Mozhi Nadai

161
,ay; - 4
nkhop eil
jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; ciueil KO tsh;r;rpaile;j
fhyk; fp.gp. 19 Mk; E}w;whz;L MFk;. 20-Mk; E}w;whz;by;
mj;jifa eil rpwpJ rpwpjhf iftplg;ngw;wJ. fhyj;jpd;
Nghf;fpw;Nfw;g gy tifahd eilfs; cUthapd.
rpy vOj;jhsh;fs; gpwnkhop fythj jdpj;jkpo;

eilnahd;iw ,yf;fpaq;fspy; GFj;j Kw;gl;ldh;. NtW rpy
vOj;jhsh;fs; kzpg;gphpths eilianahj;j xU Gjpa eiliaf;
ifahs Kw;gl;ldh;. Mdhy; ,itnay;yhk; jtph;j;J
fhyj;jpw;Nfw;w kWkyh;r;rp eilNa ,g;NghJ nry;thf;Fg; ngw;W
tUfpwJ.
,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpy; nkhopeil gw;wpa Ma;T

,d;wpaikahjjhfpwJ. Mrphpahpd; nkhopj;jpwidAk;
vOj;jhw;wiyAk; kjpg;gPL nra;a ,t;tif Ma;T gad;gLfpwJ.
fUj;J thptbtkhFk; nkhop mikg;gpid Muha;tNj eil
Ma;thFk;.
nkhopapdhy; fUj;Jf;fisAk; mDgtq;fisAk; gpwh;f;F

ntspg;gLj;j KbfpwJ. mt;thNw gpwuJ fUj;Jf;fisAk;
mDgtq;fisAk; mwpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ. r%fj;jpy; cwit
tsh;j;J nfhs;s nkhop kpfTk; mtrpakhfpwJ. nkhopapd;
,d;ndhU gad;ghL ,yf;fpag; gilg;ghf;fk; MFk;. nkhopapd;
mwpthdg; gad;ghL ,yf;fpaj;jpd; juj;ij cah;j;JfpwJ. NkYk;
nkhop vd;gJ vOj;Jf;fspd; ntWk; $l;Lr; Nrh;f;if md;W.
nkhopapd; Kf;fpaj;jtj;ij n[. ePjpthzd; gpd;tUkhW
tpsf;Ffpwhh;.
162
“Xh; ,yf;fpag; gilg;ghsp jdJ gilg;gpy; jhd;

nrhy;y tpUk;Gfpd;w fUj;jpw;F jUfpd;w mNj
,d;wpaikahikia mth; gad;gLj;Jk; fUtpahfpa
nkhopf;F XusT ju Ntz;bAs;sJ. fUtpapd;
gad;ghl;L Kiwapy; Vw;gLk; khWjy; gilg;gpd;
jd;ikiaAk; khw;wptpLk;. nkhopahfpa ,f;fUtpapd;
gad;ghl;L Kiwapy; fhzg;gLk; NtWghLfNs
gilg;ghspfis ,dk; fhzTk; gilg;Gfisg;
gphpj;jwpaTk; Jiz nra;fpd;wd”1
“xt;nthU gilg;ghspapd; nkhopapYk; rpy $Wfs;

jpUk;gj; jpUk;gg; gapd;W tuyhk;. rpy $Wfs;
gilg;ghspapd; tpUg;Gf; $Wfshf ,Uf;fyhk;.
,tw;iwf; fzf;fpLtjd; %yk; gilg;ghspiaAk;
,dk; fhz KbAk;”2
vd;gNj mJ.
4.1. nkhopeil tpsf;fk;

Mrphpad; jhd; vz;Zk; nghUis vLj;Jzh;j;jf; ifahSk;
nkhopg;Nghf;Nf „eil‟ (Style) vdg;gLk;. jhd; ngw;w
czh;r;rpfisg; gpwUk; ngWtjw;F Mrphpad; rpy cj;jpfisg;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;whd;. mit fw;gid> nrhy; eak;> xyp eak;> ahg;G>
mzp moFfs;> Fwpg;G> Ritg;nghUs;fs; Nghd;w ,tw;Ws;
rpytw;iw nghUj;jp tpsf;Fk; gilg;Ng gyiuAk; ghuhl;l
itf;fpwJ. ,j;Jiz moF jpwd;fs; midj;ijAk; ,ay;ghfg;
nghUj;jp mikf;Fk; fiyNa ,yf;fpaf;fiy.
163
xU fhtpaj;ijNah> fijiaNah gbf;Fk;NghJ ahNuh

xUth; kw;wth;fSf;F vLj;Jr; nrhy;tJ Nghy; czuKbfpwJ.
fhtpaj;jpYk; fijapYk; tUk; khe;jh; nrhy;td Nghy; my;yhky;
mth;fSf;Fk; gpd;Nd ,Ue;jthW mth;fspd; thapyhf xUth;
NgRtJNghy; czu KbfpwJ. mt;thW NgRk; Fuy; E}yhrphpah;
Fuyhdhy; me;jf; Fuypd; rpwg;gpay;Gjhd; mtUila eil vd;W
$wg;gLk;.
nkhopeil vd;gJ gilg;ghsdpd; jpwikiaAk;

jdpj;jd;ikiaAk; ntspfhl;lj; Jiz epw;fpwJ.
mg;gilg;ghsdpd; vz;zq;fis vy;yhk; nrhw;fshy; fhl;l
Ntz;Lk; vd;w mtdJ Mh;tk; nkhopeilapy; gy rpf;fy;fis
vjph; nfhs;sr; nra;fpd;wJ. mt;thW rpf;fy;fis vjph;nfhs;Sk;
gilg;ghsdpd; gilg;G ntw;wpg; ngw;W fhyk; fle;J epw;fpd;wJ.
gilg;ghsdpd; ntw;wp mtdJ nkhopeilia mtd; ifahStjpy;
cs;sJ.
“tha;nkhop %ykhfNth> vOj;J %ykhfNth

fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk; Kiwia eil vdyhk; vd;w
tpsf;fKk; Gjpa Njrpa mfuhjpapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ”3
“eil vd;gjw;Fj; jkpo; Ngufuhjp ,uz;L

nghUs;fisj; jUfpwJ. ,tw;Ws; ghi~apd; Nghf;F
(Style of Lanuage) Fwpg;gpNdhl;lk; (Fluency in Reading)
vd;Dk; ,uz;L nghUs;fNshL kl;LNk
nkhopeilahdJ njhlh;Giladthfj; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.
xU gilg;gpw;F ,yf;fpaj; jFjp toq;Ftjpy;
nkhopeil ,d;wpaikahg; gq;fhw;Wfpd;wJ. Xh;
vOj;jhsdpd; jdpj; jd;ikfisf; fhl;LtJ mtdJ
eilNaahFk;”4
vd;W tpsf;fk; jUfpwhh;.

164
“eil vd;gJ J}a nrhw;fspdhy; kl;Lk;

cz;lhtjd;W. mJ nrhw;fspd; Nrh;f;ifapdhYk;>
mr;Nrh;f;ifapYk; fyg;gpYk; gpwf;Fk; Ntfj;jpdhYk;
cz;lhtjhFk;”5
xU vOj;jhsdpd; eilf;Ff; fhyKk; fhuzkhf mikAk;

vd;gij vOj;jhsh; mfpyd; $Wfpwhh;.
“eil moF vd;gJ Mrphpahpd; jdpr;nrhj;J vd;W

ehk; fUjpdhYk; Mrphpah; mth; tho;e;j fhyj;jpd;
nry;thf;Ff;F cl;gl;bUg;gij ek;khy; kWf;f
KbahJ. fhyj;jpd; rpe;jidfs;> vz;zq;fs;>
mtw;iw ntspapLk; Ngr;R nkhop> vOj;J nkhop
,t;tsitAk; mth; [Puzpj;Jf; nfhz;Ljhd;
jk;Kila moF eilapy; gilg;ig ntspapLfpwhh;.
vdNt eilnad;gJ Mrphpah;fspd; jdpg;gl;l rpe;jid
my;yJ ghh;it MFk;”6
vOJfpd;w nkhopapd; ,ay;igr; Rl;LtNj eil vdg;gLk;. eil

vd;Dk; nrhy;yhl;rp gioa ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gij>
“ciutif eilNa ehd;nfd nkhopg”7
vd;W njhy;fhg;gpah; Rl;Lth;.
Xh; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; gFjpfisg; gbj;jTld; mtw;wpd;

eiliaf; nfhz;Nl mt;tpyf;fpa Mrphpahpd; jpwid mwpa
,aYk;.
165
“eil vd;gJ Mrphpah; tho;e;J nfhz;bUf;Fk;

jdpj;jd;ikapd; ntspg;ghLfs; kl;Lky;y. mth;jk;
Md;khtpypUe;J Gwg;gLk; mwpT hPjpahd mofpay;
hPjpahd czh;r;rpfsJ gpujpgypg;gpd; gjpTfshFk;”8
vd;ghh; `l;rd;. nrhw;fis ,lj;jpw;Nfw;wthW Njh;e;njLj;J

mikj;jy;> nrhw;nwhlh;fis ifahSk; tpjk;> vJif Nkhid
Nghd;wtw;iwr; rhpahf mikj;jy;> xyp mikg;G> czh;r;rp
ntspg;ghL Mfpait xU vOj;jhsdpd; jdpj;jd;ikfs; MFk;.
vOj;jhsd; vOjpf; nfhz;Nl NghFk;NghJ mit ahTk; jhkhf
vOj;jpy; mike;J tpLk;. ,JNt eilahFk;. eil vd;gJ
gilg;ghsdpd; Mw;wiyf; fhl;Lk; fUtpahf tpsq;FfpwJ.
“vOj;jhsh; jk; fUj;ijAk; czh;r;rpiaAk;

Mw;wYld; czh;j;Jk; tifapy; xt;nthU
epiyapYk; nkhopiag; gad;gLj;Jfpwhd; vd;gij
Edpj;jwptJ eilapd; jpwj;ij mse;jwpAk;
Nrhjidahk;”9
vdNt> eil vd;gJ iffspy; vOjg;gl;l vOj;J myq;fhuk;

my;y; Mokhd vz;zq;fspd; ntspg;ghNl MFk;.
 eilapd; NtWghL
,yf;fpag; gilg;ghsp xt;nthUtUf;Fk; xt;nthU
tifahd eil mike;J tpLfpwJ. ,q;qdk; miktJ jhd;
,yf;fpaf; fy;tpapd; Rit NtWghl;bw;Fhpa caph; ehbahFk;.
eilfs; vf;fhuzq;fshy; NtWgLfpd;wd vd;gijg; Nguhrphpah;
gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
“1. thrfh;fSf;Fj; jf;fgb eil NtWgLfpwJ.
2. nrhy;Yk; Nehf;fj;jpw;Fj; jf;fgbAk; eil

