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PTM. Ameen rdehafk; 1

 rdehaf Ml;rp Kiw
rdehafk; mwpKfk;
gz;ila fhyk; njhl;L ,d;Wtiu gy;NtW tifahd Ml;rp Kiwfs; cyfpy;
epytpAs;sd. mt;tifapy; epytpa xd;Nw rdehaf Ml;rp KiwahFk;. rdehafk;
vd;gJ kf;fshl;rpiaf; Fwpf;fpd;w xU nrhy;yhFk;. ,q;F “rd” vd;gJ kf;fisAk;
“ehafk;” vd;gJ jiytid my;yJ Ml;rpapidf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,jd; mbg;gilapy;
“kf;fshy; kf;fSf;fhf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; Ml;rp” rdehafk; vdg;gLfpd;wJ.

rdehaf Ml;rpia Mq;fpyj;jpy; “Democracy” vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,J fpNuf;f

nkhopapy; “Demos” kw;Wk; “Kratos” vDk; nrhw;fspd; Nru;f;ifahFk;. “Demos” vd;gJ
kf;fisAk; “Kratos” vd;gJ Ml;rpiaAk; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. me;j tifapy; fpNuf;f
nkhopapy; ,jd; nghUs; kf;fshl;rp vd;gjhFk;.

,t;tifapy; Ml;rpr; nraw;ghLfspy; NeubahfNth my;yJ kiwKfkhfNth kf;fspd;

gq;fspg;Gf;fs; fhzg;gLkhapd; mJ rdehaf Ml;rpKiw vd milahsg;gLj;jyhk;.

rdehafk; vd;gjw;F gy;NtW mwpQu;fs; fUj;;Jf;fis Kd;itj;Js;sdu;.

Mg;ufhk; ypq;fd; : “kf;fshy; kf;fSf;fhd kf;fshl;rpNa rdehafkhFk;”

Njhk]; $g;gu; : “kf;fSila kf;fSf;fhd murhq;fNk rdehafkhFk;.”

nt];lu; : “kf;fSf;fhf Mf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;F gjpy; nrhy;Yk; Ml;rp rdehafkhFk;”

rPyu;: rdehaf Ml;rp vd;gJ midtupdJk; cupikfisAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Ml;rp

KiwahFk;.”

etPd rdehafk; mwpKfk;

etPd rdeha Ml;rp KiwahdJ FWfpa xU tuyhw;iwf; nfhz;L mgptpUj;jpaile;j

xU Ml;rpKiwahFk;. INuhg;ghtpy; fp.gp. 5 njhlf;fk; 15 Mk; Ehw;whz;L tiu
epykhdpa rKjhaKiw fhzg;gl;lJ. fp.gp. 15 Mk; Ehw;whz;Lf;Fg; gpd;du;
Kjyhspj;Jt tu;f;fk; Njhw;wk; nghw;wNjhL INuhg;ghtpy; Njrpa muRfSk;
jhuhz;ikthjf; fUj;Jf;fSk; gutj; njhlq;fpaJ. ,f;fhyj;jpNyjhd; kd;duhl;rpf;F
vjpuhf Ml;rp nraw;ghLfspy; kf;fs; gpujpepjpfspd; mjpfhuk; NkNyhq;fpaJ. ,jd;
NghJ fp.gp. 1688 ,y; gpupj;jhdpahtpy; Mq;fpyg;Gul;rp (mikjpg;Gul;rp) Vw;gl;ljd; gpd;du;
kf;fs; gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;l ghuhSkd;w Ml;rp Kiw tsu;rr ; paile;jJ.

,q;F rdehaf Ml;rp Kiw vDk; NghJ ,uz;L mk;rq;fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd.

1. jhuhz;ik rdehafk;
2. gpujpepjpj;Jt rdehafk;

PTM. Ameen rdehafk; 2

 1. jhuhz;ik rdehafk;
rpy Nkiyj;Nja fy;tpayhsu;fspd; ghu;itapy; jhuhz;ik rdehafk; vd;gNj
rdehafj;jpd; gpuNahf uPjpahdJk;> nghUs; epiwe;jJkhFk;. mNjNghd;W rdehafk;
vd;W fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;JtJk; Mjpfjpf;fk; nrYj;JtJk;; jhuhz;ik
rdehafkhFk;. ,J midj;J mgptpUj;jpaile;j Nkiyj;Nja ehLfspYk;
mgptpUj;jpaile;JtUk; ehLfspYk; fk;A+dpr Ml;rp epyTk ehLfspYk; tpahgpf;f
Ntz;Lk;. vd;w fUj;J fle;j fhyq;fspy; epytpypaJ. rdehafk; vd;w Nghu;itapy;
,J ntspg;gLj;Jk; fUj;Jf;fs; Kw;wpYk; cz;ikahdjy;y. cz;ikapy; jhuhz;ik
rdehafk; vd;gJ rdehafj;jpd; xU gupzhkk; kl;LNkahFk;.

md;wpt; N`T+l; (Andrew Heywood - 1994) Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ rdehafk; vd;gJ Xu; ml;rp
Kiw kl;Lky;y khwhf tho;tpYkhFk;. ,J kd;duhl;rpf;F khw;wPlhfNt
tpUj;jpaile;jJ. tho;tpay; vz;zf;fUthf epykhdpa Kiw Ml;rpapy; r%fk; kw;Wk;
jdpegu; mlf;F KiwfSf;F vjpuhf Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.

jhuhz;ik rdehafk; vd;w vz;zf;fU 17Mk; 18Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; INuhg;ghtpy;

tsu;r;rp ngw;w “jhuhz;ik” kw;Wk; “rdehafk;”vd;w ,uz;L vz;zf;fUf;fspd;
fyitahFk;. ,jpy; jhuhz;ik vd;gJ “murpd; jiyaPLfspypUe;J tpLgly;” vd;w
fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. mNj Nghd;W rdehafk; vd;gJ “ kf;fs; tpUg;gpd; gb
kf;fis gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; Ml;rp Kiwnahd;whFk;.

jhuhz;ik rdehafk; vd;w fUj;jpaypy; ahg;GWthjk;> jdpahs; nrhj;Jilik>

mbg;gil cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;> murpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhug; Nghl;b> Nju;jy;fs;>
re;ij njhlu;ghd Rje;jpuk;> jdpahs; Rje;jpuk;> ePjpj;;Jiw Rje;jpuk;> jilfSk;
rkd;ghLfSk;> mur kw;Wk; jdpahu; JiwfSf;fpilapyhd NtWghLfs; Nghd;w
nfhs;ifSk; eilKiwfSk; ,jpy; cs;slq;Fk;. ,it rdehafj;jpw;F Njitahd
Kd;epge;jidfNs md;wp rdehafj;jpw;fhfNt fhzg;gLk; epge;jpidfs; my;y.

jhuhz;ikapd; gb mur mjpfhuj;ij gpioahd topfspy; gad;gLj;j tha;g;Gf;fsy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wikahy; murpd; mjpfhuj;ij tiuaiw nra;J muR kf;fis mlf;Fk;
fUtpahFtjid jLf;f eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhf jhuhz;ikthjpfs;
cupikfs; gpufldk;> rkepiy jiyaPLfs;. ePjpj;Jiwr; Rje;jpuk;> Clfr; Rje;jpuk;
Nghd;w ahg;G uPjpahd tpjpKiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.

rdehafk; vd;gJ kf;fs; tpUg;Gld; njhlu;GgLfpwJ vDk; NghJ . Ml;rpahsu;fs;

mjpfhuj;ij kf;fs; tpUg;Gld; kl;LNk eilKiwg;gLj;j KbAk; vd;gjid tpsf;fpwJ.
kf;fs; Ml;rpahsu;fSf;F mjpfhuj;ij toq;Fk; nrad;Kiw Rje;jpukhd Nju;jypy;
thf;fspf;Fk; nraw;ghlhFk;. ,jd; %yk; kf;fspd; tpUg;G eilKiwf;F tUfpd;wJ.

PTM. Ameen rdehafk; 3

 jhuhz;ik rdehafk; Nju;jy; nraw;ghLfis Clfkhf nfhz;L nraw;gLtjd; %yk;
murpay; rkj;Jtk; vd;w Nfhl;ghl;il mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. rdeha
uPjpahd Nju;jy; vDk; NghJ ru;trd thf;Fupik> xUtUf;F xU ngWkhzk; toq;Fjy;>
Rje;jpukhd njupT Kiw Nghd;w fUj;Jf;fshy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.

vt;tpj ghFghLkpd;wp midtUf;Fk; thf;Fupik fpilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjid ru;trd

thf;Fupik Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. Fwpj;jfhyj;jpy; Nju;jy; eilngWjy;> Nghl;bj;jd;ik>
ru;trd thf;Fupikia gyg;gLj;j mtrpakhfpd;wd.

