQ;nrhy; fhg;gpaj;jpw;F
nghpa Guhznkd ngah; #l;ltpy;iy. nghpNahh;
tuyhw;iwf; $WtjhYk; XJthh; jkf;F msg;ghpa
ngUik Nrh;gg
; jhYk;, gpwth ahf;if nghpNahd;
ngUikia tpthpg;gjhYk;, mg;nghpNahd; mbahh;f;F
,dpadhf vOe;jUspa mUikia tpsf;FtjhYk;
Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; ,jid xj;j ngUik NtW ve;j
212
E}Yf;Fk; Njhd;whjjhYk; ,J nghpaGuhzk; vdg; ngah;
ngw;wJ.
 cyf tof;fpy; Guhznkd $wg;gl;lhYk; nghpaGuhzk;
,iwnewpr; Ritia eyk; ghhpf;Fk; ngUE}y;. jkpo;
nkhopapd; ,ir KOtJk; nka;AW nfhz;Ls;s KO
E}yhFk;.
 Nrf;fpohh; vd;w Fbg;ngah; jhq;fpa mUz;nkhopj;Njth;
jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk; mUsp ‘njhz;lh;rPh; guTthh;’ vd;w
rpwg;Gg; ngaiug; ngw;Ws;shh;
 rptngUkhd; ‘cynfyhk;’ vd mbnaLj;Jf; nfhLf;fr;
Re;juh; Mf;fpa jpUj;njhz;lj; njhif, ek;gpahz;lhH; ek;gp
gilj;j jpUj;njhz;lh; jpUme;jhjp Mfpa E}y;fis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Nrf;fpohh; ‘jpUj;njhz;lh;
Guhzj;ijg; gilj;Js;shh;.
 rptngUkhd; jphpGuk; vhpj;jik, ghw;fly; eQ;Rz;lik,
,uhkgpuhd; gpukfj;jp Fw;wk; jPh;j;jik, rptdhh; fq;if,
kjp, ehfk;, Gypj;Njhy;, ahidj;Njhy; mzpe;jik,
fk;igapy; ckhNjtp tisj;jOk;G gbar; rptypq;fk;
jOtpaik, thkd mtjhuk;, kd;kjid
vhpj;jik,$w;Wtidf; fhyhy; cijj;jik Nghd;w
njhd;kr; nra;jpfs; jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzj;jpy; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sd.
 jpUkz Kiw, kWgpwg;G ek;gpf;if, rFdk; ghh;j;jy;, fdT
gw;wpa ek;gpf;if, Ch;kd;wj;jpy; tof;Fiuj;jy;,
,dNtWghL fUjhik, Xhpdj;jhh; kw;Nwhh; ,dj;jpy; kz
cwT nfhs;sy; Nghd;wd nghpaGuhzj;jpy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 ,iwtd;, FLk;gk; ,tw;Wld; neUq;fpa njhlh;G
cilath;fsplj;Jk; Vw;gLfpd;w ,uf;f czh;it
‘kdpjNeak;’ vdg;gLk;
213
 Gfo;r;Nrho ehadhh; Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; jpUePWG+rpa,
ntl;Lz;l jiyiaf; fz;L kfDf;F Kb mzptpj;J
caph; Jwe;Js;shh;.
 rptypq;fj;jpd; fz;zpy; FUjp fz;l jpz;zd; jd;
fz;izNa ,le;J mg;gpajhy; fz;zg;gh; vd ,iwtdhy;
ngah; ngw;whh;. ,e;epfo;T ,iwtd; kPJ nfhz;bUe;j
msTfle;j gf;jpapid Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ.
 rptngUkhd; fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahiu ‘mk;ikNa’ vd;W
miog;gjw;F fhuzk; rptngUkhd; kPJ fhiuf;fhy;
mk;ikahh; nfhz;bUe;j gf;jp newpNa MFk;.
 njhlh;gw;w kdpjh;fsplj;Jk; kdpjh; my;yhj
gpwcaph;fsplj;Jk; nfhs;fpd;w ,uf;f czh;Nt kdpj