NtWgLk;
166
3. jd; nrhy;td;ikahy; thrpg;Nghiu trPfupj;J

mth;fis Cf;fg;gLj;Jtjw;F Nkw;nfhs;Sk; eil
NtW.
4. VNjDk; xd;iw tpsf;fr; nra;tjw;F MSk; eil

NtW
5. Mrphpah;fSila kdepiyf;F Vw;wgbAk; eil

NtWgLtJz;L”10
vd;gjd; %yk; eilNtWghl;il mwpaKbfpwJ.
Mrphpah; vOJk;NghJ mtuJ cs;sg;gz;G> czh;r;rp>

mftho;fi
; f> Gwtho;f;ifapy; Vw;gl;l epfo;r;rpfs; Mfpa
,tw;wpw;Fj; jf;fthW vOj;jpy; xypAk; czh;r;rpAk; nfhz;l
nrhw;fs; vOj;jhsdpd; kdjpy; ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa
rpe;jid mikg;G Kiwfs; vOj;jhsh;fSf;Fs; NtWgLtjhy;
mth;fSila eil eyd;fSk; NtWgl;L mikfpd;wd.
 eilapd; rpwg;G
eilapd; rpwg;G thrfidr; nrd;W Nrh;tjpy; jhd;
mike;Js;;sJ.
“ciueiliag; gbj;Jr; nry;Yk;NghJ xypfisg;

gw;wpf; ftiy nfhs;tjpy;iy. mwpTf;F kl;Lk; VNjh
nra;jp vl;LfpwJ. ehk; fUj;jpy; ftdkhf ,Ug;gjhy;
nrhw;fSk; mtw;wpd; xypfSk; kwf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
ciueilia gbf;Fk;NghJ fUj;ij kwe;J xypia
kl;Lk; Nfl;Lg; gofpdhy; mjd; xypea El;gj;ij
czu KbAk;”11
vd;gjd; thapyhf eilapd; rpwg;ig czu Kbfpd;wJ.

MrphpaiuAk; eiliaAk; jdpj;jdpahfg; gphpf;f KbahJ.
167
“kyUk; kzKk; Nghy xd;wpapUf;Fk;”12
vd;W eilapd; rpwg;ig K.t. $Wfpd;whh;.
“Gjpdj;ijg; gbf;fpd;w nghOJ> mjpy; elf;fpd;w

epfo;r;rpfs; cz;ikahdit vd;w czh;it
thrfh;fSf;F cz;lhf;f Ntz;Lk;. Gjpdj;jpy;
ifahSfpd;w gy cj;jpfspy; nkhopeilAk; xd;W”13
vd;ghh; f. ifyhrgjp. ,JNghy eilapd; rpwg;Gg; gw;wp gy;NtW

fUj;Jf;fs; epyTfpd;wd.
 ,yf;fpaj;jpy; eilapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

Mrphpah; tho;f;ifapy; fz;lijAk;> czh;e;jijAk;>
mDgtj;ijAk; nrhw;fshy; czh;r;rpAld; rpwe;j eilapy;
gilj;Jf; fhl;LtNj ,yf;fpak; MFk;.
kf;fs; gpwh; Jd;gk; fz;L fyq;FtJk; gpwh; kfpo;T fz;L

kfpo;tJk; ,ay;ghd xd;W. ,yf;fpak; Njhd;Wtjw;Fk; ,j;jifa
czh;TfNs mbg;gilahf mikfpd;wd.
gy E}W Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G ghlg;gl;l ghly;fs; MdhYk;

gbf;Fk;NjhWk; mNj czh;r;rp> fiyQdhy; mtuJ eilapd;
rpwg;ghy; nfhz;L tug;gLfpwJ.
nkhop rpwe;jjhf mika ,yf;fpaq;fs; mtrpak;.

mNjNghy; ,yf;fpaq;fs; fhyk; fle;J thof; fUj;Jk; eilAk;
mbg;gilahf mikfpd;wJ.
vdNt> gilg;ghsd; jd; vOj;Jfs; %yk; gbg;gth;

kdj;jpy; Xh; <h;g;G jd;ik cUthf;f nkhop mikf;Fk; jd;ikia
eil vdf; fUj KbAk;. Mrphpahpd; jdpg;gl;l gz;GfisAk;>
mth; tho;f;ifiag; gw;wpf; nfhz;Ls;s fz;Nzhl;lj;ijAk;
168
mtUila fw;gid Mw;wy;fisAk; ntspg;gLj;jf;$bajhFk;.

,tw;wpdbg;gilapNy ,yf;fpaq;fs; epiyj;J epw;f eil kpfTk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf mikfpwJ.
“eil ,yf;fpa Ma;tpd; ,d;wpaikahjf;

fhuzq;fshf nkhopeyk; ghuhl;ly;> nkhopg;Gyikg;
ngwy;> nkhopj;J}a;ik fhj;jy; vd;w %d;wpidAk;
Fwpg;gplyhk;”14
vd;gh;.
4.2. eilapd; tifg;ghL

eil njhlf;ff;fhyk; Kjy; ,d;iwaf; fhyk; tiu
gilg;ghsUf;Nfw;wthWk;> gilg;Gf;Nfw;wthWk; khWk; jd;ik
nfhz;ljhf mikfpwJ. jkpopyf;fpa cyfpy; vt;tsT
gilg;ghspfs; cs;sdNuh> mt;tsT eilfs; cs;sd. MdhYk;
jkpo; ciueilia ,uz;L tifahfg; gphpf;fyhk; vd;fpwhh; K.
mUzhryk;.
“goe;jkpo; eilia fLe;jkpo;> gz;bj;jkpo;>
Njh;Ttlj;jkpo;> epfz;L jkpo;> vJif, Nkhidj;jkpo;>

ghl;Lj;jkpo;> tlnkhopj; jkpo;> jdpj;jkpo; vd;W
tifg;gLj;jpAk;> goe;jkpo; eilia kWkyh;r;rp jkpo;>
nrhf;Fk; jkpo;> Js;sy; jkpo;> #whtspj; jkpo;>
`h];aj; jkpo; vd;W gphpj;Jk; ,j;jifa
epiyapypUe;J khwp gpw;fhyj;jpy; gd;nkhopfSk;
fye;j eilia ghjphpj;jkpo;> nkhopngah;g;Gj;jkpo;>
; hh; jkpo;> tpsk;guj;jkpo;”15
gj;jphpf;ifj; jkpo;> rh;ff
vd;Wk; tifg;gLj;Jfpwhh;.
169
eil tiffs; Fwpj;J mwpQh;fspilNa gy;NtW fUj;Jfs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,yf;fzj;jhUk;> nkhopapay; mwpQh;fSk;>
,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;thsh;fSk; eilapidj; jj;jk;
nfhs;iffSf;Nfw;g tifg;gLj;Jth;.
“njhlh;fs; mikfpd;w ghq;fpidg; nghWj;J

nkhopeiliaf; fl;Liu eil> tpsf;f eil> tpthpg;G
eil> ftpij eil vdg; gythwhfg; gphpf;fyhk;”16
vd;W n[.ePjpthzd; eilapid ehd;fhf tifg;gLj;jpAs;shh;.
“jh;f;f Kiw> jpwdha;T Kiw> tUzid Kiw>

ehlf Kiw> tpsf;f Kiw> vLj;Jiu Kiw>
nrhw;nghopT Kiw> jj;JtKiw> vs;sy; Kiw”17
vd xd;gJ tiffshff; $Wfpwhh; ,. Re;ju %h;j;jp.
“Gyth; eil> jdpj;jkpo; eil vd ,uz;L

tiffshfr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpwhh; t. n[ah”18
Nkw;fz;l vy;iyfisj; jhz;b ,d;W jkpo; eil gy;NtW

Nfhzq;fspy; Muhag;gl;L tUfpwJ. mt;thNw Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l
eiltiffis rh. fe;jrhkp Gjpdq;fspy; fhzKbfpwJ.
eilNtWghLfspy; gy;NtW Nrhjidfisr; nra;J ghh;j;jth; rh.
fe;jrhkp. jhd; vLj;Jf;nfhz;l fUj;ij capNuhLk;
czh;r;rpNahLk; vjpnuhypf;Fk; Mw;wy; tha;e;jJ ,tuJ
eilahFk;. ,th; ifahSk; Mw;wy; tha;e;j eilapy; kpf Mo;e;j
fUj;Jk;> fijapd; cUtKk; fijg;Nghf;Fk; jdpj;jd;ik
ngw;Ws;sd vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
170
4.3. rh. fe;jrhkpapd; eil tiffs;

fe;jrhkpapd; Gjpdq;fs; rpwg;gilaf; fhuzkhf
,Ug;gtw;Ws; mtuJ nkhopeilAk; xd;whFk;. mtuJ Gjpdq;fspy;
gy;NtW eiltiffis mth; gad;gLj;jpAs;sJ mtuJ
nkhopj;jpwid Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ.
4.3.1. nre;jkpo; eil

,yf;fz Mrphpah;fSk;> ghtyh;fSk;> ehlf Mrphpah;fSk;
jj;jk; ,lk;> nghUSf;F Vw;w eilapy; vLj;J ciug;gh;. rpyh;
,yf;fpar; nrhw;nghopTfshw;Wk; NghJk;> E}y;fisg;
gilf;Fk;NghJk; nre;jkpo;r; nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L fUj;Jf;fis
ntspg;gLj;Jth;. Gj;jpyf;fpaq;fspYk; nre;jkpo; eil tputp
,Ug;gijf; fhzTk; KbfpwJ. vspikAk;> ,dpikAk;>
nghUz;ikAk; kpf;f nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L mike;jpUg;gJ
nre;jkpo;eil vdf; fUjyhk;. vl;lhtJ fly; Gjpdj;jpy;
,e;eiliaf; fhz KbfpwJ.
“jkpo;ehl;bd; tpUe;Njhk;giy jkpo;ehl;Lf;F ntspapy;

jhd; fhz KbfpwJ”19
,it Nghd;w nre;jkpo; eilia tprhuizf; fkp~d; vDk;