“Ml;rpahsu;fs; kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs;” vd;gJ rdehafj;jpd; mbj;jskhFk;

nghJkf;fSf;F nghWg;Gf; $Wtjd; %yk; ,J ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

murpay; fl;rpfs;> murpay; ,af;fq;fs; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk; Nghl;bj;

jd;ik> murpay; gd;ikj;Jtk; Nghd;wd jhuhz;ik rdehafj;jpd; mbg;gilfs; %yk;
ntspf;nfhz;L tug;gLfpd;wd.

jhuhz;ik rdehafkhdJ gpujpepjpj;Jtd rdehafj;ijAk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l murhq;fk;

vDk; tplaj;ijAk; typAWj;JfpwJ. ,q;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l murhq;fk; vd;gJ kf;fis
Jd;GWj;jhJ >kf;fSf;F nghWg;Gf;$wf;$ba tiuaWf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuKila
murhq;fkhFk;.

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l murhq;fk; rdehaf Ml;rpapy; murpayikg;gpw;F cl;gl;L murpay;

Nghl;bf;F Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l rl;luPjpahd rl;lfj;ij toq;FtJld; mJNt
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l murpidAk; epu;zak; nra;fpd;wJ. mt;tifapy; xd;W$Lk; Rje;jpuk;>
kjr;Rje;jpuk;> nrhj;Jupik> fUj;Jntspg;ghl;Lr; Rje;jpuk; > jdpahs; cupikfis
ghJfhf;Fk; Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; ePjpr;Rje;jpuk; Nghd;wd toq;fg;gLk; vd cWjpaspf;fpwJ.

jhuhz;ik rdehaf murhq;fj;jpd; %yk; ngUk;ghd;ikapdupd; fPo; thOk;

rpWghd;ikapdupd; cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy; vd;w mk;rKk; Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ.
mt;tifapy; jhuhz;ik rdehaf Ml;rp KiwhadJ jdpahs; Rje;jpuj;ijAk;
rpWghd;ikapduJ cupikfis Cf;Ftpf;Fk; murpayikg;G uPjpahd Ml;rpKiwahFk;.

jhuhz;ik rdehafkhdJ rl;lj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l rl;lj;jpd; %yk;

(Rule of Law) Msg;gLk;. kf;fs; gpujpepjpfSk; mr;rl;lj;jpw;F fPo;gl;Nl nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;fpwJ. ,J rl;lj;jpd; Kd; rkj;Jtk; vd;gjpD}lhf typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy;
jhd; rdehaf murhq;fk; murpayikg;gpd; tiwaiwfSf;F cl;gl;Nl nraw;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwJ. ,e;j rdehaf #oypy; murpdhy; gpuir xUtUf;F mr;RWj;jy;
Vw;gLk; NghJ jkJ cupikfisg; ghJfhf;f Njrpa my;yJ ru;tNjr ePjpkd;wq;fspy;
jkf;fhd epthuzj;ijf; Nfhu KbAk;.

PTM. Ameen rdehafk; 4

 Nkw;$wg;gl;l tplaq;fpd; gb jhuhz;ik rdehafkhdJ murhq;fj;jpw;F nrhe;jkhd
tplaq;fs; fUkq;fs; kPJ fl;Lg;ghLfis tpjpj;J muhq;f mjpfhuj;ij
xd;wpizg;gjw;F Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Xu; cld;gbf;ifahFk;.

jhuhz;ik rdehafKk; jhwfhy cyFk;

,d;W jhuhz;ik rdehaf ehLfs; vd jd;id milahsg;gLj;Jk; mNef ehLfs;
jhuhz;ikapd; gz;Gfis Vw;wf;nfhz;lJ me;ehLfs; rdehaf ehLfhshf
khw;wikiltjw;F Kd;duhFk;.
19Mk; E}w;whz;lhdJ gy ehLfs; rdehaf ehLshf khWtjw;F Kd;G cs;s fhykhf
fhzg;gl;lJ.
mNj Nghd;W 19Mk; E}w;whz;L fhyg;gFjpapyNa mNefkhd Nkiyj;Nja ehLfs;
ahg;GWthj murhq;f ,ay;gpid ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. mq;F thf;FupikahdJ
fw;wtu;fSf;Fk; trjpgilj;jtu;fSf;Fk; kl;LNk cupj;Jilajhf ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy;
jhuhz;ik gz;Gfs; jq;fs; ahg;gpy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ljd; gpd;du; kf;fs; thf;Fupikapid
KOikahfg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;ldu;.

cjhuzkhf>
1. gpupj;jhdpahtpy; njhopyhsu; tFg;gpdu; Nkw;nfhz;l Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpisthf
ru;trd thf;Fupik 1928Mk; Mz;L toq;fg;gl;lJ.
2. mnkupf;fhtpy; 1966 ,y; ru;trd thf;Fupik KOikaile;jJ.
3. Rtpl;ru;yhe;jpy; 1971 ,y; ngz;fSf;fhd thf;Fupik KOikaile;jJ.
4. ,yq;ifapy; 1931 ,y; ru;trd thf;Fupik toq;fg;gl;lJ.

jw;fhyj;jpy; midj;J jhuhz;ik rdehaf KiwikfSk; gpujpepjpj;Jt mk;rq;fisAk;

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l murhq;fj;ijAk; nfhz;like;Js;sd. ,t;tplak; ehl;Lf;F ehL
NtWghL cilajhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf mnkupf;f murpay; mikg;gpy;
rdehaf gz;Gfisg; ghu;f;fpYk; jhuhz;ik gz;Gfs; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Mdhy; ngupa gpupj;jhdpahtpy; jhuhz;ikr; rdehafj;jpy; gpujpepjpj;Jt
rdehafj;jpw;Nf mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Mdhy; ,d;W mnkupf;f kw;Wk; INuhg;gpa ehLfs; cyfg; gaq;futhjj;jpw;F vjpuhd

Nghuhl;j;jpy; gpujhd gq;fhsu;fshf fhzg;gLtjdhy; Njrpa ghJfhg;Gf;Nf mjpf
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;f Ntz;bAs;sJ ,jdhy; jhuhz;ikapdJk; rdehafj;jpdJk; %yf;
nfhs;iffs; gpd;dile;Js;sd. mj;Jld; Njrpa ghJfhg;gpd; nghUl;L mtrufhyr;
rl;lk; > mbg;gil cupikfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; Nghd;w jhuhz;ik rdehafj;jpw;F
mg;ghl;gl;l tplaq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

jhuhz;ik rdehaf Ml;rpKiwahdJ Kjyhspj;Jtg; nghUshjhu KiwAld;

neUq;fpa njlu;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ ,jdhy; jhuhz;ik rdehafk; Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd;
ntspg;ghL vdg;gLfpwJ.

PTM. Ameen rdehafk; 5

jhuhz;ik rdehafk; Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpw;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;Ftjdhy;
nghUshjhu Vw;wj;jho;Tfs;> Jd;gk;> tWik Nghd;wtw;Wf;F nghUj;jkhd jPu;Tfis
toq;Ftjpy;iy vd;gJ gpujhd tpku;rdkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,Ug;gpDk; r%f
Vw;wj;jho;T njhlu;ghd ,g;gpur;rpidf;F jPu;Tfhz;gjw;fhf eyd;Gup muR
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.

,e;eyd;Gup murpd; gpujhd Nehf;fk; murhq;fj;jpd; jiyaPl;by; tWikapy; thOk;

kf;fSf;F cjtp toq;Fk; tifapy; nry;tj;ij kPs gfpu;e;jspg;gjhFk;. ,jw;fhf trjp
gilj;jtu;fpsplkpUe;J tup mwptpLjy;> czT> Rfhjhuk;> fy;tp> tPL> Nghf;Ftuj;J
Nghd;w mj;jpatrpa NritfSf;F xj;Jiog;G toq;fp mtuf;Sf;F murhq;fj;jpdhy;
njhopYk; toq;f Vw;ghLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. ,J 1980 fspy; cyfk; KOtJk;
gutyile;jJ.

,g;Gjpa jhuhz;ikthjf; nfhs;iffs; gpupj;jhdpah> mnkupf;fh Nghd;w ehLfspy;

Kjd;Kjyhf cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; gb r%fj;jpd; tUkhzj;ij nraw;wpwdhf
gfpu;tjw;F Kjyhspj;Jt re;ijNa nghUj;jk; vdw; gok; jhuhz;ikf; fUj;J kPzL
; k;
Njhd;wpaJ ,f;fUj;J cyfk; KOtJk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l xU fUj;jhf khwpAs;sJ.