NeakhFk;. ,k;kdpjNeag; gz;G ehad;khh;fsplk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 Nahfpahh; xUth; jd; jiytid ,oe;j gRf;$l;lk;
fjWtJ fz;L kdkpuq;fp gRf;$l;lj; jiytdhfpa %yd;
clypy; $Ltpl;Lf; $Lgha;jy; tpe;ijapd; %yk; gha;e;J
gRf;fSf;F kfpo;T+l;baJ ,thpd; kdpj Neag; gz;gpid
ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.
 Nrf;fpohh; vd;w Fbg;ngah; jhq;fpa mUz;nkhopj;Njth;
jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk; mUsp ‘njhz;lh;rPh; guTthh;’ vd;w
rpwg;Gg; ngaiug; ngw;Ws;shh;
 rptngUkhd; ‘cynfyhk;’ vd mbnaLj;Jf; nfhLf;fr;
Re;juh; Mf;fpa jpUj;njhz;lj; njhif, ek;gpahz;lhH; ek;gp
gilj;j jpUj;njhz;lh; jpUme;jhjp Mfpa E}y;fis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Nrf;fpohh; ‘jpUj;njhz;lh;
Guhzj;ijg; gilj;Js;shh;.
 ,isahd;Fbkhw ehadhh; tWik epiyapYk; taypy;
tpijj;j ney;iy mhpj;J te;J, tWj;J mhprp rikj;J
mbahh;f;F mKjpl;lhh;.
214
 jpUf;Fwpg;Gj; njhz;lh; rptdbahh;fs; kPJ nfhz;l md;gpdhy;
ehs;NjhWk; rptdbahh; fhtpciliaj; Jitj;Jf; nfhLj;jhh;.
 mg;G+jp mbfs; itj;jpUe;j jz;zPh; ge;jYf;Fk;
mwr;rhiyfl;Fk; jpUehTf;furh; ngaiu itj;jhh;.
 jpUtPopkpoiykf;fs; kioapd;wpg; gQ;rj;jhy; tWikAw;W
thbdh; kdpjNeak; kpf;fth;fshd jpUehTf;furUk;,
jpUQhdrk;ge;jUk; jpUtPopkpoiy ,iwtidg; ghbg; gbapy;
nghw;fhRg; ngw;W kf;fisf; fhj;jdh;.
 Re;juh; ,iwtidg; ghbg; ngw;wney;iyg; guitahh; jpUM&h;
kf;fl;Fg; gFj;Jf; nfhLj;jjd; %yk; kdpj Neag; gz;G
ntspg;gLfpwJ.
 nka;gn
; ghUs; ehadhUk;, Vdhjpehj ehadhUk; gifth; kPJk;
md;G nrYj;Jk; mbahh;fshf ,Ue;jdh; ,J mbahh;fspd;
kdpj Neaj;ij ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.
 me;jzh; Fyr; Re;juh;> fzpifah;Fyg; guitahiuAk;>
Ntshd;Fyr; rq;fpypahiuAk; kze;Jnfhz;lhh;. ,J mf;fhy
,d xUikg;ghl;Lf;F rhd;whf mikfpd;wJ.
 me;jzuhfpa ePyef;fh; tPl;by; Qhdrk;ge;jUk;, ePyfz;l
aho;gg
; hzUk; tpUe;Jz;L jq;fpa epfo;Tk; mf;fhy ,d
xUikg;ghl;il czh;j;JfpwJ.
 ehad;khh;fs; ,dNtWghL> Fy NtWghL fUjhky; rKjhaj;
njhz;L nra;Js;sdh;. NkYk; rKjha xw;Wikf;F
tpj;jpl;lth;fshfj; jpfo;e;jdh;.
 ehd;F tUzf; Nfhl;ghL nfhbfl;bg; gwe;j mf;fhyj;jpy;
me;jzh; mg;G+jpabfs; Ntshsuhd mg;ghplj;jpy; nfhz;bUe;j
md;G rhjp fle;j Ngud;igAk;> ngUkjpg;igAk; fhz
Kbfpd;wJ.
 grpj;Njhh;f;F czT mspj;jYk;> Viof;F Mil mspj;jYk;>
gQ;rk; Vw;gl;l fhyq;fspy; Nfhtpypy; Nrh;j;J itj;j
gz;lj;jpypUe;J czT jhzpaq;fis vLj;J kf;fspd;
215
grpiag; nghf;Fjy; Nghd;w nray;fs; %yk; rptdbahh;fspd;
rKjhaj; njhz;bidf; fhzKbfpd;wJ.
,t;thW rptdbahh;fs; kf;fsplj;Jk;> ,iwtdplj;Jk; fhl;ba