Gjpdj;jpy; fhz KbfpwJ.
4.3.2. Nkilg;Ngr;R eil

nre;jkpNohL Nkilehfhpfj;Jld; $ba Ngr;irNa Nkilg;
Ngr;R eil vd;W $Wth;. ,it ,yf;fpa Nkilfs;>
Nghuhl;lq;fs;> tpohf;fs;> murpay; Ch;tyq;fs;> fUj;juq;Ffs;>
nrhw;nghopTfs; Nghd;wit elf;Fk; Nkilfspy; fhz KbfpwJ.
171
“gjpndhU Mz;Lfshfg; gs;spf;$lj;jpYk;

khehLfspYk; gl;bkd;wq;fspYk; xypj;j vdJ Fuy;
,dp rl;lkd;wj;jpYk; xypf;Fk;. mJTk; Mrphpah;fspd;
Fuyhf xypf;Fk;. - - - cq;fSf;F mZtsT Jah;
thpDk; mJ vdf;F kiyasT Jah; MFk;”20
vd;w murpay; Nkilg; Ngr;R eil Gjpdj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.
4.3.3. ciueil
nrhw;fisf; Nfhitg;gLj;jpg; ghj;jpuq;fspd; top
capNuhl;lkhfj; jj;jk; ,lj;jpw;Nfw;whw;Nghy; ciuahLk; eilNa
ciueil vd;gh;. NkYk; E}y;fspd; topAk; ,e;eil
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. tsUk; jkpo; ciueiliar; rPh;J}f;fpg;
ghh;j;j Kaw;rpia rh. fe;jrhkpapd; Gjpd mikg;gpy;
fhzKbfpwJ. rpy Gjpdq;fspy; ,ioNahl;lkhfTk;> gy
Gjpdq;fspy; nts;Nshl;;lkhfTk; ,jidf; fhz KbfpwJ.
tprhuizf; fkp~d;> vl;lhtJ fly;> njhiye;J Nghdth;fs;>
rhahtdk; Nghd;w Gjpdq;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.
“mfz;L gue;jpUf;Fk; ,e;jf; Nfhsk; kdpjDf;Fj;

jhd;; mtDila tho;tpw;Fk; eyj;jpw;Fe;jhd;
gilf;fg;gl;L ,Uf;fpwJ. mwpTk; ty;yikAk; kpFe;j
kdpjd;> nty;tjw;Nf ,ayhJ vd;W vz;zg;gl;l
kz;izj; jd;Dila RthjPdj;jpw;F nky;y nky;yf;
nfhz;L te;J tpl;lhd;”21
vd tUk; mbfs; rh. fe;jrhkpapd; ciueilf;Fj; jf;fr;

rd;whFk;.
172
4.3.4. fyg;G eil

rh. fe;jrhkpapd; midj;Jg; Gjpdq;fspYk; fyg;G eil
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Njitapd;wp Ntw;Wnkhopr; nrhw;fis ,th;
fyg;gjpy;iy. rpy ,lq;fspy; tpjp tpyf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpAk;
cs;shh;.
4.3.4.1 Mq;fpyf; fyg;G eil

Ngr;rpYk; vOj;jpYk; Mq;fpyk; fye;J tUk;. ,e;eiliag;
gy gilg;ghsUk; kughfNt gpd;gw;wp tUfpd;wdh;.
fhykpd;ik> #o;epiy> gpwnkhop mwpT Nghd;w

gy;NtWg;gl;l fhuzq;fshy; ,j;jifa Mq;fpyf; fyg;G ,d;iwa
gilg;Gfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
rh. fe;jrhkp jd;Dila Gjpdq;fspy; mNef ,lq;fspy;

Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jpAs;shh;. ,j;jifa Mq;fpyr;
nrhw;fs; fijf;Nfw;w tifapYk; mofpw;fhfTk;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
“A+dpad;Ny fkpl;b kPl;bq; ,Uf;F. mJf;Fg;

NghfZk;”22
vd;w $w;wpy; Mq;fpynkhopf; fyg;G eil mike;Js;sijf; fhz

Kbfpd;wJ. ,JNghd;w Mq;fpy nkhopr; nrhw;fis gy
Gjpdq;fspy; Mrphpah; Njitf;Nfw;g ifahz;L ,Ug;gJk;
eilKiwf; fhy nkhopeil khWjy;fisf; fhl;Ltdthf
cs;sJ.
4.3.4.2. tlnkhopf; fyg;G eil

rh. fe;jrhkp rpwe;j ,yf;fpag; gapw;rp ngw;wth; vd;gjid
gilg;Gfshy; czu KbfpwJ. ,th; jhk; fw;Wzh;e;j tlnkhopg;
Gyikiaj; jk; gilg;Gfspy; gad;gLj;jpAs;shh;.
173
“eil vd;gJ xt;nthUtUila ,yf;fpag;

gapw;rpf;Fk;> rpe;jidj; jpwDf;Fk;> fw;gid
tsj;jpw;Fk; Vw;g miktjhFk;..... ghuj ntz;gh
ciueilapy; tlnkhopfs; kpFjpahff;
ifahsg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;eil Muk;gfhy vOj;jhsh;fs;
Kjy; ,f;fhy vOj;jhsh;fs; tiu xU kughfg;
gpd;gw;wp tUfpwhh;fs;”
vd;W Kidth; f. ifyhrgjp eilapd; ,yf;fzj;ijf; $wp

tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs; gilg;ghsh;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwidf;
Fwpg;gpLtJ vz;zj;jf;fjhFk;. t];jPuk;> [gk;> muh[fk;> Nt~k;>
rk];fpUjk;> G];jfk;> [h];jp> [d;dy;> Nkh];jfh;> ghh;]p>
fpl;jh];> Jujph;~;lk;> GU~d; Nghd;w tlnkhopr; nrhw;fis
Gjpdq;fspy; ghj;jpuq;fspd; $w;wpy; mike;Js;sd.
4.3.5. vspa eil

Gjpdq;fspy; tl;lhu nkhopiaf; ifahz;L> vspa eilia
Mrphpah;fs; ntspg;gLj;JtJk; cz;L. vLj;Jf;nfhz;l
fUj;jpw;Nfw;gr; r%f tof;fpy; gad;gLj;Jk; nrhw;fis moFld;
ntspg;gLj;jp capNuhl;lj;Jld; cs;sij cs;sthNw
ntspf;nfhzh;e;J mikg;gJ vspa eilahFk;.
“vOj;jhsh;fs; jq;fSf;F ,ay;ghf mikfpd;w

eiliaf; ifahsNtz;Lk;. ehSf;F ehs; mij
moFg;gLj;jTk; tYg;gLj;jTk; Kaw;rp nra;a
Ntz;Lk;.... vspikjhd; fiyapd; mzpfyd;. vdNt
vspik vd;gJ vOj;jhsh; vLj;Jf;nfhz;l fijf;
fUitj; njspthf tpsf;f mjpfg;gl;r vspikNa
mJjhd;”23
174
vd;W Nydh jkpo;thzd; vspa eilf;F tpsf;fk; $wpapUg;gJ

rpe;jpf;fj;jf;fjhFk;. rh. fe;jrhkp Gjpdq;fspy; vspa eiliaf;
fhzKbfpwJ.
“rpd;df; Foe;ij khjphp vJf;F kioapy eidaw...

cs;s th... ePh; nfhz;Lf;fg; NghTJ!”24
vd;w nrhh;zk; ghj;jpuj;jpd; top jQ;rhT+h; tl;lhu vspa eilia

mwpa KbfpwJ.
4.3.6. fl;Liu eil
xt;nthU gilg;ghsDk; jhd; vLj;Jf; nfhz;l nghUis

kl;LNk ,d;wpaikahjjhf vz;zpg; gilf;fpwhd;. fUj;Jf;fs;
Jy;ypakhfTk;> nghUs; kaf;fk; juhkYk; ,Uf;Fk; nrhw;fisf;
nfhz;Lg; gilf;fpwhd;. ,e;eilia rh.fe;jrhkpapd; gilg;Gfspy;
fhzKbfpwJ.
“ekJ gpur;ridfSf;F vy;yhk; fhuzk; epy

Mf;fpukpg;G jhd;. tdkhfTk;> jhprhfTk;> VhpfshfTk;>
Fsq;fshfTk; ,Ue;j epyj;ij vy;yhk; ifg;gw;wp Xh;
mRuidg; Nghy mjdjd; ,ay;Gfisf; nfhd;W
efuq;fis> njhopw;rhiyfis> fy;Y}hpfis> gs;spf;
$lq;fis eph;khzpj;J tpl;Nlhk;”25
vd;w thpfspy; Rw;Wr;#oy; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;l fl;Liu

eilia fhzKbfpwJ.
4.3.7. ghj;jpur; rhh;G eil

xU fijiar; rpwg;G ngwr; nra;tjpy; ghj;jpug; gilg;gpw;Ff;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gz;G cz;L. gbg;gth; kdjpy; epiyj;J epw;Fk;
khe;jh;fisg; gilj;Jf; fhl;Ltjpy; gilg;ghsh;fspd; jpwd;
GydhfpwJ. xt;nthU gilg;ghsDk; ghj;jpuq;fis cUthf;fp
175
mth;fs; NgRtJNghy; capUs;sitahf;Ffpwhd;. rh. fe;jrhkpapd;

Gjpdq;fspy; ghj;jpur; rhh;G eiliaf; fhzKbfpwJ.
nkhopeilahdJ ghj;jpug;gilg;GNfw;g khWgl Ntz;bajd;
,d;wpaikahikia>
“gilg;ghspapd; tho;;f;if mDgtq;fSf;Fk;

nrhw;fisj; Njh;e;njLf;Fk; Kiwf;Fk; xU njhlh;G
cz;L... gy vOj;jhsh;fs; jkf;nfdr; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l
Kj;jpiufisf; nfhz;bUg;gjdhy; mth;fSila
nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L mth;fis ,dk; fhz;gJk; xU
topahFk;”26
vd;W n[. ePjpthzd; $Wtjw;F Vw;w tifapy; ghj;jpur; rhh;G

eilia rh. fe;jrhkp gad;gLj;jpa ghq;F GydhfpwJ.
ghh;g;gdh;fs; NgRk; Ngr;Rnkhopia ,q;Ff; fhz KbfpwJ.
“vq;fhj;jpNy ,jg;gj;jp xU fij nrhy;Yth.

vq;fhj;jpNy vd;d? gf;fj;jhj;jpNy nrhy;Yth>
vJj;jhj;jpNy nrhy;Yth. Vd;? Ch; KOf;fr;
nrhy;Yth”27
vd;w rhk;g%h;j;jp Iahpd; rhahtdj;jpd; tuyhW gw;wpa $w;wpy;

mwpa KbfpwJ.
4.3.8. tpsf;f eil

,e;eilapy; rq;fpypj; njhlh;Nghy; epfo;r;rpfs; $wg;gLk;. xU
gFjpia ePf;fpdhYk; fUj;Njhl;lk; jilgLtjhf mikAk;. Xh;
xOq;Fg;ghl;Lld; fij epfOk; eil „tpsf;f eil‟ vd;gh;.
,e;eilia rh. fe;jrhkpAk; gad;gLj;jpAs;shh;.
“fhtphpg;gl;lzj;jpypUe;J khahtuj;jpw;Fj;
jpq;fl;fpoik re;ijf;F mQ;riyf;fhff; fUthL
tz;b Xl;LfpwtDk; mtd;jhd;. jd; kjp El;gj;jhy;
176
nts;sj;jpypUe;J mtd; fhg;ghw;wpdhd;. md;W Kjy;>