PTM. Ameen rdehafk; 6

 2. gpujpepjpj;Jt rdehafk;
rkfhyj;jpy; cyfpy mNef ehLfspy; eilKiwapy; cs;s rdehafk; gpujpepjpj;Jt
rdehafkhFk;. ,J 17Mk; 18Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; INuhg;gh mnkupf;fh ehLfspy;
epiyngw;W tsu;e;jJ. ,J Kjypy; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ gpupj;jhdpahtpyhFk; khdpaKiw
murhq;fj;jpw;F khw;wPlhfNt Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ gpugy;akile;jJ.

gpujpepjpj;Jt rdehafk; Njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;du; fhzg;gl;l rdehaf Kiw Neub

rdehfkhFk; ,J fpNuf;fj;jpy; epytpaJ. ,e;j Neub rdehafj;jpd;; gpujhd mbg;gil
ahnjdpy; ngz;fs;> rpWtu;fs;> mbikfs; jtpu;e;j Vida vy;yhg; gpuirfSk;
murhl;rp Kiwapy; Neubahf gq;Nfw;gjhFk;. ,q;F gpurhTupik ngw;w kf;fs;jhd
murhq;fk; Mthu;fs;.

,jd;gb Neub kw;wk; gpujpepjpj;Jt rdehafq;fSf;fpilapy; gy NtWghLfs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gpujpepjpj;Jt rdehafj;jpy; kf;fs; Neubahf Ml;rpapy;
gq;Fgw;Wtjpy;iy khwhf Nju;jy; %yk; njupT nra;ag;gl;l gpujpepjp %yk; Ml;rpapd;
gq;fhspahfpd;wdu;. ,k; kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; “cWg;gpdu;fs;”vd;w ehkj;jpdhy;
miof;fg;gLfpd;whu;fs;.

etPd rdehafj;jpy; murhq;fKiwfspy; Neub rdehaf Kiwfshf kf;fs; mgpg;gpuha

thf;nfLg;G (xg;gq;Nfhly;) kPdioj;jy;> njhlf;fp itj;jy; Nghd;w Kiwfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;tifapy; gpujpepjpj;Jt rdehafk; Neub rdehafj;jpy; Fiwe;j
njhlu;GfisNa nfhz;Ls;sJ.

mjw;fhd fhuzk; ahnjdpy; etPd muRfisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; ghupa epyg;gug;Gf;fs; >

mjpfupj;j rdj;njhif> xd;W Nru;gg
; jpy; cs;s rpf;fy;fs; murpaYld; njhlu;Gila
kf;fspd; tpUg;gq;fs; kw;Wk; gpur;rpidfs; rpf;fy; jd;ik nfhz;ljhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
,j;jifa fhuzpfspdhy; Neub rdehaf Kiw rhj;jpakw;wjhFk;. ,jw;F jPu;T fhZk;
nghUl;L gpujpepjpj;Jt rdehaf Kiw Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ vdyhk;.

gpujpepjpj;Jt rdehafj;jpy; kf;fs; jq;fs; gpujpepjpfis njupT nra;tjd; %yk;

kiwKfkhf Ml;rpapd; gq;fhspahfpd;wdu;. ,q;F kf;fspd; Fuy; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ
mj;NjhL kf;fs; rhu;ghf jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nghWg;G murpay;thjpfisr;
rhu;e;Js;sJ.

,g;gpujpepjpj;Jt rdehafj;jpy; kf;fspd; mjpfhuq;fs; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; tUk;

Nju;jypdhy; tiuaiwf;Fl;gl;ljhf fhzg;gLtNjhL; nghJrd thf;nfLg;gpd; NghJk;
kl;LNk jkJ mjpfhuj;ij Neubahff; gpuNahfpf;fpd;wdu;.

gpujpepjpj;Jt rdehaf Kiwapid kf;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Ml;rp Kiwnad;W $w

KbahtpbDk; mJ kf;fSf;fhf elhj;jg;gLk; Ml;rp Kiw vdf; $w KbAk;.

,J Nju;jiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;like;jjdhy; mJ Nju;jy; rdehafk; vd;Wk;

miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ

PTM. Ameen rdehafk; 7

,g;gpujpepjpj;Jt rdehafj;jpy; gpuirfspd; gq;Fgw;wy; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;fis
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Nju;jy; Kiw %yk; ghJfhf;ff;$ba gy mbg;il epajpfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
1. nghUSilajhf ,Uj;jy; :
murhq;fj;jpd; MizapLk; mjpfhuj;ij nfhz;l gjtpfisNa Nju;jy; %yk;
epug;gg;gLfpd;wd. mit rl;lthf;fj;Jld; njhlu;Gila mur mjpfhuj;ij
nghWg;Ngw;k; gjtpfshFk;.

2. Nghl;bj; jd;ik:
njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;w gjtpfSf;F cz;ikahd Nghl;bj; jd;ik fhzg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. Nghl;biaj; jLf;Fk; rl;lk; vJTk; eilKiwapy; ,Uj;jyhfhJ.

3. Rje;jpuk;:
thf;fhsu;fs; Rje;jpukhd thf;fspg;Gf;fspy; <Lgl Ntz;Lk;. mNj Nghd;W
,t;thf;fspg;Gf;F muNrh my;yJ ntspaikg;Gf;fNsh jdpegNuh vt;tifapYk;
jilfis my;yJ mr;RWj;jiy Vw;gLj;jyhfhJ.

4. ,ufrpaj; jd;ik (me;juq;fk;)

thf;fhsu;fspd; thf;fspg;G ,ufrpaj;jd;ik ghJfhf;Fk; tifapy; mj;Nju;jy;
mika Ntz;Lk;. ,ufrpa thf;nfLg;G vd;gNj ,jd; nghUshFk;.

5. epahaj; jd;ik ( xg;guT):

Ntl;ghsu;fisj; njupTnra;jy;> Nju;jy; elhj;Jjy;> thf;Ffis vz;Zjy;>
Mfpa nrad;Kiwfspd; NghJ Kiwaw;w tpjj;jpy; nraw;gLjy;> ghFghL
fhl;Ljy;> Nkhrbfs; kw;Wk; Vida Coy; nraw;ghLfs; ,Uj;jyhfhJ.

6. fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; Nju;jy; elhj;Jjy;:

Fiwe;jJ 4 my;yJ 5 tUlq;fSf;F xUKiwNaDk; Nju;jy;fs; elhj;jg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk; thf;fhsu;fs; jq;fs; nghWg;Gf;$wiy gpuNahfpf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
7. cs;sPuj;jy;:
Fwpg;gpl;l tajpw;F Nkw;gl;l gpuirfSf;F thf;fspf;f cupik ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ thf;fspf;fj; jFjpAila vtiuAk; xJf;fyhfhJ vd;gNj
,jd; nghUshFk;. ,q;F ,dk;>rhjp> kjk;> ghy;> r%f tu;f;fk; vd;gtw;Wf;fhf
vtUf;Fk; thf;Fupik kWf;f KbahJ.

8. rkj;Jtk;:
xUtUf;F xU thf;F vd;w uPjpapy; midtUf;Fk; rkkhd thf;Fupikaspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,e;j tifapy; gpujpepjpj;Jt rdehafj;jpy; kf;fSf;fhfj; jPu;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;tJ

kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; vd;gjdhy; kf;fs; ,iwikapd; Fiwe;j gl;r jiyaPlhfNt
gpujpepjpj;Jt rdehf Kiwapidf; fUj KbAk;. vdNtjhd; gpujpepj;Jt rdehafj;jpy;
nghWg;Gf; $WtJ njhlu;ghf kpf Kf;fpakhd mk;rkhf Nju;jy; Kiw fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

PTM. Ameen rdehafk; 8

 rdehaf Ml;rpAk; mjd; ,ay;GFSk;
(rdehaf Ml;rp Kiwapd; gz;Gfs;)

rdehaf Ml;rp KiwahdJ gy;NtW gz;Gfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ

1. ahg;GWthjk; (murpayikg;G)
2. kf;fs; ,iwik
3. mjpfhu Ntwhf;fk;
4. rkepiyj; jiyaPLfs;
5. rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp
6. kdpj cupikfs;
7. Rje;jpukhdJk; ePjpahdJkhd Nju;jy;fs;
8. kf;fSf;Fg; nghWg;Gf; $wy;

1. ahg;GWthjk; (murpayikg;G)
,J jhuhz;ikthjj;jpd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fspy; xd;whf ,Ug;gNjhL jhuhz;ik
rdehafj;jpd; gpujhd mk;rq;fSs; xd;whfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J
murhq;fj;jhy; kf;fSf;F Vw;gLj;Jk; mOj;Jq;fis jtpu;g;gjw;fhf rl;lj;jpd;
Ml;rpia nfhz;L nry;y Kaw;rpf;fpwJ. ahg;GWthjj;jpy; rl;lj;jpd; Nkd;ik
rl;lthl;rp vd;gtw;iw cau;thdjhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wJ
ahg;GWthjkhdJ FWfpa kw;Wk; gue;j tifapyhd nghUs; nfhz;lJ.