md;G kw;Wk; gf;jp newpapid nghpaGuhzj;jpy; gutyhff;
fhzKbfpwJ. NkYk; mbahh;fs; r%fj;jpw;F Mw;wpa
njhz;LfSk; r%f ey;ypdf;fj;jpw;fhf mbahh;fs; nray;gl;l
nray;ghLfSk; nghpaGuhzj;jpy; fhzKbfpwJ.
nghpaGuhzj;jpy; Nkyha;Tf; fsq;fshf mzpfs;, njhil

eaq;fs;,; njhd;kq;fs;, tpUj;jq;fs; Nghd;w nghUs;fspy; Ma;T
Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.
216

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nghpaGuhzj;jpy; rKjhak;

,yf;fpaq;fisg; gilf;fpd;w gilg;ghsHfSf;Fr; rKjhag;

“XH xg;gw;w kpfg; nghpa ftpQdhdtd; jhd; tho;e;jfhyk;,

mt;tifapy; Nrf;fpohUk; nghpaGuhzj;ij gilj;Js;shh;.

nghpaGuhzj;jpy; gof;f tof;fq;fs;

jpUkz Kiw, Ch;kd;wk;, rFdk; ghh;j;jy;, kWgpwtp

jpUkzk; vd;gJ kdpj tho;tpd; xU mq;fkhFk;. MZk;

“itaj;Js; tho;thq;F tho;gtd; thDiwAe;

nja;tj;Js; itf;fg; gLk;“2 (Fws; -50)

kz;zpy; ey;y Kiwapy; tho;tjw;Fhpa topKiwiaAk;,

“kz;zpy;ey; ytz;zk; thoyhk; itfYk;

vz;zpy;ey; yfjpf;F ahJNkhH Fiwtpiyf;

fz;zpy;ey; y/JWq; fOky tsefHg;

ngz;zpy;ey; yhnshLk; ngUe;jif apUe;Nj”3

(r- Njth gh -3)

vd;w ghly; czh;j;JfpwJ.

,f;fUj;ij jpUQhd rk;ge;jUk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. Nrf;fpohhpd;

xUtH jd; kfDf;Fj; jpUkzk; nra;a Ntz;Lnkdpy;jhDk;

“ngha;Ak; tOTk; Njhd;wpa gpd;dd;

Iah; ahj;jdh; fhuzk; vd;g”4

vd;w ghly; vLj;Jiufpd;wJ.

ngha;Ak; jtwhd xOf;ff; NfLfSk; Njhd;dpa gpd;dh;

“FyKjy; mwptpd; kpf;fhH Nfhj;jpu KiwAk; NjHe;NjhH

eykpF KjpNahH nrhy;yr; rlq;ftp ed;ik Vw;W

kyh;jU Kfj;jd;Mfp kzk;Ghp nraypd; tha;ik

(nghpa- Guhz- gh -154)

vd;w ghly; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.

kzkfs; tPl;lhh; jpUkzj;jpw;F cld;gl;lJk; kzkfd;

“epiwFlk; J}gk; neUq;Fgh ypiffs; Ve;jp

eiwkyh; mWF Rz;zk; eWk;nghhp gyTk; tPrp

ciwkyp fyitr; rhe;jpd; cWGdy; njspj;J tPjp

kiwath; klthh; ts;sy; kzk; vjph;nfhs;s te;jhh;.’’

(nghpa. Guhz. gh– 170)

kzehSf;F Kjy; ehs; kzg;ngz; ifapYk; kzkfd;

kzkf;fs; jpUkQ;rd ePuhl;b gl;lhil Gide;jijAk;>

“fz;zp fhh;eWk; nfhd;iw fhkh;

tz;z khh;gpy; jhUk; nfhd;iw’’5

vd;w ghly; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.

kzkfDk; kzkfSk; jiyapYk; khh;gpYk; khiy R+b>

“,ak;gy Jitg;g vq;Fk; Vj;njhyp vLg;g khjh;

eae;Jgy; yhz;L Nghw;w ehd;kiw xypapd; Xq;f

tpae;Jghh; tpUk;g te;J tputpdh;f; fpd;gQ; nra;Nj

cah;e;jtj fdah dq;fs; kpirf; nfhz;lhh; cioauhdhh;’’

(nghpa. Guhz. gh-166)

vd;w ghly; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.

“Vjkpy;rPh;k iwathpy; Vw;wf;Fyj; Njhbirthy;

ehjh;jpUg; ngUkzj;J ek;ghz;lhh; ek;gp ngWk;

fhjypiaf; fhopeh Lilagpuhd; ifg;gpbf;fg;

NghJk; mth;ngUe;jd;ik vdg; nghUe;j vz;zpdhh;.’’

(nghpa- Guhz- gh -3064)

vd;w ghly; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.

nghJ kf;fs; kd;dhplKk;> Ch; kd;wj;jpYk; tof;Fiuf;Fk;

“fz;zfp mzpkzpf; fhy;rpyk;G cilg;g

kd;dtd; tha;Kjy; njwpj;jJ kzpNa kzpfz;L

; Filad; jsh;e;j nrq;Nfhyd;’’6

(rpyk;G tof;Fiw 70-72)

vd;w ghly; tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.

Ch;kd;wpy; Md;Nwhh;fSk; Nfhapy; mikr;rh;fSk; ,lk;

Kjpath; Ntlj;jpy; te;j rptdhh; Re;juhpd; KjpNahh;

“kw;WeP td;ikNgrp td;nwhz;ld; vd;Dk; ehkk;

ngw;wid; ekf;Fk; md;gpw; ngUfpa rpwg;gpd; kpf;f

mw;rid ghl;Nl MFk;. Mjyhy; kz;Nky; ek;ikr;

nrhw;wkpo;ghL nfd;whh; J}kiw ghLk; thahh;’’