VO tUlq;fshf mtd; mQ;riyapd; ek;gpf;ifahd
Ms;”28
vd;wthW tpsf;f eil gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
4.3.9. czh;r;rp eil

ciuahly;fspy; tpaf;fj;jf;f epfo;r;rpfNsh> tPuk; kpf;f
epfo;r;rpfNsh> Jd;g epfo;r;rpfNsh ,lk; ngWk; NghJ eil
NtWgLk;. ,e;eilNa czh;r;rp eil MFk;. rh.fe;jrhkp fUj;Jr;
nrwpTf;Nfw;gTk;> #o;epiyf;Fj; jf;fthWk;> fhyj;NjhL neUq;fpa
njhlh;G nfhz;Lk;> khdpl nka;gg
; hLfNshL njhlh;GgLj;jpAk;
czh;r;rp eilia ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shh;.
“ahU... me;jf; nfhiyfhud; fpl;lah? ngz;lhl;baf;

nfhd;D Nghl;lhNd! mtd; fpl;lah? vd;d
ijhpaj;Jy mq;f Nghd> MU cd;d mtd; fpl;l
Ntiyf;Fg; Nghfr; nrhd;dh?”29
vd;w gFjp czh;r;rp eilf;Fr; rhd;whf mikfpd;wJ. nfl;l

kdpjdplk; jd; kfd; Ntiyf;Fr; Nrh;e;j cz;ikia mwpe;J>
jha; nrhh;zk; czh;r;rp trg;gl;L Ngrpa epiyia ,q;F
fhzKbfpwJ.
4.3.10. tUzid
tUzid gilg;ghsh;fspd; fiyEl;gj;ijf; fhl;LtJ
MFk;. Gyd;fshy; czh;e;jtw;iw nrhw;fshy; czh;j;JtNj
tUzid vdg;gLk;.
“Gyd;fshy; czh;e;jtw;iw my;yJ Gyd;fspd;

thapyhf czUk; Gwf;fhl;rpfisr; nrhw;fspy;
nkhopngah;j;Jf; fhl;LtNj tUzidahFk;”30
177
vd;W kh. ,uhkypq;fk; tUzid mikAk; ghq;fpidf;

Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
eilKiw tho;tpy; md;whlk; epfOk; epfo;r;rpfs;>

ghj;jpuq;fspd; nray; tpisT Mfpatw;iwj; jk; fijfspy;
gbg;gtDf;F epidT+l;Lk; epiyapy; tUzidia vjpnuhypf;fr;
nra;fpwhh; rh. fe;jrhkp. ,tuJ Gjpdq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;
tUzidfis ,l tUzid> ,aw;if tUzid>
ghj;jpuj;Njhw;w tUzid> epfo;r;rp tUzid> fhy tUzid>
fhl;rp tUzid vd Mwhf tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
4.3.10.1. ,l tUzid
ehtypy; fhzg;gLk; ,l tUzidNa ,q;F Fwpf;fg;
ngWfpwJ. CiuNah> Chpy; cs;s xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;ijNah
fijapy; tUzpg;gjhFk;.
rh. fe;jrhkp ,aw;ifapd; vopy; nfhQ;Rk; jQ;ir

khtl;lj;jpd; mofpidr; rpwg;ghf vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhh;. fpuhkj;jpd;
vopiyf; fhl;LksT efuj;jpd; moiff; $wtpy;iy.
“kapyhb uapybapy; ,Ue;J %d;W iky; J}uj;jpy;

jpUkapyhb. KUfd; ciwAk; Fd;wf;Nfhapy;> kuKk;
nrbAk; nfhbAk; epiwe;j tdj;jpd; topNa xU iky;
Nghf Ntz;Lk;. mg;Gwk; tise;j ntl;lhW
jpUk;GfpwJ. mq;F ,wf;fj;jpy; rpW Fd;W. Fd;wpy;
xU KUfd; Nfhapy;. xU nghpa Mykuk;”31
vd;w gFjpapy; ,l tUzidia rh. fe;jrhkp gad;gLj;Jk;

ghq;F GydhfpwJ.
4.3.10.2. ,aw;if tUzid

Mrphpad; fijg; Nghf;Fld; xl;ba ,aw;if tUzidfis
msNthL mspg;gJ ehtypd; Ritia kpFtpf;Fk; vd;gJ
178
jpz;zk;. gilg;ghsd; jhd; cyfpy; czh;e;j nray;fisAk;>

gl;lwpe;j tsj;jpidAk; gbg;gth; czUk; tz;zk; fiyahf
ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhd;. mg;gilg;gpy; jhd; czh;e;jijg; gpwh; mwpaf;
fw;gidfisr; Nrh;j;J ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhd;. rh. fe;jrhkpapd; gy
Gjpdq;fspy; ,aw;if tUzidfs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.
“thdj;jpy; Kisj;jJ Nghy kpd; tpsf;Ffs; xspapy;

jhh;r;rhiy ejpiag; Nghyg; ngUfpNahbaJ”32
“fhw;W mbj;jJ. khq;fpis jho;e;J NkNy

cah;e;jJ”33
vd;w gFjpfspy; rh. fe;jrhkp ,aw;ifia tUzpf;Fk; ghq;F

ntspg;gLfpwJ.
4.3.10.3. ghj;jpuj; Njhw;w tUzid

vLj;Jf; nfhz;l nghUs; tpsf;fKk;> njspTk; ngWkhW
ghj;jpuq;fspd; gz;G eyd;fis tpthpj;Jiuf;fg;gLk; KiwNa
ghj;jpuj; Njhw;w tUzid vd;gh;. fij khe;jhpd; Nehf;fj;ijf;
Fwpg;gpLk;NghJk; mth;fspd; ,d;g> Jd;g czh;Tfisr;
Rl;bf;fhl;Lk;NghJk; tUzidiaNa gilg;ghsh;fs; ifahSth;.
“xU ghj;jpuj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;Jk; NghNj FwpaPl;L

Kiwapy;> mg;ghj;jpuj;jpd; ,ay;G> mJ fijapy;
ngwg;Nghfpw ,lk; my;yJ khw;wk; ,tw;iwnay;yhk;
czh;j;Jk; tifapy; mwpKfg;gLj;JtNj
,e;eilahFk;”34
vd;W fU. Kj;ijah ghj;jpuj; Njhw;wj;jpw;F tpsf;fk; jUfpwhh;.

,tuJ fUj;jpw;fpzq;f rh.fe;jrhkpapd; Gjpdq;fspy;
ghj;jpuq;fisf; fhzKbfpwJ.
179
“rhk;g%h;j;jp Iah; Kd;gf;fk; kopj;j nghpa FLkp;

moFk; Neh;j;jpAk; n[hypf;Fk; nghpa Kfk;; nghpa
fz;; nghpa fhJ> fhjpy; nts;isf; fLf;fz;-
ituf;fLf;fz;”35
vd;w gFjpapy; Mzpd; ghj;jpu tUzid capNuhl;lkhf

ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
4.3.10.4. epfo;r;rp tUzid

Gjpdj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; epfo;r;rpfisg; gilj;jspf;f Mrphpad;
gpd;gw;Wk; eil fiyj;jd;ikAld; miktNjhL> mit Fd;whJ>
eaj;NjhLk; ehfhpfj;NjhLk; mika Ntz;Lk;. fij epfo;r;rpiaj;
jil nra;ahj tz;zk; tUzid ,lk; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;.
gilg;gpy; xU epfo;r;rpia ikag;gLj;jp> Nfhitahf> moFk;
mOj;jKk; epiwe;j jd;ikaha;g; gbg;gtd; kdj;Js; tpsq;Fk;
tifapy; mikg;gJ epfo;r;rp tUzid vdyhk;.
“epfo;r;rpia ikag;gLj;Jk; fij vdpy; me;epfo;r;rp

Fwpj;j Mrphpah; fUj;J thrfdpd; kdjpy; VWk;
tz;zk; ntspg;gLk;”36
vd;W Nfh. Nfrtd; fUj;J njhptpg;ghh;.
“xU ehs; khiyg;nghOJ Uf;Fkzp Mrphpah;fs;

miwapy; jd; Filiag; gphpj;J hpg;Ngh; nra;J
nfhz;L ,Ue;jhs;. ghujpthzd; rphpj;Jf; nfhz;Nl
cs;Ns te;jhd;. mts; Filia klf;fpf; nfhz;L
xU rphpg;igr; rphpj;jhs;”37
180
“fy;ahz tPL epiwe;J tpl;lJ. cs;Sh; ntspA+h;

cwtpdh;fs; te;J FOkpdhh;fs;. Gjpa Gjpa
Kfq;fs;.... Njth; tPL jpUkzf; Nfhyj;jpy;
mkpo;e;jJ”38
vd;W ,e;epfo;r;rpfis MrphpaNu Neubahf tUzpj;Js;shh;.
4.3.10.5. fhy tUzid

ngUk;nghOJ> rpWnghOJfspd; tUzidfs; Gjpdj;jpy;
gilg;ghsh;fs; ,lk;ngwr; nra;th;. fij epfo;tpd; #oYf;Nfw;g
fhy tUzidfs; ,lk; ngWk;. rh.fe;jrhkpapd; Gjpdq;fspy;
fhytUzidfSk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
“nta;apy; %Q;rpapy; mbj;jJ. jpLf;fpl;lJ Nghy

epkph;e;J ghh;j;jhd;. me;jpapd; FSik kiwa> vq;Fk;
nta;apy; epiwe;jJ. fzg;nghOjpy; Ja;j;Jf;
nfhz;bUe;j ,d;gj;jpy; ,Ue;J ntspNa
tPrpnawpag;gl;lJ Nghy ,Ue;jJ”39
vd;w thpfspy; khiy Neuj;ij Gjpd Mrphpah; tUzj;jpUg;gijf;

fhzKbfpwJ. mjhtJ fpuhkj;J khiy Neuj;jpd; vopiy mofhf
glk;gpbj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhh;.
4.3.10.6. fhl;rp tUzid

fij khe;jhpd; czh;Tfis ntspg;gLj;j ,aw;iff;
$WfisAk;> fij epfo;TfisAk; Mrphpah; gad;gLj;jp ,Ug;gJ
mtuJ Gyikia Gyg;gLj;JtjhFk;.
“Mfhak; rhpahfj; njhpatpy;iy. gr;ir

gRe;jiofshy; %lg;gl;bUe;jJ. thdNk tdkhfp
tpl;lJ Nghy xU fhl;rp – NkYk; fPOk; gr;ir>
,aw;ifapd; nrse;jh;ak; kpFe;j tdj;jpw;Fs; mtd;
nky;yg; gpuNtrpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhd;”40
181
vd;W rhahtdj;jpy; eilngWk; fhl;rpia Mrphpahpd; khWgl;l

tUzidNahL fhl;Lfpd;whh;.
“thrypy; nghpa $l;lk;-fdfrghgjp nrl;bahNuhL>

Rg;G Iah;> rhk;g%h;j;jp Iah;....yl;Rkzuht;> Njth;
kdk; epiwe;jpUe;jJ”41
vd;w thpfspy; fij epfo;tpd; tUzidia fhzKbfpwJ.