FWfpa Nehf;fpy; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ ahg;GWthjk; vd;gJ murpay; mikg;nghd;wpd;

Clhf rdehaf muir eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd jpl;lq;fis tFf;Fk;
nfhs;ifahFk;. cz;ikapy; ahg;GWthjk; vd;gJ murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuj;jpid
rl;lj;jpd; %yk; jilfs; kw;Wk; rkg;gLj;jy;fSf;Fl;gLj;JtjhFk;.

gue;j Nehf;fpy; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ ahg;GWthjk; vd;gJ murhq;f mjpfhuk;

xd;W Ftptjid jLg;gjw;Fk; mt;tjpfhuq;fis jilfSf;Fl;gLj;Jk;
tiyaikg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;lJk; jdpegu; Rje;jpuj;ij ghJfhf;ff;$baJkhd
murpay; ngWkjp kw;Wk; vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fspd; njhFjpahFk;.

,q;F murpay; mjpfhuj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; %Nyhghakhf vOjg;gl;l

murpayikg;G fhzg;gLk;. mj;NjhL cupikfs; rl;lk;> mjpfhu Ntwhf;fk;> <uit
rl;lj;Jiw> rk\;b my;yJ mjpfhu gutyhf;fk; nra;jy; Nghd;wd fhzg;gLk;.

PTM. Ameen rdehafk; 9

2. kf;fs; ,iwik
,jd; nghUs; ahnjdpy; mur mjpfhuj;jpd; %yhjhuk; kf;fs; vd;gjhFk;. ,jw;Nfw;gh
rl;lthf;fk;k;> rl;l mKyhf;fk;> ePjp toq;fy; Nghd;w mjpfhuq;fis
nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F kf;fspd; tpUg;G mtrpakhfpd;wJ. ,jd; gb kf;fs; tpUg;ig
tpQ;rpa cau; mjpfhuk; ,y;iy vd;gNj ,jd; mbg;gilahFk;.

kf;fs; ,iwik vd;gJ rdehafk; njhlu;ghf gz;ila vz;zf;fUtpd; xU gFjpahff;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. kf;fs; ,iwikf; Nfhl;ghL njhlu;ghf fUj;J ntspg;gLj;jpajpy;
&Nrh Kf;fpakhdtuhthu;. ,tupd; “nghJtpUg;gk;” njhlu;ghd fUj;J Kf;fpakhdjhff;
fhzg;gLfpwJ mNj Nghd;W kf;fs; ,iwikia ikag;gLj;jpa khjpup xd;whf FbauR
khjpup xd;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

rkfhyj;jpy; ghuhSkd;w ,iwikapypUe;J kf;fs; ,iwikiaAila murhq;fk;

xd;iw Nehf;fpg; gadpf;fpd;wd. If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; kf;fs; ,iwikf;F
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf ];nfhl;yhe;jpd; Rje;jpuk; njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidapd; NghJ nghJrd
thf;nfLg;gpidg; gad;gLj;jpaik mNj Nghd;W kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; rigia mjpfhu
gq;fPLila rigahf Njhw;Wtpj;jik.

];nfhl;yhe;J Nty;]; kw;wk; tl mau;yhe;J Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; kdpj cupikfs;

rl;lj;jpd; %yk; gpuirfspd; cupikfisg; ghJfhf;f eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sgl;l
tplaq;fis Fbahw;rpapd; ,ay;Gfshff; Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.

3. mjpfhu Ntwhf;fk;
mjpfhug; gfpu;T my;yJ mjpfhu Ntwhf;fk; njhlu;ghd Nfhl;ghl;il Kd;itj;jtu;
nkhz;l];fpA+ vd;gtuhthu;. kd;duhl;rp Kiwikf;Fg; gjpyhf jdpahs; Rje;jpuj;ijg;
ghJfhf;ff;$ba murhq;f Kiwnahd;iw Kd;itg;J ,tuJ Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ.
,f;Nfhl;ghl;bw;fhf ,q;fpyhe;J Kiwfis cjhuzkhff; nfhz;lhu;.

,f;Nfhl;ghl;bd; fUj;J ahnjdpy; murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs; xd;W Ftpe;J

fhzg;gLkhapd; Rje;jpuk; Fiwthff; fhzg;gLk;. mjpfhug; gfpu;T fhzg;gLk; NghJ
jdpahs; Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fs; mjpfkhFk; vd;whhu. ,jd;gb murhq;f Kiwfs;
xOq;fike;Js;s KiwfSf;F Vw;g ,ilj;njhlu;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,f;Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gilf;fUj;jhf nkhz;l];fpA+ murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuj;ij

rl;lj;Jiw> epiwNtw;wj;Jiw kw;Wk; ePjpjpj;Jiw vd NtWgLj;j KbAk; vdTk;
mjid NtWgLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. mq;F jiyaPLfSk; rkepiyAk;
mlq;fpa Vw;ghl;L Kiwnahd;W ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;whu;.

nghJthf rl;lj;Jiw> epiwNtw;wj;Jiw kw;Wk; ePjpjpj;Jiw Mfpa %d;W JiwfSk;

xU jdpeguplNkh my;yJ xU jdpahd epWtdj;jplNkh FtpAk; NghJ vNjr;irajpfhu
Ml;rp Vw;gLk; vd;whu;.

PTM. Ameen rdehafk; 10

 nkhz;l]fpA+tpd; ,f;Nfhl;ghlhdJ Nfhl;ghL vd;w mbg;gilapYk; gpuNahf uPjpahfTk;
tpku;rdj;Jf;Fs;shdJ. mt; tpku;rdk; ahnjdpy; mjpfhuj;ij mk;%d;W
epWtdj;Jf;Fs; kl;Lk; NtWgLj;j KbAkh vd;gJjhFk;. ngUk;ghuhd rl;lj;Jiwr;
nraw;ghLfspy; XusT epiwNtw;Wj; Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw nraw;ghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
cjhuzk;: mnkupf;fhtpy; ePjpgjpfis epakpf;Fk; NghJ epiwNtw;W kw;Wk; rl;lJiwfs;
gq;Fgw;Wfpd;wd.

eilKiwapy; fhzg;gLk; rdehaf Ml;rp KiwapDs; ,k; %d;W JiwfSk; jdpahf

my;yJ ntt;NtW Jiwfshf ,Ug;gJ khj;jpukd;wp R%fkhd njhlu;G epyTjy;
mtrpakhFk; vd;gJk; ,t;tjpfhuf; Nfhl;bgl;bd; kPJ vOg;gg;gLk; kw;nwhU
tpku;rdkhFk;.

vdpDk; rdehaf Ml;rp KiwapDs; ,f;Nfhl;ghl;bd; gpuNahf uPjpahd Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

Fiwatpy;iy. nkhz;l];fpA+ ,f;Nfhl;ghl;il Kd;itj;J miuE}w;whz;L KbAk;
Kd;du; cyfpd; Kjy; Kiwahf mnkupf;fhtpd; murpay; ahg;ig cUthf;fpatu;fs;
gad;gLj;jpdhu;fs;. ,jf; %yk; mjpfhuf; Ftpjypdhy; Vw;gLk; kf;fs; kPjhd
mOj;jq;fis ,y;yhky; nra;tjw;fhf ,J gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,d;W mjpfkhd ehLfs;
nkhz;l];foA+tpd; mjpfhu Ntwhf;fy; Nfhl;ghl;il gad;gLj;jp jkJ epWtdq;fis
xOq;FgLj;jpAs;sd.

4. rkepiyj; jiaPLfs; / jilfSk; rkd;ghLfSk;

jilfSk; rkd;ghLfSk; vd;gJ murhq;fk; jdJ mjpfhuj;ij KiwNflhd topfspy;
gad;gLj;jp kf;fs; kPJ mOj;jq;fis gpuNahfpf;ff; $Lk; vdg; gaj;jpd; tpisthf
cUthd xd;whFk;;. ,jd; Nehf;fk; murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuj;ij tiuaiwf;Fl;gLj;JtNj
MFk;.

nkhz;l];fpA+ typAWj;jpaJ Nghd;W %d;W JiwfSk; ntt;Ntwhd Jiwfshf ,Ue;j

NghJk; VNjDk; cU epWtdk; tpQ;rpr; nraw;gLk; NghJ kw;iwa epWtdq;fs; kPJ
fl;Lg;ghLfis tpjpf;Fkhapd; epahak; kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk; ghJfhf;fg;gLtJ Nfs;tpf;
FwpahfptpLk;. MfNt ,k;%d;W Jiwfs; njhlu;gpy; jiyaPLk; rkdpiyAk; nfhz;l
xU Kiwik fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd mtu; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.

rkdpiy vd;gJ rl;lj;Jiw epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs;

rkepiyahff; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. jiyaPL vd;gjdhy; Nkw;Fwpj;j epWtdk;
xd;W vy;iy kPwpr; nraw;gLk; NghJ kw;iwa epWtdk; jiyapl;L jilfis Vw;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;.

rkepiyj; jiyaPLfis nraw;gLj;j muhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs; rl;lj;Jiw>

epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw vd;gtw;Wf;F gfpug;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;epWtdq;fs;
xt;nthd;Wk; jkJ fUkq;fis rpwg;ghfr; nra;a jkf;Fs; xj;Jiog;Gf;fis toq;Fjy;
Ntz;Lk; ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; ve;jnthU murpay; epWtdKk; jd;dpr;irahf nraw;glf;
$lhJ vd;gjw;fhFk;.

PTM. Ameen rdehafk; 11

rkepiy jiyaPLfs; fhzg;gLk; rpwe;j xU ehlhf mnkupf;fh fhzg;gLfpd;wJ
,q;murhq;f epWtdq;fSf;fpilapy; gpd;tUkhW jiyaPLk; rkepiyAk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

rl;lj;Jiwiag; nghWj;jtiuf;Fk; mnkupf;fhtpd; rl;lq;fis Mf;Ftjw;fhd

mjpfhuq;fs; fq;fpu]pw;F ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. xU rl;l %yk; rl;lkhtjw;F
rdhjpgjpapd; mDkjp mtrpak;. ,jd; gb rpy rl;lq;fs; rdhjpgjp %yKk;;
murpaikg;gpw;F Kuzhd rl;lk; vdpd; cau; ePjpkd;wk; %yKk; jtpu;f;f KbAk;. ,e;j
tifapy; mJ jilfSf;Fl;gLfpwJ. rl;l%yk; xd;w rl;lkhtjw;F fhq;fpu]pd; ,U
kd;wq;fspYk; mDkjp ngwNtz;Lk;. rdhjpgjpaplk; rl;l ,uj;J mjpfhuk; fhzg;gbDk;
fhq;fpu]pd; 2/3ngUk;ghz;ik %yk; mjid typjw;wjhf;f KbAk;.

epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwiag; nghWj;jtiuapy; epiwNtw;Wj; Jiwapd; jiytu; mnkupf;f

rdhjpgjpahthu;. ,jd; gb Kf;fpa gjtpfSf;F Ml;fis epakpf;Fk; NghJ
ntspehLfSlDk; ru;tNjr mikg;Gf;fspdJk; cld;gbf;iffs; nra;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.
vdpDk; rdhjpgjpapd; gjtp epakdq;fis cWjpg;gLj;j nrdl;rigapd; mDkjp
mtrpak;. nrdl; rigahdJ Fwpj;j epakdq;fisAk; cld;gbf;iffisAk; kWf;fTk;
KbAk;. Kg;gilfspd; jiytuhf rdhjpgjp fhzg;gl;l NghJk; fhq;fpu]pd;
mDkjpAlNdNa Aj;j gpuflj;ij Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;. ,J kl;Lkd;wp rdhjpgjpf;F
vjpuhf Fw;wg; gpNuuiz xd;W epiwNtw;wg;gLtjd; %yk; gjtp ePf;f KbAk;. mf;Fw;wg;
gpNuuiz njhlu;ghd tprhuizf;F gpujk ePjpauru; jiyik jhq;Fthu;.

ePjpj;Jiwiag; nghWj;jtiuapyu; cau; ePjpkd;wj;jplk; ,Uf;Fk; tof;Ffis tprhuiz

nra;Ak; mjpfhuj;ij fhq;jpu]pw;F khw;w KbAk;. mJ Nghd;W cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
jPu;g;Gf;fis typjw;wjhf;Ftjw;F fhq;fpu]; jpUj;jq;fisf; nfhz;L tuyhk;. kj;jpa
murpd; ePjpgjpfSf;F vjpuhf Fw;wg; gpNuuiz nfhz;LtuTk; mtu;fisg; gjtp ePf;fTk;
KbAk;

vdNtjhd; mnkupf;fhtpd; jilfs; rkd;ghLfs; Kj;JiwfspdJ mjpfhuq;fs;

gq;fplg;gl;lNghJk; ve;jnthU gzpiaAk; G+uzkhf nra;tjw;F ve;jnthU
epWtdj;jpdhYk; KbahJ. ,jd;gb ,t;tifapy; murhq;fj;jpd; Kd;ndLg;Gf;fis
jilfSf;Fk; rkd;ghLfSf;Fk; cl;gLj;j KbAk;.

PTM. Ameen rdehafk; 12

5. rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp
xU ehl;by; Ml;rpiaf; nfhz;L elhj;Jk; mjpfhuk; rl;lj;jplNk fhzg;gLfpd;wJ
vd;gNj rl;lthl;rpahFk;. ,J jhuhz;ik rdehafj;jpd; gpujhd vz;zf;fUthFk;.
r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Ms;NthUk; Msg;gLNthUk; rl;lj;jpd; midtUk; rkd; vd;gNj
,jd; vspikahd tpsf;fkhFk;.
rl;lthl;rp njhlu;ghf mup];Nlhl;by; vd;gtNu Kjd; Kjypy; fUj;Jf;fis
Kd;itj;jhu;. jw;fhyj;jpy; A.V. ilrp vd;gtu; fhzg;gLfpwhu;. ,tu; 1885 ,y;
murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; vd;ww gpupj;jhdpahtpd; rl;l mbg;gilfis tpsf;fpAs;shu;.

Mdhy; rl;lthl;rpahdJ munrhd;W fl;bnaOg;gg; glNtz;baJ rl;lj;jpd;

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl vDk; N[u;kdpa vz;zf;fUtpd; %yk; INuhg;ghtpy;
cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. “rl;lG+u;tkhd muR” vd;gNj me;j N[u;kd; rpe;jidahFk;.

mnkupf;fhtpy; rl;lthl;rp vd;gJ ehl;bd; cupa rl;lkhd murpayikg;G vd;gJld; kpf

neUq;fpa tifapy; njhlu;gpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mq;F rl;lthl;rp nghJr; rl;lj;jpd;
xU mq;fk; vd;gNjhL vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;gpd; khw;wPlhfr; nraw;gLfpwJ. mJ
“kdpjdpd; Ml;rp my;y rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp”vd;w $w;wpdhy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

rl;lthl;rpapd; cs;slf;fk;
 rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp vd;gJ mjpAau; mjpfhukpf;f egu;fs; cl;gl Ml;rp
eltbf;iffspy; njhlu;GWk; midtUk; rl;lj;jpw;F fPo;gbe;Nj nraw;gly;;.
 rl;lthf;fj;jpw;Fk; rl;l mKyhf;fj;jpw;Fk; murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapYs;s
mjpfhuj;ij rl;luPjpahd jilfs; %yk; tiuaWj;jy; vd;gjhFk;.
 jhd;Njhd;wpj;jdkhfg; gpuirfisf; ifJ nra;jy;> rpj;jputijf;Fl;gLj;jy;>
gpuirfspd; Rje;jpuj;ij kPWjy; Mfpa eltbf;iffspypUe;J muR
tpyfpapUj;jy;.
 rl;l Kiwikfs;> ePjpkd;w jPu;g;Gf;fs; Mfpa rl;l Mtzq;fs; %yk; muR> mur
mjpfhuj;jpd; kPJ ntspg;gilahd tiuaiwfisf; Fwpg;gply;.
 epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwapd; my;yJ rl;lj;Jiwapd; fl;Lg;ghLfSf;F cl;glhj
Rje;jpukhd ePjpj;Jiwnahd;W fhzg;gLjy;.