,t;thW tUzid Nkw;nfhz;L moFzh;r;rpia Cl;lTk;>
nghUs; tpsf;fk; juTk;> gpd;Gyj;ij czh;j;jTk; Mrphpah;
ntspg;gLj;jpa ghq;F GydhfpwJ.
4.3.11. fw;gid
Mrphpad; Kw;Wk; fw;gidg; GidTfisj; jd; gilg;G
ntspaPl;bw;Fg; nghUe;Jk; gbahf mikg;gJz;L. ,it fijf;Fg;
nghUe;Jkhdhy;> fijg;Nghf;Fld; xd;wptpLfpwJ. khe;jh;fspd;
gz;Gfis czh;j;j> ,aw;ifapd; rpwg;ig czh;j;j ,e;eil
gad;gLfpwJ. rh.fe;jrhkpapd; Gjpdq;fspy; fw;gid eak; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sJ.
“ehd; NghNwd;D kuj;jf;fpl;l> nrbfpl;l> ikdhfpl;l>

kPd; Fj;jpf; FUtpfpl;l vy;yhk; nrhd;Ndd;.
mnjy;yhk; Nghfhjd;D mo Muk;gpr;rpUr;rp mf;fh.
mg;Gwk; vdf;Fk; mOif te;jpLr;rp”42
vd;w nry;iyahtpd; $w;W top Mrphpahpd; ,iaGf; fw;gidj;

jpwd; Gyg;gLfpwJ. ,f;fw;gid neLq;fhykhf nra;As; tbtpy;
ghl;L thapyhfg; Gyg;gLj;jf; $bajhfNt ,Ue;jJ. mjdhNyNa
,yf;fpaq;fs; tsh;e;J ngUfpd. rpy E}w;whz;Lfshf ciueil
tsh;e;j gpd; ciueil thapyhfTk; fw;gidia mikj;Jg;
Gyg;gLj;j KbAk; vd;gJ tpsq;fpaJ.
182
4.3.12. ctik
mwpahj nghUs; xd;wpid mwpe;j nghUspd;
Jizf;nfhz;L tpsf;FtJ ctikahFk;. mjhtJ cztpy;
cg;G Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;tJNghy; gilg;gpy; ctikiar; Nrh;j;Jf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ctik> gilg;gpy; ,lk;ngWk; NghJ Rit
$LfpwJ. Mjypy; ctik vy;NyhuhYk; gpd;gw;wf; $ba xd;whff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ.
“,yf;fpak; tho;itAk; fiyfisAk; ghh;j;J

mitNghyj; jpUk;gTk; gilf;f Kay;tjhfj;
Njhd;Wk; Ez;;fiyahFk;. ,jdhy; ,yf;fpaj;jpy;
ctikj;jd;ik xd;wpize;J fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ”43
vd;ghh; jkpoz;zy;. ctik ,yf;fpaj;jpy; rpwg;gplk; ngWfpd;wJ.

,uz;L nghUs;fSf;fpilNa my;yJ ,UtUf;fpilNa xg;Gikj;
Njhd;w tpsf;FtJ ctikahFk;.
“tpidgad; nka; cU vd;w ehd;Nf
tifngw te;j ctkj; Njhw;wk;”44

mjhtJ> njhopy;> gad;> tbT> epwk; vd;W ctikia ehd;fhf
tifg;gLj;jpf; $Wthh; njhy;fhg;gpah;.
“gilg;ghsd; jdJ czh;itj; njspthfTk;

$h;ikahfTk; Gyg;gLj;Jtjw;F ctik
cUtfq;fisf; ifahSfpwhd;”45
ctikiaf; nfhz;L gilg;ghspapd; jdpj;jd;ikiaAk;>

gue;Jgl;l mwpitAk;> MSikiaAk; mwpe;J nfhs;s ,aYk;.
rh. fe;jrhkp jkJ Gjpdq;fspy; kpf Mokhd Kiwapy;
ctikiaf; ifahz;Ls;shh;. ijg;nghq;fYf;F vLj;j %thapuk;
&gha; kjpg;Gs;s jpUGtdk; gl;Lg;Glitia Uf;Fkzp
183
fl;bf;nfhz;L nry;fpwhs;. mt;thW mts; nry;tij Mrphpah;

thdj;jpypUe;J ,wq;Fk; NjtijNahL ctikg;gLj;Jfpwhh;.
“jiyf;F NkNy ePy th;zf; Fil gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L

thdj;jpypUe;J xU Njtij fPNo ,wq;FtJ Nghy
mts; gs;spf;$lk; nrd;whs;”46
vd;W jFe;j ,lj;jpy; kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd ctikia Mrphpah;

ifahz;Ls;shh;.
“rpq;fk; fpokhg; NghapLr;R; mNjhl xUj;j fpl;l epf;f

KbAkh?”47
rptdhz;bj; Njth; jd;idr; rpq;fj;Jld; njhlh;GgLj;jpg; NgRtij

mwpa KbfpwJ. ,JNghd;W gy Gjpdq;fspy; Mrphpah;
ctikfisg; gad;gLj;jp fijf;F moF Nrh;j;Js;shh;.
4.3.13. cUtfk;
xj;j nghUNshL xj;j nghUis ctikg;gLj;jp xg;Gik
fhl;Lk; nghOJ nghUis ePf;fp tpl;L> ctikiaNa nghUshf;fp
tpLtJ cUtfNk. ,jid jz;bayq;fhu Mrphpah;>
“ctikAk; nghUSk; Ntw;Wik xoptpj;J
xd;nwd khl;bd; m/JUtfkhFk;”48
vd;W $Wfpwhh;.
“,uz;L nghUl;fisAk; NtW Ntwhff; fhzhky;

xd;wpNyNa kw;nwhd;iwf; fz;lhy; mJ cUtfk;”49
“RUq;fpa ctikNa cUtfk; Mapw;W”50

vd;Wk; ctikf;F tpsf;fk; jUth;. rh. fe;jrhkp jkJ
Gjpdq;fspy; fijf;Nfw;wthW cUtfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpAs;shh;.
184
“ky;ypifapd; gf;fk; ehh; ,Ue;jhy; mJTk; kzf;Fk;.

jq;fj;jpd; gf;fj;jpy; gpj;jis ,Ue;jhy; mJTk;
n[hypf;Fk;. mg;gbj;jhd; ePqf
; s; gf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jhy;
,e;j ghujpthzDf;F jkpo; mUtpnadg; gha;e;J
tUk;”51
vd;w $w;wpy; cUtf eilia fhzKbfpwJ.
4.3.14. tpdh – tpil eil

thrfh;fs; kdij <h;f;Fk; tifapy; tpdh tpilj;
njhlh;fs; mikfpd;wd. ,e;eil gbg;gtiu cw;rhfg;gLj;JfpwJ.
Mrphpah; czh;r;rpfis ntspf;fhl;l Ntz;ba rpy ,lq;fspy;
mLf;fLf;fhf tpdh tbtj; njhlh;fisf; ifahz;L vOJth;.
Mrphpah; vOJk;NghJ jhNd xU tpdhit vOg;gp mjw;Fj; jhNd
tpil $WtJNghy; mikj;J vOJtJ tpdh–tpil eil MFk;.
,e;eilia rh.fe;jrhkp gy ,lq;fspy; ifahz;Ls;shh;. jq;fuhR
Uf;Fkzpia kUj;Jthplk; mioj;Jr; nry;fpwhd;.
kUj;Jtkidapy; thpirapy; mkh;e;jpUg;gth;fis vz;zpg;
ghh;f;fpwhs;.
„gj;Jg;Nguh?‟
„VO‟
„gzk; vLj;jhe;J ,Uf;f?‟
„ck;‟
„vt;tsT?‟
„Kg;gJ‟
Vd; Ik;gJ vLj;Jfpl;L tuf;$lhJ?”52
vd;W tpdh–tpilj;njhlh;fs; Gjpdj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;wpUg;gijf;

fhzKbfpwJ.
185
4.3.15. ck;ikj; njhlh;

nrhw;fs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlh;e;J te;J> ,ilapy; „ck;‟
vDk; ,ilr;nrhy; thpd; mJ ck;ikj;njhlh; MFk;.
,j;njhlh;fis gilg;ghrphpah;fs; fijf;Nfw;wthW gad;gLj;jp
tUfpwhh;fs;. ,j;njhlh;fis rh. fe;jrhkpapd; Gjpdq;fspy; fhz
KbfpwJ.
“gidkuKk; <r;r kuKk; njd;idkuKk; njhpe;jd”53

vDk; njhlhpy; ,ij mwpayhk;.
4.3.16. fl;lis thf;fpak;

xUth; kw;nwhUthplk; xU nraiyr; nra;a fl;lisapLtJ
Nghy; mikAk; thf;fpak; fl;lis thf;fpak; vdg;gLfpwJ.
,t;thf;fpaq;fis gilg;ghrphpah;fs; fij khe;jh;fspd;
ciuahlypy; ,lk; ngwr; nra;th;.
“eP ,dpNk khLjhd; Nka;ff

; Zk;; mg;ghtpd; Fuy;
fl;lis ,LtJNghy ,Ue;jJ”54
vDk; fjhghj;jpuj;jpd; $w;W top fhzKbfpwJ.
4.3.17. tpidnar;rj; njhlh;

njhopiyAk; fhyj;ijAk; czh;j;jp jpiz> ghy; fhl;Lk;
tpFjp Fiwe;J tpidiaf; nfhz;L KbAk; vr;r tpid
„tpidnar;rk;‟ MFk;. ,jid ciueilapy; fhzyhk;.
“jg;G xypf;f> ntbfs; ntbf;f nfhbfs; Ml

Ch;tyk; te;J nfhz;bUe;jJ”55
vDk; thpfspy; tpidnar;rj;ij mwpa KbfpwJ.
4.3.18. mLf;F nkhop

thf;fpa mikg;gpw;Fk; nrhy;eaj;jpw;Fk; fijf;N
; fw;wthW
ghj;jpuq;fspd; top mLf;F nkhopfisf; ifahStJ tof;fkhfp
186
tpl;lJ. mt;thNw rh. fe;jrhkpapd; Gjpdq;fspy; mLf;F nkhopfs;

,lk;ngw;ws;sJ.
“,J vd; ntw;wp ,y;iy. Mrphpah; ngUe;jiffspd;

ntw;wp. cq;fspd; ntw;wp. ciog;gpd; ntw;wp.
nfhs;ifapd; ntw;wp. jkpopd; ntw;wp”56
vd;W ghujpthzd; $w;W top mwpaKbfpwJ.
4.3.19. ,yf;fpaj; jhf;fk;

gilg;ghrphpah;fs; gyE}w; Gyikg; ngw;wth;fs; vd;gij
mth;fsJ gilg;Gfs; top fhz KbfpwJ. fijNahl;lj;jpw;F
,yf;fpaf; $Wfis mt;tg;NghJ gad;gLj;jp. fijia elj;jpr;
nry;fpwhh;fs;. mt;thW rh. fe;jrhkpapd; Gjpdq;fspy; ,yf;fpaj;
jhf;fk; kpsh;tij fhzKbfpwJ.
“ghujpjhrd; ftpijfs;> tujuhrdhh; fs;Nsh

fhtpaNkh. mts; Gj;jfq;fis Gul;bagb mtid
xU ghh;it ghh;j;jhs;”57
vd;gjd; top ,yf;fpaj;ij gy ,lq;fspy; gad;gLj;Jtijf;

fhzKbfpwJ.
4.3.20. Kuz; njhil

xd;Wf; nfhd;W Kuz;ghlhd nghUSzh;j;Jk; ,U
nrhw;fis my;yJ njhlh;fis mUfUNf epuyhf epWj;Jtij
Kuz;njhil vdyhk;. ,e;j Kuz;njhil ftpijfspy; Xh;
mzpahfNt nray;gLfpwJ. ciueilapYk; ,jd; gq;F
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ MFk;. ,g;Gjpdq;fspy; Kuzhd nghUSzh;j;Jk;
njhlh;fs; mike;J> ciueilf;Fj; jdpf; fth;r;rpAk; moifAk;
Cl;Lfpd;wd.
187
„Nla; nry;iyah> vdf;F xU ey;y ghk;Gr; rl;il

nfhL!‟ vd;whd;.
„vq;fpl;l ,y;ypNa‟
„,y;yd;dh Ngha; nghWf;fpahe;J nfhL‟
„eP Ngha; mijr; nra;awJ‟
„mj eP nra;jh vd;d?‟58
vd;w jq;fNtY–nry;iyahtpd; ciuahlypy; Kuzhd fUj;Jfs;

,lk;ngw;wpUg;gij fhz KbfpwJ.
4.3.21. nrhy;yhl;rpj; jpwd;

kdpj czh;r;rpfisj; njspthfg; Gyg;gLj;JtJ
njhopyhFk;. kdpjdpd; fUj;Jg; ghpkhw;wj;jpw;F nkhop
,d;wpaikahj jd;ikiag; ngWfpwJ. ,yf;fpaj;jpd;
caph;ehbahf tpsq;FtJ Mrphpah; czh;j;Jk; nkhopj;jpwd; MFk;.
Ngr;R tof;fpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nkhopiag; gilg;ghsh;fs; jk;
gilg;gpy; ifahsj; jtWtjpy;iy. ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhyj;jpw;Nfw;w
nkhopiag; gad;gLj;jpf; fhl;Ltjdhy; gilg;ghsDk; rpwg;Gg;
ngWfpwhd;. mtdJ gilg;Gk; rpwg;Gg; ngWfpwJ vdyhk;. rh.
fe;jrhkp jk; vz;zj;ijAk;> czh;r;rpiaAk;> gl;lwpitAk; chpa
Kiwapy; gbg;gtDf;F vLj;Jiuf;Fk; ghq;fpy; gpwnkhopr;
nrhw;fisg; gilg;gpy; ifahz;Ls;shh;. ,th; mr;nrhw;fSf;F jdp
moFk;> GJikAk; juf; $ba Mw;wy; tha;e;j nrhw;fisAk;
eilapidAk; Nkw;nfhz;L cs;shh;. rh. fe;jrhkp gbj;jth;
vd;gjhYk; fw;wtNuhL neUq;fpa njhlh;G nfhz;lth; vd;gjhYk;
gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fisf; ifahz;L Gjpdq;fisg; gilj;Js;shh;.
fijg; gbg;gtDf;Fg; gpwnkhopg;gl;lwpT Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;ij
kiwKfkhff; fhl;bAs;shh;.
188
4.3.21.1. Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fs;

Ngr;R tof;fpy; Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fs; ePff
; Kbahj mstpw;F
Mokhd nry;thf;fpidg; ngw;Ws;sd. ,r;nrhw;fs; Gjpd
,yf;fpaj;jpYk; kpFe;j nry;thf;Fg; ngw;Wj; jpfo;fpd;wd. xU
gilg;ghsp jd; gl;lwpT Kjph;r;rpf;Nfw;g Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fisg;
gilg;gpy; ifahSfpwhd;. rh. fe;jrhkp jk; gilg;gpy; Mq;fpyr;
nrhw;fisf; ifahz;L rpwg;gpj;Js;shh;. jhk; fUjpaij
ntspf;fhl;lj; jtph;f;f Kbahj ,lq;fspy; mr;nrhw;fisf;
ifahz;Ls;s tpjk; rpwg;gpw;FhpaJ. fijapd; epfo;Tfs;
vspikahf tpsq;f itf;Fk; tifapy; ,r;nrhw;fisg;
gad;gLj;jpAs;shh;.
md;whlk; Ngr;R tof;fpy; gad;gLj;Jk; Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fis

rh. fe;jrhkpAk; jk; Gjpdq;fspy; gad;gLj;jpAs;shh;. A+dpad;>
Mgp];> Br;rh;> kPlb
; q;> Mf];L> vth;rpy;th;> Yq;fp> b.tp.> il>
g];fz;lf;lh;> Nghyp];> kpypl;hp> mg;gha;nkz;l;. lhf;lh;> B> Nyl;>
Ngg;gh;> rh;tP];> ,q;fy
P p~;> ngQ;r;> vk;.vy;.V.> fhh;> gh];> ngapy;>
iyrd;];> vk;gpsha;nkz;l;> hp[p];lh;> ];$y;> gpsh];f;> ghj;&k;>
rpdpkh> nruhkpf; fg;> nub> Xl;ly;> bf;fl;> Nyhd;> irf;fps;>
];Nlhpq;> yhf;fh;> fpah;> Mf;]pNyl;lh;> gp];nfl;> Nehl;B];>
n`l;kh];lh;> eh;];> rPl>; biudpq; vd;W eilKiw tho;f;ifapy;
Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fs; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;Ws;sd rh.fe;jrhkpapd;
Gjpdq;fspy; fhzKbfpwJ.
4.3.21.2. ,e;Jj;jhdpar; nrhw;fs;

jkpofj;jpy; Ngr;R tof;fpy; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;w nrhw;fspy;
,e;Jj;jhdpar; nrhw;fSk; xd;whFk;. ,r;nrhw;fis rh.
fe;jrhkpAk; ifahz;Ls;shh;. jpUl;L uh];fy;> rthhp> Fkh];jh>
egh;> rk;ge;jp Nghd;w ,e;Jj;jhdpar; nrhw;fisf; ifahz;Ls;s
jd;ik rpe;jpf;fj;jf;fJ.
189
4.3.21.3. mugpr; nrhw;fs;

kh%y;> gpA+d;> Mrhkp> cgfhuk;> mr;rhuk;> rhgk;> uhl;rrp
Nghd;w mugpr; nrhw;fis Gjpdq;fspy; Mrphpah;
gad;gLj;jpAs;shh;.
4.3.22. tl;lhu nkhopfs;

tl;lhu nkhop vd;gJ> Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpapdh; kl;LNk
gad;gLj;jf; $ba nkhopahFk;. ,k;nkhop jdpkdpjg; Ngr;rpypUe;J
Njhd;WtjhFk;. gilg;ghsh;fs; tl;lhu tof;Fr; nrhw;fisg;
gad;gLj;jpf; fij vOJfpd;wdh;.
“xU fiyQh; jk; gilg;Gfspy; tUk; fij khe;jh;

,d;d ,lj;jpy; tho;gth; my;yJ ,d;d ,dj;ijr;
rhh;e;jth;fs; my;yJ ,d;d njhopypy; ,Ug;gth; vd;W
,dq;fz;L nfhs;sNt tl;lhu tof;Ffisg;
gad;gLj;Jth;”50
vd;W fUj;J njhptpg;gh; ,uh. Nkhfd;. rh. fe;jrhkp tl;lhu

nkhopr; nrhw;fis gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; kpFjpahff;
ifahz;Ls;shh;.
4.3.22.1 ghh;g;gdh; nkhop tof;F

ghh;g;gdh; rKjha kf;fspd; Ngr;R tof;fpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
nkhopNa ghh;g;gdh; nkhop vdyhk;. rh.fe;jrhkpapd; xUrpy
Gjpdq;fspy; tUk; fijkhe;jh;fs; rpWghd;ikNahh;
ghh;g;gdh;fshfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.
“vdf;Fj;jhd; fhj;Jz;bUf;Nfsh?
jk;gpia n[apf;f ,e;j Nyhfj;jpy; MS ,y;Ny!”60

190
4.3.22.2. jQ;rht+h; khtl;l tof;Fr; nrhw;fs;

gyjug;gl;l kf;fs; thOk; jQ;rhT+h; gFjpapy; Gjpd
Mrphpah; tho;e;jjhy; jkJ Gjpdq;fspy; ,t;tl;lhur; nrhw;fisg;
gad;gLj;jpAs;shh;. ,e;jg; gad;ghL ,tUila nkhopj;jpwidf;
fhl;Lk; rhd;whFk;. rh. fe;jrhkpapd; Gjpdq;fspy; jQ;rhT+h;
Rw;wpAs;s Fk;gNfhzk;> khatuk; Nghd;w gFjpfspd; tof;Fr;
nrhw;fs; tputpf;fplf;fpd;wd.
“cq;f Fy tof;fk; mJ. ,e;j Kl;lhg; ga vJf;F

,Uf;fhd;. vy ,Q;r Njhl;lKkpy;Ny fpl;lKkpy;Ny”61
vd;W ghj;jpuq;fspd; ciuahly;fspy; Ngr;R nkhopr;nrhw;fis

mikj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhh;.
4.3.22.3. nrd;id tl;lhur; nrhw;fs;

rh. fe;jrhkp nrd;idapy; FbNawp tho;e;jth; vd;gjhy;
jkJ Gjpdq;fspy; ,k;nkhopr; nrhw;fisj; jpwk;glf; ifahz;L
ntw;wp ngw;Ws;shh;.
“vq;f Ngl;ilg; nghz;z js;spf;fpl;LNghw ve;j

Ch;uh cdf;F?”62
vDk; $w;wpy; nrd;id tl;lhug; Ngr;rpid mwpa KbfpwJ. NkYk;