,e;j tifapy; rl;lthl;rp ghJfhf;fg;glhj NghJ rdehafk; ghJfhf;fg;gl KbahJ.

mj;Jld; Ml;rpahsu;fs; rl;lthl;rpf;F Vw;g nraw;gLfpwjh vd;gjid mtjhdpf;f
Ntz;Lk;. nghJthf rl;lthl;rpahdJ ngWkhzq;fSld; njhlu;Gilajhff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; gpujhd Nehf;fk; ,g;ngWkhz;fis cWjpg;gLj;JtjhFk;.

Fwpg;ghf rl;lthl;rpapy; rdehafj;jpd; epakk;rhu; Fwpf;Nfhs;fshd Rje;jpuk;> epahak;>

kdpjnfsutk; kw;Wk; rfpg;Gj; jd;ik Mfpa tplaq;fs; ftdk; nrYj;jp mbg;gilapy;
tpU;jjp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;

PTM. Ameen rdehafk; 13

6. kzpj cupikfs;
kdpj cupikfs; vd;gJ kdpjd; kdpjdhf tho;tjw;F Njitahd mj;jpatrpa
mDkjpfs; cupikfshFk;. ,J nfsutkhf tho;tjw;Fk;> MSik tpUj;jpw;Fk; kw;wk;
r%f ePjpf;Fk; toptFf;Fk; xOf;fk; rhu; cupikfshFk;.

jhuhz;ikthjpfspd; fUj;Jg;gb midj;J capu;fSf;Fk; xl;rprd; vt;tsT mtrpaNkh

mJ Nghy; kdpj r%fj;jpd; epiyg;Gf;F cupikfs; mtrpakhFk;. kdpj cupikfs;
vd;gJ cy ePjprhu; cupikfshFk;. kdpjdhfg; gpwe;jjdhy; midj;J kdpju;fSf;Fk;
,J cupj;JilajhFk;. ,J ghy; NtWghL ,d;wp kdpjNeaj;ij mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L kdpj cupikfs; epyTfpd;wd. kdpj cupikfs; kPwg;gLk; NghJ mq;F ghupa
mePjp Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

,t;TupikfshdJ cUthf;fg;gl;litay;y khwhf ntspf;fhl;lg;gl Ntz;baitfshFk;.

,J kdpju;fsJ Vw;gila fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fshFk;. Kjd; Kjd;Kjypy; N[hd; nyhf;
vd;gtu; kdpj cupikfs; gw;wp vz;zf;fUtpid Kd;itj;jtuhthu;.

kdpj cupikfs; goiktha;e;jjhapDk; mbikKiw> rhjpKiw epytpa fhyq;fspy;

vNjr;irajpfhuk; epytpa fhyj;jpy; ntspg;glhj xd;whff; fhzg;gl;lJ. gpd;du; Rje;jpu
ciog;G> kjr;rhu;gw;w fy;tp> kw;wk; mr;R Clfq;fspd; Njhw;wk; fhuzkhf kdpj
cupikfs; cz;L vd;w fUj;J eptpaJ. ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; N[hd; nyhf; kdpjDf;F
,Uf;f Ntz;ba ,aw;if cupikfis milahsg;gLj;jpdhu;. mj;Jld; mt;Tupikfs;
kdpj ,Ug;Gld; Neubahfj; njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ vdf; $wpdhu;. vdpDk; tho;f;if>
Rje;jpuk;> nrhj;J Mfpa %d;iwAk; kdpj cupikfspd; vy;iyfshf tiuaWj;jhu;.

,jw;F gpd;du; kdpj cupikfs; gw;wpa vz;zf;fU jhuhz;ikthjk;> rkTilikthjk;

Mfpa jj;Jtq;fspD}lhf Cl;lk; ngw;W tsu;rr ; paile;jJ. eilKiwapy; kdpj
cupikfshdJ rptpy;> murpay; kw;Wk; r%fk; Mfpa %d;W mk;rq;fisAk;
cs;slf;fpa xd;whff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

PTM. Ameen rdehafk; 14

7. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l murhq;fk;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l murhq;fk; vd;gJ murhq;fj;jpw;F my;yJ Ml;rpahsu;fSf;F
vy;iyaw;w mjpfhuq;fs; ,y;iy khwhf mtu;fspd; mjpfhuq;fs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
vd;gjid tpsf;fpwJ. ,jd; %yk; jdpahs; Rje;jpuj;jpid ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;s
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
jhuhz;ik jj;Jtk; ,jid tpUj;jp nra;Js;sJ. mt;tifapy; nghJkf;fspd; Rje;jpuk;
kw;Wk; kf;fspd; cupikfis kPWk; tifapy; vNjr;irahfr; nraw;gLtjw;fhd ,aYik
mur mjpfhuj;jpw;F njspthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjidj; jLg;gjw;F xNu top
murhq;f mjpfhuj;jpw;F tiuaiwfis Vw;gLj;JtjhFk;.

,t;tifapy; murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuj;ijAk; mjidr; nraw;gLj;Jk; FOtpdiuAk;

epWtd uPjpahf tiuaiwfSf;Fk; jilfSf;Fk; cl;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,f;nfhs;ifapid
Kjd; Kjypy; Kd;itj;jtu;fs; N[hd; nyhf;> nkhz;l];fA+ Nghd;Nwhu;fs; Mthu;.
,jd; gb tiuaWf;fg;gl;l murhq;fk; kdpjdpd; Ml;rpay;y rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp vd;w
nfhs;iff;F cl;gLfpd;wJ.

gpw;fhyj;jpy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l murhq;fk; vd;gjid tpUj;jp nra;tjpy; gy tplaq;fs;

Nru;f;fg;gl;ld.
1. mjpfhu xg;gilg;G: murhq;fk; itj;jpUf;Fk; mjpfhuk; nghJkf;fsplkpUe;J
epge;jidfspd; mbg;gilapy; xg;gilf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. Ml;rahsu;fSf;F
kf;fshy; mjpfhuk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ Nju;jy; re;ju;g;gj;jpyhFk;.
2. epge;jidf;Fl;gl;l nghWg;G: Ml;rpahsu;fspd; mjpfhuk; epge;jidfSldhdJ.
,J nghJkf;fs; mtu;fis Nju;e;njLj;j NghJ ntspg;gLj;jpa tpRthrkhFk;.
,jpy; nghJkf;fspd; Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk cupikfis kPWk; msTf;F murpay;
mjpfhuj;ij gad;gLj;jy; $lhJ vd;gjhFk;.
3. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l gjtpf;fhyk;: murhq;fk; xd;wpid tiuaWf;fg;g;l fhyj;jpw;Nf
epakpf;fpd;wdu;. ,J nghJthf 4 my;yJ 5 Mz;LfshFk;. nghJkf;fspd;
mDkjpapd;wp mg;gjtpf; fhyj;ij jhz;br; nry;y rl;lg;gbahd mjpfhuk;
,y;iy.
4. rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp: murhq;fk; jkJ mjpfhug; gyj;jpid nraw;gLj;JtJ
njhlu;gpy; rl;luPjpahd jilfis Vw;gLj;JtJ ,f;nfhs;ifahFk;.
5. mjpfhu Ntwhf;fk;: ,jd; Nehf;fk; muhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuj;jpid xU eguplNkh
my;yJ xU epWtdj;jplNkh Ftpf;fg;gLtjid jilnra;tjhFk;.
6. jilfSk; rkd;ghLfSk;: murhq;fj;jpd; fpis epWtdq;fs; mur mjpfhuj;ij
nfhz;L kf;fis Jd;gj;Jf;Fs;shf;Ftjid jLg;gjhFk;.

PTM. Ameen rdehafk; 15

 8. Rje;jpukhdJk; ePjpahdJkhd Nju;jy;
,J gpujpepjpjpJt rdehak; kw;Wk; eilKiwAld; njhlu;Gila nghwpKiwahFk;.
Mdhy; rdehaf Ml;rpapy; Nju;jyhdJ Rje;jpukhdjhfTk; epahakhdjhfTk; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gjid typAWj;Jfpd;wJ.

Rje;jpukhd ePjpahd Nju;jy; vd;gJ mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; tpUj;jpaile;j xd;whFk;.

,e;epiy ,yq;if cl;gl gy ehLfspy; mz;ikf;fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w Rje;jpukw;w
epahahkw;w Nju;jy;fspd; vjpnuhypahFk;.

mt;thwhd re;jug;gq;fspy; Ntl;ghsu;fis mr;RWj;Jjy;> Coy;> nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fspd;

Kiwaw;w ghtid> thf;;fspj;jy;> thf;nfz;zy; kw;wk; ngWNgWfis ntspaply;
Nghd;wtw;wpy; KiwNfLfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; rdehafr; nrad;Kiw
jpuptilfpd;wJ. Nju;jypd; epahaj; jd;ik ghjpf;fpd;wJ. nghJkf;fs; eilKiwapy;
fhzg;gLk; murpaypy; ek;gpf;if ,of;fpd;wdu;. ,jdhNyNa rkfhyj;jpy; murpaypy;
Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd fye;Jiuahly;fs; Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wd.

,jd; gb Rje;jpukhd epahakhd Nju;jy; njhlu;ghf gy vz;zf;fUf;fs; vOe;Js;sd.

1. kf;fs; ,iwik: kf;fSf;F jkJ tpUg;G kw;Wk; jPu;khdq;fis ntspg;gLj;j kpf
Kf;fpakhd nghwpKiwahf Nju;jy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; jkJ
Ml;rpahsu;fis njupT nra;tjw;fhd Rje;jpuk; jq;F jilapd;wp cWjpg;gLj;jg;
gly; Ntz;Lk;.
2. njupTr; Rje;jpuk;: jkJ gpujpepjpfisj; njupT nra;tjpy; ntspj;jilfs; vJTk;
,y;yhJ ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
3. nghJkf;fSf;F nghWg;Gf;$wy;: Nju;jyhdJ jkJ Ml;rpahsu;fspd;
nrayhw;Wif njhlu;gpy; nghJkf;fs; jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; rpwe;j tha;g;ghFk;
mjdhy; rdehaf uPjpahd nghWg;Gf;$wYf;F jilfs; ,Uj;jy; $lhJ.
4. nghJkf;fspd; tpUg;G kw;Wk; mq;fpfhuk;: rdehaf Ml;rp KiwahdJ nghJ
kf;fspd; xg;Gjy; vDk; nfhs;ifay; jq;fpAs;sJ. ,jpy; Ml;rpahsu;fis
RahjPdkhf jPu;khdpf;Fk; cupik kf;fSf;F cz;L. ,jdhy; Ml;rpahsu;fs;
Ml;rp nra;tjw;fhd rl;luPjpahd mq;fpfhuj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;.
Nju;jypd; Rje;jpu; epahak; vd;gd ghjpf;fg;gLk; NghJ mq;F Ml;rpahsu;fSf;F
fpilf;Fk; rl;luPjpahd jd;ikAk; nghJkf;fspd; mq;fpfhuKk;
,y;yhkyhf;fg;gLk;.
5. kf;fSf;Fg; nghWg;Gf; $wy;: nghJkf;fSf;F nghWg;Gf; $Wtjid rdehaf
Ml;rpapd; eilKiw mk;rk; vdyhk;. mjhtJ Ml;rpahsu; xUtuJ elj;ij
njhlu;ghf nghJkf;fSf;F gjpyspj;jy; vd;gjhFk;. Vnddpy; murpaypd;
%yhjhuk; kf;fshtu;. gjtpapypUg;gtu;fs; mtu;fps; jPu;khdq;fs; nraw;ghLfs;
njhlu;gpy; kf;fSf;F nghWg;Gf;$Wtjid jl;bf;fopf;f Kbahj rdehaf
nraw;ghlhFk;.

PTM. Ameen rdehafk; 16

nghWg;Gf;$wyhdJ ,Utiffspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
1. kf;fSf;F nghWg;Gf;$wy;
2. nghWg;Gilatu;fs; vd;w tifapy; kf;fs; muhrq;fj;jpd; nraw;ghLfis
vjpu;ghu;j;jy;.
kf;fSf;F nghWg;Gf; $Wtjw;fhd nghwpKiw
1. thf;fspf;Fk; eilKiwfspD}lhf murhq;fj;jpd; nraw;ghLfis jPu;khdpf;f
kf;fSf;F re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fjy;.
2. fUj;Jf; fzpg;G
3. murhq;f mjpfhupfsp; elj;ijfis cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd xOf;ff; Nfhitfs;
kw;WK; rl;ljpl;lq;fis cUthf;Fjy;.
murhq;f gjtpfspy; cs;stu;fspd; jtWfis jLj;J topfhl;ly;fis toq;FtNj
,jd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhFk;. ,jw;fhf
1. mNef ehLfs; jftywpAk; rl;lj;ij cUthf;Ffpd;wd (RTI - Right for information)
2. xg;gPlL
; uPjpahd etPd gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; fzf;fha;T epwtdq;fis jhgpj;Js;sd.

PTM. Ameen rdehafk; 17

rdehaf Ml;rp KiwAk; ,yq;ifapd; mDgtq;fSk;
rdehaf Ml;rp Kiw ,yq;iapd; ntw;wpfs; gpd;dilTf; kw;WK; kWkyu;r;rpa
Mfpatw;wpd; fyg;ghf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.mt;tifapy; etPd rdehaf thjk;
gpuj;jhdpahtpd; fhydpj;Jtj;jpd; fPo; ,Ue;j NghJ kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l gpujpepjpj;Jt
Kiwahf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. gpd;du; 1833 ,y; nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%fj;
Jiwfspy; jhuhz;ik Kiwnahd;W mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

,Ug;gpDk; ,yq;ifia rdehafkakhf;fy; nrad;Kiwapy; 1931 nlhd%u; rPu;jpUj;jk;

Kf;fpa gq;fhw;wpaJ. mjpy; ru;trd thf;Fupik> gpujpepjpj;Jt Ml;rpKiwapid
tpupthf;fpaik vd;gd gpujhd nfhs;iffshFk;. mNj Nghd;W rpwe;j rpytpy; r%fk;
xd;W Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lik> Njrpa ,af;fk; kw;wk; njhopw;rq;fq;fspd; nraw;ghL vd;gd
rdheahfr; nraw;ghl;bw;F fhuzkhf mike;jd.

1947 ,y; Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;gpD}lhf jhuhz;ik rdehaf murhq;f Kiw

fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;lJ. ,jd; %yk; gpujpepjpj;Jt rdehafk; NkYk; tpuptile;jJ. ,q;F
<uitr; rl;lkd;wk;> ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F nghWg;Gf;$Wk; mikr;ruit> rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp.
RahjPd ePjpj;Jiw> rpWghd;ikf; fhg;gL
P fs; kw;Wk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l murhq;fk; vd;gd
Kf;fpakhditfshFk;.

1970 tiu rdehaf murhq;f Kiw jilfspd;wp nraw;gl;lJ. ,q;F Nju;jy;fs;

Fwpj;jfhyj;jpy; eilngw;wd> murhq;fj;ij khw;Wk; nraw;ghLfs; mikjpahf
eilngw;wJ> Nju;jy; nraw;ghLfspy; kf;fs; gq;Fgw;wpdhu;fs;. Mdhy; rpq;fs jkpo;
,dg;gpur;rpidAk; murhq;f tplaq;fspy; ghupa gpur;rpidfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;f tpy;iy.
Mdhy; 1970 ,d; Muk;g fhyq;fspy; ,r;rdehaf Kiwfs; gy khw;wq;fs;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld. Kf;fpakhf 1971 ,y; Vw;gl;l ,isQu; fpsu;r;rp ,jw;F rhd;whFk;.
jkpo; Njrpa ,af;fk; jdp munrhd;wpw;fhd ,af;fkhf khw;wkile;jJ. 1980 ,J rptpy;
Aj;jkhf khw;wkile;jJ. Aj;j nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf rdehafr; nraw;ghLfs;
gpd;dilit mile;jd.

1978 fhyg; murpay; ahg;gpy; rdehaf mk;rq;fs; NkYk; gpd;dilit mile;jd. ,q;F
nt];l;kpdp];lu; khjpupapypUe;J tpyfp gpuhd;]pa Kiwapy; mike;j rdhjpgjp Ml;rp
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; rl;lj;JiwahdJ epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwf:F fPo;epiyia
milAk; epiy Vw;gl;lJ. rdhjpgjp rl;lj;JiwiaAk; ePjpj;JiwiaAk; epUtfpf;Fk;
epiy xd;W cUthdJ. ,J jilfs; rkepiyapypUe;J tpLtpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,jdhy;
gy ghjfkhd mk;rqfs; eilngw;wd. ,jid Nguhrpupau; kpf; %tu; vd;gtu;
“rdehfak; gpd;Nehf;fpr; nry;yy;”; vd;fpwhu;. fyhepjp ePy; bNahl;lh “murpay; tPo;r;rp”
vd;whu;. mNj Nghd;W rdehafj;jpd; eypT vd;whu;.
,Ug;gpDk; 1978 ahg;gpy; gpuirfSf;fhf mbg;gil cupikfs; vd;w mj;jpahak; xd;W
cUthf;fgl;ljid Kf;fpa rdehaf mk;rkhf Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,Ug;gpDk;
,f;fhyg;gFjpapd; Kf;fpa gz;G rdhehafj;jpid kPs cUthf;Ftjw;fhd ,aYik
vd;gjhFk;.