Fe;J> fPJ> ,d;dhNtZk; Nghd;w tof;Fr; nrhw;fisAk; jk;
Gjpdq;fspy; ifahz;Ls;shh;.
4.3.23. ftpij eil

fUj;J ntspg;ghl;bw;F nkhopNa xU fUtpahfpwJ.
gilg;ghsd; gad;gLj;Jk; nkhopAk; mjd; eilAk;
,d;wpaikahjJ. xyp eak; ftpijf;F kl;Lk; ,d;wp
ciueilf;Fk; ,d;wpaikahjitahfpwJ. czh;r;rpAk;> fw;gid
tsKk; cila ciueilapy; xyp xOq;Ffs; ,ay;ghf mike;J
tpl;lhy; mJ ghl;L Nghd;whfpwJ. ,jid K.tujuhrd;>
191
“czh;r;rpAk; fw;gid tsKk; cila ciueilapy;

xypeaKk; $b mike;J tpl;lhy;; (ahg;G
,y;yhtpbDk;) ghl;L Nghd;wjhFk;”63
vd;W $WtjpypUe;J ciueil vd;gJ ftpijg; gz;Gfisj;

jhq;fpr; rpwg;GWk; vd;gJ GydhfpwJ. rh. fe;jrhkp jkJ
Gjpdq;fspy; ftpij $WfSk; ,lk;ngw;wpUg;gij fhz KbfpwJ.
“fUiz xspNa topfhl;L

fg;gpa #o; ,Uspy;
eP topfhl;L
,Us; epiwe;j ,uT
vd; ,y;yNkh ntFJ}uk;
eP topfhl;L
ePNa vd; fhy;fis elj;J
njhiy J}uj;Jf; fhl;rpiaf; fhl;nldf;
$wtpy;iy‟ Xub vLj;J
itj;jhy; NghJk; vdf;F”64

vd;w ftpij thpfs; tprhuizf; fkp~d; Gjpdj;jpy; Mrphpah;
,lk; ngwr; nra;Js;shh;.
4.3.24. vJif
mb vJif vd;gJ mbNjhWk; ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj;
njhLg;gJ MFk;. rPh;fspy; Kjy; vOj;J msnthj;jpUf;f>
,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ rPh; vJif MFk;. rh.
fe;jrhkpapd; xir eak; kpf;f nrhw;fs; mth;jk; eilf;F
mzpNrh;f;Fk; xypf; Nfhyq;fshfNt jpfo;fpd;wd.
“NgRtJjhd; mtUf;F tho;f;if
Ngrhky; ,Uf;fpwJ uhKTf;F tho;f;if”65

vd;w vJifj; njhlh;fisf; fhzKbfpwJ.
192
4.3.25. Nkhid
mbNjhWk; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tuj; njhLg;gJ
mbNkhidahFk;. Xh; vOj;Jf;F Nkhidahf mjd; ,d
vOj;Jf;fs; tuyhk; vd;W $Wth; ,yf;fz E}yhh;.
rh.fe;jrhkpapd; nkhopeilapy; vJifapy; gapd;W tUtjidg;
Nghd;W NkhidfSk; kpFjpahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
“khrw;w jpahfp tujuh[d;
kf;fs; njhz;ld; tujuh[d;”66

vd;w njhlh;fspy; ghj;jpuj;jpd; %yk; Nkhidr; nrhw;fis ,lk;
ngwr; nra;Js;shh;.
4.3.26. ,ul;ilf;fpstp
nrhw;Ritf;fhf ,ul;ilf;fpstp gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy;
,J nrhy;iyg; gphpj;jhy; nghUs; juhJ.
“,ul;ilf; fpstp vd;gJ gphpj;jhy; nghUs; juhJ.

,uz;L Kiwf;F Nky; mLf;fp tuhJ. xU nrhy;
ePh;ikj;J. ,uz;Lk; Nrh;e;J epd;W xU nghUs;
jUk;”67
nrhy;fpd;w fUj;jpy; Ntfj;ijAk;> ctikfisAk; fiy

czh;itAk; ntspg;gLj;j ty;yJ ,ul;ilf;fpstp MFk;.
nrhy;Yk; fUj;J ntWk; nra;jpahf ntspg;glhky; caph;gg
; hfTk;>
fhl;rpg;nghUshfTk; tpsf;Ftjw;F ,ul;ilf; fpstp Jiz
nra;fpwJ. ,r;nrhw;fs; Xirg;gw;wpAk;> Fwpg;G nghUs; gw;wpAk;
gz;G gw;wpAk; mikfpd;wd.
“Gspak;goq;fs; rlrlntd cjpUk;”68
“fhyrl;il nrhj nrhjntd;W eide;jJ”69
“Uf;Fkzp fyfyntd;W rphpj;jhs;”70

193
vd;w njhlh;fspy; Mrphpah; Xirapidf; Fwpf;fg; gad;gLj;jp

cs;shh;. vdNt rh. fe;jrhkpapd; nkhopeilapy; gapd;W tUk;
,ul;ilf; fpstpr; nrhw;fs; gy Gjpdq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
4.3.27. mLf;Fj; njhlh;

xNu nrhy; ,UKiw mLf;fp tUtij mLf;Fj;njhlh;
vd;gh;. Ngr;R tof;fpy; ,j;jifa mLf;Fj; njhlh; kpFjpAk;
gapYk;. mLf;Fr; nrhw;fs; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F cWJizahf
mikfpd;wd. fUj;ij tpsf;Ftjw;F ,J gad;gLfpd;wd.
,t;thW mLf;Fr; nrhw;fis mikg;gJ gbg;gth;f;F
cw;rhfj;ijj; jUk;. vdNt> mLf;Fj; njhlh; vd;gJ jdpj;Jg;
nghUs; jUk; ,uz;L nrhw;fs; ,ize;J xU nraiyf; Fwpg;gJ
MFk;. njhy;fhg;gpah; ,jid>
“,irepiw mirepiy nghUnshL Gzh;jy; vd;W

mit %d;W vd;g xU nrhy; mLf;Nf”71
mjhtJ> ,ir epw;fpd;w ,lj;jpYk;> mir epiyfs; tUfpd;w

,lj;jpYk;> nghUnshL nghUs; Gzh;fpd;w ,lj;jpYk; xU nrhy;
mLf;fp tUk; vd;W $Wfpwhh;.
“NjdPf;fs; gil gilahf jpuz;L te;jd”72
“ghh;j;J . . . ghh;j;J!”73
“,Uf;fl;Lk;> ,Uf;fl;Lk;”74
Nghd;w gy njhlh;fis rh. fe;jrhkpapd; Gjpdq;fspy;
fhzKbfpwJ.
4.3.28. gonkhopfs;
ehl;Lg;Gwf; $WfSs; xd;W gonkhop. ghku kf;fSk; Ghpe;J
nfhs;sf; $ba ,g;gonkhopia cUthf;fpath;fs; ehl;Lg;Gw
kf;fNs. ,th;fs; jk; tho;f;ifapy; gyfhYk; fz;Lzh;e;J
njspe;j mDgtq;fisg; gpd;tUk; re;jjpapdUf;Fg; gad;gLk;
tifapy; RUf;fkhff; $wpr;nrd;w mwpTj; JZf;FfshFk;.
,it kf;fs; md;whlk; gad;gLj;jp tUk; tof;Fr; nrhw;fs;>
gonkhopfs; Nghd;wtw;iw gilg;gpyf;fpaj;jpy;
194
gad;gLj;Jk;nghOJ mt;tpyf;fpaj;jpd; vspikAk; Mw;wYk;

$LfpwJ. ,g;gbg;gl;l gonkhop jkpo;NgRk; kf;fsJ mUk;ngUk;
nkhopr; nry;tk; MFk;.
“gonkhop cyFf;F czh;j;Jk; cz;ikia xU

rpwpa thf;fpaj;jpd; %yk; RUf;fpf; $WtJ MFk;”75
vd;W R. rf;jpNty; $Wfpwhh;. ngUk;ghYk; tl;lhug; Gjpdq;fspy;

,tw;iwf; fhzKbAk;. ,e;j tifapy; rh.fe;jrhkp gonkhopfis
jkJ gilg;gpy; gad;gLj;jpAs;shh;.
“fpoehp fapw;iw tpl;L Mok; ghh;f;fpwJ”76
“Fb Fbiaf; nfLf;Fk;”77
“cg;Gj; jpz;zh jz;zpjhd; Fbf;fZk;”78

fijkhe;jh;fspd; cs;sj;J czh;Tfisg; gilf;Fk;
NghJk; mth;fspd; Ngr;Rtof;fpy; rh.fe;jrhkp gonkhopfisg;
gad;gLj;jpAs;shh;.
4.3.29. xypf;Fwpg;Gr; nrhw;fs;

nrhy;Yfpd;w fUj;jpd; jd;ikia tYg;gLj;jTk;> fUj;jpd;
mOj;jj;jpid ntspf;nfhzuTk; xypf;Fwpg;Gr; nrhw;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
“nrhw;nghUSf;Fk; czh;T ntspaPlb

; w;Fk; gpw
#oy;fSf;Fk; Vw;gf; ftpQd; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; xypiag;
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk;NghJ xypabg;gil cj;jpfs;
cUthfpd;wd”79
vd;fpwhh; r.Nt. Rg;ukzpad;. rh. fe;jrhkp jkJ Gjpdq;fspy;

nrhy;ypd; Ntfj;ijAk;> nraypd; tpiuTj; jd;ikiaAk;>
czh;tpd; El;gj;ijAk;> rpy ,lq;fspy; xypf;Fwpg;Gr; nrhw;fshfg;
gad;gLj;jpAs;shh;.
“rpf;rpf;nfd;W vQ;rpd; Xirapl;lJ”80
“rf;fuk; tph; tph; nud;W Rw;wpaJ”81

195
vd;W fijr; #oYf;F Vw;g gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; xypf;Fwpg;Gr;

nrhw;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
4.3.30. nfhr;ir nkhop

fijNahl;lj;jpw;F Vw;wthW ghj;jpuq;fspd; ciuahly;fspd;
top nfhr;ir nkhopfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,it ngUk;ghYk;
ntWg;gpd; fhuzkhfNt gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mt;thNw
rh.fe;jrhkpAk; jk; Gjpdq;fspy; nfhr;irnkhopfis ,lk;ngwr;
nra;Js;shh;.
“nrhy;Y rdpaNd!”82
“eP kapU khjphp Cjpf;fpl;Nl ,Uf;f”83

,t;thW gy ,lq;fspy; nfhr;ir nkhopr; nrhw;fis Mrphpah;
ifahz;Ls;shh;.
4.3.31. kq;fyr; nrhy;

mkq;fykhdr; nraiy Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ mtw;iw
kq;fykhdr; nrhy;yhy; Fwpg;gplNtz;Lk;. rKjhaj;jpy; ehfhpfk;
fUjp mt;thW gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
“mk;kh Fsph;e;J Nghapl;lh> mof; $lhJlh mg;gh!”84

vd;w $w;wpy; ,wg;igg; gw;wpa nrhy;iy kq;fykhd nrhy;yhy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUg;gij fhzKbfpd;wJ. ,it tl;lhu tof;Fr;
nrhw;fshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
4.3.32. k&c
nrhw;fs; ,ilapy; ,yf;fz Kiwapy; jphpe;Jk;> rpije;Jk;>
kUtpAk; toq;fg;gLtJ k&c MFk;. ,it ghku kf;fspd;
md;whlg; Ngr;R tof;fhfp tpl;lJ. ,r;nrhw;fis rh. fe;jrhkp jk;
Gjpdq;fspy; ifahz;Ls;shh;.
ngwT (gpwF)> NfhthY (Nfhghy;)> Fk;Nghzk;