PTM. Ameen rdehafk; 18

 ,q;F ahg;Grhu; mjpfhuthjk;> rptpy; Aj;jk;> td;Kiw kw;Wk; Aj;jkag;gLj;jy; Nghd;w
mk;rq;fspdhy; rdehafk; Kw;W KOjhf ,y;yhJ Ngha;tpltpy;iy FiwghLfs;
fhzg;gl;l NghJk; rpy rdhehaf mk;rq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld. Kf;fpakhf nghJ kf;fsplk;
rdehafk; njhlu;ghd ek;gpf;if njlu;e;J fhzg;gl;lJ. mNj Nghd;W td;KiwfSf;F
kj;jpapYk; Nju;jy;fs; eilngw;wd. Aj;jk; ,Ue;j NghJk; murhq;fk; RKfkhf
eilngw;wJ. ,Ug;gpdDk; 1978 murpay; mikg;ig ePf;Fjy; rdhjpgjp Kiwf;F gjpyhf
ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpapidf; nfhz;ltUjy; Nghd;w ahg;gpd; Kf;fpa kWrPuikg;Gf;fshf
,Ue;jd.
,yq;if murapy; mikg;gpy; fhzg;gLk; rdehaf mk;rq;fSk; rdehafk;
rhuhj mk;rq;fSk;.
,yq;if murapy; mikg;gpy; fhzg;gLk; rdehaf mk;rq;fs;
 ru;trd thf;Fupik KiwAk; gpujpepjpj;Jt rdehaf KiwAk;.
,yq;ifapy; ,d;W ru;trd thf;Fupikapd; %yk; kf;fs; jkf;F tpUg;gkhd
gpujpepjpfis G+uz Rje;jpuk; fhzg;gLfpd;wik Kf;fpakhd rdehaf mk;rkhFk;

 rl;lj;Jiw cWg;gpdu;fs; kf;fs; thf;fpdhy; njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;wik

kf;fs; jkJ thf;fpdhy; jkf;F tpUg;gkhd gpujpepjpfis rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F jkJ
gpujpepjpahf mDg;Gk; #oy; ,q;F fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; ,t;thW njupT
nra;ag;gLj; gpujpepjpfs; kf;fspd; mgpyhirfis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;fs;.

 ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F nghWg;Gf;$Wk; mikr;ruit

ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ,Ue;J njupT nra;ag;gl;l rpy; cWg;gpdu;fis cs;slf;fpAs;s
mikr;ruitahdJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F nghWg;Gf;$w flikg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j
mikr;ruitahd nra;j nra;ahJ tpl;l nra;ag;NghFk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf
ve;jnthU ghuhSkd;w cwg;gpdUk; Nfs;tp Nfl;f KbAk; mjw;F gjpyspg;gJ
mikr;ruitapd; flikahFk;.
 rl;lq;fis mDrupf;Fk; Nju;jy;fs;
,yq;ifapy; gy Nju;jy;fs; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; eilngWfpd;wd. ,J rl;lj;jpd;
nefpo;Tj;jd;ikf;Nf elhj;jg;gLfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;jhf ,Uf;fpd;wik
rdehafj;jpd Kf;fpa mk;rkhFk;.
 Nju;jy;fspy; cau;e;jgl;r thf;fhsu; gq;Nfw;G
 xg;gPlL
; uPjpahf RahjPd ePjpj;Jiw
 rpwpa fl;rpfs; gytw;Wld; $ba xU fl;rp Mjpf;fj;Jld; $ba ,Ufl;rp
Kiwfs;.
 murpay; mikg;ig rhu;e;j Ml;rp Kiw.
 murpay; mikg;gpdy; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;l mbg;gil cupikfs;
 mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk;
 nraY}f;fKs;s rptpy; r%fk; kw;Wk; r%f ,af;fq;fs;
 rptpy; Aj;jk; murpay; td;Kiwfs; kw;wk; gpd;dilTfspd; kj;jpapYk; rdehafk;
njhlu;e;J nraw;gLfpd;wik.
 rdehak; njhlu;gpy; kf;fspd; ek;gpf;if. Nghd;w gy tplaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

PTM. Ameen rdehafk; 19

rdehafk; rhuhj mk;rq;fs;
,yq;if murpay; ahg;gpy; gy rdehafj;jpw;F tpNuhjkhd tplaq;fSk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vd;gJ Kf;fpakhd tplakhFk; mt;tifapy;
 epiwNtw;W mjpfhu Kiwik
 mur mjpfhuk; kpifahf Ftpe;jpUj;jy;
 rl;lj;Jiw ePjpj;Jiw epiwNtw;Wj; Jiwf;F fPo; gbjy;
 murpay; td;Kiwfs; rptpy; Aj;jk;
 Rje;jpukhd Nju;jy; rl;lq;fis kPwpr; nraw;gLjy;.
 muRk; rptpy; r%fKk; Aj;jkag;gLj;jYf;F cl;gLjy;.
 mtrufhyr; rl;lk;
 mbg;gil cupikfisj; jilnra;jy;
 kdpj cupik kPwy;fs;
 murhq;fj;jpd; Coy; kw;Wk; mjpfhu J\;gpuNahffq;fs;

,yq;ifAk; rdehafj;jpd; nghUj;jg;ghLk;

rdehaf murhq;f khjpupfs; gy cyfpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rpy murhq;fq;fs;
jhuhz;ik rdehafj;ij gpd;gw;Wfpd;wd. NtWrpy rdehafj;Jld; jhuhz;ikthjkw;w
mjpfhuthjk; Nru;ffg;gl;Ls;sd. ,d;Dk; mNj Nghd;W gykhd rdehaf
murhq;fq;fisg; Nghd;W gykw;w rdehaf muRfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jpy;
,yq;ifahdJ rdehaf murhq;f Kiw vdf; $w KbAk;. mjw;F gy fhuzq;fis
ehk; Kd;itf;f KbAk;.

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; ru;trd thf;Fupik> gpujpepjpj;Jt rdehaf

rk;gpujhak;> ghuhSkd;w rdehafk;> nghJkf;fspd; thf;Ffshy; khw;wg;gLk; murhq;fk;
Nghd;w gy tplaq;fs; ,yq;if fyhrhuj;jpy; tYT+z;wp ,Ue;jd.

,yq;ifahd gy;ypdr%fk; thOk; ,U ehlhFk; ,dg;gy;tifikapid xU

gpur;rpidahftd;wp xU typikahd xd;whf rdehafk; fUJfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; jhd;
,yq;iff;F gd;ikj;Jtthj murhq;f Kiwik Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. mjw;F ,Uf;Fk;
xNunahU Kiw rdehaf murhq;f KiwahFk;.

murpay; td;Kiwfs; rptpy; Aj;jk; vd gy gpur;rpidfSf;F kj;jpapYk; rdehaf

murpay; mikg;gpy; ehk; itj;jpUe;j ek;gpf;ifapid ,yq;if kf;fs; gy Kiw
ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sdu;. mjhtJ Nju;jy;fspy; cau;e;j kl;lj;jpy; thf;fhsu;fs;
gq;fhw;wpAs;sdu;. ,yq;if kf;fs; rdehafkw;w murpay; khw;wq;fis td;ikahff;
fz;bj;Js;sdu;. ,t;tifapy rdehafkw;w nraw;ghLfSf;F kpff; Fiwe;j kf;fNs
xj;Jiog;G toq;Ftu;.
,yq;iapy; cau;kl;l fy;tpawpT > murpay; Qhdk; Nghd;wtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
rdehaf murhq;fNk nghUj;jkhdjhFk;. ,q;F cau;kl;l murpay; gq;Fgw;Wjiy
rdehafj;jhy; kl;LNk Vw;gLj;j KbAk;. ,t;tifapy; ,yq;iff;F nghUj;jkhd
xNunahU murhq;f Kiw rdehaf murhq;f KiwahFk; vdf;$Wtjpy; kpifahfhJ.

PTM. Ameen rdehafk; 20