(Fk;gNfhzk;)> khtuk; (khatuk;) Nghd;w k&cr; nrhw;fs;
Gjpdq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
196
njhFg;Giu
 cs;sj;jpd; jpl;gk; eilapd; jpl;gkhFk;. cs;sj;jpd; njspT
eilapd; njspthFk;. ,t;thwhd nkhop eilfs; Fwpj;j
fUJNfhs;fs; vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sd.
 rh. fe;jrhkp rpwe;j gilg;ghsp vd;gij mtuJ nkhop eilAk;

gilg;ghw;wy; jpwDk; nka;g;gpf;fpd;wd.
 ,tuJ eil vspik> njspT> ,dpik nfhz;ljhf

mike;Js;sJ.
 fUj;jpd; Ntfj;jpw;Nfw;g rh.fe;jrhkp eiliaf;

ifahz;Ls;shh;.
 nre;jkpo; eil> Nkilg;Ngr;R eil> ciueil> fyg;G eil>

vspaeil Nghd;witfs; Gjpdq;fSf;F moF Nrh;ff
; pd;wd.
 tUzidfs; gbg;Nghh; cs;sj;ij ftuf;$ba tifapy;

mike;Js;sd.
 vJifAk; NkhidAk; ,ize;j njhlh;fs; Mrphpah; $w;wpYk;

ghj;jpug; Ngr;rpYk; mike;Jf; fplf;fpd;wd.
 ctik> cUtfk; Nghd;w mzpeaj; njhlh;fis Mq;fhq;Nf

mikj;Jr; nry;fpwhh;.
 ,ul;ilf; fpstp> mLf;Fj; njhlh;> gpwnkhop nrhw;fs;

Nghd;wit Gjpdq;fspy; tputp fplg;gJ Mrphpahpd; nrhy;yhl;rpj;
jpwid Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
 rh. fe;jrhkpapd; vOj;J eil mofhdJ> mOj;jkhdJ> Ntfk;

epiwe;J> eak; nfhz;lJ vd;gjid ,t;tha;tpd; %yk; mwpa
KbfpwJ.
197
rhd;nwz; tpsf;fk;
1. ePjpthzd; n[.> eilapay;> g.3
2. NkyJ> g.7
3. Websters third, New International Dictornary, Vol. II
4. kjpaofd; k.> kNyrpaj; jkpo; ehty;fs; - Xh; mwpKfk; (Xh;

Ma;T)> g.135
5. NrJ Kidth; ,uh.> mz;zhtpd; fij ,yf;fpak; - Xh; Ma;T> g.22
6. ifyhrgjp f.> ,yf;fpatpaYk; r%ftpaYk;> g.16
7. njhy;fhg;gpah;> njhy;. nghUsjpfhuk;> E}.17
8. William Henry Hundson, An Introductin of the Study of

Literature, p.29
9. Qhd%h;j;jp jh.V.> ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpay;> g.239
10. itahGhpg;gps;is v];.> jkpopd; kWkyh;r;rp> gf;.103-104
11. Nfhtpe;juhrd; Kidth; K.> ,yf;fpar; Nrhiy> g.5
12. tujuhrdhh; K.> ,yf;fpaj;jpwd;> g.67
13. ifyhrgjp f.> jkpo; ehty; ,yf;fpar; Nrhiy> g.5
14. Lucas F.L., Style, p.45
15. n[ah t.> ghujp nkhopeil> g.4
16. ePjpthzd; n[.> eilapay;> g.68
17. Re;ju%h;j;jp ,.> ghujp eilapay;> gf;.35-36

198
18. n[ah t.> ghujp nkhopeil> g.5
19. fe;jrhkp rh.> vl;lhtJ fly;> g.125
20. fe;jrhkp rh.> tprhuizf; fkp~d;> g.131
21. fe;jrhkp rh.> rhahtdk;> g.60
22. fe;jrhkp rh.> njhiye;J Nghdth;fs;> g.40
23. Nydh jkpo;thzd;> rpWfij vOtJ vg;gb?> g.363
24. fe;jrhkp rh.> #h;a tk;rk;> g.151
26. ePjpthzd; n[.> eilapay;> gf;.50-51
28. NkyJ> g.76
30. ,uhkypq;fk; kh.> Gjpa ciueil> g.116
31. fe;jrhkp rh.> Ntiyaw;wtd;> g.15
32. fe;jrhkp rh.> Vhpf;fiuapNy> g.101
34. NjtrfhaFkhh; vk;. (njh.M)> GJikg;gpj;jd; fijfs;> g.160
36. mq;faw;fz;zp e.> fp. uh[ehuhazd; Gjpdq;fs; - Xh; Ma;T> g.208

199
39. fe;jrhkp rh.> Vhpf;fiuapNy> g.60
40. fe;jrhkp rh.> rhahtdk;> gf;.51-52
41. NkyJ> g.185
43. jkpoz;zy;> rq;f ,yf;fpa xg;gPL> g.125
44. njhy;fhg;gpah;> njhy;. nghUsjpfhuk;> E}.276
45. ifyhrgjp f.> ,. KUifad;> ftpij eak;> g.39
48. jz;b.> jz;bayq;fhuk;> g.34
49. tujuhrdhh; K.> ,yf;fpaj;jpwd;> g.186
50. Qhdrk;ge;jd; m.r.> ,yf;fpaj;jpwd;> g.186
52. NkyJ> g.53
57. NkyJ> g.96

200
59. Nkhfd; ,uh.> F.g.uh. rpWfijfs;> g.104
61. NkyJ> g.26
63. tujuhrd; K.> ,yf;fpaj; jpwd;> g.51
65. fe;jrhkp rh.> mtd; MdJ> g.70
67. Ntq;fluhkd; fh.Nfh.> ,yf;fz topfhl;b> g.51
71. Rg;ukzpad; r.Nt.> njhy;fhg;gpak; njspTiu> E}.894
75. rf;jpNty; R.> ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; Ma;T> g.104

201
79. Rg;ukzpad; r.Nt.> fk;gd; ,yf;fpa cj;jpfs;> gf;.38-39
82. NkyJ> g.55

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161

rpy vOj;jhsh;fs; gpwnkhop fythj jdpj;jkpo;

,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpy; nkhopeil gw;wpa Ma;T

nkhopapdhy; fUj;Jf;fisAk; mDgtq;fisAk; gpwh;f;F

“Xh; ,yf;fpag; gilg;ghsp jdJ gilg;gpy; jhd;

“xt;nthU gilg;ghspapd; nkhopapYk; rpy $Wfs;

4.1. nkhopeil tpsf;fk;

xU fhtpaj;ijNah> fijiaNah gbf;Fk;NghJ ahNuh

nkhopeil vd;gJ gilg;ghsdpd; jpwikiaAk;

“tha;nkhop %ykhfNth> vOj;J %ykhfNth

“eil vd;gjw;Fj; jkpo; Ngufuhjp ,uz;L

vd;W tpsf;fk; jUfpwhh;.

“eil vd;gJ J}a nrhw;fspdhy; kl;Lk;

xU vOj;jhsdpd; eilf;Ff; fhyKk; fhuzkhf mikAk;

“eil moF vd;gJ Mrphpahpd; jdpr;nrhj;J vd;W

vOJfpd;w nkhopapd; ,ay;igr; Rl;LtNj eil vdg;gLk;. eil

“ciutif eilNa ehd;nfd nkhopg”7

vd;W njhy;fhg;gpah; Rl;Lth;.

Xh; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; gFjpfisg; gbj;jTld; mtw;wpd;

“eil vd;gJ Mrphpah; tho;e;J nfhz;bUf;Fk;

vd;ghh; `l;rd;. nrhw;fis ,lj;jpw;Nfw;wthW Njh;e;njLj;J

“vOj;jhsh; jk; fUj;ijAk; czh;r;rpiaAk;

vdNt> eil vd;gJ iffspy; vOjg;gl;l vOj;J myq;fhuk;

“1. thrfh;fSf;Fj; jf;fgb eil NtWgLfpwJ.

2. nrhy;Yk; Nehf;fj;jpw;Fj; jf;fgbAk; eil

3. jd; nrhy;td;ikahy; thrpg;Nghiu trPfupj;J

4. VNjDk; xd;iw tpsf;fr; nra;tjw;F MSk; eil

5. Mrphpah;fSila kdepiyf;F Vw;wgbAk; eil

vd;gjd; %yk; eilNtWghl;il mwpaKbfpwJ.

Mrphpah; vOJk;NghJ mtuJ cs;sg;gz;G> czh;r;rp>

“ciueiliag; gbj;Jr; nry;Yk;NghJ xypfisg;

vd;gjd; thapyhf eilapd; rpwg;ig czu Kbfpd;wJ.

“kyUk; kzKk; Nghy xd;wpapUf;Fk;”12

vd;W eilapd; rpwg;ig K.t. $Wfpd;whh;.

“Gjpdj;ijg; gbf;fpd;w nghOJ> mjpy; elf;fpd;w

vd;ghh; f. ifyhrgjp. ,JNghy eilapd; rpwg;Gg; gw;wp gy;NtW

 ,yf;fpaj;jpy; eilapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

kf;fs; gpwh; Jd;gk; fz;L fyq;FtJk; gpwh; kfpo;T fz;L

gy E}W Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G ghlg;gl;l ghly;fs; MdhYk;

nkhop rpwe;jjhf mika ,yf;fpaq;fs; mtrpak;.

vdNt> gilg;ghsd; jd; vOj;Jfs; %yk; gbg;gth;

mtUila fw;gid Mw;wy;fisAk; ntspg;gLj;jf;$bajhFk;.

“eil ,yf;fpa Ma;tpd; ,d;wpaikahjf;

4.2. eilapd; tifg;ghL

“goe;jkpo; eilia fLe;jkpo;> gz;bj;jkpo;>

Njh;Ttlj;jkpo;> epfz;L jkpo;> vJif, Nkhidj;jkpo;>

eil tiffs; Fwpj;J mwpQh;fspilNa gy;NtW fUj;Jfs;

“njhlh;fs; mikfpd;w ghq;fpidg; nghWj;J

vd;W n[.ePjpthzd; eilapid ehd;fhf tifg;gLj;jpAs;shh;.

“jh;f;f Kiw> jpwdha;T Kiw> tUzid Kiw>

vd xd;gJ tiffshff; $Wfpwhh; ,. Re;ju %h;j;jp.

“Gyth; eil> jdpj;jkpo; eil vd ,uz;L

Nkw;fz;l vy;iyfisj; jhz;b ,d;W jkpo; eil gy;NtW

4.3. rh. fe;jrhkpapd; eil tiffs;

4.3.1. nre;jkpo; eil

“jkpo;ehl;bd; tpUe;Njhk;giy jkpo;ehl;Lf;F ntspapy;

,it Nghd;w nre;jkpo; eilia tprhuizf; fkp~d; vDk;

4.3.2. Nkilg;Ngr;R eil

“gjpndhU Mz;Lfshfg; gs;spf;$lj;jpYk;

vd;w murpay; Nkilg; Ngr;R eil Gjpdj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.

“mfz;L gue;jpUf;Fk; ,e;jf; Nfhsk; kdpjDf;Fj;

vd tUk; mbfs; rh. fe;jrhkpapd; ciueilf;Fj; jf;fr;

4.3.4. fyg;G eil

4.3.4.1 Mq;fpyf; fyg;G eil